{]_kw{Klw

ae_mdnse kkysfpdnv Uv sImtfmWnb `cWm[nImcnbmb sldnIv A{Unb hmdoUns t\XrXzn ]Xnt\gmw \qmn BwUman {]knoIcn {KamWv tlmqkv CUnqkv ae_mdnqkv. emn `mjbn ASns ]{v hmeyfpff Cu {KneqsS tIcfob kkysshhn[ynsbpw kkym\nsbpw s]cpa temIn\p apnsen. Uv kkyimkv{X]nX \Inb hymJym\coXnbpsS ]npWtbmsS emn`mjbn AhXcnns Cu IrXnbpsS B[nImcnIX, AXp smffp Xtiob kkymht_m[amWv. kkyimkv{Xw F B[p\nI m\hnjb ns \nanXnbn \nWmbI ]phln tlmqkns sshm\nIkz`mhw hniIe\w sNpXmWv {]_w. {]_ns Hmw`mKv sImtfmWnb m\m[nImcspdnpw AXv imkv{Xw, hnm\w Fnhsb {IaoIcnXns\pdnpw N sNpp. sImtfmWnb m\m[nImcw tIcfns kkyhnm\n {]hnsXs\sbpw Xtiob kkym\s ]p\hn`mh\w sNbvXsXs\sbpw hniZoIcnpXmWv cmw`mKw. aqmw`mKv tlmqkn \nv sImtfmWnb m\m[nImchpw Xtiob hnm\hpw Xnepff kwLjw Isn hniIe\w sNpp. ]mccyn \nv B[p\nIXbntev FntcpXn\v tIcfnse kkyhnm\w kcn hgnI tlmqkn \nv hmbnsSpmw.

