trSw(

f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep

S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

tm&S 0¶ke;f oke;f um; 'Dru

dk a&pD
0ifx
h ef;
tm%m&Sifpepf}uD;pkd;rif;rlvGef;wJh tm&Sa'orSm xkdif;EkdifiHukd ‘'Drkdua&pD
tkdatppf’ wpfcktjzpf t&ifwkef;u wifpm;csD;rGrf;=uygw,f? ,ae@umvrSmawmh
'Dta&SŒawmiftm&SEkdifiH[m tqkd;¶Gm;qkH; EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;awGeJ@ vl;vl;vdrfhvdrfh
ygy?J 'Dru
dk a&pDtwGuf jynfo@l r[mrdwt f zG@J PAD u (192)&uf=um qENjyv_y&f mS ;r_awG
ðyvkyfcJh+yD;/ befaumufavqdyf}uD;ESpfckukd &Spf&uf=um ydwfqkdxm;cJhygw,f? 'DZifbm
(3)&ufae@ jyef¶kwfodrf;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh EkdifiHawmfw&m;¶kH;u 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a¶G;
aumufcH tpkd;&ukd y,fzsufypfygw,f?
tpkd;&opfukd zGJ@pnf;twnfðy+yD;yg+yD? 'g[m 2008 ckESpftwGif; av;ckajrmuf
tpkd;& jzpfygw,f? tpkd;&a[mif;ukd axmufcHolawG&J@ qlyluef@uGwfr_awGa=umifh/
0ef}uD;csKyfopf tbDqpf 0dwf*sm*sD0 tzGifhay:vpDrdef@cGef;pwifzkd@ aESmifhaES;cJh&wm
awG&Sdygw,f? PAD r[mrdwftzGJ@ [m 1992 ckESpf 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0if=uwJh
vlvwfwef;pm;eJ@ vlukHxHtv$mukd ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;ygw,f? olwkd@&JŒ
tqkH;pGef &nfrSef;csufu r_efr_ef0g;0g; ‘EkdifiHa&;opf’ qkdwmjzpf+yD;/ ygvDrefae&mtwGuf
'Drkdu&ufwpf r[kwfwJh ajcvSrf;rsKd;awGeJ@ r=umc% tajymif;tvJ vkyfcsifwmrsKd;awG
vnf; yg0ifygw,f? okd@aomf tpkd;&opfeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfopf b,favmufcHrvJqkdwmawmh
aA'ifq&mawGeJ@ avmif;a=u;'kdifrsm; tvkyf¶_yfae=uygw,f?
,ae@tcg xkdif;vkd tvm;wl tajctaetusyftwnf;trSwfrsKd; tjcm;
tm&SEkdifiHtrsm;pkrSmvnf; a&muf&SdvmEkdifygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; ukdvkdeD oHajc
usif;u u|wfvGwfcJhwJh tm&S[m tck 21 &mpkrSm 'Drkdua&pD vqef;&ufrsm; óuHóudufcJh
w,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? jrefrm/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;uae vmtkd/ AD,uferfeJ@ w¶kwftxd
tm&Sa'o&JΠtpdwftykdif;rsm;rSm tm%m&Siftkyfpkd;r_awG &Sdaeonfhwkdifatmif/ +yD;cJhwJh
q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh tm&S[m tjyifyef;tm;jzifh 'Drkdua&pD tawmfoef;cJhygw,f?
vGefcJhwJh q,fESpfausmftwGif; tm&SEkdifiH 20 rSm a¶G;aumufyGJawGusif;y+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;pGm
toGiful;ajymif;r_awGeJ@ tpkd;&awG ay:xGef;vmygw,f?

