trSwf(1)?

'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

'Dru
kd a&pD a&cHajrcHeJ w
h pdww
f nf;yJvm;
armif7if

u,fwif&Sif tar&duef

2005 wkef;u=unfhcJhzl;wJh Stealth qdkwJh pdwful;,Of ody`H¶kyf&Sifum;xJrSm

tar&duefa&wyfrawmf&JŒ wdkufav,mOftkyfpk}uD; &efukefòrdŒv,facgifudk 0ifwdkuf
wJhtcef;ygw,f? tJh'Dav,mOftzGJ@u tar&duef a&wyfrawmf}uD;u wDxGifxm;wJh
EDI (Extreme Deep Invader) vdk@ v#KdŒ0SufoauFway;xm;wJh rSwf^m%ftwkeJ@
xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifwJh wdkufav,mOf (Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle) awGukd
avhusifhzdk@ apv$wfxm;wJh tar&duefr&def;wyfom;awG? EDI qdkwmu armif;wJhvl
rygbJ uGeyf sLwmpepfe@J xed ;f csKyfwhJ wdu
k af v,mOfawG? 'D EDI avhusiahf &;vkyaf epOfrmS
yJ 'DtzG@J ukd ta&;ay:wm0efay;csuef @J &efuek òf rdŒudk OD;wnfysoH ef;vmwm? olw@kd ppfqif
a&;&nf¶G,fcsufu &efukefòrdŒxJrSm&dSaewJh t=urf;zuform;awG&JŒXmecsKyfudk 0ifwdkuf
zd@k y?J 'Dppfqifa&;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif +yD;qk;H atmifwu dk t
f +yD;rSm tJ'h D wdu
k af v,mOf
tzGJ@[m olwdk hvm&m av,mOfwifa&wyfoabFm}uD;qD jyefxGufcGmoGm;w,f?
tJ'Dum;rSm jrefrmjzwfav#mufo¶kyfaqmifawG trsm;}uD;okH;xm;w,f
vkd@qdkw,f? ¶kyf&SifxJrSm jrefrmawGudkjrifvdkuf&wmuawmh rdepf0ufpmavmuftcef;
uav;yg? t"duajymcsifwmu 'D ¶kyf&Sifr[kwfygbl;? qufpyfawG;rdwJh acwfrD/ acwf
vGefenf;ynmawGeJ@ vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh tar&duefa&wyfrawmfeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH
ta=umif;yg?
'D¶kyf&Siftjyif [dkwavmu toHawGawmfawmfnHvdkufao;wJh e,fpyfrSm
wpfukd,fawmf0if}uJ+yD; jrefrmppfwyfudkqkH;roGm;wJh *|ef&rfbdk qdkwJhum;vnf; &dSao;
w,f? 88 ta&;tcif;rSm tar&duefa&wyfawG &efukefjrpf0a&mufae+yDqdkvkd@
wu,fyJ 'Dppftm%m&SifawGudk awmajcmufarmif;xkwfay;awmhrvm; atmufarh
rd=uao;wmvnf; trSwf&rdw,f?
41
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

aemufwpfcg r=umao;rDuyJ em*pfrkefwdkif;rSm vlom;csif;pmemwJhtul

tnDay;zdk@ tar&duefa&wyfoabFmawG a&mufvmwkef;uvnf; jrefrmawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;u wcgwnf; vrf;óuHwkef;av; jrefrmppftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsay;oGm;Edkifw,fqdk
b,favmufaumif;rvJqdkwJhar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ tm;rvdktm;r&jzpf=uw,f? wu,f
ðzwfcsay;EkdifcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh aumif;ygw,f?
'Dt&ifuvJ [d;k =uyfajy; aejynfawmfu acgi;f aqmif}uD;&JΠpHtrd af wmft}uD;
}uD;udk *l;*J(vf)qufwvdkuf ajrykHuae jrif&wkef;u/ omrmefvlawGrxdapbJ tJ'D
ae&muGufuGufuav;udk tar&duef&JΠwma0;ypf'kH;usnfav; wpfvkH;avmufrsm;
vufaqmifay;vdkuf&ifrsm; aumif;avpGvdk@ usaemfwdk@awG tdyfrufawGruf+yD; acgif;
aqmif}uD;udk arwWm0dkif;ydk@/ tar&duefudk ar#mfvifh=uao;w,f?
'Dvdkbma=umifh jrefrmawG jynfytultnD (txl;ojzifh tar&duef
ppftiftm;) udk pdwful;ar#mfvifh=uovJ awG;=unfhrdawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepfazmfaqmif
jcif;vdk@qdkvdkuf&if yxrqkH; ajy;jrif=uwmu 'Drdkua&pDOD;aqmifvrf;jyEdkifiH}uD;
wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfxm;=uwJh trsm;odwJh tar&duefygyJ? ppfa&;t&0ifa&muf
wduk cf u
kd af y;+yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDazmfaqmifay;cJEh ikd w
f mu 'D tar&duef&ŒJ a&wyfrawmfO;D pD;
wJh ppftiftm;jzpfaevdk@ygyJ?

