trSwf(1)?

'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

'Dru
kd a&pDxikd ;f rdi_ ;f r_
ESifh
o&Jr&Jp;D Edik if rH sm;
7Jjrifhausmfbmomjyefqdkonf

1974 ckESpfupvdk@ tckxdqdk&if EdkifiHao;ao;}uD;}uD; pkpkaygif; (90)ausmf

'Drdkua&pDpepfqD toGiful;ajymif;cJh=uygw,f? 20 &mpktukef 21 &mpk tul;udk=unfh
&if urBmhwdkif;jynfrsm;teuf 60 &mcdkifE_ef;u 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; jzpfvm=uygw,f?
1990 ESprf sm;rSm ruUpu D ekd @J tif'ekd ;D &Sm;wk@d 'Dru
kd a&pDu;l ajymif;Edik cf +hJ yD; 'Dbuf
&mpk tpydkif;rSmyJ ,lu&def;eJ@ a*smf*sD,mwkd@ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_r&SdwJh awmfvSefa&;awG
(Color Revolutions) eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDul; ajymif;EdkifcJh=uygw,f? tm&yfurBmrSmawmif
'Drdkua&pDt&dyfta,mifudk jrifawG@cJh&ygw,f? 2005 ckESpf vufbEGef&JΠ'Drdku&ufwpf
tiftm;pkawGu qD;&D;,m;wyfawGudk +idrf;csrf;pGmarmif;xkwfEdkifcJhovdk/ tD&wfjynfol
awGvnf; &mpk0uftwGif; yxrqkH; rJay;EdkifcJh=uygw,f?
odk@aomf 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;p wdkif;jynfrsm;&JΠatmifyGJ[m wm&SnfcHr_/
&ifh usurf a_ wGr&Sb d J tcuftcJaygi;f pkH &ifqikd óf uHawG@ae&ygw,f? tckEpS af wGtwGi;f rSm
tm%m&Sifpepfuae jyefºuGwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_dif; aES;auG;ae+yD; urBm}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pD
qkwf,kwfusqif;r_ (Democratic recession) xJ av#musoGm;aeygw,f?
pD;yGm;a&; ,m,Dxdkif;r_dif;usqif;r_udk &Dquf&Sif;vkd@ abm*aA'rSm okH;E_ef;yg
w,f? tcku pD;yGm;a&;&Dquf&iS ;f 0ifvmovd/k 'Dru kd a&pD &Dquf&iS ;f vnf; jyefjzpfaewJh
umvyg? Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;/ ±k&Sm;/ xdkif;/ AifeDZGJvm;/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfeJ@ zdvpfydkifwdk@rSm 'Drdku
a&pD[m wnf+idrf&ifhusufr_ r&Edkifao;bJ/ tcuftcJaygif;pkH &ifqdkifae&jyefygw,f?
2007 'DZifbmrSm uifnmEdkifiH&JŒ a¶G;aumufyGJrJvdrfr_u t=urf;zufr_awG
txdjzpfcJhw,f? csDvD/ *gem/ ydkvefeJ@ awmif tmz&dupwJh 'Drdkua&pDcsefyD,HawGrSm
awmif pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; (Governance) tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdae+yD;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒ
tpmrausr_awG óuHawG@aeygw,f? awmiftm&Su 'Drdkua&pDtdENd,EdkifiH&JŒ ab;ywf
ywfvnfrSm 'Drdkua&pDr[kwfwJhEdkifiHawG 0dkif;ywfxm;ygw,f? tm&yfurBmrSmvnf;
bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufr_eJ@ t=urf;zufr_awGa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDwdk;wufr_[m r_ef&D
a00dk;w0g; jzpfaeygw,f?
'Drdkua&pD[m aemufxyf qufrjzef@usufEdkifao;cif t&ifqkH;&SdESifh+yD;om;
EdkifiHawGrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJ+rJtajcuszkd@ vdktyfaeygw,f? wdk;wufay:xGufvmwJh
'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH wGu olw@dk &ŒJ tkycf sKyfa&;jy\emudk olw@dk bmomajz&Si;f Edik w f ,fqw kd m
25
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

jyo&r,f? olwkd@EdkifiHom;awGudk vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_/ aumif;rGefwJhb0eJ@ oy`m