53
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

'gayr,fh 2008 ckESpf wESpfvkH;rSmawmh tm&Som;trsm;pku 'Drkdu&ufwpf

EkdifiHa&;tay: ,kH=unfr_awG ykdrkdavsmhyg;oGm;+yD; pdwfukefvmykHaygufygw,f? xkdif;eJ@
awmifukd&D;,m;wkd@rSm r=umcif ESpfESpfurS a¶G;cs,fxm;wJh vlxkacgif;aqmifawGukd vl
trsm;pkuyJ vrf;ay:xGuf aygufuGJjy=uygw,f? ygupPwefeJ@ ta&SŒwDarmwkd@uvnf;
tvsiftjrefukdyJ ,kd@,Gif;csdeJ@ EkdifiHrsm; failed state tqifhqD acsmfxGufoGm;ygw,f?
rav;&Sm;rSm aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH good governance tm;enf;r_ukd
cHpm;ae&+yD;/ a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y¶kHeJ@ usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf raocsmwm
jyoaeygw,f? b*Fvm;a'h&Sfu 'DZifbm(29)&uf vlxkqENrJ&vm'faumif;awGeJ@ ppf
wyf aemufcHðytpkd;&ukd awmajcmufarmif;xkwfzkd@ tm;xkwfaepOfrSmyJ/ a¶G;aumufyGJ
vGeftxd w¶kwfawGu rGef*kdvD,m;ukd a&Smhcf0ifapygw,f?
1986 ckESpfrSm tm&Sa'o&JΠyxrOD;qkH; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ tm%m&Sif
rm;ukdpf udk ðzwfcs+yD;/ pifay:wufvmwJh zdvpfykdif[m r=umrDu ta&;ay:tajctaeukd
&ifqkdifcJh&ygw,f? vGefcJhwJh (11)ESpfu orwa¶G;aumufyGJawGusif;y+yD; w¶kwfvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;rSm olwkd@acgif;aqmifukd yxrqkH; wkduf¶kdufa¶G;cs,fjycJhwJh xkdif0rf[m tck
orwopfukdðzwfcszkd@ tm;xkwfae=ujyefyg+yD?
tdENd,vkd 'Drkdua&pDt&ifhrmqkH;EkdifiHrSmvnf; rGrfbkdif; t=urf;zufwkdufckdufcH
&r_u 'Drkdua&pDa¶G;aumufcHtpkd;&&JŒ tajccHysufuGufr_awGukd azmfjyaeygw,f? EkdifiH
om;awGtay: vkHòcHr_ ray;pGrf;Ekdifr_tm;enf;csufukd &Sif;&Sif;}uD;jrifawG@&ygw,f? *syef
qkdwmuawmh tm&S&JŒ'Drkdua&pD t&ifhusufqkH; r[kwfygvm;? r=umcifESpfawGrSmawmh
0ef}uD;csKyftrsKd;rsKd; wc%csif; vJypfaewmukdu *syefzuf&Sifvkd jzpfaeygw,f?

jynfol@qEN arhwwfwJh tm&Senf; tm&S[ef

'Dawmh jy\emenf;vrf;tzkHzkHukd òcHvkduf&if tm&S'Drkdua&pDtay: pdefac:cH

ae&r_awG[m ol@&JŒoufwrf;Eke,fr_ukd a&mifjyefvSpfjyaeygw,f? taemuf'Drkdua&pD
uawmh &mpkESpfrsm;pGm qifhuJwkd;wufjzwfoef;vmwm jzpfygw,f? taemufEkdifiHom;
rsm;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pD&JŒtuef@towfawGukd em;vnfxm;=uygw,f? tm&SrSmawmh
'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOf[m q,fpkESpfrsm;tqifheJ@om jzwfoef;aewkef;ygyJ?
zGHòzd;p 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;rSm emusifcHcufa0'emaygif;pkH a&m¹yGrf;wwfygw,f?
okd@aomf vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_awGukd vspfvsL¶_xm;vkduf&if/ tm&SEkdifiHrsm;[m
'Drudk a&pDt,ltqtay: pdwu f ek o
f mG ;Ekid yf gw,f? 'Dru
dk a&pDqw
dk m ody¶f y_ af xG; npfywf
w,f/ avmfvDazmufjym; rormr_rsKd;pkHeJ@vkd@ awG;xifoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?

