tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)?

'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

'Dru
kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESihf
vlxt
k cef;u¾
armfpD
acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;jcif;/ tay;t,lvkyfjcif;wdk@onf udk,f
pm;ðy 'Dru kd a&pDpepfay:xGe;f pwGif tc&musc+hJ yD;/ vuf&u dS mvwGiv f nf; ta&;ygaeqJ
jzpfonf? odk@aomf a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepf wdk;wufjzpfxGef;a&;twGufrl
jynfolwdk@u rdrdwdk@.vdkvm;csufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap&ef acgif;aqmifrsm;
tay: rnfr#xdxda&mufa&muf zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; &Sd r&Sd [lonfhtay: wnfrSDv#uf&Sd
onf? xdkuJhodk@ zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;qdkonfuvnf; jynfolwdk@u oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;&Sd t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; rnfr#&,loHk;pGJEdkifonf/ rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkif,Hk=unfcsuf
rsm; tjrifrsm; t,ltqrsm;tm; rnfr#xkwfaz:usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf[lonfh jynfol
rsm;.pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfydkifcGifhyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfolrsm;. pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfydkifcGifh
jrifhrm;vma&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&; human empowerment
onf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif ta&;}uD;ayonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;pEdik if rH sm;. 'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufru
_ kd avhvm
ae=uonfh ynm&Sifwdk@. axmufjycsufrSm ,if;EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'Drdkua&pD jzpfxGef;r_
r&Sdjcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDoD0&Drsm;.tqdktwdkif; jynfolvlxk
. vdkvm;csufrsm;u tpdk;&.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufaejcif; r&SdyJ/
EdkifiHa&;tay:v$m&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;u vlxkqENvdkvm;csufrsm;udk t}uD;tus,f
vpfvsL¶_aejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;
effective democracy qdkonfudk em;vnf&efvdktyfvm.?

'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif; Effective Democracy

'Dru kd a&pD. tESpo f m&udak jym&v#if 'Dru kd a&pD[o l nf Edik if o

H m;jynforl sm;
tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;jcif;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyrJG sm;usi;f yay;±Hjk zifh xdt
k ESpo f m&udk r&Edik ?f
xdk@twl jynfolwdk@tm; vkyfydkifcGifhay;onfh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; Oya'jyÏmef;
owfrSwfay;±Hkwifru ‚if;jyÏmef;csufrsm;udk vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:&efvnf;
vdktyfonf? EdkifiHom;wdk@. jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
tpd;k &ESihf tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf;rsm; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u tmrcHjcif;/ av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;
wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDtESpfom&rsm;yif jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_ xda&mufap&ef/
wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;ap&ef a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif;/ a¶G;aumuf
yGJrsm;u vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_&Sdjcif;/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm; uif;rJhjcif;/
34
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
EdkifiHom;rsm;. vdktyfcsufudk wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf; responsive to citizens' choices
&Sdjcif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u w&m;Oya'tay: av;pm;vdkufemr_&Sdjcif; ponfwdk@ vdktyf
a=umif; ynm&Sirf sm;u qd=k uonf? 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif;udk wdik ;f wm&ef t!$e;f ude;f
rsm; owfrSwf=uonf? wdkif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;tay:rlwnfI EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf
'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_tajctae uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;tm; E_dif;,SOfavhvm=uonf? xdk
tcg avhvmr_rsm;t& vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wonfh a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif;
tcsufjzifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_udkwdkif;wmygu rvHkavmufa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? a¶G;
aumufyGJESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk nDr#jcif;csI r&Edkif? t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm;&Sdaeyg
u/ tpdk;&u wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf;enf;ygu/ jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;
rsm;/ jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; uef@owfcHae&ygu/ w&m;Oya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sdygu
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wonfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSef&Sdaeapumrl 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;
aeonf[lI qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh a¶G;aumufyGJ/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_/ jynfol@
vGwfvyfcGifhESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tpdk;&. aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh
ponfwdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;udk wdkif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;jzpf=uonf?
tqdyk gt!$e;f ude;f rsm;jzifh wdik ;f wmavhvmr_rsm;t& 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f jcif;
onf 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; v_yf&Sm;vnfywfr_ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; *k%foduQm
&Sdr_wdk@. &v'fjzpfonf[kqdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m a¶G;aumufyGJtajcðy 'Drdkua&pD
electoral democracy pHE_ef;rsm;xuf awmif;qdkr_ ydkIjrifhrm;onf? vl@pGrf;tm;zGH@òzd;r_
t!$ef;udef; human development index (HDI) tay: tajccHwdkif;wmr_u a¶G;
aumufyGJ tajcðypHE_ef;rsm;xuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif; tqifh'D*&D uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk
ydkIodomxif&Sm;aponf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;onf oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_tqifhtaetxm;ESifh qufpyfaeonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf?
zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_qdkif&m a=umif;csif;&mrsm; developmental factors u 'Drdkua&pD jzpf
ay: jcif;ESihf wnfwchH ikd +f rJjcif; emergence and survival of effective democracy
jzpfpOfwGif t"duusaomtcef;wGif &Sdaeonf? TwGif E_dif;,SOfr_t& twdkif;twm
wpfcktxd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wuf+yD;EdkifiHrsm; states
with developed societal infrastructure wGif 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f r_ ydI k jzpfEikd o
f nf[k
qdk&ayrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufjcif;qdk&mY
pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ ¶ky0f wˆKrsm; wd;k wufjcif;udo k m qdv k jkd cif;r[kw?f jynfow l @kd .
yg0ifr_jrifhrm;jcif;ESifh jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ jynfolwdk@. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhrsm;
tyg t0ifjzpfonf?

jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw

hf ifa&; Human Empowerment

wdkif;jynftm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufrSom 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;

atmifjrifEdkifayrnf? jynfolwdk@. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m jrifhrm;vma&;twGuf jynfol@
35
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

pGr;f tm;jr‡iw
hf ifa&;onf 'Dru
kd a&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESihf wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f apa&;vkyif ef;wGif
ta&;ygonf? odk@rSom oufqdkif&m vl@abmifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; toGifajymif;vJwnf
aqmufa&;jzpfpOfwGif jynfolwdk@.yg0ifr_udk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifh
wifa&;ESifhywfoufI t"dutm;jzifh atmufygu¾oHk;&yfudk zGH@òzd;ap&efvdktyfonf?
(1) t&if;tjrpfrsm; action resources
(2) udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;r_rsm;
self-expression values
(3) 'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; democratic institutions

t&if;tjrpfrsm;[kqdk&mwGif jynfolwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@.udk,fydkifb0rsm;udk

rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif zefwD;jyÏmef;Edkif&efESifh pDrHcef@cGJEdkif&ef vdktyfaom ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ESihf todynm twwfynmqdik &f m t&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifonf? jynfow l @kd .
qENvdkvm;csufrsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufa&;
zdtm;ay; =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkif&ef wdkif;jynf. ¶kyfykdif;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; zGH@òzd;wdk;
wufap+yD; jynfol@wdk@vuf0,f&Sd&rnf? xdkrSwqifh jynfolwdk@. ynma&;tqifh
twef;/ vlr_b0tqifhtwefrsm; jrifhwufvmEdkifrnfhtaetxm;odk@ a&mufEdkifrnf
[lonfh t,ltqjzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m jynfolwdk@. t&if;tjzpfrsm; zGH@òzd;a&;onf
jynfo@l prG ;f tm;jr‡iw hf ifa&;wGif t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f wpf&yfjzpfonf? ordik ;f tawG@tóuH
t& acwfrzDS @HG òzd;a&;aqmif¶u G jf cif; modernization u jynfow l @kd .vuf0,f pDymG ;a&;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wdk;yGm;ap¶Hkomru/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;udkvnf; jrifhwufvm
aponf? vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac: }uHqEdik pf rG ;f / pdwu f ;l pdwof ef;rsm; xkwaf z:Edik pf rG ;f ponfh
t&nftaoG;rsm;tjyif EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifpGrf;udk jr‡ifhwifay;onf?
jynfolvlxkuudkifpGJaom pHE_ef;wefbdk;rsm;ESifh tjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf
vnf; ta&;}uD;vSonf? EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf EdkifiHa&;b0/ pD;yGm;a&;b0/ vlr_a&;b0
qdik &f m pHEe_ ;f wefb;kd rsm; tjrifoabmxm;rsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;v#u&f =dS uonf? ud, k yf ikd f
tjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; wefbdk;xm;onfh self-expression values
