EEE 125 LAB 2

Universiti Sains Malaysia Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Basic Circuits Laboratory EEE125

Resistors, Ohms Law, Power Rating and I-V Characteristic

OBJECTIVE To learn about basic voltage and current measurements. To learn about resistors, color codes, I-V characteristics and its power rating. To learn about resistor networks using Ohms Law. To learn about series and parallel resistors.

INTRODUCTION Resistor A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. Resistance is measured in ohm (). Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. Resistor Color Codes Resistors are labelled with an approximate, or nominal, resistance value and a tolerance specification. For example, a resistor might be labelled as 1k +/- 5%, meaning that the manufacturer guarantees that the actual resistance will be between 950 (1k - 5%) and 1,050 (1k + 5%). The nominal resistance value and its tolerance for 5, 10, and 20% resistors are either printed numerically on the resistor body (if the resistor is large enough), or indicated by four color bands (ABCD) on the resistor body as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Resistor color bands

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Table 1 Resistor Color Codes Value Color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Numerical Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gold Silver No Band 5% 10% 20% Color Tolerance Tolerance

The procedure for reading the resistor values using Table 1 is: a) First find the tolerance band (gold 5%, silver 10%, no band 20%) b) Starting from the other end, identify the first band - write down the number associated with that color. If for example the color is Brown the corresponding number is 1. c) Now identify the next color. If the color is Black the number is 0. So far we have the number 10 in our example. d) The color of the third band gives the multiplier. If the color is orange the multiplier is 1000
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(10 ). e) So the resistor value is 10,000 or 10 k. The notation to state a resistor's value in a circuit diagram varies. For example, 8k2 in a circuit diagram indicates a resistor value of 8.2 k, 1R2 indicates 1.2 and 18R indicates 18 . Ohms Law Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship.

Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current. This formulation states that the current (I) is proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R). This is directly used in practical computations. For example, if a 300 ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a 12 volt battery, then a current of 12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes (or 40 milliamperes) flows through that resistor.

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Series and parallel resistors In a series configuration, the current through all of the resistors is the same, but the voltage across each resistor will be in proportion to its resistance. The potential difference (voltage) seen across the network is the sum of those voltages, thus the total resistance can be found as the sum of those resistances.

Resistors in a parallel configuration are each subject to the same potential difference (voltage), however the currents through them add. The conductances of the resistors then add to determine the conductance of the network. Thus the equivalent resistance ( Req) of the network can be computed.

or

A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other.

EQUIPMENTS Resistors 100 X 1, 220 X 1, 390 X 1, 470 X 1, 820 X 1, 1k X3 Breadboard Digital multimeter Analog multimeter Analog DC Miliammeter (Black case) GW GPR3030 DC power supply GW Function Generator GAG-809 X 2 DSO-X 2002A Oscilloscopes Crocodile clips, BNC Connectors, Connection wires (single core)

EEE 125 LAB 2

Experiment: Part I Resistor Color Codes and Resistance Value 1. Find the resistor value for the following color schemes: First band: Red Second band: Black Third band: Orange Fourth band: Silver Value=_______________ First band: Brown Second band: Black Third band: Brown Fourth band: Gold Value=_______________ First band: Red Second band: Black Third band: Green Fourth band: None Value_______________ 2. Unfold the color code for a resistor with value of the following: 4.7k 5% First band: _______________ Second band: _______________ Third band: _______________ Fourth band: _______________ 10R 20% First band: _______________ Second band: _______________ Third band: _______________ Fourth band: _______________ 2k2 10% First band: _______________ Second band: _______________ Third band: _______________ Fourth band: _______________ 3. Compute and note the error (in percent) between the measured resistance values and the values indicated by the color code. Are your resistors within spec? 470 Value=_______________ 820 Value=_______________ 1k Value=_______________

Error =_______________ %

Error =_______________ %

Error =_______________ %

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Experiment: Part II Basic voltage and current measurement circuit 1. Construct the circuit on a breadboard such as in Figure 2a. Use R1=100, R2=220 and R3=470. The input voltage is 10 V.

Figure 2a: Basic circuit and its connection on breadboard 2. Use a digital multimeter to measure voltage. To measure voltage without loading the circuit being examined, the voltmeter must be placed in parallel with the circuit and must present very large input impedance so that negligible current flows through the probes. 3. Use an analogue ammeter to measure current. However, in order to measure current, the ammeter must be placed in series with the circuit and must present very small impedance so that the flow of current through that branch is not disturbed. 4. Note that the ammeter is properly connected in series with the currents path you are measuring. Scale the ammeter to the highest at first. Any group who fails to do this will lead to the damage/broken of the ammeter, causing the group to get 75% marks deduction (or RM1 penalty). This is considered as a highly mandatory mistake. You should be alert with this caution all the time especially when measuring current. 5. Power up the circuit. Record the obtained voltage and current. V= __________ V (digital multimeter) IT = __________ mA (analog miliammeter) 6. Now change your measurement tools. Record the obtained voltage and current. V= __________ V (analog multimeter) IT = __________ mA (digital multimeter) 7. Can you compare the differences between step 5 and 6. Which one is the best tool to measure voltage and current. Explain.