54
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
awmifukd&D;,m;/ rGef*kdvD;,m;/ xkdif0rf/ xkdif;eJ@ zdvpfykdifwkd@rSm EkdifiHom;awGu
wkdif;jynf&JΠ'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_[m olwkd@b0awGtwGuf bmwpfckrS wkd;wufrvm
bl;vkd@ ,kH=unfvm=uygw,f? ðywfusoGm;wJh tm%m&Sifa[mif;rsm;&JŒ acwfukdawmif
vGrf;woo jzpfaeygw,f? 1997 pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;t+yD; ajrmif;xJxkd;qkduf
qif;oGm;wJh ‘tm&Swefzkd;’ ukdawmif jyef&Smvmygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JŒ xdef;nd‡a&;
ykHpH checks and balances ukd r&Ekdifawmh zcif}uD;pkd;tkyfxdef;a&;eJ@ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;
a&morusifhokH;wJh ‘a&mif;&if;rdwfo[maumif;pm;a&;’ crony capitalism qkdwJh
tm&Swefzkd;uyJ [kwfEkd;Ekd;?
tm&SEkdifiHtrsm;pkvkdyJ xkdif;EkdifiHrSm ynmwwfvl@rvkdifwpfpku taemuf
pwkid vf 'f rD u
dk a&pDqw dk m ykpH cH u
G f Ekid if aH &;pepf one-size-fit political system vk@d ,q
l +yD;
twGef@wwf=u+rJygyJ? PAD tzGJ@0if 0dcspfcsKdufuqkd&if “Oa&my okd@r[kwf tar&duef
pwkdifvf 'Drkdua&pDukd usKyfwkd@ qDrSm&zkd@ rar#mfvifhygeJ@? usKyfwkd@rSm ukd,fykdifta&SŒwkdif;
'Drkdua&pDyJ &Sdoifhw,f” vkd@ ajymygw,f?
'Dvkd rausreyfaygufuGJoHawGu a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_E_ef; jrifhae
wke;f awmh tk@H yek ;f jzpfaeygw,f? ok@d aomf urBmvk;H qkid &f m aiGa=u;tusyt f wnf;eJ@ tm&S
yufyif;&ifqkdif&csdefrSmawmh vkdufavsmnDaxGwkef@jyef OD;aqmifay;r,fh acgif;aqmifr_u
t"dujy\em jzpfvmygw,f? urBmvkH;qkdif&mpD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_[m tar&duef
orwa¶G;aumufyGJtwGif; t"dutkwfatmfaomif;eif;tjzpfqkH;/ tkdbm;rm;twGuf
acgif;tcJ&qkH; jzpfEkdifayr,fh/ tm&S 'Drkdua&pDrsm;uawmh rqkdifovkd aeomoyavnm
u ygyJ?
*syefygvDrefu pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay: rqkH;jzwfEkdif&Smovkd/
rav;&Sm;eJ@ xkdif;wkd@uvnf; taemufpD;yGm;a&;ðywfusr_uae olwkd@ykd@ukefusqif;r_
umuG,fzkd@ a,mif0g;0g;jzpfaeygw,f? wu,fawmh tm&S&JŒtkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHrSm 'Drkdua&pD
&JŒ trsm;qENukd ukd,fpm;ðyzkd@qkdwJh tajccHw&m;ukd,f aysmufaewmjzpfygw,f?
jyef=unfh&if a'owGif;ppfyGJawGeJ@ iwfjywfpkwfzwfaewkef;uvnf; tm&S
EkdifiHom;awGcrsm olwkd@acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ xdawG@ajymqkdEkdifwJh taetxm;r&SdcJhygbl;?
pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr_awGu tJh'D[muGuf EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifr_awG wnfaqmufxm;oifhwm
ayg?h ok@d aomf b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf uae@ tm&Som;trsm;pk[m xrif;0+yD; t0wfvv S myg+yD?
vlvwfwef;pm;awGeJ@ òrdifòrdifqkdifqkdif vwefaqmifwkdifjzpfvmyg+yD?
'ghxuf tm&Som;awG iwfrGwfawmifhwvmwmu zuf&Sif'DZkdif;qef;qef;
r[kwfawmhbJ tpkd;&&JŒwm0ef,lr_/ yGifhvif;jrifom rxdefcsefr_eJ@ w&m;r#wr_wkd@ jzpfvm
ygw,f? tm&SwwkdufvkH;&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpf prf;oyfaqmif¶Gufr_rSm tm;enf;nHhzsif;wJh

55
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

e,fy,fav;ck &Sdygw,f? atmufyge,fy,fav;ckrSm tm&SvkyfEkdifr,fht&mawG &SmazG

=unfh&ygr,f?

(1) wm0ef,lwwfaom acgif;aqmifrSef xdawG@a¶G;cs,fEkdifr_

tm&S[m urBmhvlOD;a& ig;ykHokH;ykH&JΠtdrfjzpfygw,f? okd@aomf +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpf

rSm b,fa¶G;aumufyGJwckwavurS ay:vpDukd qkH;jzwfaqmif¶GufEkdifzkd@ us,fjyef@wJh
axmufcrH _ wnfaqmufEidk pf rG ;f wJh acgi;f aqmifwpfa,muf xkwrf ay;Ekid af o;ygb;l ? 'g[m
bma=umifhvJ? wpfckwnf;aom tajzuawmh tm&Som;awGu olwkd@acgif;aqmifawG
tay:xm;wJh tjrifoabmxm;awGtay:rSm trsm;}uD;wnfrSDaeygw,f?
Asian Barometer Project &JŒawG@&Sdcsufuawmh tm&Som;trsm;pk[m
'Drkdu&ufwpf tkdif'D,mawGukd axmufcHw,fvkd@ ajym=uayr,fh/ acgif;aqmif wpf
a,muf&JΠtm%m=oZmuef@owfr_rSmawmh Oa&my okd@r[kwf qyfqm[m& u jynfol
awGxuf trsm;}uD; tjriftod tm;enf;ygw,f? Oyrm- awmifukd&D;,m;rSm ppfwrf;
aumuf,lr_&JΠokH;ykHESpfykHu pm&dwWaumif;rGefwJhtkyfcsKyfolukd oltvkd&Sdwm bmrqkd
vkyfykdifcGifh ay;oifhw,fvkd@ azmfjyygw,f? vkdtyf&if Oya'ukdawmif olcsKd;azgufEkdifyg
owJh?
t&m&mod tukefod/ olrwwfwmr&SdwJh tkyfpkd;olrsm;[m tm&Som;awGukd
EkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpfxuf olwkd@tzdESdyfcHrsm;ozG,f ykdrkdðyrl=uygw,f? ppfwyfykdif;uvnf;
vlx&k ŒJ òidjiifr_ odyrf sm;rsm;pm;pm;rcH&bJ Ekid if aH &;rSm 0ifpu
G zf ufEidk yf gw,f? xkid ;f rSm 2006
ckESpf tm%modrf;awmh trsKd;orD;awGu ppfom;awGukd yef;pnf; urf;wmrsKd;awG &SdcJhyg
w,f? ppfwyfukd vkdwmxuf ykdtxifw}uD;r$rf;wwfwmvnf; tm&Som;rsm;ygyJ?
vlxk&JΠtJh'Dvkd tawG;tjrif tcktcHa=umifhyJ ppfbuf[m t&yfbuftxufrSm t+rJ
tompD;aeEkdifwm jzpfygw,f?
okd@aomf tm&Som;awG[m olwkd@tpkd;&awGukd rsufrkef;usKd;vmjyef&ifvnf;
tvGeftu|H? vrf;ay:xGuf a'gotkd;awGaygufuGJ+yD; awmfvSefa&;pwkdifvfeJ@ tòywf&Sif;
a&;awG vkyfvm=ujyefygw,f? 'DrSm olwkd@&JΠpdwftcHeJ@ aphaqmfpdwfukd em;vnf=unfhvkd@
&ygw,f? 1980 jynfhvGef tv,fykdif;avmufrSm vlxkyg0gv_yf&Sm;r_v_dif;u tm&S
wwkdufvkH;ukd ajymif;ypfcJhygw,f? zdvpfykdifeJ@ awmifukd&D;,m;uae xkdif;eJ@ xkdif0rftxd
ygyJ? tJh'D vlxkqENjyyGJawGu tm%m&SifawGðzwfcszkd@ tm;xkwfcJhwmcsnf;ygyJ?
tm&Sa'otrsm;pkrSm EkdifiHa&;vkyfxkH;abmifu rJykH;xJuae nHhzsif;cspm;wJh
tkyfcsKyfolukd z,f&Sm;ypfzkd@/ vkdtyf&if vrf;ay:xGuf vlpkzkd@ jzpfygw,f? cufwmu a¶G;

56
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
aumufyGJpepfawGu jynfh0rSefuefr_r&Sdwm qkd;ygw,f? ¶GmawGrSm rJ0,f rJckd;u tm&S
EkdifiHrsm;&JΠykvdyfa&m*gwpfckygyJ? b,fvkdyJjzpfaeae 'Drkdua&pD}uHhckdif&ifhusufvmzkd@
AGufaygufaewJh a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;pGmuyJ jzwfoef;=u&ygr,f?
a¶G;aumufyGJawGtay: vlxk&JŒ,kH=unfr_uif;rJhvmw,fqkdwmvnf; trSef
ygyJ? 'gu EkdifiHa&;todynmtm;enf;r_&JΠtusKd;qufjzpfygw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;ukd
pdwfysufaewJh v,form;/ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfom;eJ@ acgif;¶GufAsufxkd;awGu rJ¶kHuae
acgif;aqmifavmif; pDppfxdef;csKyfv$wfzkd@xuf/ vrf;ay:wuf vlpk tkHeJ@usif;eJ@ tpkd;&
qef@usifa&;vkyf+yD; EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJvkyfzkd@ukd ykdtm¶kHuswwfygw,f?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh tm&Synma&;pepfawG[m aiGa=u;okH;pGJr_ usKHvSDyg;&Sm;+yD;
tm*Hktxyfxyfaqmif ynma&;rsKd;awG jzpfygw,f? rJwpfjym;&JŒwefzkd;yg0g&Sdr_ukd EkdifiH
om;awGtay: oGefoifr_/ wm0ef,lwwfaom acgif;aqmifr_&JΠta&;ygr_awGukd !$efjy
Ekdifr_ tm;enf;ygw,f? xpfueJ&Sd vrf;ay:xGufzkd@xuf/ EkdifiHa&;todynm cGifus,fus,f
jzef@usufEkdifzkd@u a&&Snf ykdta&;}uD;vmygvdrfhr,f?