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqxkwfaz: jcif;udk tav;xm;OD;pm;ay;
jcif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_&Sdjcif;/ vlr_vdift&cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ
wef;wla&;udk axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ vdifwlqufqHolrsm;ESifh tjcm;
pnf;tjyifa&mufolrsm;tay: em;vnfonf;cHEdkifjcif;ESifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,Hk=unfr_
jrifhrm;jcif;wdk@ &Sd=uonf? tjcm;wzufY b0&Sifoef&yfwnfa&; survival values
udk OD;pm;ay;ae=u&onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifrl rsm;aomtm;jzifh qef@usifbuf
tajctaersm;ESihf &ifqikd af e=u&onf? ud, k yf ikd t
f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z:ydik cf iG t hf m;
ydkrdkwefbdk;xm;vmonfESifhtr# jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/
vlr_vdifwef;wla&;/ tpdk;&.wm0ef&Sdr_ tp&Sdonfwdk@tm; awmif;qdkr_rsm; jrifhrm;vm
onf? xdrk w S qifh ,if;wefb;kd rsm;tm; wm0ef,al qmif¶u G rf nfh tmrcHrnfh 'Dru kd a&pD
36
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
taqmufttHrk sm; democratic institutions xlaxmifjcif;/ wnfwahH p&ef xde;f odr;f
umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;rsm; &Sdvmrnfjzpfonf? odk@jzifh jynfolwdk@taejzifh rdrdwdk@.
trsm;qdkif&mb0ESifh yk*~vdub0rsm;tm; udk,fwdkifpDrHcef@cGJEdkifrnfjzpfonf? tqdkyg
wefb;kd rsm;rSm jynfow l pfO;D csi;f pD. ud,
k yf ikd jf yÏmef;Edik af &; vGwv
f yfpmG a¶G;cs,yf ikd cf iG u
hf kd
tmrcHonfhtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;wGif ta&;ygvSonf?
tqdkyg u¾oHk;&yfvHk;udk wòydifeufwajy;nD zGH@òzd;vmapjcif;jzifh jynfol
wdk@. pGrf;tm;jr‡ifhwifa&;udk aqmifusOf;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm;
xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; tcdkiftrmwefbdk;xm;onfh/ jynfolwdk@twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;
aygºuG,fonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;wdk;wufavh&Sdonfudk awG@
&onf? jynfo@l vuf0,fwiG f t&if;tjrpfrsm;wd;k yGm;vmonfEiS t hf r# acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tay:zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; jrifhrm;vmrnf? xdk@tjyif jynfol@wdk@taejzifh b0&Sifoef&yf
wnfa&;twGuv f nf; txl;pd;k &draf =umih=f u&ef rvdak wmhay? xdt k cg rdrw
d @kd . ud, k yf ikd f
b0tjrif t,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; ydkItav;xm;vmEdkifrnf? xdkrSwqifh
jynfolwdk@taejzifh EdkifiHa&;wGif vGwfvyfpGma¶G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk ydkItm¶HkpdkufvmEdkifrnf/
yg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_ jrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfonf? xdktcg acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@ 'Drdkua&pDaz:
aqmifa&;ESihf jzpfxeG ;f wd;k wufa&;jzpfpOftm; jiif;y,fqef@usi&f ef tvGeyf ifcufcv J may
vdrfhrnf?

udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;xm;jcif;

Self-Expression Values

EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mpmayrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf vlxkqENESifh