tar&duef&mpkESpf

ordkif;aemufcHrSmvnf; wu,fhukdtar&duef&JŒtcef;u¾u ta&;ygcJh

w,fqw kd m oGm;awG@ygw,f? +yD;cJw
h &hJ mpkEpS u
f jkd yef=unf&h if tm%m&Siaf wGcsKyfuikd x
f m;
wJh EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;oGm;cJhwmudk yufyif;óuHcJh&wJh
rsufjrifoufaowpfa,mufudkjyygqdk tJ'g ESpfq,f&mpkESpfygyJ?
'Dvdk toGiful;ajymif;r_awGudk jyef=unfhvdkufawmh t"duyHhydk;ay;cJhwJhZmwf
vdkufausmf}uD;u wu,fyJ tar&duefEdkifiH jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ ESpfq,f&mpkudk
tar&duef&mpk (odk@r[kwf) 'Drkdua&pD&mpkvdk@vnf; wcsKdŒu ac:=uw,f?
tJ'Dajymif;vJr_awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wmu
awmh tar&duefppfwyf&JΠ0ifa&mufxdef;odrf;r_eJ@ xdk;ppfqifEGJr_}uD;awGjzpfaewmygyJ?
txif&Sm;qkH;uawmh tar&duef&JΠt"duppfa=umif;okH;a=umif;cGJapv$wf+yD; wcsdefu
pydeftifyg,m}uD;jzpfcJhwJh zdvpfydkif/ usL;bm;eJ@ ysL,mwdk&DudkEdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD
xGef;um;atmif tiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkvkyfwJhae&mrSm t&if;tESD;u
}uD;rm;wJh ppfp&dwfwifrubJ/ toufaoG;aygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyfcJh&ygw,f?
1899 - 1902 ckESpfrSm jzpfcJhwJh zdvpfydkif EkdifiHtm%m&SifawGudk 0ifa&muf
wdkufcdkufðzwfcscJhwJhjzpf&yfudk=unfh&ifyJ tar&duefppfonfaygif; av;axmifausmf
toufqkH;¶H_;cJh&+yD;/ olwdk@tpdk;&udk udk,fwdkifðzwfcszdk@wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh zdvpfydkifrsKd;cspf
aysmufusm;ppfonfaygi;f wpfaomif;ajcmufaxmifausmef J h t&yfom;aygi;f ESpo f ed ;f eD;
42
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
yg;cef@ toufay;cJh=u&ygw,f? 'DppfyGJt+yD; q,fESpfeD;yg;=umwJhtcgrSm tar&duef&JŒ
28 a,mufajrmuforw 0D(vf)qif (Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924) u vufwif
tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;pGmqD tar&duefa&wyfrawmf (US Marine) wyfawG yxr
OD;qkH;apv$wfcJhwkef;u “awmiftar&duEdkifiHawGudk vlaumif;awGa&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufjcif; qkdwm oGm;oif=um;ay;jcif;” qdk+yD; w&m;0ifa=ujimcJhygw,f? aemuf
ydkif;rSmawmh urBm}uD;udk 'Drkdua&pDpepfeJ@ ab;uif;ap&rnfqdkwJhtjrifeJ@/ tar&duef
ppfwyf }uD;wpfckvkH;udk Oa&mywdkufxJtxd apv$wfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dumvudk
'Dvrf;pOfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpDrHudef;csrSwfcJhwJh orw0DvqifudktpGJðy+yD; 0D(vf)qdkeD,H&mpk
vdk@awmif trnfay;cJh=uao;w,f?

usnfqH=um;u rJwjym;

'Dvrkd sK;d usnq

f =H um;u rJwjym;qdo k vkd ppftiftm;ok;H +yD; 'Dru dk a&pDaqmif
usOf;ay;cJhwJh tar&duef&J hpGrf;aqmifr_awGxJu +yD;cJhwJhq,fpkESpfawGudkjyef=unfh&if
t"duurBmha'o}uD; wdkuf}uD;av;wdkufrSm awG@&ygawmhw,f?
yxr u 1900 uae 1930 twGif;rSm um&pfbD,efyifv,fa'oeJ@ tar
&duwdu k tf v,fyikd ;f jzpfwhJ uwfpx¶dt k yk pf ;dk wJh usL;bm;/ 'drk eD u D ef &Dygb
h vpf/ a[wDe@J
eDum&m*Gm EdkifiHawGygyJ? 1960 u 1990 txd ESpfokH;q,ftwGif;rSm eDum&m*GmeJ@
a[wDawGudk xyfrH0ifa&mufcJh&+yD; 'DumvawGrSmawmh *&Dem;'g;eJ@ yem;rm;awGyg
xyfygvmcJhygw,f?
aemufo;Hk ae&muawmh 1940 uae 1950 twGi;f Oa&mytv,fyikd ;f jzpfwhJ
taemuf*smr%D/ =op}wD;,m;eJ h tDwvDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;/ 1940 uae 1950 twGif;
tm&Staemufyikd ;f jzpfw/hJ *syefe@J awmifu&kd ;D ,m;/ 1960 uae 1970 twGi;f usaemfw@kd
ta&SŒawmiftm&SxJrSmudkjzpfoGm;cJhwJh AD,uferfyJjzpfygw,f? 1990 vGefESpfawG
twGif;rSmawmh tar&duef'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifay;wJh óud;yrf;csufawGudk òyduGJoGm;wJh
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD;twGif;eJ@ ta&SŒOa&myuGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGrSm awG@Edkifygao;
w,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dae&mawGrmS awmh ukq d Akd ekd @J abmh(p)eD;,m;wd@k uvG+J yD; tar&duef[m
ppftiftm;okH;cJhjcif; r&dSawmhygbl;?
'Dvt dk ar&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 0ifa&muf+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDpepfazmfaqmifay;cJh
&mrSm ratmifjrifwmawGvnf;&do S vd/k tvkyrf jzpfcw hJ mawGvnf; &dcS yhJ gw,f? 'D tar
&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 'Dru kd a&pDaqmifusO;f ay;cJw h EhJ ikd if aH wGxu J t"du atmifjrifr_
}uD;rsm;tjzpfokH;oyf=uwJh t"duatmifjrifr_}uD;ESpfckuawmh taemuf*smr%DeJ@
*syefEdkifiHygyJ?
tar&duefaus;Zl;ruif;bl;qd&k ifawmif&Edik rf ,fh 'DEikd if }H uD;awGrmS 'Dru kd a&pD
pepfxGef;um;+yD; pufr_ydkif;a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;omru vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmyg/ xdyfwef;
udk a&mufvmcJhwm rjiif;EdkifwJhtcsufyg?
43
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

'DrdktD&wfppfqifa&;

rae@wae@uwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJh tD&wfEdkifiHudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&muf ae&m