{]nbZin\n. Fw.Fkv. KthjI aebmfhn`mKw

priyadarsini.ms@gmail.com

sImtfmWnb m\m[nImchpw tIcfob kkyhnm\hpw tlmqkv CUnqkv ae_mdnqkn

Hv : sImtfmWnb m\m[nImchpw B[p\nIimkv{Xhpw sImtfmWnbenkw ASnm\]cambn Hcp B[n]XyhyhbmWv. A[n\nthi cmPyns kmnIhpw cm{obhpamb A[nImcw t\SnsbSppXns\mw Xs kmwkvImcnIm[n]Xyhpw B hyhbpsS eyamWv. sImtfmWnb kwkvImcs BZi]qWamb Hmbn ]IcwhpsImmWo kmwkvImcnIm[n]Xyw km[nsSppXv. tImfWoIcns cmPyfpsS kpw hn`ht{kmXkpw sshm\nIXbpw kzw cmPyns hnIk\n\mbn hn\ntbmKnptms imkv{XobXbnepw kwkvImcnepw Gsd apnemWv Xsfv tImf\ninI m]npIbpw sNpp. Cs\bpff kwkv I mcm[n]Xyns apJy D]m[nbmbn \np HmWv bqtdmtI{hmZw. B[p\nIXtbmsS cq]s Hcp kmwkvImcnI {]Xn`mkamWv bqtdmtI{oIcWw. AXns thcpIfmIs \thmm\w hsc sNspXmWv. kaImenI shphnfnIsf t\cnSphm Fmhcpw ]Snmdns amXrI kzoIcnWsav AXhImisSpp(Samir Amin:1989:VII). temIs Xfpw apffhcpambn hn`Pnp ImWpIbpw kzbw sashcmbn hymJym\npIbpw sNp bqtdmns A[n\nthi cm{ob kmwkvImcnI bpnbmWXv. imkv{Xnsbpw IeIfpsSbpw kwkvImcnsbpw Dhw {KoknemsWp IcpXp bqtdmtI{hmZnI ]noSv AXns ]npSmhIminIfmbn bqtdmns\ {]XnjvTnpp. B[p\nI imkv{Xns ]nXrm\w GsSpp bqtdmv temIshnsSbpw \ne\np m\amXrIIfpsS ta A[oiXzw t\SpXpw Cu A[nImc{]tbmKneqsSbmWv. ]Xn\mdpw ]Xnt\gpw \qmpI bqtdmns\ kw_nnStmfw sshm\nI hnhns Imeambn IWmsSpp. B[p\nIimkv{Xw AXns Cp \ne\np kIe ta[mhnXz kz`mhtfmSpw IqSn cq]wsImffp LamWnXv. \thmm\tm sSmwXs CXc cmPyfpsS taepff hmWnPypIbpw CXn\p ImcWambn. tImf\nIfn \nv bqtdmntev hnhn[fmb AdnhpIfpsS {]hmlw Xsbpmbn. Cs\ temIns \m\mtImWpIfn \npw bqtdmnsent hnhcsf kzmwioIcnpw hKoIcnpw sImpIqSnbmWv imkv{Xw bqtdmns kzmbn amdnbXv. bqtdmhXcnn B[p\nIimkv{X n\p ]pdIn At\Iw {]mtZinI kwkvImcfpsS sshm\nImht_m[fpv. tImfWoIcWns\Xnscbpff kzmX{ykac t]mseXs {][m\amWv, Asn AXnt\mSp tNp \npXpw AXntev \bnpIbpw sNbvX HmWv tImfWoIcWns {]Xybimkv{Xsbpw cm{obbpnsbbpw AXp \nansSp a\pjyIrXzsbpw Ipdnpff Xncndnhv. UnkvtImgvkv Hm sImtfmWnbenkw F IrXnbn Ban knkb sImtfmWnb B[n]Xys hnainpXv amIvkns apXemfn
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hnai\n\p kZriyambmWv . apXemfnw a\pjys\ ]Whpw NcpIfpamn amnsbSppXp t]mse sImtfmWnbenkw A[n\nthinXsc hkvXphcnpIbpw Hw A[n\nthiI kzbw XcwXmgpIbpw sNpp. sImtfmWnbenkw = hkvXphcWw Fsmcp kahmIyhpw Atlw aptmp hbv ppv (1972:21). XtihmknIv \sXns \osmcp ]nI \Insmv tImfWoIcWw hgnbpff ]ptcmKXnbpsS AhImihmZsfsbms Atlw Xffnfbpp. tImfWoIcWw Dmnb hwiobXbvsXnscbpff hnai\w knskbdpw {^mkv^m\\pw Hcpt]mse Dbnppv. tImfWoIcWn hKw am{Xa hwihpw {][m\amsWpw tImfWoIcWw hgnbpmIp ASnaw am\knIw IqSnbmsWpw ^m\ hniZoIcnpp.1 A[n\nthiI tImfWnhmknsb arKambn ]cnKWnptm A[n\nthiI\pw arKmhbnsepp F knkbdns hmZtmSp tNp \npp ^m\s A]am\hoIcW Nn. AtmWntbm {KmwjnbpsS A[oiXzkev] w hnIknpXv amIv k nsbpw FwKknsbpw {]Xybimkv{X kev]tmSpff tNmZyfneqsSbmWv. A[oiXzsam Htckabw _emmcneqsSbpw kXneqsSbpw t\SnsbSpp A[nImcamsWv Atlw A`n{]mbsSpp (Ania Loomba:1998:29). `cWhKw _e{]tbmKneqsS am{Xa B[n]Xyw t\SpXv, `cnm kXnp {]PmhKs Dmnsmp IqSnbmWv. ^qtmbpsS m\m[nImcw Adnhns\ hyhlmcambn \ne\np kXfpw \nb{Wfpsamsbpff hyhsb a\knemp sskmnI kao]\amWv. Adnhv kz`mhnIhpw kzX{hpw kwiphpamb H Fpw Hmtcm Imepw Adnhmbn AwKoIcnsSphbvp apIfn A[nImcw {]hnppspapff ^qtmbpsS Nn FtUzUv skbvZns ]uckvXyhmZns cq]oIcWn\p hgnImnbmhppv. ]Snmdns\ t{ijvTambn hymJym\nm Ah Isnb `mh\mI krnbmWv Ingns kzXzw Fv skbvZv Hmdnbenkn ]dbpp(1978:91). sImtfmWnb hyhlmcs ]eXcn hniIe\w sNp Chsbmw Xs AXneSnb A[nImcs tNmZyw sNphm\mWv {ianpXv. Hmtcm P\Xbpw AhchcpsS Bhiy ^e{]Zambn \ndthpXn\v hnIknnsSp {]mtbmKnIhpw {]mtZinIhpamb AdnhpIsf XnckvIcnpw XakvIcnpw \nehnh ]mmXym\ns tatmbvabpw Cv hym]Iamb hnai\v hnt[bamIppv. bqtdmns \thmm\imkv{Xbpn ]etmgpw a[y]uckvXytZ ifnse AdnhpI kzmwioIcnXn\ptijw Ahsb adphbvpIbpw Dhspdnv sXmb [mcW m]nsSppIbpw sNpp. Ccw [mcmfw sXfnhpI kmhdnbpw Knskv]nbpw \IpXv tPmPv KohKokv tPmk^v abqcinJbn FSpp tNncnpp. {]Imins A]h\hpw `qanbpsS KpcpXzhpw kw_n BZy {]kvXmh\I \SnbXv bYm{Iaw C_v A lbmYpw AJmknapamWv.Fm bqtdm]y imkv{XtemIw CXns t\w \yq\p \InbncnpXmbn AXn ]dbpp. AXpt]mseXs C_vA\m^nkv lmhnp apt]Xs cNw{IaWspdnv hnhc \Inbncpp. IqSmsX ]cnWma kw_nbmb BZys hyamb {]kvXmh\ \SnbXv Nmkv Umhn\ C_v ankv I hbmsWpw {]kv X mhnpp (2003 : 9). AtKmcnXns Ip]nSpw
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Cybn\nmsWnepw AXns IrXzw \ap .Cs\ hnhn[ {]tZifn\npff Adnhns\ bqtdmv DsmffpIbpw Acw AdnhpIfpsS DhtI{ ]noSv XakvI cnpIbpw sNppv . sshm\nIXbpsS Cu bqtdm]y {]mamWnIXsb tNmZywsNp ]pkvXIamWv amn _Wens mv AYo\. {]No\ {Kokpw ]smXmw iXIn\p appff bqtdmpw {]mNo\ CuPn]v X n \ne\nncp imkv { XtmSv BZyImep ]penbncp BZchns\pdnpw {ItaW AXnmXmbn bqtdmtI{nXamXrI cq]sSpXns\pdnpamWv mv AYo\bn {]Xn]mZnpXv. imkv{Xhnm\ns ss]XrIw {Kokn\pw \thmm\n\p tijapff AXns DSamhImiw bqtdmn\pw \IpXns\ Cu IrXn hnainpp. tPmk^v \o[ans ssN\bnse imkv{Xhpw \mKcnIXbpw (kbkv B v knhnssetkj C ssN\) F ]pkv X Ihpw B[p\nIimkv { Xns DhtI{w bqtdmmsW [mcWIsf \ncknpp. imkv{Xnsbpw kmtXnI hnZyIfpsSbpw ]e cwKfnepw bqtdm]y \nehmcsm DbXmbncpp ]Xns\mw \qmnse Cy imkv{XtemIsav [cw]mens Cy kbkv B v sSIvt\mfPn C FbvoXv skzdn hyampp. Cu KWn s]Spmhp asmcp {][m\IrXnbmWv aebmfnbmb tPmPv KohKokv tPmk^ns abqcinJ ({Iv Hm^v Z ]otImv). KWnX imkv{Xns bqtdmt]yXc thcpIsfpdnpffXmWv Cu ]pkvXIw. ChsbmwXs imkv{Xn\v Iev]npsImSp bqtdmtI{nXkz`mhs hnainp s]mXpLSIw ]phbvppsnepw HmtcmcpcpsSbpw kao]\ hyXykvXfmWv. ssN\bnsebpw Cybnsebpw Atd_ybnsebpw imkv{Xhnm\w kmwkv ImcnIamb khntijXItfmSv IqSnbhbmbXn\m km]cambns Ah ]Snmd imkv{Xn\nv hn`namsW hoWamWv Hcp hn`mKw shp]pepXv. tPmk^v \o[ans\tmepffh imkv{Xhnm\ns kmheuInIXbn DuphcmWv (kp\n ]n.CfbnSw:2007:262). ]ccmKXimkv{Xn\v {]mtZinIkz`mh DmIpsapw Ah kmheuInIim kv{Xntev ebnptNv kmhtZiobam\ ssIhcnpsapw Atlw ]dbpp. {]XoIv N{Ihnsbtmepff imkv{XNcn{XImcm CXn\npw `namb asmcp \ne]mSmWv kzoIcnpXv. B[p\nIimkv{Xns Cybntepff {]thi\hpw AXpmnb ]cnh\fpw a\nemm AhpsS ]nn {]hn A[nImc cm{ob Ncn{Xhpambn _nnp ]TnpIbmWv AtlstmepffhcpsS coXn. B[p\nIimkv{Xhpw Cybnse sshm\nI kwLjhpw sImtfmWnbenkns `mKambmWv Cybntev B[p\nIimkv{Xw {]thinpXv. BZyImev bqtdm]ym Cybn \npw CXctImf\nIfn \npw hn`hfpw hnhcfpw bqtdmnsenphm\mWv {ianpXv . kzw cmPyns imkv { XhnImks XzcnXsSpphm\pw tImf\nIfnepff A[nImcw iamphm\pw Ah CXp]tbmKsSpn. ksI, IWsSppI, KthjW, `q]S\namWw XpSnbh CXns `mKambncpp.2 BZyIme hnhctiJcWfn \npw ]nevmes hymJym\/ hniZoIcWfntesptmtgpw sImtfmWnb A[nImcns ]nSnapdpw IqSnhcpXmbn ImWmw. Cu Lns {]Xn\n[nbmWv tlmqkv CUnqkv
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ae_mdnqkv. Xtiob ]mfnns kmn[yhpw sImtfmWnb m\m[nImchpw Xnepff kwLjw CXn Bcw`nppapv (Cmcyw XpSp hniIe\w sNpXmWv). cmw Ln, A[n\nthiIv XfpsS km{amPym[nImc {]h\ kpKaampXn\mbn Cybn imkv{Xob]T\fpw kwcw`fpw GsSptn hp. tUmam, {]IrXn \ncoI, anjWdnam.....FnhcneqsS Aev]mev]ambn {]thin B[p\nI imkv{Xm\w m]\hcnpXpw khntijhcnpXpw 1784 _wKmfnse GjymnIv skmssknbpsS Bcw`tmsSbmWv. CXn\p sXmp ]ndsIXs e\nse Iyq KmUs amXrIbn Ibn ktkymZym\w m]nsSppv. Ccw imoIcW A[n\nthiIv Htckabw KpWIchpw tZmjIchpambn amdpXpw ImWmw. imkv{Xhpw imkv{X{]h\fpw tImfWnbpsS hnImkn\pw Xncnv tImfWnbpsS hnImkw imkv{XhnIk\n\pw ImcWambn (Pratik Chakrabarti:2010:11). `mcXobcn tZiob Aht_m[hpw kzXzt_m[hpw DWpXn\v CXv klmbnp. CXv ]noSv A[n\nthiIsc tZmjIcambn _m[n kwKXnbmWv. A[n\nthi inIfpsS D]IcWsa \nebvpw Xtiob P\Xbvv ]pXnb \mKcnIXbpsS kti \Inbpw B[p\nIimkv{Xw Cybn {]hnp (hnPbIpam. hn., 2013:27). Cmes Cy imkv{Xcnepw NnIcnepsamw ]mmXyimkv{Xbpnsb kzoIcnp Hcp Xehpw Ahsc FXnp tZiobhmZns Hcp Xehpw Xnepff kwLjw IqSnbpw Ipdpsams ImWmw. {_kamP w t]mepff Bob kwLS\I m]nptm Xs cmP m dmwtamltdmbnsbtmepffh Cymv Cwojv coXnbnepff hnZym`ymkw \IWsav BhiysSpp. 1813 Nm \nbans `mKambn Cybnse imkv {Xnsbpw kmlnXynsbpw hnIk\n\v A\phZn XpI kwkvIrX tImtfPpI m]nm D]tbmKnWsa HmdnbenpIfpsS hmZs cmPm dmw tamltdmbv FXnppv. 1823 dmwtaml tdmbnbpsS t\XrXzn \Inb satmdnb CtX Bhiy BhnpIbpw sNpp. bqtdmnt\m Xmgv \nehmcnemWv Cy kwkvImcw Fp hmZn samsfsbtmepff BwKtebhmZnIfpsSbpw3 bqtdmns\m alcamWv Cy kwkvImcsav hmZn amIv k v a pffsdtmepff ]uckv X yhmZnIsfbpw XffnfpsImv B[p\nI imkv { Xn\v tZiobXbpambn kwhZnmhp CSapmpIbmWv Ch sNbvXXv. Cybn imkv{ Xns hnIk\n\mbn 1876 atl{em knmdns t\XrXzn m]ns Cy Atkmkntbj t^m Z Inthj Hm^v kbkns Dtiyw Cymcn imkv{XXmev]cyw DmpIbpw imkv{Xhnm\w P\IobampIbpambncpp. 1902 kXojv N{apJPn m]n tUm skmssknbpsS apJ]{Xamb Zn tUmWpw CtX {]h\w GsSpppv. Cy Cnyqv Hm^v kbkpw sP.kn.t_mkns t_mkv dnkv Cnyqpw CXn\p XpS \In. 1914 cq]oIcn Cy kbkv tIm{Kkv Atkmkntbj imkv { XhoW ]phbvpXn\v Cymv Ahkcw \In. Npcpn, sImtfmWnbenkns `mKambn Cybntep {]thin B[p\nI imkv{Xns t\v {][m\ambpw aqpXcw {]XnIcW Cy kaqln \npmbn.