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8. Figure 2b shows how you arrange the ammeter to measure currents through R 2. Now you can see that R2 and R3 are no longer in parallel and separated by I2. Power up the circuit. Record I2.

Figure 2b: Measuring I2 on breadboard I2 = __________ mA 9. In Figure 2c, draw the circuit and show how you arrange the ammeter to measure currents through R3. Make sure you do this very well and know how to separate the different nodes.

Figure 2c: Measuring I3 on breadboard 10. Note that the ammeter is properly connected in series with the currents path you are measuring. Scale the ammeter to the highest range at first. Any group who fails to do this will lead to the damage/broken of the ammeter, causing the group to get 75% marks deduction (or RM1 penalty). This is considered as a highly mandatory mistake. You should be alert with this caution all the time especially when measuring current. 11. Build and power up the circuit. Record I3. I3 = __________ mA

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Experiment: Part III Ohms Law 1. Calculate and measure the total resistance of RAB in Figure 3a using digital multimeter. R1= R2= R3= 1k.

Figure 3a: Series resistor RAB = __________ (calculated) RAB = __________ (measured) 2. Calculate and measure the total current, I if the resistors are connected to 10 V DC power supply by using Ohms Law. Current, IT = __________ mA (calculated) Current, IT = __________ mA (measured) 3. Repeat step 1 and 2 for resistors connected in parallel as in Figure 3b.

Figure 3b: Parallel resistor RAB = __________ (calculated) RAB = __________ (measured) Current, IT = __________ mA (calculated) Current, IT = __________ mA (measured) 4. Repeat step 1 and 2 for combination of resistors as in Figure 3c.

Figure 3c: Combination of parallel and series RAB = __________ (calculated) RAB = __________ (measured) Current, IT = __________ mA (calculated) Current, IT = __________ mA (measured)

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Experiment: Part IV Power Rating of Resistors 1. Power rating is a very important characteristic of electronic devices. These devices may be complex electronic systems or simple electronic components such as resistors. Most 1 of the resistors used in our laboratory are rated for Watt. Some of them are rated at /2 Watt or 1 Watt. 2. Let us experiment with our resistors to see what actually happens when the stated power rating is exceeded. Construct the circuit shown below in Figure 4a.

Figure 4a: Measuring power rating 3. Resistors R1 and R2 form a current divider network. We will experiment with resistor R 2 to determine the minimum resistance that it can have without violating the power rating. Violation of the power rating will simply result in the destruction of the component. 4. Consider Vin = 10 V and calculate the power in column 2 of Table 4a. R2 () 1k 820 470 390 5. Calculate the minimum resistance of R2 before the power dissipated from it exceed more than Watt (0.25 Watt). Consider Vin = 10 V. R2 (minimum) = __________ (calculated) 6. Set the voltage Vin to +10 Volts. Experiment and record your observation in column 3 of Table 4a above. Start with R2 =1k and decrease it until you violate the power rating (until the resistor get hot) or approaching R2 (minimum). 7. It is expected that you do not destroy at least one resistor in this experiment. Be careful here. The resistor will get hot and it will eventually burn with a very characteristic odor if the power rating is exceeded. Table 4a: Calculated values Calculated Power in R2, W Observation of increase in temperature (Y/N)

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Experiment: Part V I-V Characteristic of a Resistor 1. In general the I-V characteristic of devices is one of the most important tools in understanding their behaviour. From Ohms law, V= IR, we see that in the I-V space the resistor is represented with a straight line of slope 1 / R. 2. We will do the experiment to determine the I-V characteristic of a resistor. Construct the circuit such as in Figure 5a. In our case the Device Under Test (DUT) is a 1k resistor.

Figure 5a: I-V characteristic setup 3. Run the experiment. Find the voltage and current range of interest. Use digital multimeter as a voltmeter to measure voltage and analog miliammeter as an ammeter to measure current. 4. Perform the same experiment for the following Vin as in Table 5a. Record your results. Vin, V 5 10 15 20 25 5. Ideally, the system should be calibrated so that there is no offset (bias voltage or current) in the measurement. Plot I-V characteristic of a resistor on a graph as in Figure 5b. On the same graph, plot the line which is the least-squares best-fit linear curve of the form y = mx + C. The Y-intercept should be zero Volts. 6. Determine the slope from the graph. What is the significant of the slope in this case? Slope = __________ Table 5a: Results Voltage, V Current, mA

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Figure 5b: I-V characteristic

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How far the tolerance of a resistor affects the reading of voltage and current? 2. What will happen when we measure the current using multimeter in parallel with the circuit? 3. How far the Ohms Law is verified for series and parallel circuit? 4. Explain briefly the meaning and importance of power rating. 5. Draw the I-V characteristic and indicate the region inside which you are able to safely operate your Watt resistors (according to Figure 5b). 6. Calculate the maximum current that may flow through a wire-wound resistor before the power dissipated from it exceed more than 5 Watt. The resistance is 1k. I (maximum) = __________ mA

TURN IN ONE REPORT PER GROUP AT THE END OF YOUR LAB SESSION. THERE IS NO TAKE HOME REPORT.

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