,lcw hJ jhJ zpfpOf[m 0D(vf)qked ,
D H vrf;pOf&ŒJ teD;qk;H / txif&mS ;qk;H om"uygy?J tifrwef
&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfwJh tm%m&Sifq'ef[lpdefudk z,f&Sm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDaqmifusOf;ay;zdk@
vkyfaqmifwJh tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfwyfawG&JΗud;yrf;csufu 'Duae@txdawmh
tD&wfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vSrf;rjrifEdkifao;bJ jzpfaeygw,f?
tar&duefudk tD&wfppfyGJxJ wGef;ykd@cJhwJhaemufuG,fu t"duwGef;tm;udk
vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh tar&du&JΠt"dutawG;tac:0g'D tkyfpk}uD;ESpfckjzpfwJh vpfb
&,fvufopfawGeJ@ uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG jzpfaewmygyJ? vpfb&,fvufopf
awG&JΠypfrSwfuawmh 'Drkdu&ufwpf+idrf;csrf;a&; Democratic Peace qdkwm}uD; azmf
aqmifzdk@ tar&duefudk òydifbufuif;tm%meJ@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ wnfaqmufEdkif &r,f
vk@d qdw k ,f?
wpfzufrSmawmh a&S;¶dk;pOfvmorm; uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG&JŒ t"du
pdw0f ifpm;csuu f awmh “urBmv h òHk cHa&;rSm tar&duef&ŒJ tcef;u¾” qdw k myJjzpfw,f?
uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawG&JŒrlu 'Dvdk wkbufuif;zdk@vkyfaqmif&mrSm tar&duefeJ@
r[mrdwfEkdifiHawG&JŒ vkHòcHa&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaewJh tE W&m,frSefor# z,f&Sm;ypfa&;ygyJ?
'DtxJrmS urBmay:rSm pdwrf cs&qk;H / rvkòH cHq;Hk a'ojzpfwhJ tpPa&;Edik if H vkòH cHa&;jy\em
vnf; tygt0ifjzpfaeygw,f? 'DuGefqmaA;wpftrsm;pkuawmh bk&Sf ¶kH;tzGJ@u t&yf
buf xdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGjzpf+yD; umuG,fa&;Xmeu trsm;pkjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh
orm;¶dk;usydkqefwJh uGefqmaA;wpf}uD;awGjzpfwJh ppfwyfxdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGr[kwf
bJ umuG,fa&;Xmeu t&yfbufxdyfoD;t&m&dS}uD;awGjzpfaewmygyJ?
a,bk,stm;jzifah wmh 'D uGeq f maA;wpfvufopfawGa&m/ vpfb&,fvuf
opfawGa&m tkyfpkESpfckvkH; txl;tm¶kHuswJhae&muawmh ta&SŒtv,fydkif;eJ@ txl;
ojzifh tD&wfygy?J vpfb&,fvufopfawGu ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f [m 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;
aewJh Oa&myeJ@ ta&SŒtm&St=um;rSm&dSaewJhtwGuf 'Drkdua&pDe,fy,ftopf}uD;
tjzpf jrif=uw,f? urBmph ;D yGm;a&; pnf;csurf eS rf eS af jzmifjh zL;aeapzk@d 'D yg&eS yf ifv,fauG@
u a&eHwifydk@a&;wnf+idrfzdk@ ta&;ygwJhtcsufudkvnf; odxm;=uw,f?
tu,fI a&eHeJ@ o,HZmwºuG,f0csrf;omvGef;wJh 'D ta&SŒtv,fydkif;
a'oom tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapr,fh vufeufawGwyfqifrd+yD;/ tpPvmrf ppfaoG;
ºuG olykefawGeJ@ r[mrdwfðyrdcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh tpPa&;a'otygt0if tar&duefvkHòcH
a&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf tm%m&Sifq'ef[lpdeftpdk;&ukd ppfa&;t& ta&;
,l+yD;ðzwfcszdk@ ta&;}uD;vmw,fvdk@ uGefqmaA;wpfvufopfawGu jrifvmw,f?
+yD;awmh tD&wfEdkifiH[m obm0o,HZmwºuG,f0+yD;om;jzpfwJhtjyif/ ynmwwf vl
wef;pm;rsm;pGm&dSaewJhtwGufa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkazmfaqmifzdk@ a&cHajrcHaumif;
+yD;om;vdk@ okH;oyf=uw,f?
44
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tqkH;owfrSm uGefqmaA;wpfvufopftkyfpkeJ@ vpfb&,fvufopf tkyfpk
}uD;ESpfck[m tD&wfEdkifiHudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&muf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk azmfaqmif
ay;zdk@qdkwJhvrf;pOfqD qkdufa&mufcJh=u+yD; urf;ukefatmif&ufpufwJh ppftm%m&Sif
q'ef[lpdefudkz,f&Sm;zdk@ qkH;jzwfcJh=uw,fqdkw,f?
tD&wfppfyJG t&deS jf r‡izhf @kd ta=umif;jycsut
f aeeJ b
h &k Sf tpd;k &eJ@ uGeq
f maA;wpf
vufopfrsm;u taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefEdkifiHrSm tar&duefppfa&;t& tiftm;okH;+yD;
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk toufoGif;ay;EdkifcJhwmudk ordkif;0if'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifEdkifcJhwJh
atmifjrifr_}uD;tjzpf om"ujy=uw,f?
wu,fvnf; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;rSm 'D taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefrSm
ppftiftm;ok;H 0ifa&mufcw hJ hJ tar&duef&ŒJ vky&f yf[m ppfa&;t&atmifjrifro _ mruyJ
'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;ay;cJhwJh atmifjrifr_}uD;awGtjzpf okH;oyf=u+yD; 1940 ckESpfawG
rSm tar&duef[m 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifr_rSm txifw}uD;cH&+yD; 'De,fy,frSm =oZm
oufa&mufcJhwm trSefyg? 'gayr,fh u|rf;usifoltcsKdΠokH;oyfcsufeJ@ tjiif;yGm;p&m
uawmh tar&duef0ifrvmcifuwnf;u &dS+yD;jzpfaewJh 'DEdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiH&JΠordkif;
a=umif;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_"avhawGuyJ olwdk@udk 'Drkdua&pDpepfppfppfqD wGef;ydk@vkdufwmyJ
vdk@ tckxd aqG;aEG;jiif;csufxkwfae&w,f?