,r#wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGjzpfatmif jznfhqnf;vkyfaqmifay;Edkifw,fqdkwm jy&r,f?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;[m &mZ0wfr_eJ@ t*wdvdkufpm;r_udk xdxda&mufa&muf
rxde;f csKyfEikd &f if/ pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufatmif rvkyaf qmifEikd &f if/ qif;&Jcsr;f omrnDr#ra_ wG
av#mhcsray;Edkif&if/ vGwfvyfr_eJ@ Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&&SdatmifrvkyfEdkif&if aemufqkH;us vlxk
[m 'Drdkua&pDudkt,kHt=unfrJhvm+yD; tm%m&Sifvrf;a=umif;ay: jyefwufzkd@ OD;vSnfh
rSmyJjzpfygw,f?

tay:,HAef;jyr_udk ausmfvGefI

taemufu ay:vpDa&;qGJolrsm;u urBmtESH@'Drdkua&pDxdkif;r_dif;r_ &Dquf

&Sif; jzpfvmaewmudk owdðyrd[efrwlygbl;? ±k&Sm;eJ@ Edkuf*sD;,m;vdk r[mAsL[mus
EdkifiH}uD;awGrSm 'Drdkua&pD[m bufjyefaeygw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ tm%mvufwH csJŒum;
vGef;+yD; twdkuftcHeJ@ rD'D,mawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG&Sdvmygw,f? wzufowfuswJh
a¶G;aumufyaJG wGu tajccH'rD u kd a&pD vkyx f ;Hk awGudk uG,af ysmufapygw,f? AifeZD v JG m;
rSm [l*dkcsmAwfu tajccHOya'rSm tpdk;&tm%m tuef@towfrJh tokH;ðyEdkifa&;
jyefwifygw,f?
a¶G;aumufyGJpepfrSmvnf; tm;enf;csufeJ@ rSm;,Gif;r_awG&Sdaeygw,f? t
aemufEdkifiHacgif;aqmifawG (txl;ojzifh Oa&my) u twkta,mifa¶G;aumufyGJawG
eJ@ w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh a¶G;aumufyGJawGudk aumif;csD;=obmay;+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDoduQm
tqifhtwef;r&Sdr_udk a0zefzkd@awmh vufwGef@aeygw,f?
zGH@òzd;qJeJ@ ,cif uGefjrLepfEdkifiHa[mif;awGrSmqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m tay:,H
Aef;jy vl=um;aumif;±ko H ufoufjzpf+yD;/ nHzh si;f wJh pDrt H yk cf sKyfry_ pHk H (Bad Governance)
rsK;d pkeH @J wif;=urf;jynfah eygw,f? tm%mtvGo J ;Hk vGe;f wJh &JXmeeJ@ axmufvrS ;f a&;awG/
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGifhxl;cHpD;yGm;a&;orm;awG/ u|rf;usifr_r&SdwJh AsL±dkua&pD óud;eDpepf
awG/ aiGrsm;w&m;Edik ±f ;Hk awmfe@J w&m;ol}uD;awG/ rdrt d odik ;f t0dik ;f eJ@ rdom;pktusK;d pD;yGm;
uvG+J yD; Edik if o H m;wk@d wm0ef bmrSr,lwahJ cgi;f aqmife@J t&m&Sad wGu tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;
,E W&m;rSm }uD;pdk;xm;ygw,f?
tJ'D Edik if aH wGrmS qif;&JwahJ tmufajcvlxt k zk@d ‘Edik if oH m;’ (Citizen) qdw k m
trnfemrr#omyJ? Edik if aH &;yg0ifaqmif¶u G Ef ikd rf _ vrf;a=umif;u &Sm;yg;+yD; ajyma&;qdck iG hf
bmrSr&Syd g? Edik if o H m;awG[m ud, k jhf y\emud, k &f iS ;f +yD; ud, k w hf m0efu, kd ,
f ?l a¶G;aumuf
yGJawmh usif;yyg&JŒ? rJ0,f/ rJvdrf/ rJ0,faeus azmufonfygwDawGyJ t+rJtEdkif&?
ygvDrefawmh&Sdayr,fh rJqENe,ftm;vkH;udk udk,fpm;ðywmr[kwf? tajccHOya'awG
awmh pm¶Gufay:rSm Oya'pum;vkH;cef@cef@awGeJ@a&;xm;yg&JŒ touf0ifr_ur&Sd?
tusKd;qufu a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; rJxnfhwJhvlxk[m cyfrmrm cyf=urf;
=urf; orwylwifvdk tm%m&SifqD jyefvnfoGm;wwfygw,f? AifeDZGJvm;u tajym
26
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
aumif;wJh [l*dkcsAwfqD wdrf;!$wfoGm;ygw,f? xdkif;EdkifiHrSm aus;vufrJqEN&SifawGu
oufqifvdk tm%m&Siw f pfyikd ;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siw f pfyikd ;f udyk J wrf;wrf;wwjzpfaeyg