tjrifoabmxm;vdt k yfonf[k trsm;tm;jzifh ,lqxm;avh&o dS nf? urBmv h Ol ;D a&.
(90)&mE_ef;eD;yg;udkv$rf;òcHonfh EdkifiHaygif; (80)ausmfwGif aumuf,lcJhaomppfwrf;t&
vlxkqENtjrifoabmxm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDrSm tcdkiftrmqufpyfaeonfudk awG@&Sd&
onf? okawoe avhvmcsuftrsm;tjym;uvnf; vlxku 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;onfh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif ydkI'Drdkua&pDjzpfEdkifonf[laom t,ltqtay:tajccH
=uonf? trsm;tm;jzifv h nf; ppfwrf;aumuf,&l mY Edik if tH rsm;pkwiG f jynfotl rsm;pk
u 'Drdkua&pDonf taumif;qHk;tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzpfa=umif; ajz=um;=uonf? odk@aomf
r=umao;rDu avhvmr_wpf&yfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtm;vdkvm;onfhvlxk. tjrifoabm
xm;rSm qGD'ifESifh qGpfZmvefEdkifiHrsm;xuf t,fab;eD;,m;ESifh tZmbdkif*sefwdk@wGif
&mcdkifE_ef;ydkIrsm;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? odk@jzpfI xdkuJhodk@ vdkvm;r_&Sdonf[kqdkwdkif;
eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; tjrpfwG,faeonf[lIvnf;aumif;/ pdwftm;xufoefr_ tcdkiftrm
&Sdaeonf[lIvnf;aumif; rqdkEdkifay?
urBmhtwdkif;twmt&qdk&v#if vlxk. 'Drdkua&pDtay:axmufcHr_ESifh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;Y 'Drkdua&pDwnf&Sdr_wdk@ tjyeftvSefqufEG,fr_ tcdkiftrm&SdaeonfrSm
37
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

xif&Sm;onf? odk@aomf avhvmr_rsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifh

tay: wefbdk;xm;jcif;u 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkuf&dkuf!$ef;qdkjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD
tm; vdkvm;axmufcHjcif;xuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;EdkifpGrf; ydkItm;aumif;onf?
'Dru kd a&pDtm; vdv k m;axmufcjH cif;&So
d nfq¶kd jkH zifh ud,
k yf ikd t
f jrift,ltqrsm; xkwaf z:
ydik cf iG t
hf ay: wefb;kd xm;jcif;. t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; tvdt k avsmuf wnf&v
dS mjcif;
r&Sday? vufawG@jzpfpOfrsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay:
wefbdk;xm;jcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf ydkIa&cHajrcH oabm
aqmifonfudk awG@&onf? udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay: wefbdk;
xm;r_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;r_wdk@.qufEG,fr_ tcdkiftrmyif &Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyif
avhvmr_rsm;t& udk,fydkiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtay:wefbdk;xm;r_rS 'Drdk
ua&pDjzpfxGef;r_odk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;jzpfonf[k qdk=u.?

'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf txufvm$ vlwef;pm; Democracy and Elites

ynm&SiftcsKdŒu 'Drdkua&pDtm; ypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifaom txufv$mvlwef;

pm;rsm;ESihf qif;&Jom;jynfow l @kd . pD;yGm;a&;"e jyefvnfcaJG 0a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f I qef@usif
buftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;. v_H@aqmfr_wdkufyGJrS xGufay:vmaom&v'f[lI qdk=uonf?
jynfolwdk@u "ejyefvnfcGJa0a&;twGuf a¶G;aumufyGJudk vdkvm;onf? txufv$mvl
wef;pm;rsm;u OpPm"ersm; jyefvnfcGJa0&rnfudk pdk;&drf=uonf? odk@jzpfI a¶G;aumufyGJ
rsm;jzifh tm%mcGJa0a&;udk rvdkvm;=uay? ynm&Sif bGdKifufpf Boix . t,ltqt&
vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;wGif 0ifaiGjzef@cGJr_ ydkInDr#vm+yD;/ t&if;a&$@ajymif;Edkifr_ jrifhrm;vmygu
txufvm$ vlwef;pm;rsm;tzd@k "ejyefvnfcaJG 0a&; pd;k &drrf a_ vsmeh nf;vmrnfjzpfonf?
xdktcg a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; jzpfxGef;vmr_tajctaeodk@ a&mufvmEdkifrnf? jynfolwdk@.
'Drdkua&pDa&;vdkvm;r_udk zdESdyfrnfvm;/ vufcHvdkufavsmrnfvm;qdkonfudk txuf
v$mvlwef;pm;rsm;u wenf;tm;jzifh tm%mvuf&Sdvlwef;pm;u tqHk;tjzwfðy
onf [laom t,ltqjzpfonf? 0ifaiGnrD #rt _ qifEh iS hf t&if;a¶$Œajymif;Edik rf t
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Welzel, Christian and Ronald Inglehart, "The role of ordinary people in

democratization", Journal of Democracy (January 2008: Vol. 19, No. 1)

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