uef 'DrdkpDrHudef;eJ@ tm&yfEdkifiHawG

'gayr,fh vGefcJhwJhq,fpkESpfawGrSm 'DaqG;aEG;csufawGu rlqvifeJ@ tm&yf

urBmtxd us,jf yef@omG ;cJ+h yD; tar&duefawGatmifjrifr&_ cJw h hJ Edik if aH wGe@J rwlwt hJ csuf
awGukd axmufjyvmvdu k =f uwm/ tD&wfu0kd ifa&mufwu kd cf udk wf yhJ t JG +yD;rSm tJ'o
D ;Hk oyf
csufawGu ydkcdkifrmvmovdkjzpfoGm;w,f? t"duuawmh tD&wfrSm tar&duefeJ@
r[mrdwfwdk@aus;Zl;a=umifh q'ef[lpdef&JŒ tm%m&Siftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;cJhonfhwdkif
atmif 'Dru dk a&pD ckxd razmfaqmifEikd af o;wm[m twdwu f tar&duefw@kd atmifjrif
r_ &cJw
h hJ taemuf*smr%D/ *syefw@kd e@J rwljcm;em;wJth csurf sm;pGma=umifv h @kd ynm&Sirf sm;/
okaowDrsm;u axmufjyvm=uw,f? tJ'DtcsufawGxJu t"duokH;csufuawmh
'Drkdua&pDa&cHajrcH tawG@t}uKH&dSraejcif;/ jynfytœ&m,f+cdrf;ajcmufr_ t}uD;tus,f
&dSraejcif;eJ@/ }uD;rm;wJh waoG;wom;wnf; vlrsKd;pkvlOD;a&&dSraejcif; qdkwmawGygyJ?

'Dru
kd a&pD a&cHajrcH

2003 aEG&moDrSm tD&wfudk ppftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJhwJh &nf¶G,fcsuf

tjzpf/ tar&duefu uwday;xm;cJw h muawmh ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf ;kd wJh tD&wfvEkd idk if H
rsKd;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf &atmifazmfaqmifay;+yD; tm&yfurBmrSm 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmif

45
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

ay;EdkifcJhwJh pHerlemjyEdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfap&r,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? aemufwqifhtaeeJ@ 'Drdku

&ufwpftD&wfu tajcðy+yD; ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'otwGif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf jyef@yGm;
xGef;um;vma&;ygyJ? t"duuawmh qD;&D;,m;/ tD&efeJ@ aqmf'Dtma&Aswdk@ygyJ?
'gayr,fh tD&wfudk tar&duefeJ@ r[mrdwfawG 0ifa&muf+yD; tckcsdeftxd 'Drdkua&pD
t&dyfta,mifawmif rjrif&Edkifao;wJhtcg a0zefolrsm;u 'g[m ppfa&;t& usL;
ausmfzdk@ ta=umif;jycsufaumif;oufoufyJvdk@ okH;oyfvm=uw,f? 'gayr,fh tjcm;
wzufrSm okH;oyfxm;wmawGuawmh 'D tm&yfurBmxJu tD&wfvdkEdkifiH[m 1940
ESpfawGwkef;u tar&duefawG atmifjrifr_&cJhwJh *smr%DeJ@ *syefvdkrsKd; r[kwfbl;qdkwJh
tcsufygyJ?
tar&duefwdk@ ppfa&;t&0ifa&muf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtoufoGif;ay;EdkifcJhw,f
qdkwJh *smr%DeJ@ *syef ( =op}wD;,m;eJ@ tDwvDvnf;tyg) &JΠordkif;udkjyef=unfhwJhtcg
'DEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJh'Drdkua&pDtawG@tóuHawGu tar&duefppfwyfawG r0ifcif
q,fpkESpftawmfrsm;rsm;uwnf;u &dScJh+yD;om;vdk@qdk=uw,f?
*smr%DEkdifiHordkif;ukdjyef=unfh&if 1919 uae 1933 txd 0dkif;rm;&Dyghbvpf
(Weimar Republic) qdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ jynfolvlxku a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh
&Dyghbvpftpdk;&&dScJhwJh ordkif;0ifumvawG&dScJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? 'DvdkyJ yxrurBm
ppfeJ@ olwdk@tiftm;t}uD;tus,fusqkH;cdsefrwdkifcif =um;umvawGudkjyef=unfh&if
*syef[m liberalization qdw k hJ vGwv f yfwhJ pepfusio hf ;Hk cJw
h thJ awG@tóuHawG &daS ecJwh hJ
tjyif 1920 ESpfawGrSm Democratization qkd+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkawmif a&SŒajy;
usifhokH;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f?
=op}wD;,m;rSmvnf; 0dkif;rm;&Dyghbvpfvdk ykHpHcyfqifqif EdkifiHawmftm%m
[m jynfol@vufrSm&dScJhzl;wJh tawG@tóuH&dSovdk tDwvDEdkifiHudk=unfh&ifvnf;
vGwfvyfaom'Drdkua&pDpepf (liberal democracy) u touf0ifaecJhwm 1922
rSm tm%m&SifrlqdkvDeDvufcsufeJ@ tqkH;owfroGm;ciftxdygyJ?
tJ'DvdkEdkifiHawGrSm vGwfvyfwJh'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDawG xGef;
um;cJ+h yD; 1940 aESmif;ydik ;f ESpaf wGrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ zdEydS rf e_ @J ysupf ;D oGm;cJ&h ayr,fh
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk aumif;aumif;awG@óuHzl;cJhwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒrSwf^m%frSmawmh
'Dru
dk a&pDpepf&ŒJ vGwv f yfwt hJ &om[m aumif;aumif;pGaJ ecJyh g+yD? 'Dxufyakd umif;wm
uawmh tJ'D vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDacwfawGrmS xif&mS ;cJw h ahJ cgi;f aqmifawG[m tar&d
uefppfwyfawG 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k cf w
hJ t
hJ cdset
f xdukd &daS eao;wmygy?J tar&d
uefwyfawGord ;f ydu k 0f ifa&muf+yD; r=umcifrmS yJ 'Dacgi;f aqmifawGukd jyefa¶G;xkwcf w hJ m
*smr%DrSm uGef&'ft'D;aem (Konrad Adenauer)/ =op}wD;,m;rSm um;(vf)&ef;em;
(Karl Ranner) tDwvDrSm tvfcsD;'D; (Alcide de Gasperi) eJ@ *syefrSm &DS*sJ¶k ,dk&dS'
(Shigeru Yoshida) wd@k ukd vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDpepf jyefvnfazmfaqmifz@kd acgi;f aqmif
aumif;awGtjzpf jyefa¶G;xkwfEdkifcJhygw,f?

