trSw(

f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep

S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
t,f'Dwmhwifjycsuf

vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlxktajcjyKvlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ t&yfzufvlr_vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;/ t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf; ponfjzifh jrefrmvdk
a&;om; ajymqdkae=uwJh t*Fvdyfvdk Civil Society a0g[m&toHk;tE_ef;eJ@ t,ltq
[m vlra_ &;odyeH̀ ,fy,frmS Ekid if o
H m;jynfow
l @kd &@J Edik if aH &;b0rsm;eJ@ywfoufv@kd avhvm
oHk;oyfolynm&SifawG/ rl0g'a&;qGJolawG/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ EdkifiHa&;wufºuG
v_yf&Sm;olawG/ vlr_a&;vkyfom;awG/ apwem0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;0ifawG/ owif;
pme,fZif;avmuom;awG aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uwJhtcg/ avhvmoHk;oyf=uwJhtcg/
oabmxm;tjrifawG wifjy=uwJhtcg rjzpfrae oHk;&wJh a0g[m&/ &nf!$ef;&wJh
t,ltq/ udk;um;&wJh vlr_a&;ody`Hoabmw&m; jzpfaeygw,f? toHk;jyK=uvGef;vdk@/
&nf!$ef;udk;um;=uvGef;vdk@ vltrsm;&J@ yg;pyfzsm;rSm a&yef;pm;ae+yD;/ ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh
ESif;qD vdkygyJ?

aocsmwmuawmh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society &J@ oabmw&m;

t,ltq[m us,fjyef@ovdk t,ltqa&;&m rwluGJjym;r_awGvnf; tawmfudk
rsm;ygw,f ? xd k @ twl vl r _ v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; toif ; tyif ; rsm; Civil Society
Organizations - CSOs eJ@ywfoufvdk@ tpdk;&awG/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ EdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;olawGxm;&SdwJh oabmxm;awGuvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHkygyJ? wcsdK@u tJh'Dvdk
toif;tyif;rsm;udk 'Dru kd a&pDa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf owfrw S =f uayr,f/h wcsKd @uawmh
txl;ojzifh tm%m&Siftpdk;&awGeJ@ ‚if;wdk@&J@ tvdkawmf&dawG ‚if;wdk@udk tm;ay;
axmufcHolawGuawmh wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_udk xdyg;aESmuf,SufolawG/ olwdk@&J@
tem*wftjrifrsm; rl0g'rsm;az:aqmifa&;rSm ql;a!‡mifhcvkyfuefoif;awGtjzpf
±_jrif=uygw,f? 'gt h jyif tcsKd @ tcsKd @aom olrsm;uawmh olw@kd &@J tusKd ;pDymG ;rsm;twGuf
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm; CSOs . v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk uef@owfwm;jrpf&ef/
0ifa&mufxdk;azguf&ef/ qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;&ef/ xdef;csKyf&ef 'grSr[kwf toHk;cs&ef enf;
trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf=uwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'Dvdk EdkifiHawmf
tzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfwJh (non-state organizations)/ tpdk;&eJ@roufqdkifwJhtzGJ@tpnf;

1
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

(non-governmental organizations) pwJ h toif ; tyif ; tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;u

acgif;aqmifawG tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm yg0ifolawGuawmh olwdk@udkolwdk@
'grSr[kwf olwdk@&J@tzGJ@tpnf;awG v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society
&J@ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf cH,l=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f?

vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkwm tm%m/ rnDr#r_/ wdkufyGJ/ yÉdyuQjzpfr_/ yl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufr_ pwJhudpP&yfawG&J@ e,fy,fjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrif/ tusdK;pD;yGm;/ &nf&G,fcsuf/
t&if;tjrpf/ pGrf;&nf/ enf;emawG trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk rwluGJjym;wJh apwem0efxrf; toif;
tyif;rsm;/ yHkpHtrsdL;rsdK;aom tpktzGJ@rsm; yg0ifv#uf&Sdaeygw,f? tJh'Dvdk toif;tyif;
tpktzGJ@rsm;[m +rdK@jyrSma&m/ aus;vufawGrSmomru wcgw&H EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfawG
rSmyg tajcpdkuf+yD; vGwfvyfpGm 'grSr[kwf uGef,ufrsm;ozG,f qufpyfum oufqdkif&m
tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ &nfrSef;csufawGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdygw,f? tJh'Dvdk
tusdK;pD;yGm;awG/ &nfrSef;csufawG rsdK;pHkjzpfaev#uf wcgw&H wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ@ yÉdyuQtoGif
aqmifae=uwmawGvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f?

vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ ta&;ygr_udk EdkifiHa&;tiftm;wpf&yftjzpf wurBmvHk;

twdkif;twmtaeeJ@ ay:vGif xif&Sm;vmwmuawmh 1980 vGefESpfrsm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
tJh'DumvawGrSm urBmvHk;qdkif&m yx0DEdkifiHa&;eJ@ pDyGm;a&;rSm tajccHupvdk@ tajymif;
tvJawG t}uD;tus,f jzpfay:cJhygw,f? tm%m&SifEdkifiHawG uGefjrLepfEdkifiHawGuae
'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;pepfqDodk@ tvHk;t&if;eJ@ toGiful;ajymif;wJh umvvnf; jzpfygw,f?
[efwifwefu “'Drdkua&pDwwd,v_dif;” vdk@ trnfwyfcJhwJh tJh'Dumvtajymif;tvJ/
zlul,m;rm;u “ordkif;ed*Hk;” qdk+yD; vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJtjzpf aºuG;a=umfcJhwJh
tJh'Dordkif;jzpfpOfawGtwGif;rSm vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu ta&;}uD;wJh tcef;u¾uae
yg0ifcJhw,fqdk+yD; taemuftkyfpk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ vpfb&,fynm&SifawG/
tJh'DjzpfpOfawGrSm udk,fwdkifudk,fusygcJholawGu todtrSwfjyK trSwfay;cJh=uygw,f?
tJh'Dtcsdefupvdk@ vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; qdkwm tpOftvm pHerlemwpf&yfvdk jzpfvmcJh
yg+yD? EdkifiHom;jynfolawG&J@ b0udk EdkifiHawmf&J@ zdESdyfr_awGuae vGwfajrmufapEdkifr,fh/
EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_awG tjynfht0aqmifusOf;ay;Edkifr,fh taygif;vuQ%m
aqmifr_tjzpf jrifvm=uygw,f?

'gqdk&if vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ b,fvdk qufpyfaevJ? EdkifiHa&;

vGwfvyfr_toGifajymif;jcif; political liberalization 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;

2
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
democratic transitions wdk@udk avhvmwJhtcg vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ tydkif;udk csefvSyf
xm;cJhvdk@r&ygbl;? 'ghtjyif 'Drdkua&pDuspfvpfckdifrmzdk@qdk&if vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; zGH@+zdK;
wdk;wuf&Sifoefvmzdk@ vdktyfw,fvdk@ ynm&Sifrsm;u wifjy=uygw,f? 'gayrJh vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD qufoG,fr_&Sdae&r,fvdk@awmh wxpfcsajymvdk@ r&jyefygbl;?
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu 'Drdkua&pDudk tm;jzpfapr,fh tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG
jzpfapEdkifovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDudkqef@usifwJh oufa&mufr_awGvnf; jzpfapwwfw,fvdk@
ajym=uygw,f? vufawG@rSm b,fvdkoufa&mufr_awG jzpfapEkdifovJqdkwmu vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;awGt=um; tm%mjyef@ESH@r_/ vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;
tyif;awG acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vl@tzGJtpnf; political society eJ@ EdkifiHawmf&J@
tzGJ@tpnf;awG acgif;aqmifawGt=um;u AsL[majrmuf tquftpyfawG/ EdkifiHwum
taetxm;awGtay:rSm wnfaew,fvdk@ 0g&Sifweftajcpdkuf ta&S@-taemuf
avhvma&; okawoeXme !$ef=um;a&;rSL; rloD&mtvm*wfyg Muthiah Alagappa
u olwnf;jzwfxw k af 0wJh ‘tm&S. vlrv _ @l tzG@J tpnf;ESihf Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJ’ Civil
Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and Contracting
Democratic Space pmtkyfrSm a&;om;wifjyxm;ygw,f?

qufvuf+yD; olu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;awGwdkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD

a&;twGuf OD;wnfcsuaf wG/ vkyif ef;pOfawG r&S=d uygb;l / 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;twGuf taxmuf
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'Drdkua&pDqef@usifa&;vkyf=uwmawG/ olwdk@&J@vkyf&yfawGu 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk taESmuf
t,SufjzpfapwmawGawmif &Sd=uw,fvdk@ ynm&Sif rmhcf0g&if; Mark E. Warren eJ@
udof0Spfwifwef Keith Whittington wdk@udk udk;um;+yD; wifjyxm;wmudk owdjyKp&m
tjzpf awG@&ygw,f?

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vl@tzGJtpnf; political society eJ@ Oya'jyKa&;taqmufttHk legislature awGeJ@
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tJh'Dvdk vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;vl@tzGJtpnf;=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_[m
tm%m&Sit f pd;k &awGukd xda&mufwhJ pdeaf c:r_jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd avhvmrSwo
f m;rdwmudk
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3