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HvsImtfmWnb imkv{Xm[nImcw AwKoIcnpIbpw AXn\v hnt[bamhpIbpw sNp \ne]mSv. cvbqtdmtI{hoWs sNdppsImpff ]mccyhmZw. aqvsImtfmWnb imkv{Xhpw CybpsS hnm\hpw Xnepff CSIfpw HpXopIfpw. ]nevmev CybpsS imkv{Xnsbpw tZiobXbpsSbpw kz`mhs \nWbnXv aqmas \ne]mSmWv . ]mccyhpw B[p\nIXbpw Xnepff Cu kwhmZns LSI sP.kn.t_mkv, {]^pN{td, kn.hn. cma XpSnbhcn ]eXcn {]hnppv. aebmfk`nepw Cu kwLjw IsSpmhpXmWv. tImbv BcysshZyimem m]I ]n.Fkv. hmcy ]mccy NnInmcoXn apdpsI ]nSnpsImpXs Huj[fpsS hymhkmbnImSnm\nepff \nmWhpw hnXcWhpw \Sppv. am{Xa [\zcn t]mepff sshZyamknII Cu {]iv\s t\cnv A`nkwt_m[\ sNppapv. cv : Cy kkyfpw sImtfmWnb hoWhpw Cybnse kkysfpdnpff BZyIme ]mmXy[mcWIsf cq]sSpnbXv kmcnIfpsS IpdnpIfmWv. AhbmIs A]cnNnXamb temIspdnpw kkysfpdnpw `mh\mIamb hnhcWfmWv \InbXv. kkysfbpw Ahbn \npff D]sfbpw hymhkmbnImSnm\n D]tbmKsSpm\pff km[yXbpw t\mnp. {Kov, CuPn]vjy kmcnIfpsS hW\I hnNn{XtemIambn Cysb ImWpIbpw kkykamb `q{]IrXnsb {]iwknpIbpw sNpp. Cybn tImf\nI m]nXn\p tijw ChnsS ZoLImew Xmaknv ]mmXy Xmdmnb IrXnIfn CXn \np hyXykvXamb IpdpIqSn hkvXpXm]camb hnhcW ImWmw. Cy kkyfpsS hn]WnaqeytmsSmwXs Huj[aqey spdnpw ap]tbmKsfpdnpw Ah At\zjnpIbpw tcJsSppIbpw sNbvXp. Kmky Z Hm, Atmkv X, entm XpSnbh ]mmXytemIn\v Cykkysfpdnv hyamb [mcWI \In. imkv{XhnIk\n\pw I\nbpsS em`n\pw A[nImcw \ne\npXn\pw kky[mcWI D]tbmKsSpnbXns sXfnhpI tlmqkpw \Ipp. Cy kkyfpsS bqtdm]y IsepI Cysbpdnpff sImtfmWnb kkymht_m[w cq]sp hXn\v {]mNo\Imew apX XpS Ism\mhpw. t]mpKokpIm FntcpXn\p appff Cy bqtdmns\ kw_nnStmfw `mh\mIambncpp. kzWw IpgnsSpp DdppIfpw ]nbpsS Xebpw FpImenbptSXpt]mepff ImepIfpapff \ct`mPn a\pjycpw \nd ApXfpsS sFXnlmknI temIambncpp AhXv (Ray Desmond, 1992:1). Ccw IYIp tijw enJnXcq]n Cy kkyhnhcW bqtdmnsepXv bm{XmhnhcWfneqsSbmWv. sltdmtUmknsbpw Cybnsen Zmcnbqkns\ tXmn AeIv k mdpsSbpw hnhcW fn Cykky m\w]nSnp. \m\qdpt]v ]mnSambn D]tbmKnmhp Bens\nbpff hW\Ifpw apw AeIvkmdpsS ssk\nI \IpXv {Kov Ncn{XImc\mb kv{Smt_m IsSpppv.4 {Kov XzNnI\pw kkyimkv{Xns
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]nXmhmbn ]etmgpw ]cnKWnp t]mcpIbpw sNp Xntbm{^mkns (370 _n.kn. 288 _n.kn) FIzbdn CSp m vk v F ]pkvX Inepw {Kov ssk\nI \Inb IYIXsbmWv D]mZm\w. AXn\ms hyn]cambn AdnhnmXpw hyXbnmXpamb hnhcWfmWv Ahbn Cy kkysfpdnv ImWm\mhpI.5 n\nbpsS \mpd lndnbn kkyfpsS kzm`mhnI hW\I ImWmw. Fm Atlw IqSpX {inXv hn]Wnbn Ncpcq]nsep kpKhyRvP\sfbmWv. AhbpsS aWhpw \ndhpw KpWhpw Dhehpsamw Atlw tcJsSpppv. kpKhyRvP\ hfcpXn\p Nppw NXppIfpspw A{IaImcnIfmb hmepIfpw NndIpIfpff kfpw AXn\v Imh \nppspapff hW\I NcpIfpsS hne Dbm\mbn XtihmknIsfmcpnb IYIfmsWv Atlw ]dbpp. Gjybnsenb BZy bqtdm]y kmcn, atmt]mtfm 1292 Cybnsen. Atlhpw kkysf ]cntim[nXv IhSmcs IneqsSbmWv. hn]Wnaqeys nbmWv IqSpX hnhcW. amtmt]mtfmbpsS kaImenI\mb {^btPmWpw Cybnse kkysfpdnv FgpXppv.6 \ntmtfm tImnbpsS 1492 {]knoIcn Cy sdIK\o AXphsc Cy kkysfpdnv bqtdmnepmbncp `mh\mtemIs XncpnsbgpXn. Fm kkyhW\Ifn Atmgpw AhyX \ne\nncpp. Uzms _t_mk, eptUmhntIm Un hmta XpSnbhcpsS hW\I bqtdm]y Cybn tImfWn m]nXn\p tijapmbXmWv (Ray Desmond, 1992:13-14). Cs\ bm{XmpdnpIfnepw ehW\Ifnepw ASbmfsp InSp kkyhniZoIcW F \nehnv Cy kkys BZyambn ]TnpXv t]mpKokpImc\mb Kmky Z HmbmWv (15011568). sshZyhnZymnbmbncp Atlw n\nbpw Kme\psams ]d A`n{]mbsf \ncknpsImv DjvWtaJem {]tZis kkyhKspdnv hniZambn ]Tnm {ianp. kwhmZcq]nsegpXnb Zkv sImtfmIykv tZmkv knw]vkv C t{UmKmkv lntemkmkv saUnkn\mkv Z Cy F 1563 tKmhbn\np {]knoIcn ]pkvXIn Huj[aqeyw ap\nn kky ]cntim[nsSpIbpmbn. kmev]nI IYm]m{Xamb, t]mpKokv `mjbn sXcphnse a\pjy Fw hcp, dphmt\mbpambn Atlw \Sp kwhmZn t\cn sXfnhpI \ncnsmv Atlw XffnfbpXv ]qhnI `mh\mIambn ]d ph Cy kkyhW\IsfbmWv Z HmbpsS sImtfmIykn \nv {]tNmZ\w Dsmv {In_ AtmkvX 1578 t\cnpff BJym\cq]n kzbwhc Nn{X klnXw Cy kkysf hnhcnpIbpmbn.7 Gjybn t]mpKokv B[n]Xyw \ne\nptmXs ]Xn\mdmw \qmns Ahkm\n kvs]bn\n \npw tKmhbnse Bv _njmbn UpImc\mb Pm lyqK hm entm Fpp. 1583 sk]vXw_dn Cybnsenb Atlw Aphjtmfw ChnsS sNehgnpIbpw Ingns hym]mctaJeIsfpdnpw Cy kap{Zntepff amKsfpdnpw bqtdmn\v KpWIcamb ]e hnhcWfpw ASnb ]pkvXIw 1595epw 1596epambn {]knoIcnpIbpw sNbvXp. 1610 BIptmtgbvpw Cns\cmcntbm F Atlns ]pkvXIns sPa, Cwojv, emn, {^v ]XnpI
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]pdndngnncpp. AXn kkyfpsS Huj[aqeysfnbpff IpdnpI XmdmnbXv Uv ^nknjy\mb s_Wm s{_mtbsbmbncpp. Cs\bpff bqtdm]y ]mT Cy hyhlmcsfpdnv AhcpsS CSbns acnsbpw t]mcmnsbpw Zqchym]Iamb ^efpmn. bqtdm]y hn]Wnbn bm{XmhnhcWkmlnXyw Cu Imebfhn AXnbmbn hym]npXpw ImWmw (Kate Teltscher:1995:4).8 ]Xnt\gpw ]Xns\pw \qmpIfn Cysbpdnpmb [mcmfw bm{XmpdnpI ]e bqtdm]y `mjIfntepw hnh\w sNsSpIbpmbn. ]noSv Cybpambpff IhSw hnIknpIbpw IhStI{fn Xmaknp bqtdm]yamcpsS Fw h[npIbpw sNbvXtm hnhn[ hnjbsfpdnv ]pkvXIfpmbn. CXn {][m\sXmbncpp A]cnNnXkkysf bqtdmn\p ]cnNbsSpm\pff {iaw. ZmbpsSbpw Atmkv X bpsSbpw ]pkv X I DZmlcWw. hcIfneqsSbpw hW\IfneqsSbpw am{Xa kkysf Poht\msS ]cnNbsSpm\pff {iafpw Cmev \SpIbpmbn. IhSn\p sImphp XncnpsImpt]mIp ]m{Xfnemn kkyfpw hnpIfpw thcpIfpw sImpt]mhpIbpw Ah bqtdm]y tXmfn \p]nSnnpIbpw sNbvXp. sebvUWnse tlmqkv s_mmWnqkv, BwUmanse tlmqkv saUnqkv Fnh Ccnepff Uv tXmfmWv.9 1652 Uv I\n tI]v Hm^v KpUv tlmn Hcp ktkymZym\w \nanpIbpmbn. Xocsntcp XfpsS ssk\yn\pw kmcnIpw ]gfpw ]dnIfpw \IpXn\pw Cybn \nv Ibnbbp kky, hnpI apXembh kwcnpXn\pw thnbmbncpp CXv. CXns hyamb kqN\I hmdoUv, CXc Uv A[n\nthiefnse KhWamb \ntifn \np e`yamWv.10 Cs\ CybpsS kkykn\pta hmWnPypI m]npXn\p thn bqtdmv ZoL\mfmbn \Snb {]bXv\fpsS XpSnbmWv tlmqkv CUnqkv ae_mdnqkv. km{amPyXz m]\n\mbn tIcfns an \S t]mcmfpsSbpw Uv Cunym I\npffn Xs \ne\nncp kv]bpsSbpw cm{obw CXn\p ]nnepv . 11 hym]mcIpI sshm\nI IpIbnsentcpXn\v CSbnemWv tlmqkns m\w. Cu {]{InbIfpsS Fmcw kqN\Ifpw tlmqkn ASbmfsp InSpp. Xtiob kkyhnm\s bqtdmn\p ]cnNbsSpp tlmqkv CUnqkv ae_mdnqkv sImtfmWnb B[n]XyImes sshm\nI kwLjn\p IqSn sXfnhmWv. aqv : tlmqkv CUnqkv ae_mdnqkv tIcfnse kkysfpdnv ]Xnt\gmw \qmn UpImc\mb sldn A{Unb hmdoUns t\XrXznepmb {KamWv tlmqkv CUnqkv ae_mdnqkv (ae_m ]qtmw). kkyfpsS kNn{X hnhcWfSnb ]{v hmeyfpff Cu ]pkvXIw 1678\pw 1693\pw CSbnembn s\Xem nse BwUman \nmWv ASnp {]knsSpnbXv.12 ae_mdnse sshZy\mb Cn ApX, KuUkmckzX {_mWcmb Ap`v, hn\mbI ]nv, cwK`v Fnh, ^mZ amXyqkv F Ieo k\ymkn, tPm
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Itkdnbkv, tbmlmkv sImse\kv, Cm\psh IWotcm, {InkvXy Un tUmsW]v XpSn Ccp]stmfw t]cpsS {]bXv\nsbpw hmdoUns GItZiw apXphjs ]cn{iansbpw ^eamWv {]kvXpX {Kw. tlmqkns\ {itbamp AXnse kkyNn{X {]IrXym Dff henw {]Xn^ennp Xcn hcptNhcn cpt]cpsS t]cpI am{Xta Cv e`yambnpffq. sImnbnse Uv ssk\nIcmbncp AtmWntbm tP_vkv tKmv I v, amskenkv kvn FnhcmWv Ah. emn, aebmfw, Ad_n, sImnWn Fo \mep`mjIfn kky\ma tcJsSpnbncnp ]pkvXInse aqv kmy]{X Hgnpff `mKw apgph emn `mjbnemWv. aebmfen]n BZyambn ASn ]pkvXIambn tlmqkv IcpXsSpp. CXnse cv kmy]{X aebmfnepffXmWv (tImsegpnepff Cn ApXtbpw Bcy Fgpnepff Cm\ph IWotdmbpsSbpw kmy]{X). Cct^mfntbm hennepff {Kn 1595 ]pdfpw 742 kkyfptSXmbn 791 angnhm Nn{Xfpapv. 742 kkyfpsSbpw Huj[aqeyfpw 2789 NnInmhn[nIfpw 210 tcmKsXncmb NnInmcoXnIfpw CXn DffSpp. {Kw FUnp sNbvXncnpXv Bt\mUv kb (hmeyw Hv), sP.apnIvkv (hmeyw cv Av), Sn.sP.hm Asatemho (hmeyw Bdv), F.hm]pv (hmeyw Ggv ]{v) FnhcmWv. tlmqkn\p apv Cy kkyfpsS Huj[KpW hnhcn ]pkvXIfmWv Kmky HmbpsSbpw (1563) AtkvXbpsSbpw (1578) cN\I. Fm tKmhbnepw sImnbnepambn Iphcp AtXmfw sNSnIfpsS ]cmaiw am{Xapff Chbn Ahyamb hnhcWfpw hnIeamb hW\IfpamWpffXv ( Heniger :1986:95) . tlmqkn se kkyhnhcWw Chbn \np `namWv. kkyns {]Xycq]hpw thcpI, XmbvSn, Xv, CeI, ]q, ]g, hnpI apXemb kky`mKfpsS \ndhpw cq]hpw henhpsams CXn IrXyambn Nn{XklnXw hnhcnsSpp. Hw acw, IpnsSn, Hmj[n, ]ppew Fns\bpff hKoIcWhpw sNSnIfpsS Bhmkhyhsbnbpff kqN\Ifpw hnhcWfnepv. aqp apX Fphscbpff hmeyfn aeI, ]pgtbmc, ImSpI, KplI, ]qtm, XW{]tZi, kqcy{]Imiw [mcmfapff e, NXpp\ne, aWtem ]mdtm shfftam sNfntbm \nd apff e, {Kma{]tZi, \Kc{]tZi XpSn FhnsSbmWv {]kvXpXsNSn hfcpsXpw kqNnnpp. XSn, Xv, sImpIfpsS hn\ymkw Fnh kmam\yambn hnhcnpIbpw Hmtcm `mKnsbpw kqv a hnhcWw \SpIbpw sNpp. DZmlcWambn, ]qfpsS ImcynemsWn CXfpI, P\nZv, tIkc, A\mfw, ]cmKWew XpSn Hmtcmnsbpw hniZoIcWfpv. hepXv, sNdpXv, CScw, InbpffXv Fns\bmWv AfhpI {]XysSpXv . a\pjys AfhmWv sNSnbpsS s]mhpw hhpw tcJsSpm ]etmgpw D]tbmKnpXv . 13 sNSnI ]pjv ] npXnsbpw ^efpmhpXnsbpw amkw, Imew Fnhbpw AXns XhWIfpw Hcp JnIbn ]dbpp. hmWnPyw, Irjn, kpK{Zhy\namWw, `Ww, kucyh[\, Aemcw, XSn XpSnb GXv Bhiyn\mWv D]tbmKnpsXpw tcJsSpnbncnpp. Hcp {]tXyI JnIbn sNSnIfpsS Huj[aqeyspdnpw GXptcmKn\v GXphn[amWv