46
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
'gayr,fh tD&wfEdkifiH&JΠtwdwfudk=unfh&if 'DEdkifiHawGeJ@ vkH;0qef@usifae+yD;/
'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwJht&omudk tD&wfjynfolawGu enf;enf;av;rS jrnf;
prf;cJ/h tawG@tóuH&cSd zhJ ;l wmr[kwyf g? tD&ef/ qD;&D;,m;eJ@ aqmf'aD wGvnf; xd@k twlygy?J
tD&wfordik ;f rSm enf;enf;av;rqdpk avmuf vGwv f yfcyhJ gw,fv@kd ajymvd@k &Edik w
f mav;
wpfcu k awmh 'kw, d zdik qf ,fb&k if (King Faisal II) vufxufuav;yJv@kd qykd gw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk pwd vpfb&,fa,mifa,mif vGwfvyfcGifhuav;uvnf; 1958rSm
'Db&k ifuðkd zwfcs+yD; tm%modr;f yGeJ @J edwwdˆ efcyhJ gw,f? tD&efuawmh ydt k ajctaeqd;k +yD;
ol@ordkif;rSm tar&duef&JΠ'Drdkua&pD pDrHudef;twGuf a&cHajrcHjyp&mvkH;vkH;udk r&dScJhbl;
qkdygw,f?

azm&de;f uay;wJh 'Drkd

'DvdkrsKd; jynfyuae twif;vkyf,lay;&wJh 'Drdkua&pD pepfazmfaqmifr_rSm

atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrifjcif;qdkwmu tJ'DEdkifiH&JŒ “jynfwGif;ordkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD
tawG@t}uKH a&cHajrcHaumif;raumif;” eJ@vnf; qdkifw,fvdk@vnf; okH;oyf=uw,f?
tJ'D tar&duef&JΠ'Drdkua&pDpepfazmfaqmifay;cJhwJh pDrHudef;awGxJu/ tm%m&SifEdkifiH
awGrSm 'Drkdua&pDazmfaqmifay;EdkifcJhwJhtxJu usL;bm;/ 'dkrDeDuef&Dyghbvpf / a[wD/
eDum&m*GmeJ h yem;rm;EdkifiHawGudk om"ujyEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1900 uae 1930
ESpaf wGtwGi;f tar&duef&ŒJ ppftiftm;ok;H 'Dru kd a&pDazmfaqmifay;cJw h mawGu tqk;H
owfrmS ratmifrjrifjzpfcw hJ mawG&ySd gw,f? tar&duefa=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfqaD &muf
vmcJh+yD;umrS aemufjyefoGm;+yD; tm%m&Sifvufatmufjyef a&mufoGm;cJhwJhEdkifiHawG
uawmh/ 1930 rSm ppftm%m&Sif x¶l*sD vv kd ufcsuef @J 'Dru
kd a&pDq;Hk ¶_;H oGm;wJh 'drk eD uD ef
&DyghbvpfeJ@ 1936 uxJu ppftm%m&Sif qdkrdkZm rdom;pkvdkuf}uD;pdk;cJhwJh eDum&m*Gm
Edik if aH wGyjJ zpfygw,f? ('gayr,fh 1979 rSmawmh taz qdrk Zkd mðzwfcsc&H +yD; om; qdrk Zkd m
vnf; *GmwDrmvmEdkifiHqD acG;ajy;0ufajy; xGufajy;cJh&ygw,f)?
'Dvdk tm%m&Sifqdk;awGa=umifh tar&duef[m wcsKdŒEdkifiHawGudk wpf}udrf
omru/ ESpf}udrfwdkif jyefvnftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? 1955-56 awGrSm
tar&duef&JΠppftiftm;okH;0ifa&mufcJh+yD; q,fpkESpfumvwav#muf=umavmuf
atmif 'Drdkua&pDukd aES;aES;av; ajz;ajz;csif;ajymif;vJvmEkdifwJhEdkifiHuawmh 'dkrDeDuef
&DyghbvpfygyJ? tvsiftjreful;ajymif;oGm;EdkifcJhwJhEdkifiHuawmh yem;rm;yg? 1989-90
tar&duef 0ifa&muft+yD;rSmyJ 'Drdkua&pDpepf vsifjrefpGmazmfaqmifEdkif cJhw,f qdkyg
w,f? tar&duefwyfawGvJ tJ'DESpfEdkifiHudk0ifa&muf+yD; wpfESpfawmifr=umwJh umv
twGi;f rSm 'Dru dk a&pDpepfjyefq,fay;cJEh ikd v
f @kd tcdsew
f t
kd wGi;f ol w
h yfawGukd jyef¶yk o f rd ;f
EdkifcJhygw,f?