(2) xdef;nd‡a&;wnfaqmufr_ (Checks and Balances)

¶kd;&mtpOftvm tm&S¶kdaoukdif;!$wfr_u ygwDwpfckxJuae EkdifiHa&;ukd

vnfòrd!‡pfxm;zkd@ vG,fulapygw,f? tm%mukdifxm;Ekdifr_u ygwDukd ykdtm;aumif;vm
ap+yD; twkduftcHawG csdeJ@ ðywfxGwfapygw,f? rav;&Sm;eJ@ pifumylwkd@rSm vGwfvyfa&;
&+yD;uwnf;u ygwDwpfckxJu xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f? vpfb&,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD
(LDP) u *syefukd v$rf;rkd;xm;ygw,f? wkdusKdu tajccHOya'u|rf;usifol tmeDz*sD
ajymwmu “LDP [m ESpfaygif; 50 ausmf tm%mukdifxm;w,f? 'g 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf
tvkyfrjzpfovkd/ wkdif;jynftwGufvnf; raumif;ygbl;”?
tcsKdŒEkdifiHrsm;usawmhvnf; rsKd;¶kd;pOfquf 'Drkdua&pDjzpfaejyefygw,f?
ygupPwefu blwkdZm'&pf rdom;pkvkd aqGpOfrsKd;qufarG;&myg OD;aqmifcGifh&bdouJhokd@
jynfoluvnf; r¶kd;rtDatmifukd rJay;+rJygyJ? oD&dvuFm/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;eJ@ zDvpfykdifwkd@rSm
tm;vkH;u olwkd@,cifacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&JŒ orD;awGukd wkdif;jynfyJhukdifzkd@ a¶G;cs,fcJh=u
ygw,f? rav;&Sm;rSm vmr,fh rwfv xdyfwef;&mxl;,lzkd@ &mxm;cH&olu ,cif0ef}uD;
csKyfa[mif;&JΠom;ygyJ? *syefvuf&Sd0ef}uD;csKyf[m t&if0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;rsm;&JΠajr;eJ@
om;rufjzpfaeygw,f? ol@t&ifa&SŒu wm0ef,lcJhol 0ef}uD;csKyfESpfOD;uvnf; ,cif
0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;rsm;&JΠom;eJ@ajr;ygyJ?