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D]tbmKntsXpw ]cmainpp. {]mtZinI NnInbn D]tbmKnm sNSnbmsWn AXns\pdnpw ]dbpp. Uv `mjbn {]knoIcns tlmqkns aqe{Ktam Isgpp {]XnItfm Hpw Xs Cv e`ya.14 asebmw ]msgbnepw ]dn]msgbnepw Cu {Kns Isgpp {]XnI Xmdmsnpsv tlmqkv Xs kqN\ Xcppv. ]noSv Zzn`mjnI AXv Untep hnh\w sNpIbpw AXn\ptijw emn\ntep ]In {]knoIcnpIbpamWpmbXv. 2003 tlmqkns Cwojv ]Xnpw 2008 aebmfw ]Xnpw tIcfkhIemime ]pdndn. B[p\nI kkyimkv{X[mcWIfpw \ncoWfpw Iqntv Cu hnh\ \SnbXv Imenv khIemimebnse kkyimkv{Xhn`mKw ta[mhnbmbncp tUm.sI.Fkv. aWnememWv. GItZiw 334 hjp apv {]knoIcn IrXn As\ ]e`mjIfneqsS kcnv hopw aebmfnsen tNncnpp. CXns\pdnv aebmfw ]Xnns AhXmcnIbnepff aWnemens hmNIw {itbamWv. Cu aebmfw ]Xnns {]knoIcWw sImv Hcp hrw ]qoIcnsSpIbmWv. aebmfw t]mpKokv Uv emn Cwojv aebmfw F hrw ]qWamIphm GItZiw 330 hjw thn hnncnpp (2008:...) sldn hmdoUpw CnApX\pw tlmqkns\ kw_np Hcp {][m\ tNmZyw AXns bYm cNbnXmhv BcmsWpffXmWv. ]pkvXIns apJmfn sImSpncnp \maw 1673 apX 1677 hsc sImnbnse Uv KhWdmbncp hmdoUntXmWv.15 Fm kkyimkv{Xn FSpp]db HutZymKnI tbmKyXIsfmpanm Xs t]cv {Kns Imhmbn sImSpXns \ymboIcWw hnai\pff adp]Snsbt]mse aqmw hmeyn hmdoUv kzbw \Ippv . thsdmcp cmPys sNSnIsfpdnpw AhbpsS Huj[KpWsfpdnpw {]Xn]mZnp tlmqkv ae_mdnqkv F {Kns apt]Pn Fs t] hcpXv, Rm t\cs ]d BfpIv ]cnlmkyambn tXmmw (hmeyw 3 : IX). Xm\nXv A\ymbambn t\SnsbSpXsv m]nphm\mbn tlmqkns \nmWLsfpdnpw Ahbn Xm hln ]ns\pdnpw hmdoUv IrXyambn ]dphbvpp. sNSnIsfpdnpff KthjWw t]mepff Imcyfn \npw hnp\nm X Kuchapff ap \nch[n Imcyfn \nbp\mb HcmfmWv BZyambn sNSnIsfpdnpff Cu tiJcWw \SnbXv FXn Ah ApXsSpsa {]XotbmsSmw tlmqkn\p ]nnepff cm{obm[nImc hSwhensbpdnpw Nne Imcy ]Xn\v t]Ppff apJhpcbn hmdoUv ]phbvppv. Uv CunymI\nbnse km[mcW `S\mbn (sImSnmc\mbn) {]hnncp hmdoUns Dbbn kzw kmaytmsSmw cm[nImcnbmbncp dnPvtm^v hmsKmkns \ntem`amb klmbhpw Dmbncpp. Fm ae_mdnse KhWdmbncp hmdoUn\v kntemWns kma]Zhnbn \npw kzX{amb A[nImc sImSptXmsS AXphsc an{Xfmbncp hmdoUpw kntemWns `cWm[nImcnbmbncp hmsKmkpw i{Xpfmbn amdn. _mhnb Ignm Uv A[nImcns cmas tI{w
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ae_mdmWsa hmdoUns Bhiyw {]kvXpX A[nImcw kntemWn\pw AXphgn X\npw e`nWsav B{Klnncp hmsKmkns\ Ip]nX\mn. hmdoUns\ hyn]cambn A[nt]npXn\pt]mepw Atlw Xp\np. Cu kwL\n {][m\ ]v hlnXv tlmqkmWv. ae_mdns kkykv I\nsb t_m[ysSptXpw AXv I\nv em`apmncpsav m]ntXpw hmdoUns eyambncpp. ^mZ amXyqkv F kkyimkv{X XXv]c\mbncp Itmenm k\ymknbpsS t\XrXzn Atlw CXn\pff {]h\ Bcw`np. Fm Hmbn \nsSpv hcncp Nn{Xfpw A]qWfmb hnhcW fpw ^mZ amXyqkns {]bXv\s 16 Aimkv{Xobamnsbv sebvU khIemimebnse kkyimkv{X s{]m^k t]msla A`n{]mbstXmsS hmdoUv B {iaw Ahkm\nnpIbpw sImncmPmhp \ntin {]KsshZy\mb Cn ApXsbpw at\Iw t]cpsSbpw klmbtmsS {K\nmWw ]p\cmcw`npIbpw sNbvXp. Cu ]Xnsb XSksSpm\pw ^mZ amXyphns\bpw tPm Itkdnbkns\bpw CIgvnsmv ]Xnbnse AhcpsS ]mfnw CmXmm\pw hmsKmkv {iansnepw tlmqkns {]knoIcWw XSksSpm\mbn. BZyhmeyw {ibn s] Atlw Uv {]`phn\v ({]`pXVII ) FgpXnb In kntemWn ImWm bmsXmpw Xs tlmqknenspw Huj[fpsSbpw kkyfpsSbpw sshhn[yns Imcyn `qanbns Ghpw kambXv kntemWmsWpw m]npp. Hw t]msla ]Xn\mbncne[nIw kkysfpdnv kntemWn ]T\w XpSnbXmbpw AhImisSpp.17 ^vtfmd Hm^v kntem F t]cn {]knoIcns IrXn ]t tlmqkns ASppt]mepw FpXmbncpn. hmdoUns {]kvXmh\bnepff kqN\I Ccw kw`hsfpdnpffXmWv. ITn\amb ]cnXnXnIsf t\cnpsImv tlmqkns {]knoIcWw \nhlnm hmdoUn\v Gsd {]bXv\ntn hnpv. AtXkabw Xs tlmqkn se kkyhnm\ns DdhnSw tNe IScffnbn CughIpen P\n sImmv IpSpw_mc\mb aebmfnsshZy Cn ApXs sNms ]pkv X I amsWv \nch[n tcJI sXfnhp \Ipp. tlmqknse kkyhnhc kzw ]pkvXIn \npw Xm ]dpsImSpv Cm\phtcp FgpXnbXmsWv Cn ApX\pw Cn ApX ]dpXXv tIsgpXpIbmbncpp Xms\v Itcphpw kmysSpppv . 18 tlmqkv ae_mdnqkns\pdnv sImn Bsshvknepff kkysfbpw Huj[sfbpw Ipdnv ]dbp tcJIfnsemw ]cntNmXnv NcNbw Xov....Cn ApX Fp ImWpp19 (thembp[ ]Wntcn: 2009:142). Fm Cn ApXs t]cv {Kns apt]Pn tImSppItbm hmdoUv kzbw \Sp {]kvXmh\bn ]cmainpItbm sNpn. ]Icw s\Xemn ]cs Adnbsncp {]ikvX kkyimkv{X]nXcpsS t]cpI FSpptNppapv. kkyimkv{X B[nImcnIX {Kn\v DdphcppXn\pthn hmdoUv \Snb HgnhmepIfmImw CXv . AtX kabw Cv sImtfmWnb m\m[nImcns CSs]SepIsfpdnv CXv hyamb [mcWbpw \Ipp. Npcpn kmZ\hpw {]km[\hpaSw tlmqkns \nmW {]h\ GtIm]nnXv hmdoUmbncpsn AXnse kkyhnm\w apgph Cn ApXs\tmepff
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XtiobcptSXmsW \nKa\nsemhpXmWv. tlmqkv ae_mdnqkpw kkyhKoIcWhpw Xtiob kkym\ns bqtdmv tI{oIcnpmb B[p\nI kkyimkv{Xntepff ]cnh\n\v cp Lfpv. BZyLw, temIshnsS \npw kkyAdnhpI bqtdmntesn hnhctiJcWamWv. kmcnIfpw kkyimkv{X IpXpInIfmb I\n DtZymKcpsams CXc hIcIfn \nv kkyhnhc tiJcnpIbpw Amev imkv{X`mjbmbn IcpXsncp emn\n {]knoIcnp Ibpapmbn.20 Fm sXpIng Gjybnse kkykns\n icnbmb hnhc bqtdmn\p e`yambncpn. B Ipdhv HbSnv \nInbXv tlmqkmWv. tlmqkns {]knoIcWw bqtdm]y imkv{XtemIpmnb kzm[o\w hfsc hepXmWv. htXmXn bqtdmntesnb kkyAdnhpI B[p\nI kkyimkv{Xambn amdpXns cmwLw AhbpsS hKoIcW {]{InbbnemWv kw`hnpXv. {]IrXnbnepff PohPmesf {IasSpm\pff {iaw BZyw \SnbXv CwpImc\mb tPmtdbmWv. kv] ojokv AYhm ssPhPmXn F kev] \amWv Atlw BhnjvI cnXv. 21 Htc ssPhPmXnbn s] Pppw kkypw AXnse ap KWfpambn tNv hwih[\bvmbn {]Xypev]mZ\tijnbpmbncnpw. \nn ssPhPmXnp ]pdpffh aptJ\ {]Xypev]mZ\w \Sm\pamhn. As\bpmIp kXnIpw CtXcoXnbn hwih[\ XpScm Ignbpw. ]qhns hWt`Zw, arKns Na\ndw, AhbhfpsS henw XpSn Hn\\p`hsSp sshIeytam khntijXItfm ]nXeapdsb _m[npIbpan. kmam\y\ncoWw sImv Fntcmhp Cu kev]\w BhnjvIcnsnepw AX\pkcnv ^e{]Zamb hKoIcWw \Sm Atln\mbn. Cu IrXyw ]noSv hnPbIcambn \nhlnXv kzoUImc\mb Iment\bkmWv (17071778). Atlw hnIknn hKoIcWbpnbmWv SmIvtkmWan FdnbsSpXv. AXphscbpmbncp ZoLfpw ZpLSfpamb t]cpIp ]Icw efnXamb Zzn\maIcW k{Zmbw Atlw GsSpn.22 kkyIpen\v (genus) Hcp t]cv kkyhKn\v (specious ) Hcp t]cv Fns\bpff Cu coXn XsbmWv Cpw \ne\npXv. 1753 {]knoIcn kv]ojokv mmdnemWv Atlw Zzn\maIcWw BZyambn AhXcnnpXv. ]noSv 1754 ]pdph P\d mmdnepw kkyhKoIcWimkv{Xw XsbmWv hnjbw .23 tPm tdbpsS lntm-dnbm mmdw F ]pkvXI - - nse F]-Xp-i-Xa - m\w kky-hnh-c-fpw ent\-b-kns kv]ojokv mmdw F ]pkvX-I-nse Adp]tmfw ae-bmf kky-\m-a-fpw tlmq-kn \nv kzoI-cn-h - -bm-Wv. B[p-\nI kky-im-kv{X-ns ]nXmhmbn Icp-Xs - -Sp ent\-bkv, hmdoUn\v {]ikvX kky-im-kv{X-c - mb Unt-\n-bk - v, onb-kv, _uln-\kv Fn-hsmw m\w \Ip-p-v. ent\-b-kn\p tijw AUmk (1763), Pkyq (1789) XpSn \nc-h[n kky-K-th-jI - cpw tlmq-kns\ B[n-Im-cnI {K-ambn kzoI-cn-p-Ib - p-m-bn. ae-bmfw kky-\m-a- X-fpsS ]pkvXI - - n FSp-p-tNp-tm tlmq-kns hnizm-ky-Xbpw {]mam-Wn-IX - bpw Ah FSpp ]d-bp-p-v.24 DjvWt - a-Jem {]tZ-is sNSn-Isf hni-Zo-I-cn-p-tm ent\-bkv sXfn-hmbn FSp-p-Xv tlmq-knse
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kky-Nn-{X--fmWv FXpw {it-bw. Cy-bpsS/tIc-f-ns Xt-iob kky-m-\-n \nv hnh-c--sf-Sp-p-sImv ent\-bkv Xm-dm-nb k-tZ-iob am\--fp-ff bqtdmtI{nX kky-im-kv{X-n ]t Ccw Adn-hp-I-fpsS t{kmX-kp-Isf ad-p-sImv Adn-hns\ cq]w amn-sb-Sp-n-cn-p-p. kky-im-kv{X-\ - -m hmdoUns\ CXc kky-imkv{X {]K-smw {]Xn-jvTn-p-Ibpw B {K-ns ]nn {]hn Cn Ap-Xs\ t]mep-ff Xt-iob kky-hn-m-\n-Isf hnp-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p. tlmq-kns\ B[n-Im-cn-I-am-p ssPh-PmXn \ma-Ic - W k-ev]s thjw amn, imkv{Xo-bX hcpn temIn\p apn Ah-Xc - n-n-m-\mWv ent\b-kns {iaw. Xs k-ev]\ - hpw \ma-I-cWk{-Zm-bhpw imkv{Xo-b-am-sWp ]d-bm ent\b-kn\v tlmq-knse kky-hKo-I-cWk-ev]hpw \ma-I-c-Whpw Aim-kv{Xo-ba - m-sWv ]dp-d-n-t-n-bn-cp-p. {]mIr-Xa - mb (_m_dkv FmWv ent\-bk - ns {]tbmKw)25 Ccw Adn-hp-Isf ]cn-jvI-cnv imkv{Xo-ba - mn amn-b-Xm-Is Av imkv{X-`m-j-bmbn tatmbva t\Sn-bn-cp emn `mj-bn-tev ]cn-hn-n-p-sIm-m-Wv. -ia, u - m,-us F-n--s\-bp-ff {]Xyb- kky-\m-a-smw tNv Ahsb emn Nph-bp-f-f-Xmn amn. DZm: hmdoUv
Champacam Beetla Codda-pana Elettari -