47
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

usm;xufrqd;k wJh &Si}f uD; uef

tar&duef&JΠppftiftm;okH; 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifay;a&; atmifjrifr_/

ratmifjrifru _ kd qk;H jzwfay;wJh 'kw,
d tcsuuf awmh “}uD;rm;wJh jynfy tE &W m,f+cdr;f
ajcmufcH&r_ &dS r&dS” qdkwmygyJ? 'Dtcsufu ydkta&;}uD;w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 1940 aESmif;
ydkif;umvawGu *smr%DeJ@ *syefudk=unfh&if ESpfEdkifiHpvkH;u 'D tar&duefppfwyf}uD;
usL;ausmf0ifa&mufr_xuf ydkqdk;wJh jynfytE W&m,fawGeJ@ &ifqdkifaecJh&wm oGm;awG@yg
w,f? tJ'guawmh qdkAD,ufwyf}uD;ygyJ? wyfeDawmfac:wJh Red Army [m *smr%D
ta&SŒydkif;rSm xif&mpdkif;usL;ausmfaecJh+yD; tcGifhta&;&wmeJ@ wòydifeuf *smr%D
taemufydkif;bufudkvnf; rsufpypfaewJhtcdsefjzpfovdk/ *syefEkdifiHtaeeJ@vnf; qdkAD
,ufppfwyf}uD;&JŒ usL;ausmfvmr,fh t&dyfta,mifawGeJ@twl *syefuGefjrLepfawG&JŒ
awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJac:oHawGeJ@ &ifqdkifaecJh&ygw,f?
ydkqdk;wmu refcsL;&D;,m;ppfyGJrSm zrf;rdwJh*syefppfom;awGtay: qdkAD,uf
awG &ufpufjyvdkufykHudk jrifvkduf&+yD;wJhtcgrSmawmh/ tar&duefppfwyf&JΠta&;,l
0ifa&mufvmwmudk cHvdkufwmu ydkoufomr,fvdk@ oabmaygufcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkeJ@
taemuf*smr%DeJ@ *syefawGtwGufawmh tar&duefukd usm;a=umufvdk@ &Sif}uD;udk;
vdkuf &wJhtjzpfygyJ? wu,fvnf; &Sif}uD;jzpfwJh tar&duefu olwdk@¶GHcJhwJh qdkAD,uf
usm;xuf rqdk;cJhwm rSefcJhwJhtjyif qdkcJh+yD;ovdk 'Drdkua&pDa&cHajrcHvnf; &dS+yD;om;
jzpfwJhtwGuf ESpfEdkifiHvkH;&JŒtem*gwf[m ,ae@*smr%DeJ@ *syefqdkwm jzpfvmapwm
ygyJ?

&Sif}uD;uefudk tD&wfrvdk

Ed_if;,SOfcsuftaeeJ@ tD&wfEdkifiHukd=unfh&if tD&wfrSm jynfytE W&m,f+cdrf;

ajcmufr_qdkvdk@ 1980 ESpfrsm;ujzpfcJhwJh tD&ef-tD&wfppfyGJ&v'ftjzpf teD;qkH; jynfy
&efol tD&efyJ &dSygw,f? 'D tD&eftpdk;&[m &DS;,mhwfawGjzpf+yD; tD&wfEdkifiHwGif;u
vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh &DS;,mhwfrlqvifawGeJ@vnf; eD;eD;uyfuyf&dSaewJh jynfy&efyg? aemuf
xyf jzpfEikd af cs&w
Sd hJ jynfy&efuawmh umh'af wGukd vufcu H sm;uefay;xm;wJh wl&uDygy?J
'Dvdk jynfwGif;u rD;cJawGa=umifh tD&wf[m jynfy&efpG,f tD&efwdk@ wl&uDwdk@xufudk
jynfwGif;u &efpG,fawG&JΠ+cdrf;ajcmufr_u ydk}uD;aecJhygw,f? tJ'D jynfwGif;tE W&m,f
awGxuf tar&duef0ifvmrSmudkvnf; ydkpdk;&drfae&jyefygw,fqdkawmh *smr%D/ *syef
tjzpfawGeJ@ rwlawmhygbl;?

48
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
wpfpw
d w
f nf; jzpf rjzpf