57
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

rdom;pkt0ef;t0kdif;eJ@ ygwDqkdif;bkwfukdausmfvGef+yD; rJay;olawGu tkyfcsKyf

r,fholukd ra¶G;cs,fEkdifao;bl;qkd&if a'owGif;rSm acgif;aqmifr_ tusyftwnf;awG
qufóuHae&ygO;D r,f? tm&Som;awG[m 'Dru dk a&pDudk ukid w
f ,
G zf @dk tawmiftvufrpkb
H J
wenf;r[kwfwenf; tcufóuHae&ygr,f? ynm&Sif *|efpwl;twfar;vfu +Adwdo#
pkd;rkd;r_atmuf tdENd,om;awG&JŒ aexkdifr_[m ‘t¶kdif;tpkdif;’ qef+yD; tm%m&Sifpkd;rkd;r_
twGuf oifhwifhavsmfnDw,fqkdwJhtqkdukd jiif;qefay;ygw,f? okd@aomf ukdvkdeD,lq
csufu tm&Som;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDukd vufcHukdifwG,fEkdifavmufatmif r,Ofaus;
ao;bl; qkdwmygyJ? ukdvkdeDuAsmq&m}uD; ¶l;,'fh upfyvif;u wkdif;jynfawGukd u|efðy
&wm vljzLawGtwGuf 0efxkyfyJ white man's burden vkd@ qkdygw,f?
okd@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;& EkdifiHopfawG[m ESdrfcsajymqkdr_rcHbJ ‘vljzL&JŒ
0efxkyf’ tqifhukd ausmfv$m;ypfwmawG &Sdygw,f? ,cif t&Sifocifwkd@&JŒ txifao;r_
uae ¶ke;f xGuyf gw,f? ZmwfcjJG cm;pepf 3000/ w&m;0ifbmompum; 200/ eJ@ xif&mS ;wJh
bmoma&;,kH=unfr_ 10 ck &SdwJh tdENd,[m urBmhvlOD;a&txltxyfqkH; 'Drkdua&pD
jzpfaeygw,f? aomif;usef;xºuGolawGeJ@ bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;u 'Drkdua&pD
vrf;acsmfatmif tm;xkwfaewmuawmh c|if;csufaygh?
r=umrDu rGrfbkdif;t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_t+yD;rSm trsm;xdwfvef@awG;xif
ovkd òrdŒawmfrSm bmoma&;*kd%f;*% 0¶kef;okef;um;awG aygufuGJrxGufwmvnf;
csD;usK;p&mygyJ? 1949 ckESpfrSm tdENd,tajccHOya'&JΠZmwfedrfhAdokum&Sif bDtm trf
bufumu tdENd,'Drkdua&pD a&;qGJtaumiftxnfazmfEkdifr_ukd ‘tdENd,qkdwJh Avm
xD;wnf; ajray:rSm 0wf¶kHwefqmòcHv$rf;jcif;’ vkd@ ajymqkdygw,f? ,ae@tcgrSm rxdoifh
rukdifoifhwJh Zmwfedrfh arCm0wD ukrm&Dvkd trsKd;orD;u tdENd,&JΠt}uD;tus,fqkH;
EkdifiHa&;=u,fyGifhjzpfvmyg+yD? Zmwfedrfh trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf[m tdENd,0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf
vmzkd@ rD'D,m&JΠqGJaqmifr_ cHae&yg+yD? 'g[m tdENd,'Drkdua&pDtwGuf *k%f,lp&mygyJ?
okd@aomf tjcm;tm&SEkdifiHrsm;tzkd@awmh 'Dvkd *k%f0ifhxnfEkdifzkd@ odyfcufygao;w,f?

(3) tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;usm;uefjcif;

a,musFm;}uD;/ rdef;r}uD;/ aqGrsKd;nmwum}uD;rS rJay;csifwJh tm&S&JΠtxkH

0goemu vGwfvyfwJhtifpwDusK;&Sif;awG tm;aumif;zkd@ t[ef@twm; jzpfapygw,f?
vGwfvyfr_&SdwJh tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;om a¶G;cs,fcHacgif;aqmif&JŒ tm%mvkyfykdifcGifhukd
xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifygw,f?