ent\-bkv
Michelia Champaca Piper betle Bentiekie Codapana Berry Elettaria Cardamum

ent\bkn\v tijw h kkyimkv { XhnZKv \mb AUmk Ccnepff Ir{Xna\ma\nnXnsb hnainpIbpw hmdoUv D]tbmKn \maIcWcoXn (cq]t`Zw hcpm X\naebmf \ma) ]npScpIbpw sNppv. hmdoUv
Catu-naregam Codda-pana Cupameni

AUmk
CatuNaregam CoddaPana Cupameni

ent\bkv
Randia Corypha Acalypha Indica---

Fm kky\masfbpw - ia, -um, -us Fns\ Ahkm\nnpXv sXmb imkv{Xkao]\amsWv AUmk ]dbpp. kky\ma \ofwIqSnbhbmsWn AhbpsS ASnm\w IfbmsXXs Npcpn D]tbmKnmhpXmsWmWv Atlns ]w26 (Vaczy:1980:29). Fnepw B[p\nIimkv{Xw ]noSpS\ofw kzoIcn \maIcWcoXn ent\bkntXmbncpp. tlmqkv CUn-qkv ae-_m-dn-qkv ent\-b-kn\p app-ff kky-hn-m-\-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. ]Sn-m-dns m\m-[n-Imcw Dd-m--s-Sp--Xn\p app-ff AXn Xtiob hnm-\hpw ]mm-Xy-ho-W - hpw Xn-ep-ff kwLj-amWv ImWm-\m-hp-I. tIc-f - ns kky-hn-m\w Ah-bpsS hKo-I-c-W-nepw \ma-I-c-W-nepw Huj[ Adn-hn-ep-sams
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tlmqkn AXm-bn-s \ne-\np-p-v, ]mm-Xy-t\m-w-sImv Af-m\pw hni-ZoI-cn-m-\p-ap-ff {ia--fp-s-nepw. ent\-b-kn-te-s-n-b-tm-tgpw ae-bm-f-p-h-bp-ff Nne t]cp-I-fn-sem-gnv CXv ]q-ambn \-sv t]mIp-p. ent\-b-kn\pw app-m-bn-cp bqtdm-ns kky-\m-a-I-cWw AXyw ZpL-S-am-bn-cpp. Fm Am-ev tIc-f-ns kky-\m-a-I-c-Whpw hKo-I-cW - hpw hf-sc-b-[nIw hnIknp Ign-n-cp-p. tlmq-kn kky--sf-sbmw tNn-cn-p-Xv {]mY-an-Ihpw ZznXob-hp-amb hKo-I-c-W- \S-n-bn-m-Wv. sNSn-Ifpw hf-fn-s-Sn-Ifpw ac--fp-am-bn-p-ff {]mYanI Xcw-Xn-cnhpw27 \S-n-bn-cn-p-X - n-s\mw Xs kky-sf Ipe-fpw C\-f - p-ambn Xncnv efn-X-amb \ma-I-c-Whpw Gs-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Acn-tkn IpSpw-_-n s]Sp kkyv ]\ F s]mXp-\maw ae-bm-f-n-ep-m-bn-cp-p. sXv, Ihp-v, Icn-\, B-\, Nq-\ Fn-hsb tlmq-kn BZy hmey-n {Iao-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xp ImWmw.28 Ipesbpw C\-sbpw hy-am-p \ma-I-cW ]Xn \ne-\n-n-cp-p-shpw a\-kn-em-hpp. sXns GXn-\-sbpw Ah s]mXp-hmbn ]\ Fp hnfn-p--Xn-\m Cy sXv Ahv tXm-\ - -bmWv Fv aqmw thmfy-nse sImS--\-bpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-n sImSpn-p-v. Iqh, Bep XpSn ap-ff Fm-nepw Cu hKo-I-c-W-bpn ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. DZm: Iqhbvv Fv C\- 1) Iqh, 2) N Iqh, 3) aeqh, 4) a Iqh, 5) asf Iqh, 6) Cn Iqh, 7)Imp Cn Iqh, 8) ae Cn Iqh. sImSnthen cv C\ 1) Xp sImSnthen, 2) sNn sImSnthen. Ben\v \mev C\- 1) An Bep, 2) Cn Bep, 3) Asc Bep, 4) t]cmep. sNSnIv cq]LS\bnepw ASn m\Xenepw ]ckv ] capmbncp kmZriyspdnv hyamb DmgvN aebmfnpmbncppshv Ch kqNnnpp. \maIcW ns Imcynepw tlmqknse aebmfkkyhnm\w Gsd hnIknpIgnncpp. HmWamtLmjnp BKv sk]vXw_ amkfn ]pjv]np HmWqhns hnhn[ C\v (HtcXpff sNSnI) \Inbncnp t]cpI HmWq, henb HmWq, sNdnb HmWq, shfp HmWq (hmeyw 9) Fns\bmWv. enwKns ASnm\nepff hKoIcWhpw Ccnepff {]XybfneqsS hyamIpp. DZm: B-\, B-m-b, BwsamfIp... tlmqkv Xm-dm-p--Xn-\mbn hmdoUv kky-hn-h-c- tiJ-cn-p ka-bv kky-hKo-I-c-Ws - -n bqtdm-n\v hy-amb [mc-Wb - p-m-bn-cp-n-. ckw, hocyw apX-em-bh-bpsS ASn-m-\-nepw apw Bbpth-Z-n anI--co-Xn-bn-ep-ff hKo-I-cWw F{Xtbm Ime-p apt \Sp Ign-n-cp-p. kp{ip-X, NcI kwln-X-I-fn-sems Huj-[-k-ky-fpsS hKo-I-cWw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. kp{ipX\pw NcI\pw kkysf \mephKfmbn Xncnppv. 1. h\kv]Xn : ]g Dv, ]qfn.
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2. hr, h\kv]Xy : ]qfpw ]gfpw Dv. 3. hncp[ : \nev ]Scphbpw acfn Ibdphbpw. 4. Huj[n : hmjnIsSnI ^temmZ\tmsS DWpp (kp{ipXkwlnX kq{Xm\w 1, 23) Fns\bmWv (sk Fkv.F. : 1996:134). ]cmics hrmbpthZn (_n.kn. 1 F.Un. 1) IpsdqSn hn]peamb kkyhKoIcWw Dv. ]qfpsS kz`mhw apw ]cnKWnv \Snbncnp {]kvXpX hKoIcWn kkysf Ipefmbn Xncnnpapv. Cs\ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Huj[ Adn-hp-I BbpthZ ]mc--cy-hp-ambn _-sp InS-p-Xm-Wv.29 Fnepw hnh[ tbmK--fn-eq-sSbpw apw ae-bmf NnIn-m-coXn Bbpth-Z-ns {]mtZ-inI NnInmkky-A-h-t_m-[-ambn ]cn-a-Wnp Ign-n-cp-p. Cn Ap-X\pw Iqcpw sNSn-Ip \Ip t]cp-If - n-ep-ff kmaq-ly-_ - a - mWv asmcp {][m-\-Im-cyw. sNSn-I-fpsS t]cp-I ]eXpw Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-s-p-dnv kqN\ Xcp--h-bmWv. ]me F kky-Ip-e-n \mev C\- tlmqkv Hmwhmeyn Ah-X-cn-n-pp. ]me, Ipcpp]me, sImSIme Fnh Hmw hmeynepw \memaXv ]dbp ssIsIm]me m\w amdn ]mw hmeynepw ImWmw. \osIms ]me, shw ]me Fnhbpw Huj[kkysfpdnv {]Xn]mZnp Cu hmeynepv. \nse]me F kkyw ImWpXmIs hmeyw HXnemWv. Cu hmeyw ]pphKspdnpffXmWv. acpw Huj[kkypw ]ppIpw ]me FXv Hcp IpSpw_tcpt]mse D]tbmKnpp. ]me F t]cns Dhw AXns ]mept]mepff Nmdns\ kqNnnpXmWv. Cu hn`mKnsSp kkyns GXp`mKw HSnmepw AhnsS\nv ]mept]mepff shfp Ndw HgpIpw. Cu kz`mhw IrXyambn kqNnnp \maamWv B kkyIpSpw_n\v aebmfn \InbncnpXv. {]mYanI hKoIcWn\pdw kkysfpdnpff DmgvNbmWv ChnsS ImWm\mhpI. Imncn\v tlmqkn \Inbncnp hKoIcWhpw \maIcWhpw CXntev IqSpX sXfnw \Ipp. hmeyw Hn Imncns \mev C\spdnv ]dbppv. Hv Imncw, cv IcImncw, Hcp tPmSn hffnmncw FnhbmWh. {]mYanI hKoIcWa\pkcnv hrnsSp Imncn\v Hmw hmeynemWv m\w. sNdpImncw, hffnmncw, sNdphffnmncw, sNdpImphffnmncw Fnh Bdmw hmeyn ImWsSpp. ChnsSsbmw hffnIpw hrpw Imncw F s]mXp\maw D]tbmKnncnpXv AhbpsS ]pjv], ImbI XpSnbhpff kmZriyw ap\nnbmsWv a\nemmw. B ImepXs kkyhnm\ns Imcyn aebmf`mjbn hnm\cq]oIcWw \SpIgnncpp FXn\v sXfnhmWnXv. BepI F {Inbm-]-Z - n\v i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bn sImSp-n-cn-p Aw A\-pI, hym]n-p-I, Xqn-n-S-pI Fn--s\-bm-Wv. Bepe F hnti-j-W-n\v A\--ap-ff, hnd-bvp Dd-n-m Fn-s - \bpw ({ioI-WvtT-izcw:1987:290). Bens Ce-If - psS {]tXyI-X-bmhmw B kky-Ip-Spw-_n\v Bep F t]cp-hc - m Imc-Ww. Cs\ XnIpw {]mtZ-inIhpw {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw sshm-\n-I-hp-amb A-co--n cq]-sp h, ae-bmf Pohn-X15

n Gsd thtcm--ap-ff, kky-\m-a--fmWv ]noSv Cm-Xm-hp-Ibpw ]mmXy kky-hKo-Ic-W\ - m-a- Xm-\v D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNp--Xv. An--B-ep, Cn--B-ep, Cn-Iq-h, a--Iqh Fn--s\-bp-ff {]tbm-K- tlmq-kn ImWmw. {]tbm-K-em-fn-Xyns `mK-amtbm ]gw sImtm Ch Npcpn An, Cn, Cn, a Fsms am{Xta Cv D]-tbm-K-n-ep-ff - q. Ben-sbpw sXn-sbpw IpSpw-_-\maw Ah-bpsS ]mmXy imkv{X-\m-a-nte C-dnbq FXv Cu amw \ntm-j-a F kqN\bpw Xcp-p-v.
kky-imkv{Xw F imkv{X-ns Dhw {Kov tdma temI-m-sWv Icp-Xs - -

Sp-p. ]s AXns B[p-\n-I-ap-tw Dm-bXv ]Xn-\mdmw \qm-n bqtdm-n-em-Wv, {][m\-ambpw `nj-Kz-c - m-cp-sSbpw Huj-[k - ky hnZ-Kv[c - p-sSbpw {]h-\ - sImm-bn-cpp AXv (ae-bmfw Fssk-tm-]o-Unb {_nm-\n hmeyw 3, 2003:2192) F hmZhpw Xntbm-{^m-kv {]mNo\ kky-im-kv{X-n-sbpw Imen-t\-bkv B[p-\nI kky-im-kv{X-n-sbpw ]nXm-hmIp ]mm-Xy-m\ amXr-Ibpw tlmq-knse kky-hn-m\w tNmZyw sNp-p. ]mmXy-t\m-w-sImv Af-m\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-m\pw {ian-p-p-s-nepw tlmq-knse kky-hnm\w hnKo-Ic - W - - nepw \ma-Ic - W - - nepw Huj[ aqey-n-ep-sams Xtinbam-bn-s \ne-sIm-f-fp-p. C-s\- kkyhnm-\-ns ]mm-Xyhpw Xt-io-b-hp-amb [mc-W-I-fpsS kt-f-\-ambn tlmqkv ae-_m-dn-qkv amdp-p. AactImiw, kl{ktbmKw XpSnb `mcXob sshm\nI {K Hmtcm sNSnpw \Inbncnp hniZoIcWfpw tlmqknse kkyhnhcWfpw _sSpn ]TnmhpXmWv. kkyhnm\ns GsXmw \neIfnepff hyhlmcfmWv B[p\nIimkv{Xw CmXmnbsX hyamb [mcW CXneqsS e`npw. Fm Cu {]_ns ]cn[nbn Csamcp kao]\w DsSpm Ignnn. tlmqkn\pffnepff hymJym\fnepw hniZoIcWfnepw ImWp sshm\nI kwLjsbmWv ChnsS {][m\ambpw ]TnpXv.