tar&duef&ŒJ ppfa&;t&wdu k ,
f al y;cJw
h hJ 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfatmifjrifru _ kd tqk;H
tjzwfay;wJh aemufqkH;tcsufuawmh/ waoG;wnf; wom;wnf;/ wpfpdwfwnf;
nDnD!Gwf!GwfjzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk vlOD;a&}uD; tJ'DEdkifiHrSm &dSaejcif;&dSr&dSqdkwmygyJ?
*smr%De@J *syef (=op}wD;,m;/ tDwvD tygt0if) Edik if aH wGujkd yef=unf&h if ajymp&mrvdk
atmif tvGefudk&Sif;ygw,f? *smr%Dqdk *smrefvlrsKd;/ *syefrSm *syefvlrsKd;pojzihf tJ'D
EdkifiHawG[m urBmay:rSm vlrsKd;pkwpfrsKd;wnf;u vlOD;a& ta&twGuf trsm;qkH;
&dSaewJh EdkifiHawGxJrSm xdyfqkH;u ygygw,f? wjcm;vlrsKd;pki,fuav;awGu ajymy
avmufatmif &dSraebl;? 'gayr,fh tD&wfvdk EdkifiHrsKd;rSmawmh 'Davmuf r¶dk;&Sif;awmh
bl;? b,fawmhrSvnf; wpfom;wnf;jzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk}uD; &dSvmrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@
okH;oyf=uw,f?
r[mppfy}JG uD;vd@k wiG cf w hJ hJ Great War rSm Ottoman ql(vf)wefukd awmfveS f
+yD;/ bk&if tDrmzdkifq,f wnfcJhwJh tD&wfEdkifiHvdk@ pjzpfcJhwJh 1920 ckESpfawGwnf;u
tD&wftv,fydkif;rSm qGefeDtm&yf (Sunni Arab)/ awmifydkif;rSm &DS;,mhwftD&wf
(Shiite) eJ@ ajrmufyikd ;f rSm umh'f (Kurd) awGq+kd yD; tD&wf[m t"duvlrsK;d pk}uD; ok;H pke@J
tydik ;f ok;H ydik ;f cGcJ jJG cm;jcm;&daS ecJ+h yD;jzpfw,f? 'Do;Hk pku urBmomysuo f mG ;r,f/ b,fawmh
rS raygif;pnf;EkdifwJh vlrdsL;pk}uD;okH;pkvdk@qkd&avmufatmifudk rwnfhbl;? q'ef ppftm
%m&SifvufatmufrSmom tD&wf[m twkta,mif wpfEdkifiHwnf;jzpfaeayr,fh/
tD&wf[m wu,fwrf;u EdkifiHokH;ydkif;ydkif;zdk@ t+rJapmifhqdkif;aewJhEdkifiHjzpfw,f?
'Dvdktajctaeatmuf&Sd tD&wfrSm/ tar&duefppftiftm;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD
pepfoGm; azmfaqmifjcif;udk teufzGifhwJhtcg 'DvlrsKd;pk}uD;okH;cktwGuf tD&wfEdkifiH[m
ol@udk,fol okH;ydkif;/ 'grSr[kwf 'Dxufru jyefydkif;zdk@twGuf rJjyefay;zdk@yJ&dSawmhw,fvdk@
okawoDtcsKŒd u ok;H oyfxm;=uygw,f? qdak wmh tD&wf&ŒJ tem*gw[ f m 'Dru
kd a&pDryg
wJh tD&wfEdkifiH jzpfcsifjzpf/ r[kwf&if tD&wfrygwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHav;awGyJjzpfoGm;
r,fvdk@ okH;oyf=uw,f?

0D(vf)qdek ,
D H rvdw
k hJ Arm

'guawmh tar&duef&JΠ0D(vf)qdkeD,Henf;t& urBm}uD;udk 'Drdkua&pD

azmfaqmifa&;pDrHudef;&JΠatmifjrifr_/ ratmifjrifr_awGudk EdkifiHwumynm&SifawG/
okawoDawG okH;oyfavhvmxm;csufawGyg? 'DokH;oyfcsufawGtay:rlwnf+yD; ta&;
t}uD ; qk H ; tcsuf o k H ; csuf e J @ jref r mEd k i f i H u d k = unf h v d k u f r d w J h t cg jref r mEd k i f i H [ m
ra0;awmhr,fhumvrSm 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawmf jzpfudk jzpfvm&r,fhEdkifiHvdk@ okH;oyfvdk@
&aew,f?

49
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

ta=umif;u jrefrmEdik if [ H m taemuf*smr%D/ *syef/ =opwD;,m;eJ@ tDwvD

wd@k vkd 'Drukd a&pDt&omudk aumif;aumif;jrnf;prf;zl;xm;wJh tawG@tóuH&aSd ewmygy?J
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csrSwfcJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkoGm;ae&if;urS 1962 ckrSm ppf
tm%m&Sif vufatmufa&mufoGm;&wmqdkawmh qdk&&if jrefrmEdkifiH[m 'Drdkua&pD
pepf&JŒtawG@tóuHawGvnf; &dSxm;aeyg+yD? t&if 'Drdkua&pDacwfwkef;u acgif;aqmif
vufusefawG jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &dSraeawmhayr,fh/ +idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqk&SifvdkrsKd; vlxku
tjynfht0axmufcHr_&xm;wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfvdk 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifrsKd;/ 88
rsKd;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvdkrsKd;eJ@/ aemufqkH; Generation Wave vdk
'Drdkua&pDrsKd;qufopfawGudk &xm;+yD;yg+yD? aemufwcg ta&;t}uD;qkH;u olwdk@vdk
tar&duefu 0ifwu kd af y;cJw h mawmif r[kwyf gb;l ? wpfurBmvk;H u tHt h m;oifh cs;D usL;
rSww f rf;wifxm;cJ&h wJh 8888 vlxt k a&;awmfyeHk @J &[ef;oHCmawGO;D aqmifwu kd cf w hJ hJ
2007 pufwifbm a¶$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;awG ay:ayguv f mcJ&h wJt
h xd jrefrmvlx[ k m
ud, k wf ikd w f ukd ,
f cl w
hJ mrd@k / 'Dru kd a&pD a&cHajrcHu ol@xufaumif;wmawmif ol@avmuf
raumif;bl;vdk@awmif qdk&ygr,f?
'kwd,tcsufjzpfwJh }uD;rm;wJh jynfytE W&m,f &dSr&dSqdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD;
qkH; wwd,tcsuf wpfaoG;wnf;wpfom;wnf;jzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk vlOD;a&}uD; &dSr&dS
qdkwJh tcsufawGrSmawmh tD&wfEdkifiHeJ@enf;enf; oGm;qifaewmawG@&ygw,f? tD&wf
vdkyJ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm }uD;rm;wJh jynfy&ef+cdrf;ajcmufr_ r&dSvSygbl;? tiftm;}uD; EdkifiH}uD;
ESpfEdkifiH=um;xJrSm aeae&wmrdk@ tJ'DEdkifiHawG&JŒ+cdrf;ajcmufppf jzpfEdkifavmufwJh
tajctaeqd&k ifawmh *syef/ *smr%DEikd if aH wGvrkd sK;d tar&duefa&wyfrawmf&ŒJ tiftm;
udk jrefrmppfwyfu, kd w f ikd yf g vSr;f ar#m&f r,ft h ajctaeawmif qdu k cf siqf u
kd yf gvrd rhf ,f?
'gayr,fh jrefrmEdik if [ H m tdref ;D csi;f xkid ;f Edik if eH @J rxdcvkwxf cd vkwf tajctaeuvJv G @kd
}uD;rm;wJh jynfy&ef &dSraewmawG@&+yD;/ tD&wfvdkyJ jynfy&efqdkwmxuf/ jynfwGif;
vufeufudkifawmfvSefolawGudkyJ t"duypfrSwfxm;ae&wm awG@&ygw,f?
aemufqkH; ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfwJh }uD;rm;wJh wpfaoG;wnf;wpfom;
wnf;jzpfaer,fh vlrsKd;pkOD;a&qdkwmuawmh tD&wfeJ@wlw,fvdk@ ajymvdk@&ayr,fh
tD&wfvrkd [kwb f ;l vd@k vnf; wpfzufrmS ajymEdik yf gw,f? tD&wftajctaeeJ@ qifw,f
vdk@ ajym&wmu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm csif;/ ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;eJ@
vlrsKd;pki,fav;awGtygt0if 135 rsKd; (ppftpdk;&tqdkt&) &dSaew,fvdk@ qdkwJhtjyif
tJ'D vlOD;a&rsm;wJh vlrsKd;pkwdkif;rSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@awG &dSaewJhtwGuf
tD&wfxufawmif &_yfaxG;r,fqdk&r,fh tajctaeyg? 'gayr,fh wpfzufu jyefawG;
=unfhawmh tD&wfvdk tpPvmrfbmoma&;tpGef;a&muf &DS;,mhwfrGwfqvif/ qGefeD
rGwfqvif/ umh'folykef pwJhtzGJ@awGeJ@ ¶_yfaxG;aewJhtajctaeavmuf rqdk;bl;vdk@
qdk&ifvnf; &ygw,f?
aemufwpfcsufu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vdk/ vlrsKd;pki,fav;awGtay: ¶dk;om;
+yD; apwemxm;cJhwJhacgif;aqmifrsKd;&JŒ pnf;¶kH;r_atmufrSm yifvkHpmcsKyf csKyfqdk EdkifcJhwJh
50
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
txd 'Dvrl sK;d pktm;vk;H nD!w
G Ef ikd w
f ,fqw
kd m ordik ;f uoufaojycJw
h t
hJ wGuf wwd,
ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfwJh wpfaoG;wnf;wpfom;wnf;jzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pk ta&
twGuf qdkwmuvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJhpepftwGuf toifh&dSae+yDvdk@qdk&ifvnf; &ae
ygw,f? wu,fnD!Gwf=uzdk@yJ vdkygw,f?