58
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tm&SrD'D,mrsm;ukdvnf; wkduf¶kdufydwfrypf&ifawmif zkwfvkdufzkwfvkdufjzpf
atmif ydwfyifxm;ygw,f? 2007 ckESpfrSm *sme,fvpf 17 OD; tm&SrSm towfcH&yg
w,f? ygupPwefwpfEkdifiHxJrSmwif owif;axmuf 250 txdef;odrf;cH&ygw,f? 'Drkd
u&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;pepf ygupPwefrSm toufoGif;zkd@ rpGrf;Ekdif&Smr_[m tifpwDusK;&Sif;
awGwnfaqmufzkd@ ysufuGufr_a=umifhyJjzpfygw,f? tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;uom yËdyuQ
awGukd enf;rSefvrf;rSef =um;0ifajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifygw,f?
tm&Swv$m;rSm w&m;¶kH;awGukd aphpyfjyefajznd‡E_dif;&mXmetjzpf ¶_jrifxm;
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ygupPwef&JŒjzpf&yfwpfckrSm Oya'0ef}uD; tkdufwfZuft&Sifu
w&m;a&;Xmeukd ‘vufxyd cf wfcidk ;f &mXme’ wpfct k jzpf az: jyygw,f? csr;f omºuG,0f ol
eJ@ tm%m&SdolawG[m Oya'pepfukd tokH;cs+yD; vufwvkH;jcm; rsKd;pkHtokH;csolawGyg?
qkd;vfòrdŒu ukd&D;,mwuUokdvf EkdifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQ *sef*spfuvnf; ukd&D;,m;vlxkeJ@
ywfouf+yD; “Oya'atmufrSm vkH;0nDr#r_r&Sdbl;vkd@ jynfolut+rJpGJ xifxm;w,f”
vkd@ ajymygw,f?
xkid ;f &JŒw&m;a&;uvnf; tawmfu h adk r;p&mawGe@J yg? t&iftm%m& People
Power Party eJ@ tzGJ@0ifESpfOD;ukd +yD;cJhwJhvawGrSm w&m;¶kH;u ydwfypfygw,f? a0zefol
awGuawmh ‘w&m;a&;qkdif&m tm%modrf;r_’ judicial coup vkd@ wifpm;ac:a0:yg
w,f? a¶G;aumufyGJrSm rJvdrfwJhtwGuf tjypfay;wm aumif;ovkdvkd&Sdayr,fh w&m;¶kH;
qHk;jzwfcsuf&JΠjrefqefvGef;rlu tm;vkH;ukd rsufckH;yifh rsufpdjyL;oGm;apygw,f? =um;em
ppfaq;t+yD; wpfem&Dr#awmifr=umbJ w&m;ol}uD; ukd;yg;xkdiftzGJ@u vuf&Sdtpkd;&
tzGJ@ukd zsufodrf;ypfvkdufygw,f?
w&m;¶kH;awGukd wu,fu Oya'omv#if v$rf;rkd;ae&r,f? yk*~Kdvfpkd;rkd;r_r&SdbJ
Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;yJ &Sd&r,f? EkdifiHa&;tm%meJ@ aiG=oZm tmedoif oufa&mufaevkd@ rjzpf
bl;qkdwm tm&Som;awG qkH;jzwf&awmhr,f? 'grSr[kwf&if 'Drkdua&pDa&aomufjrpf rckdif
Ekdifygbl;? w&m;a&; bufvkdufr_uif;+yD; rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfzkd@u w&m;ol}uD;
wpfOD;csif;&JŒowWdtay: wnfygw,f? w&m;a&;udpP 0ifrpGufwJh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
tay: trsm;}uD; wnfrSDaeygw,f? w&m;a&;vkyfxkH;tay: vlpGmvkyfwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;
[m aemufa¶G;aumufyGJus t&Suftkd;uGJ+yD; aemufaumufusr,f qkdwmodzkd@ vkdygr,f?
ysHusEkdifiHa&;orm;b0uae todynmukHvkH+yD; jynfol@tusKd;a&SΦ_wJh EkdifiHa&;orm;
jzpfzkd@ vkdygr,f?

59
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

(4) t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;zGHòzd;a&;

atmufajceif;jym; vlxkawGukd OD;aqmifr_ay;wJh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawG&JŒ