tlmq-knse hymJym-\-fpw hnh-cW - - fpw tlmqkv CUn-qkv ae-_m-dn-qkv F kky-im-kv{X-{Kw ]e-X-c-n-ep-ff kwLj--fpsS `qan-I-bm-Wv. {K-tI-{n--X-amb Adnhpw hmsamgn kwkvIm-chpw Xn-ep-ff kwLjw CXn {][m-\-am-Wv. Xmfn-tbm-eI - -fnepw {][m-\-ambpw hmsam-gn-bm-bpw30 BWv tIcf-n imkv{X-a-S--ap-ff Adn-hp-I ssIImcyw sN-s-n-cp-X - v. Xe-ap-dI - -fmbn ssIam-dp Cu Adn-hp-I {K-cq-]-n-tev t{ImUo-Ic - n-p-I-bmWv tlmq-kn. bqtdm-n Atmtgpw hym]I {]Nm-c-n-em-bn-cp A-Sn-bn-eqsS {]kn-o-I-cn-m-\mWv hmdoUv ]pkvXIw Xm-dm-p--Xv. Cn Ap-Xs sNms ]pkvXIw F Xmfn-tbme {K-sbpw KuUkm-c-kzX {_m-W-cpsS alm-\n-L-p-hn-sebpw31 Adn-hns\ tlmqkv kzoI-cn-p-p-snepw Ah hmsam-gn-bpsS {K-cq-]-n-ep-ff tcJ-s--ep-I-fm-bn-cp-p. AhnsS `mj-bp-sSbpw Adn-hn-sbpw am\-Io-I-cWw \S-n-p-m-bn-cp-n-. tlmq-knepw kky-\m-a - tcJ-s-Spn-bn-cn-p-Xv hmsam-gn-bn-em-Wv. Fm kky-hn-h-c-W- apgp-h imkv{X-`m-j-bmb emn\nepw.
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DZm: samsbs-hn--ap-bshn (hmeyw 10 : 247) Fen--C-en (hmeyw 1:64) hmsam-gn-bm-sW-nepw {][m-\a - mbpw ae-_m-dn-ep-]t - bm-Kn-p kky-\m-a - -fmWv tlmq-kn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. Fm tIc-f-nse Xs hnhn-[-{]-tZ-i--fn Hmtcm kkyhpw hyXykvX \ma--fn-emWv hyhl-cn--s-Sp-Xv CXn-te-sX-nepw Hcp t]sc-Spv D]-tbm-Knp--Xn-eqsS A-Sn-bn At\Iw {]mtZ-inI \ma- Hgn-hm--s-Sp-p. `qcn-`mKw ae-bmf hmp-Ipw Ah-bpsS {]tbm-K-pw cv ]mT-t`-Z- Dv; ]d-bp cq]-n-ep-f-fXpw (hmsamgn) Fgp-Xp-- cq]nep-f-fXpw (hc-samgn). Ch ]e-tmgpw ]c-kv]c hncp-hpw BImdp-v. AXm-Xn-S--fn Adn-b-s-p-h sNSn-I-fpsS ae-bmf hmsam-gn-cq-]--fmWv hmdoUn\p ]d-p-sIm-Sp-n-cn-p--Xv. (aWn-em.-sI.-F-kv., 2008:hmeyw 1 : XVI) Adn-hs - -Im-cynepw Cu am\-Io-I-cWw kw`-hn-p-p-v. {][m-\-ambpw NnIn-m-hn-[nI-fpsS kzoI-c-W-n CXp kw`-hn-n-p-sv hmdoUv Xs ]d-bp-p : X-fpsS ]qhnI-cn \npw ]ucm-WnI {K--fn \npw e`n Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw \nb-a--fp-sSbpw ASnm-\ - n X-fpsS A`n-{]m-b - sf km[q-Ic - n-p-sIm-p-ff Cu ]n-X - m-cpsS X-, hfsc Bm-Z-tmsS Rm {in-n-cp-p. X-fpsS A`n-{]m-b--sf-p-dnv hfsc i-ambn ]c-kv]cw Xn-n-cp-s-n-epw, temI-nse alm-m-cmb XXz-Nn- -Ic - nt]mepw ImWm km[nm-, ap-f-f-hv Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb hn\bw Ch {]I-Sn-n-n-cpp (hmeyw 3: XVI) F hmdoUns hmp-I Xtiob NnIn-m-hn-[n-I-fpsS sshhn-[ys kmy-s-Sp-pp-v. Fm hmdoUns A[n-Im-c-n\p Iogn Ah hn\-bm-\zn-X-cm-Ip-Ibpw ka-hm-bn-se-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. enJnX k{-Zm-b-ns Imcy-nepw kwLj-n-sbpw ]cn-h-\-n-sbpw Ncn{X-kq-N\ tlmq-kn-ep-v. ae-bmfw Xs cp-en-]n-bn tlmq-kn {]Xy--s-Sp-p. tImse-gppw BcyF-gppw Htc-t]mse ImW-s-Sp -{K--am-Wn-Xv. tImse-gp-ns ]g-abn \nv Bcy Fgp-n-tev ae-bmfw ]cn-W-an-p Ime-mWv Cu {Kw Fgp-X-s-Sp-sXv Icp-Xmw. ImcWw ]nm-ev Bcy-F-gp-ns k{-Zm-b-n-emWv ae-bmfw Fgp-X-sSp--Xv. kky-\m-a-fpw I\n DtZym-K--\mb Cm-\p-h Io-tcm-bpsS kmy-]-{Xhpw Bcy-F-gp-nepw Cugh Ipe-n P\n Cn Ap-Xs kmy-]{Xw tImse-gp-n-epamWpffXv. Am-ev Db PmXn-mp am{Xta kwkvIrXw ]Tn-m\pw Bcy Fgpv D]-tbm-Knm\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp-p-ff - q. Xmgv Ipe-ns-h Fgp-Xm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv tImse-gpv en]n-bm-Wv. {InkvXym-\n-Iv Db PmXn lnp--sf-tmse kzmX-{yhpw AhIm-i--fp-ap-m-bn-cp-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Io-tcmbvv Bcy-F-gpv D]-tbm-Kn-m-\m-hpp. Cs\ PmXn-hy-h bpw AXns\ ap\nn-bp-ff sshm-\nI \nb-{-W - fpw \ne\n-n-cp Imev khW-cp-sSbpw AhW-cp-sSbpw hnm\w Htc-t]mse D]-tbm-K-s-Spnb {K-amWv tlmq-kv. hnm-\s kw_-nv ]mm-Xypw Xt-io-bpw Dm-bn-cp [mc-W-I-fpsS kwLjw IqSn CXn Is- mw. ]mc- - c y- a mbn ]np- S -c p- Xpw (PmXn]cambpw
17

IpSpw_]cambpw) A\--c-h-Im-in-Iv ssIam-dp--Xp-am-bn-cpp Xt-iob hnm-\-sa-n Adn-hns\ kzIm-cy-kz-mn amn, AXn-\p-ta hym]m-cI - p-I t\Sp--XmWv ]mmXy at\m`m-hw. hnhn[ PmXn-hn-`m-K--fns tIc-fo-b X-fpsS Adnhv bqtdm-n\p ssIam-dp-tm Ah-cpsS ssIbn \nv IrXy-amb A[n-Im-c-]-{X- tcJsSpn hmp-Xv CXns Bcw`-am-sWp a\-kn-em-mw. Cs\bpff \nc-h[ - n- kwLj-n-Sb - n Ghpw {][m-\s - HmWv tlmqkv \app apn Xpd-p-h-bvp ]mm-Xyhpw Xt-io-b-hp-amb kky-m-\- Xn-ep-ff CS-I. tlmq-kns \nam-W-n\p Xs t{]cn-n {][m-\-Im-cy- hmdoUv Atl-ns apJ-hp-c-bn FSpp ]d-bp-p-v. Ipd sNe-hn sa-s Huj-[- CybnXs Dmn I-\nv em`-ap-m-p-I, bqtdm-nse kky-imkv{X hnZymn-Iv KpWw sNpw-hn[w hnh-c- \IpI Fn-h-bm-W-h. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Xt-iob hnm\s bqtdm-n\p ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-hm-\mbn Atlw bqtdm-nse Ghpw anI-Xpw ]pcm-X-\hp-amb kh-Ie - m-im-eI - -fnse kky-im-kv{X-n-sebpw sshZy-im-kv{X-n-sebpw anI s{]m^kam-sc-bmWv sXc-s-Sp-n-cn-p-X - v.32 Ch-cpsS hni-Zo-Ic - W - - ]e-tmgpw Xt-iob kkym-\s Af-p-Xv A]-c-Xz-n-eq-sS-bm-Wv, ]mm-Xy-bp-n-sIm-p-ff aqey-\nW-bhpw AhnsS \S-p-p-v. sNSn-I-sf-p-dnv ]d-bp-tm, BNm-c-fpw A\p-jvTm-\--fp-sam-sbmbn _-s Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw ]cm-ain-tn hcp-tm-sgms CXv X-fp-tS-X Ahcp-tS-XmWv F IrXy-amb AIew hni-Zo-I-c-W--fn ImWmw. DZm:1) shfp Cn-n: Cu sNSn NX-nv In-sh-ff - -n Xnf-n-p-Xv B`n-Nm-c-tZmj- Cm-Xm-p-sav \mp-Im hniz-kn-pp (hmeyw 10:14). 2) Is--smd:Cfw {]mb-n-ep-ff ^ew NXv NqSp-sh-ffw tNv Ign-p-Xv icn-b-m Imcy- sNp--Xn \npw ]pcp-j-msc AIpw (hmeyw 8:18). 3) satXmn: CXns hS-p-`m-Kt - v hf-cp thcp-Iv henb am{nI in-bp-ff - -Xmbn \mp-Im hniz-kn-p-p. asmcp hkvXp-hns {]h-\s A\p-`m-h-]qh-ambn {]tNm-Zn-nm CXn\p Ign-hp-sv Ah Icp-Xp-p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn a\p-jycpw Abm-fpsS Ombm-Nn-{Xhpw Xn-ep-ff {]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-amb AXn-`u-Xn-IXsb CXv Dt-Pn-n-p-sap ]d-bp-p. (hmeyw 7:202). 4) ]sbdp: sNSnv {]IrXym Nne \nKq-Vi - -n-I Df-fX - mbn \mp-Im hniz-kn-p-p. kXapf-ftXm k-X-an-m-tXm Bb Bfp-I Xn kvt\ltam hntZz-jtam Dm-m CXn\p Ign-hp-f-f-Xmbn Ah Icp-Xpp (hmeyw 7:146). a{-hm-Zw, B`n-Nmcw XpS-n-bh \mp-Im-cp-tS-Xp-am-{X-am-sWpw AXns\ Ah-Xc - n-n-p X AXn ]n-msX amdn \np--h-cm-sWpw Cu hni-Zo-I-c-W- ]d-p-h-bvpp. t\cnIpw ]co-npw \nco-npw am{Xw hniz-kn-p `uXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fmb Xsf kw_-n-n-St - mfw AXn-`u-Xn-I-amb kky-aqeyfn hnizm-k-an-spw CXn-eqsS kqNn-np-p. sNSn-If - psS KpW-^-e--sf-n ]c-kv]cw kwh-Zn-p Xt-iob sshZy-m-sc-p-dnp
18

hmdoUv ]d-bp hmN-I- CtXmSp tNp hmbn-m-hp--XmWv : ae-_m-dnse hnhn[ `mK--fn \np-ff Cu hnZ-Kv[ ]ecpw ]c-kv]cw A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp-p. Ch ]ecpw AXym{K-ln-Ifpw ]pI-gv B{K-ln-p-h - cpw kwi-bm-ep-fpw Bbn-cp-p. sNSn-Is - f-p-dnv Ahdn-bm Imcy- Hfn-p-h-bvp--Xn ]ecpw hy{K-X-bp-f-f-h-cm-bn-cp-p. sNSn-I-fpsS hnhn[ KpW-^-e-s - f-p-dnv Ah Xv Ign-bm-hp-{X hntbm-Pnp (hmeyw 3, XVI). ae-bmfn sshZy-msc Htc-k-abw hnm-\n-Ifpw Zpcm-{K-ln-If - p-am-p hmdoUns {]kvXm-h\ ]uckvXy-hm-Z-s-p-dn-p-ff skbvZns hmN-I-sf Hmn-n-p-p. Ing-ns\ Is-n-bXv ]mmXy`m-h\ - b - m-bn-cp-p. ]mm-Xy-kz-Xzs t{ijvTa - mbn hymJym-\n-m ]uc-kvXy-kz-Xzs AXns A]-c-Xz-ambn ImtW--Xp-m-bn-cpp (1978:31). ]co--W - -fp-sSbpw \nco-Wfp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-n Fn-t-cp bqtdm-ns imkv{Xo-b-amb Ip-]n-Sp--co-Xn-bpsS kz`mhw tlmq-kn-eqsS Ah-Xc - n-n-p-p-v. Idp-hm--bn \nv kzw NnIn-m-e-b-n F hmn-sb-Sp-p-Xv hnh-cn-p-hm-\mbn Hcp ]pdn-e-[nIw ew hn\n-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p. ]co-W \nco-W - -f - psS Hcp `mKw Xmsg tNpp.
....-D-n-t\m-sSmw tN F, BZyw aW-nepw cpNn-bnepw Iq-c - n-t\mSv Xpey-am-