wpfpdwfwnf;yJvm;

tJ'Dvdk wu,fhudk wpfaoG;wnf;wpfpdwfwnf;yJ qdkwJhpum;eJ@ usaemfwdk@

aoG;om;nDtpfuadk wG pnf;vk;H aer,fq&kd ifawmh jrefrmEdik if [ H m ynm&Siaf wG ok;H oyfjy
wJh 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifa&; atmifjrifr_twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsuf okH;csufeJ@
udkufnDaeyg+yD? tar&duefawmif 0ifwdkufay;p&mrvdkygbl;?
'D jrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pD&zdk@ tar&duefu 0ifwdkufay;r,fqdkwmuvnf;
vufawG@rmS b,fvrkd S jzpfvmEdik pf &mr&db S ;l xifygw,f? 'Dtcsuu f akd wmh jrefrmhta&;
avhvmaewJh ynm&Sifrsm; usaemfhxufydkjrifrSmyg? &,fp&mwpfcktaeeJ@ usaemfhrdwf
aqG tar&duefwpfa,mufu ar;w,f / “armif&if rif;wdk@jrefrmEdkifiHu ckxdbmvdk@
'Dppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfqdk;awG Adkvfusvdk@&aewmwkef;” wJh/ usaemfu ol@udk jyef p
w,f “rif;wdk htar&duefppfwyfurS 0ifwkdufray;wmudk;” qdkawmh/ olu bmajym
w,frSwfvJ “igwdk@u rif;wdk@ tdrfeD;csif;w¶kwf}uD;ukdvnf; a=umuf&ao;wmudk;”
wJh/ 'D[moav;ajym+yD;awmh ESpfa,mufom; &,f&,farmarmygyJ? 'gayr,fh awG;p&m
awGrsm;jzpfaeovm;vdk@ aemufydkif; ra&r&m qufawG;rdygao;w,f? aocsmwmu
awmh jrefrmrygwJh 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDrygwJh jrefrmEdkifiHvdk@qdk&r,fh tD&wfvdk
tjzpfrsKd;ra&mufzdk@u jrefrmEdkifiHrSmaexdkifwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;&JΠwm0ef
yJjzpfw,fvdk@ jrifygw,f?
'Dtar&duef ppfa&;t& 0ifr0ifqdkwmtjyif 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifpGm azmf
aqmifa&;twGuf wGef;tm;ay;wJh tjcm;ta&;}uD;wJh 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifr_
wwd,vd_if;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qufEG,fr_/ ynmwwftv$meJ@ vl@todkif;t0dkif; a&cHajrcH
&dSr_qdkwmawGvnf; &dSao;w,f? tcGifh&cJh&ifawmh avhvm+yD;wifjyoGm;ygOD;r,f?

tvif;&eHŒ*sme,fodkŒ 'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;/ EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;qdkif&m avhvma&;ESifh

ywfoufaom pmrlrsm;udk atmufyg vdyfpmtwdkif; pmwdkufrSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif;/
tD;ar;vfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ay;ydkŒEdkifygonf? ay;ydkŒ&mwGif pma&;ol. trnf&if;ESifh
qufoG,f&ef vdyfpmtjynfhtpHkudk wygwnf;xnfhoGif;ay;apvdkygonf?
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
P.O Box (294), CMU P.O, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand
E-mail: <zawzawhtun@dpns.org>

51