owWda=umifhyJ a'o&JŒtrsm;pkrSm vlxktiftm;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;awG jzpfcJhygw,f? okd@ay
r,fh tJh'D aqmf=ov_yf&Sm;r_awGu tm&St&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGif; rsm;rsm;
wkd;aygufatmif rzrf;pm;Ekdifyg bl;?
xkid ;f PAD ukd OD;aqmif ykaH zmfoal wGxu
J wpfO;D jzpfwhJ csraf vmif; oD&ad rmif;
[m Ak'<bmomacgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; 1992 ckESpf 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ukd OD;aqmifr_ay;cJhol
jzpfygw,f? tck+yD;cJhwJhjzpf&yfrSm csrfavmif;u a¶G;aumufcHacgif;aqmifawGukd ðzwfcszkd@
vrf;ay:wuf v_yf&Sm; jyefygw,f? tjcm;twkduftcH r[mrdwfawGvkdyJ 73 ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfwJh
csrfavmif;u xkdif;'Drkdua&pD[m odyfjcpm;vGef;w,fvkd@ jrifygw,f? rJawG0,fw,f?
aus;vufa'oukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;[m qkd;qkd;¶Gm;¶Gm;ukd ynmrJh+yD; t"dy`g,fr&SdwJh
r[kwfr[wfawG odyfvkyfw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f?
r=umjrif h r D u rS vwf v wf q wf q wf a ¶G ; cs,f x m;wJ h vl e J @ ygwD t zG J @ uk d
csufcsif;yJ jyefðzwfcsvkdwJh vlxk&JŒ EkdifiHa&;aemufausm"m;eJ@xkd;r_rsKd;u tm&S'Drkdua&pD
rSm t}uD;tus,fqkH;'kuQay;aewJh vuQ%mwpfyg;ygyJ? a¶G;cs,fwkef;uvnf; pDppfra¶G;/
wufvmjyefawmhvnf; róuduf/ wufvmoluvnf; ukd;¶kd;um;,m;eJ@ A¶kwfus?
t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m tm&S&JŒ usifh0wfr¾Kdiftiftm;pktjzpf ðyrl&
ygr,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;v_yf&Sm;olawG[m jynfolawGukd ykd+yD;w&m;r#wr_
jrwfEkd;atmif v_H@aqmf&if;/ acgif;aqmifawG tm%m&SifpepfqD xkd;pkdufqif;roGm;atmif
us,fus,favmifavmif atmf&ygr,f? uae@tm&SrSm rm;ukdpfwkd@ ql[mwkdwkd@ acwfu
avmuf tm%m&SifawG raomif;usef;awmhayr,fh/ v_H@aqmfaqmif¶GufolawG&JŒtoHu
tm;enf;vSygao;w,f?
t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u wkduf}uD;wpfwkdufvkH;&Sd olwkd@ ta&;
t&mawGukd qufrumuG,fEkdifbl;qkd&if/ olwkd@a&SŒu vkyfaqmifolrsm;&JŒ atmifjrif
xajrmufr_awG ajrmif;xJa&mufukefygvdrfhr,f? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyJ tm;xm;pHðy
p&m tkdif'D,mtawG;tac: vufwpfqkyfu qufusef&Sdaeygao;w,f? tdENd,rSm
ZmwfedrfhawG/ vlrsLd;pkav;awGeJ@ awmwGif;aexkdifolawGvkd typfy,fcHawG[m t&if
rsKd;qufawGu pdwfrul;&JwJh 'Drkdu&ufwpftcGifhta&; a&mifjcnfukd &&Sdpðyvmyg+yD?
'gawGtm;vkH;[m t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmóud;pm; ¶kef;uefr_ toD;
tyGifh jzpfygw,f? tdENd,'Drkdua&pDtem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufopfawG jzpfygw,f?

60
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
'D&mpkopfrSm pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGzG,f a¶G;aumufyGJwpfck &SdcJhygw,f? 2008
ckESpf tar&duefa¶G;aumufyGJygyJ? tm&Swv$m;u EkdifiHom;awGuvnf; olwkd@EkdifiH
uk, d pf rD mS tajymif;tvJawG o,faqmifay;r,f/h wppDjzpfaewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd uko
ay;r,fh tkdbm;rmawG awmif;qkdzkd@ vkdtyfaeygw,f?
armfrGef; tbf'lvf a*,Grf; [m tm&S&JŒoufwrf;t&SnfqkH;acgif;aqmiftjzpf
ESpfaygif; 30 =um armvf'kdufu|ef;EkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfcJhygw,f? 2008 Ekd0ifbmrSmawmh wkdif;
jynf&ŒJ yxrqk;H ygwpD aHk ¶G;aumufyt JG +yD; tm%mukd +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f eJ@ pGe@f vw
$ cf yhJ gw,f?
ol@ukdqufcHwJh rkd[mruf epf[d'f [m a*,Grf; r=umc%axmifcscJhwJh vl@tcGifhta&;
v_yf&Sm;ol jzpfygw,f?
touf 41 ESpf&Sd epf[d'fu ol@&mxl;vufcH tzGifhrdef@cGef;rSm ol@tpkd;&[m
Ekid if w
H umvl@tokid ;f t0kid ;f twGuf taumif;qk;H pHerlem jzpfap&r,fv@dk ar#mv f ifah =umif;
a=unmoGm;ygw,f? 'g[m tm&StwGuf Oyrmaumif;jzpfovkd/ urBm}uD;u vkdtyfae
wJh t&mvnf; jzpfygw,f?
0ifhxef;

&nf!$ef; - Asia Democracy by Hannah Beech

tvif;&eHŒ*sme,foŒkd 'Dru
kd a&pDavhvma&;/ Edik if w
H nfaqmufa&;qdik &f mavhvma&;ESihf
ywfoufaom pmrlrsm;udk atmufyg vdypf mtwdik ;f pmwdu k rf w
S qifah omfvnf;aumif;/
tD;ar;vfjzifah omfvnf;aumif; ay;ydŒk Edik yf gonf? ay;ydŒk &mwGif pma&;ol. trnf&if;ESihf
qufo, G &f ef vdypf mtjynft
h pHu
k kd wygwnf; xnfo h iG ;f ay;apvdyk gonf?
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm

P.O Box (294), CMU P.O, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand

E-mail: <zawzawhtun@dpns.org>

61