Wv. AXn-thKw _mjv]o-I-cn-p-p, XpWn--jvW-n-em-bm \ndw-am-dp-p. Id-tbn-msX A{]Xy--am-hp-Ibpw ]e Zni-I-fn ]c-p-Ibpw sNpw. Cu Iqcw Xo ]nSn-n-m, ipamb Pemwiw \onb B-tlm tN-Xv, s]sv Xo]n-Sn-p-Ibpw shfp-p-I-e \oe Pzme-bn Ip-p, Xobn shv NqSm-n-bm s]sv Zln-p-p, shfp ]pI-bmbn XoPzmetbm Im XpS-p-p. asm-c-\p-`hw CXn \\ XpWn-jvWw In-m XpWnsmpw kw`-hn-p-n-, BZyw Iq-c-ns Xpf-p-I-b-dp aWw, AXp-t]mbn Idp-hm--bp-sS- lr-Zy-amb aWw, Cu F K-I-ntem As-n Ae-p-Im-c - ntem AXp-as - -nDpIfpsS an{in-X - ntem sXfn-m \mbn Ip-p. Cu Dp-If - m-Is - -Hpw _m[n-m-sXbpw Ipd-bm-sXbpw Ahtijnpp, CSnv s]mSn-bmn ]hnkv tSmsam-cn-bkv ( pulvis tormentarius) sImv \\-v, Xo sImfp-n-bm, hfsc ]Xps Im XpS-p-p.....(hmeyw 1:222) Fn-s\ \nc-h-[n- ]co-W - - p hnt[-ba - m-p--Xns AXn-kq-vaa - mb hnh-cWw Dsm-f-fn-n-cn-p-p.- F-m ae-_m-dns kky-m-\ - n\v Ccw ]co-W \nco-W - -fpsS AI--Sn-sbm-p-an--Xm\pw. D]-tbm-K- F hn`m-K-n Ce-bpsS Ijmbw FtNv ]pc-n-bm {hW- ian-pw(Cn Bep-hmeyw 1:93) F H-hm-N-I-n-emWv hnhcWw AsX-s\ Ijmbw hbvp-satm F{X Afhv FSp-p-satm Hpw kqN-\b - n-. Xtiob hnm\nse imkv{Xo-bX - -bpsS Acw X-fpsS hnh-c-W - f - psS Npcp--n-eq-sSbpw hniZo-I-c-W-fpsS A`m-h-n-eq-sSbpw kqNn-n-p-hm Ah {ian-p-p. CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-ambn ]d-bm-hp--XmWv hmeyw ~Hn sXn \npw Iffp-sN-n-sb-Sp-p {]{In-b-bpsS hniZ-amb h-\. -\ {]mb-ta-dnb hr--fn \npw Inp {ZmhIw Af-hn Ipd-hm-sW-nepw-a[ - p-c-ta-dn-bXpw Gsd ap-]n-Sn-n-p-X - p-am-Wv. Cu {ZmhIw Cd-n-sm-p-h ]m{X-n GXm\pw Xpffn shfn-s tNv Hcp Znhkw sh-tijw hmn-bm i-nIq-Snb kv]ncnv e`n-p-p, hnm-Kncn Dm-p-hm AXp-ti-J-cn ]m{Xw Ah Ipm-b-n ]Xn-\-p-Zn19

hkw shbvp-p, CXv InWz\w AXn-th-K-n-em-p-p...... Cu {Zmh-I-n \nv Cbm{K F Nc Dm-p--Xn-s\-p-dnpw ]noSv hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p-v. Fm Cu h\ t\cs-]-d ]co-W \nco-Wn \npw hyXy-kvXa - m-Wv. ChnsSbpffXv \ntXym-]-tbm-Kn-\p-ff km[-\- \nn-p-X - n Xt-io-bp-ff sshZ-Kv[y-ns h-\b - m-Wv. Idphm---bn \nv F-sb-Sp-p ]co-Ww am{X-a hmdoUns ]co-W - -im-eb - n \S-p-Xv. Is-nb F hnhn[ ]cn-n-Xn-I-fn Fs\ {]hn-p-sav ]co-n-p-I-bmW-Xn. D]--n-\mbn \S-p {]h-\ - fpw Hcp hkvXp-Xsb AXns kz`mhw hniZo-I-cn-p--Xn-\mbn (]ZmY-KpWw a\-n-em-p--Xn-\mbn) ]e-Xp-ambn Xn-p-t\m-p-Xpw cp-Xcw {]h-\--fm-Wv. Hv {]mtbm-KnIm\hpw asmv ]co--W-m-\-hp-am-Wv. cm-aXp ]d--XmWv B[p-\nI imkv{X-ns kz`m-h-ambn ]nm-ev amdn-bX - v. tlmqkn cn\pw CS-ap-v. \nco-W hnt[-b-am-Ip {]Ir-Xnbpw (hnjbw) \nco-n-p hynbpw Fsmcp Xcw-Xn-cnhv B[p-\n-Ii - m-kv{X-ns khn-ti-jX - b - m-Wv. tlmq-knepw kky-f - p - sS t\pff t\m- ]mm-Xycp-tS-Xm-Wv. ImcWw kzw {]tZ-i-p-ff sNSn-I Xt-io-bsc kw_n-n-S-tmfw ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. Huj-[-aq-ey-s - fbpw apw hKo-I-cn-p-p-s-nepw Ce, ]qhv, Imb Fn-s\ Hmtcm `mK-n-sbpw kqvah - W\ Ahv Bh-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. DjvWta-J-em-{]-tZ-is kky- ]cn-Nb - -an-m--h AXp-t]mse Xs-bp-ff ap-Nn-embn \Sn-bn-cn-p-X - m-Wv- C-Xnse hnh-cW - - . AXp-sIm-p-Xs _mly-{]-Ir-Xn-p-ta \nco-Ww \Sn m\w DXv]m-Zn-n-p--XmWv hnj-bn-bpsS kz`mhw ChnsS ImWmw. tlmq-knse sImS-] - \ - -bpsS hnh-cW - -n tNn-cn-p Nn{Xw (hmdoUv sImS-\ - sb \nco-n-p-Xv) CXns Nn{X-cq]nep-ff {]Xn-\n-[m-\-am-Wv. \nco--Is t_m[-n \npw kzX-{-ambn \np-, \nin-Xhpw \nn-X-hp-amb kz`m-h--fp-ff _mly-tem-I-s-p-dn-p-ff Ddv B h\-I-fn sXfn-p-In-S-p-v.

\mev : \nK-a-\- tIcfns Xt-iob kky-m-\s - - - n-bp-ff sImtfm-Wn-b ho-W - f - psS kmc-h-gn-I hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I-bmWv {]_--n sNbvXXv. hnm-\-n\p s]mXp-hmbn kw`hn ]cn-Wmaw CXn ImWmw. {]mNo-\-Im-ev bqtdm-n\p e`n-n-cp Cy kky-[m-c-WI bmYmy-s-m `mh-\bvv {]m[m\yw \Ip--Xm-bn-cp-p. k - -m-cm-\p-`-h Ncn{X-nse Ghpw henb A[n-Imc m]-\-n - tev hgn-sh-bvp--Xns Zriy- Ch-bn-epv. hyn-]-c-amb A\p-`-h--pdw ImWm cmPys IW-n-m kar-nsb hnfntm-Xp Ah bqtdm-]y hn]-Wn-bn [mcm-f-ambn hn-gn--s-Sp-Xpw AXn\p ]nmse Ih-S-n-\mbn I-ep-I \p-c-an-Sp-Xpw ]c-kv]cw Iqn-hm-bn-t kwKXn-I-fmWv. I-hSw hym]m-c-Ip-I - b - n-tepw AhnsS \nv sshm-\nI Ip-Ib - n-tepw hgn-am-dp--Xv Kmky Z Hm-bp-sSbpw At-kvX-bp-sSbpw IrXn-If - n ImWmw. BZy-Ime h-\-I-fn \nv `nambn Hmj-[-aq-ey-s - f-p-dnpw sNSn-If - psS km-nI{]m[m-\y-s-p-dnpw Ah-cpsS ]pkvX20

I- bqtdm-p-ambn kwkm-cn-p. tlmq-kns - e-n-bt - m-tgpw kky-hn-m-\ - ns ]qW-amb hnh-ti-Jc - Ww F eyw ]qn-bm-hp-p. kky-kw-_ - n-bmb Huj-[, {]mtbm-Kn-I, hKo-Ic - W Adn-hp-Is - fms AXn-tev tiJ-cn--s-Sp-p. Hw hmdoUns\-tm-ep-ff Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnv Uv I-\nbpsS D-X-X-e-f - n, Cu tImf-Wn-If - n \nv NqjWw sNm-hp kky-k--ns {]Xy-cq-]a - mbn AXp \ne-sIm-ff - p-p. s\Xemnse kkyimkv{X]nXpw hnZymYnIpw D]ImcsSpwhn[w Djv W taJem{]tZis kkyhnhcsf tiJcnpXn\pw, Upssk\yn\v Atd_y hgnsbp sNethdnb acppIp ]Icw ^e{]Zamb Huj[ e`yampXn\pw AXneqsS I\nv em`w t\SnsmSppXn\pambncpp hmdoUns {iaw. kzw cmPy-ns sshm-\nIhnIm-k-n\pw kzw A[n-Im-c-ns \ne-\n-ev]n\pw Cu kky-im-kv{X-{K-s ap\np--tXmsS sImtfm-Wn-b m\m-[nIm-c-n-s-bp-f-fn t{ImUo-I-cn--s- Hmbn am{Xw tIc-f - ns kky-hn-m\w amdp-p. AtXkabw Xt-io-b-m-\-ns Nne LS-I- AXn-\p-f-fn ]mm-Xy-[m-c-W-bp-ambn Ielw Iqp-Ibpw sNp-p-.

{KkqNn 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 sImkmw-_n, Un.Un, 2011, imkv{Xw kaqlw kam-[m\w, tIc-f-imkv{X kmln-Xy-]-cn-jv, Xriq. tKmhn--n-f-f, ]n, 2010, sshm-\nI hnhw Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn{Xw, tIc-f-`mjm Cn-yq-v, Xncp-h-\ - -]p-cw. NnZw-_-c, F.-F, 2011, tlmqkpw Cn Ap-X\pw kXyhpw anYybpw, tIc-f-kmlnXy Am-Z-an, Xriq. tPmk-^v-BWn, 2012, lcn-X-`q-]Sw, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgntmSv. tPmPv KohKokv tPmk^v, 2013, abq-c-inJ KWn-X-ns bqtdm-t]y-Xc aqe-, tIc-f-`mjm Cn-yq-v, Xncp-h-\-] - p-cw. ]Wn-, sI.-F., 2008, sImtfm-Wn-be - nkw kwkvIm-cw-] - m-c--cy-_p-n-Po-hn-I, kaml-c-Ww--]n.-]n.-jm-\-hmkv, Nn]n-tj-gvkv, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw. ]Wn-, sI.-F., 2010, sXc-s-Sp {]_- - , tIc-fk - m-lnXy Am-Z-an, Xriq. ]hn-{X, ]n., 2011, kwkvIm-c] - -T\ - -ns aqmw temI-h-gn, kwkvIm-c-]-T\ - w, Ncn{Xw knmw {]tbmKw, hf-f-tm hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-]p-cw. `cX, sI.Fw., 2013, kkyNcXw/t^mIvtemdnse sNSnI, hwiobXhnNmchpw hoWhpw, (FUn.) tUm.Fw.sF. ]pqkv, aebmfhn`mKw, bp.kn. tImtfPv, Beph. aebmfw Fssktm]oUnb hmeyw aqv, 2003, Fssktm]oUnb {_nm\n
21

(Cy) ss{]hv enanUv, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw. 11. 12. cho-{, ]n.-]n., 2002, ^qtm--h-am-\-ns Ncn{Xw, tIcf`mjm Cn-yq-v, Xncph-\--]p-cw. cmL-h-hm-cn-b, cmPKpcp, 2012, tIc-f-N-cn{Xw, hf-f-tm hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-]pcw. (cmw-`mKw) \mj-W _pv m, tIm-bw. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. hey-m, Fw.-Fkv., 2009, kp{ip-X-ss]-XrIw (hnh--sI.-ap-p-evan), Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tImbw. hnP-b-Ip-am, hn., 2013, imkv{Xw Zi\w kwkvImcw, tIcf`mjm Cn-yq-v, Xncp-h\--]p-cw. them-bp-[, ]Wn--tcn, 2009, t]mp-Kokv Uv B[n-]Xyw tIc-f-n, Id v _pIvkv, tImbw. {ioIWvtTizcw, 1987, i_vZXmcmhen, \mjW _pIvm, tImbw. kp\n, ]n. CfbnSw, 2007, imkv{Xw sshZyw \thm\w, Nn hmjnIXnv, sabv. sk, Fkv.F., kpcmb, _n.hn., (FUn.), 1996, imkv{Xw Cybn Hcp kwn]vXNcn{Xw, (hnh. ]n.Sn. `mkvIcWn, _n. kpKXIpamcn, sI.Fkv. dmWm{]Xm]), tIcf`mjm Cnyqv, Xncph\]pcw.
Amin, Samir, 1980, Eurocentrism, Tr.Russellmoore, Monthly Review Press, NewYork. Baber, Zaheer, 1998, The Science of Empire, Oxford University Press, Delhi. Cesaire, Amie, 1972, Discourse on colonialism, Tr. Joan Pinkham, Monthly Review Press, London and NewYork. Chakrabarti, Pratik, 2010, Western Science in Modern India, Permanent Black, Delhi. Dasgupta, Subrata, 2009, Jagadish Chandra Bose and Indian Response to Western Science, Permanent Black, Delhi. Desmond, Ray, 1992, The European Discovery of the Indian Flora, Royal Botanic Gardens, Oxford University Press, London. Fournier, Marian Hortus Malabaricus of Hendrik Adriaan Van Rheede tot Drakestein, Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus, (ed.) K.S.Manilal, A.A. Balkema/Rotter dam/ Boston, Oxford & IBM Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Heniger, 1986, Hendrik Adriaan Van Rheede tot Drakestein And Hortus Malabaricus, A.A. Balkema/Rotter dam/Boston, Oxford & IBM Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. Heniger J., 1980, Van Rheedes Preface to Volume III of Hortus Malabaricus and its Histori cal and Political Significance, Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus, A.A. Balkema/ Rotter dam/Boston, Oxford & IBM Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.. Loomba, Ania, 1998, Colonialism/Post colonialism, Routledge, London and New York. Manilal, K.S., 1980, The Implications of Hortus Malabaricus with the Botany and History of 22

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27.

28. 29.

peninsular India, Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company.Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.. 30. Noltie, H.J., 1995, Indian Boatanical Drawings, Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh. 31. Panikkar, K.M., Malabar And The Dutch, D.B. Taraporevala sons & co., Bombay. 32. Prakash, O.M., 2000, The new Cambridge History of India European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-colonial India, Cambidge University Press, London. 33. Said, Edward, 1978, Orientalism, Vintage, NewYork and London. 34. Telscher, Kate, 1995, India Inscribed, Oxford University Press, London. 35. Vaczy C., 1980, Hortus Indicus Malabaricus and its importance for the Botanical Nomennclature, Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company.Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

Ip-dppI
1. 2. In whose soul an inferiority complex has been created by the death and burial of its local cultural originality - Fanon(Ania Loomba: 1998:24). Uv tImf-Wn-`-cWIme-p-]-tbm-Kn-n-cp ae-_m-dns `q]Sw sI.-Fw. ]Wn--cpsS Uv B v ae-_m F ]pkvX-I-ns Bcw-`-n sImSp-n-p-v. ]pdw 10 Cymsc-p-dnv ]d-bp-tm Medical doctrines which disgrace an English Farrier, astronomy which would be the laughter of girls at an English boarding school- Macauley in Sharpe, (ed.)1920. {_nojv c-ap-ff Cy-msc \nn-s-Sp-m-\mWv At-l-ns hnZym-`ym-k-]-Xn {ian--Xv. (Strabo, 1917-Geography)-Ray, Desmond, 1992, European Discovery of Indian Flora. page 2. hmgsb hnh-cn-p-Xv : Whose leaf is oblong in shape, like the feathers of Ostritch - ibid page 3. Indian nuts (coconut) - big as melons, and in colour green, like guards. Their leaves and banches are like those of date palm - ibid. page 9. (Cristobel Acosta, 1578, Tractado de las drogas, y medicinas de las Indias orientalis, Burgos) Ray Desmond:1992:17. Cy-sb-p-dn-p-ff Ghpw {]kn--amb bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw _m]vnv SmhWn-b-dn-tXm-Wv. bqtdmp apgp-h CXv hmbn--s-Sp-p-v. 6 bm{X-I (Les Six Voyages des Jean Bapiste Tavernier) F IrXn 17 ]Xn-p-I Cd-n. ]e `mj-I-fn-tepw samgn-amw sN-sp. acnb t^mWnbdpsS teJ\w ]pdw 6, lndn B v t_mWn Hm^v tlmqkv ae_mdnqkv. FUn. sI.Fkv. aWnem. I have requested some of you orally to send annually by the homeward-bound ships from 23

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Ceylon to the father land all kinds of seeds, bulbs or roots of the trees, plants, herbs, flowers etc. Which each of you is able to collect in this disrict for a whole year. I did so because on leaving Europe I had received a large order from distinguished gentlemen to send annually such a consignment from the Indies, not only to satisfy the curiosity of many wisemen and amateurs, but also inorder that the world might enjoy and be served by the medicinal values which the above mentioned wisemen might discover and find out......I request you jointly and individually to co-operate and to cause all kinds of seeds, without exception, to be gathered, to pack them in two parts with the registeres of their names - Heniger-Appendix 4, 1986, page-269. 11. kntem KhWdmbncp hmsKmkpambn hmdoUn\pmbncp A`n{]mbhyXymkfpw AXv tlmqkns\ {]XnIqeambn _m[nXns\pdnpw aqmwhmfyn hmdoUns {]kvXmh\bnepv - Cu ]pkvXIhpambn _sv Nne sIWnIsfbpw {]tem`\sfbpw F\nv t\cntSXmbn hp. Fs kw_nmsWn ae_mdnse t]SnsSpp GImXbntmepw Ccw sIWnIsf `bsnn FXmWv bmYmYyw (hmeyw 3: XX ). 12. Hmtcm hmeyhpw ]pdndnb hjw hmeyw 11678, hmeyw 21679, 3-1682, 41683, 51685, 61686, 71688, 81688, 91689, 101690, 111692, 121693. BZys 2 hmey Up`mjbn hnh\w sNbvXv {]kvoIcnnpv. 1774 sP.ln Cwojn CXns kwn]vXcq]w {]knoIcnp. 1696 Un.sImsaen Cu {Kn ]cmainnpff sNSnIfpsS ImtemKv tlms ae_mdns ImtemKvkv F t]cn {]knsSpn. ]q]cnn (hmeyw 1) XSnv Hcm hn ]nSnmsemXpm hw.....]pdw 103. Cen XSnv cm ]nSnmsep Npfhpw....]pdw 67. BZy]Xnns tImnI XncphnXmwIq cmPmhns sImmcw sse{_dnbnepw hbkvcaqkns kzImcysse{_dnbnepw Dv. AWnbnsmcpnbXv Ghpw Ipeo\\pw DZmcaXnbpamb {]`p sldn hmdoUv tSmSv {Umss. ans{Ulvnse {][m\ `cWm[nImcn, Hcp Imev ae_m cmPyns ]ctamX ImcymtemN\ kanXnbpsS A[n], Cybnse _PnbmcpsS \nba\nmWk`bnse kmam\ymXoX\mb AwKhpw Ctm APIvs {]hniybnse AizmcqV k`bnse Ghpw A`nPmXcmb kp{]kn [ocmcn {][m\nbpw (hmeyw 1) ^mZ amXyqkns Nn{Xfpw hnhcWfpw hncntUcnbw Hmdnbmte F t]cn AmepXs {]knambncpp. CXp ]noSv KnbtImtamkt\m\nbpw Kbvmt\m temdtkm tamnbpw {]knoIcnppv.

13.

14

15.

16.

17. The book doesnot at all contain anything that is not known in Ceylon and is not plentiful there, so that for that reason it will by no means be necessary to seek for it in Malabar. The Island of Ceylon is a country blessed with such a wealth of valuable and delightful medicaments as any 24

country on earth may be (W.ph Cool haas 1971 vol.4 page 294-295) -J. Heniger, 1986:39. 18. Icpds AYhm sImSIcffn Fv AdnbsSp es Xmakmc\pw A\pw ap\pw apXpapmcpw sshZyamcmbncp sImmv Xdhmn P\nXpamb Hcp aebmfn tUmdmb Cn ApXs\ Rm kmysSppsXsm KhW sln F. hmdoUns B{]Imcw Rm sImn \Kcn hcpIbpw, _lpam\s Cy skmssknbnse Zzn`mjnbmb am\ph I\otdm aptJ\ \psS ]pkvXIfn hnhcnnpff {]Imchpw Fs ZoL\mfs ]cnNbnsbpw {]mNo\ ]cnm\nsbpw ASnm\nepw sNSnIfpsSbpw acfpsSbpw hffnsSnIfpsSbpw t]cpIfpw AhbpsS Huj[KpWfpw kwibclnXambn ]dpsImSpnpffXpw Cu hnhcWnepw ]dpsImSpXnepw Fsnepw kwibtam GsXnepw aebmfn sshZymv Rm ]dXns kXymhsbpdnv Fsnepw itbm DmIm ]mSnmXpw BIpp. Cu ]d Imcy kzw Im FgpXn Rm HnnpffXmWv Cn ApXs tImsegpnepff kmy]{Xns en]namwhmeyw Hv. {]kahpw awKeyhpw IpSnbncnpw shlpam\s sImnsbsS Ipmbnhpw sImnbn Bb a\pshscp \nbnpw {]Imcw: F{nn hsSp IpapsZmcnsS I\bm Icpd B]ndsmff sNsImhamb sImmsSs\ s]scmff Hcp asebmw sshys sNms s]mkvXIn Nmnb asebmfnse hrfpw sNdphrfpw hffnsIf ]ppefpw AXns ]pjv]fp ImsbIfpw hnpsIfpw sckfpw s]cpsIfpw NnsIfp kpZNnsIfpw ]dnmsgbnepw asebmw]msgbnep hIXncn sNmpsIbpw sNbvXpamwhw Hcp kwsibw Fnsbs\hmIpw hw FgpXn \nbn Fs HCm\phIncp Bcy Fgpn FgpXnb kmy]{Xw (hmeyw 1). 19. 20. Archives Series cochin no:3372, 90 Dutch records No:XVI CuPn]vXn \npw 200 kkyhK (B]nt\m, 1592) Atacnbn \npw 1800 (slWmUkv, 1628, I\pn 1635, amv t{Khnbmkv 1648, qanb 1680), {ioebn \npw \qdpIWn\v sNSnI (t]m sla, 1670) Cybnse ae_mdn \npw 800e[nIw kv]ojokpI (hmdoUv 16781703) Fns\ temIns hnhn[ `mKp\npw kkyhnhc bqtdmnsen hmIvkn.kn., 1980:25. tdbpsS ]pkvXI 1. kkysfpdnpff Hcp kmam\yhnhcWw(3 hmey 1 6861704) 2. \mmen arKfpsS hnhckw{Klw (1693)tKmhnnff ]n., 2010:523.

21.

22. Physalis amno ramosissime ramis angulosis glabris foliis dento serratis F ImpXmfnbpsS imkv{Xob\maw, ent\bkv ss^kmenkv BKpte Fmn amn. AXpt]mseXs R o s a Sylvestris inodora seu canina F sNSn tdmk Im\n\bmn efnXamsp. 23. hnhn[ {]knoIcWfnsemambn 7700 kkybn\fpw 4400 PohnhKfpw 25

ent\bkv hniZoIcnpp tPmk^v BWn : 2012:99. 24. a) I have not put my whole trust in any author, excepting the work Horthus Elthamensis by the very celebrated Dillenius and the work Horthus Malabaricus by the illustrious Van Rheed, having my firm conviction in their acurate data - Linneus 1754 Genera plantarum (5th ed) Holmaie page XII. b) Although these 8 classes of work are unnatural, this fact cannot hinder us to male the statement that this work (Hortus) is the most perfect one among all other published till then - Adarson M. 1763 Familles des plantes page-XVIII 25. All barbarous words should be considered as primitive ones because to the learned men are their languages unknown -Philosophia botanica, 1751, page 160-187. 26. The limitation of the plant-name endings in all the cases to the -ia, -um, -us is only an appearence

of a false science...for the purpose to indicate new plants, we shall use indiscriminately the English, French, Indian etc.Plants names and when these seem to be too long, we shall shorten without changing their basis-Familles des Plantes:1763:CLXXIV (Vaczy:1980:29). 27. hffnI, sNSnI, ac, ]ppe Fns\ hKoIcnv hniZoIcnp XXv asebmw sshy\mb Cn ApXs ]pkvXIn \nmsWv Cm\ph Iotcmbpw Cn ApX kzbwXsbpw kmysSpppv tlmqkv ae_mdnqkv, hmeyw 1, kmy]{X. sImS]\ {]XysSpXv aqmw hmfynemWv. BZy thmfyfpsS ASnbn h Nne {]iv\sfpdnpw apw hmdoUv aqmw hmfynse {]kvXmh\bn ]dbppv. Cybn {]mNo\hpw Xtiobhpambn \ne\nncp hnhn[ [mcIfpff NnInmcoXnIsf samn kqNnnm\mWv ChnsS BbpthZw Fp]tbmKnncnpXv. Cn ApXs sNms ]pkvXIamWv tlmqknse kkym\ns ]n_ew. sNms FXn\v {]ikvXamb Fapv (NnZw_c F.F. 2011 ). sNmnt Fsmcp kqN\bpw AXnepffXv ImWmXncnm\mhn. alm\nLphpambn Hpt\mn ]cntim[nv kkyfpsS hnhc tcJsSpnbXmbn Ap`v, hn\mbI]nv, cwK`v FnhcpsS kmy]{Xfn ImWmw. Bt\mUv kb, tPmlmkv sImsse\kv FnhcmWv hymJym\fpw hniZoIcWfpw \InbncnpXv. CXn Bt\mUv kb sseU khIemimebnse kkyimkv{X s{]m^kdpw sImsse\kv tlmqkv saUnqkv F acpp]mZ\ I\nbpsS Xeh\pamWv. 26

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.