w,f?
'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm a,bl,suswJh pdefac:r_awG&Sdaeygw,f?
'Dru kd a&pD,Eœ&m; =um&Sn+f rJ+rHz@dk q&kd if tpd;k &rsm;[m jynfov l x l &k ŒJ toHukd em;axmif
ay;&r,f? vlx&k ŒJ yl;aygi;f yg0ifru _ kd t+rJxad wG@&,lae&r,f? vlx&k ŒJ &ydik cf iG ehf @J vGwv f yf
cGifhawGudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? vlxk&JŒvdktyfcsufawGudk wm0ef,ljznfhqnf;ay;
&ygr,f?
Edik if w
H Edik if H 'Dru
kd a&pDjzpfz@dk q&kd if a¶G;aumufyyJG rHk eS u f si;f y±keH @J r+yD;ygb;l ? vGwf
vyfpGmpnf;±kH;EdkifcGifh/ v_H@aqmfcGifh/ òydifqdkifEdkifcGifhawG ay;xm;zdk@vdkygw,f? w&m;r#w+yD;
ormorwfusus a¶G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf sK;d &S&d r,f? rJ&v'f tjiif;yGm;r_rsK;d udk orm"d
&Sd&Sd ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&r,f? rD'D,mawG&JŒ wefjyefowif;axmuf =unfh±_cGifhawG ay;xm;&
r,f? a¶G;aumufyGJvkyfief;awGtay: vGwfvyfpGmapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@awGtwGuf wHcg;
zGifhay;xm;&ygr,f? odk@aomf 2007 eJ@ 2008 ckESpftwGif; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;rSm tJ'D
pHE_ef;awGusqif;vmwmudk ppfwrf;awGu azmfjyaeygw,f?
tjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS rajymeJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS awmif Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/ Edik if H
a&;orm;awGeJ@ tpdk;&t&m&SdawGtay: ,kH=unfr_uG,faysmufukefygw,f? t"du
tcsufuawmh jynfol@tusKd;xuf olwkd@tusKd;yJ a&Sα_=uvGef;vkd@ jzpfygw,f?
a¶G;aumufyJG rJvrd n f pfrr_ sm;eJ@ wwdik ;f jynfv;Hk jcpm;aewJh vbfay;vbf,rl _
rsm;u &&SdESifh+yD;om; 'Drdkua&pDwefzkd;awGudk zsufqD;ypfygw,f? wu,fvkd@ Edkuf*sD;&D;
,m;om ppftm%m&Sipf epfqjD yefomG ;+yD; Edik if aH &;uaomif;ueif;awGjzpfc&hJ if tmz&du
wckvkH;&JΠ'Drdku&ufwpfar#mfvifhcsufawG vGifhaysmufoGm;apEdkifw,f? tmz&duwdkuf
[m 'Drdkua&pDvufawG@rusbJ/ w0ufwysuf 'Drdkua&pDjzpfae&if/ tmz&duwdkif;jynf
awG[m b,fawmhrStm%m&Sifpepfu vGwfawmhrSmr[kwfbl;? 'Dawmh tmz&du
wdkufrSm 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifpGmusifhokH;jywJh pHjyEdkifiHrsKd; &Sdudk&Sdae&vdrfhr,f?

o&Jr&JpD;EdkifiH

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ (odk@) vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf[m 'Drdkua&pD

zG@H òzd;zk@d tajccHaumif;awG zefw;D ay;w,fv@dk r=umc% ajym=uygw,f? aocsmygw,f?
'Drdkua&pD&&Sdzkd@u twdkif;twmwpfcktxd pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_eJ@ aps;uGufwHcg;zGifhr_tay:
wnfrSDaeygw,f?
odk@aomf urBmhqif;&JwJh wdkif;jynftrsm;pkrSm ‘pD;yGm;a&;onf yxr’ aqmif
¶Gufcsuf[m jy\emeJ@ aemufbufjyefoGm;wmawG&Sdvmygw,f? pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_
(Governance) xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wk;d wufrr_ &S&d if/ pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufr[ _ m b,frrS a&muf
ovd/k a&&Snx f ed ;f rxm;Edik yf gb;l ? t*wdvu
kd pf m;r_ukd xde;f csKyfz@dk e@J vlvrd v
f n
l mawGukd
27
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

tjypfay;ta&;,lz@dk w&m;a&;eJ@ Edik if aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f aumif;awGr&S&d if pD;yGm;a&;wk;d

wufr_azmfaqmifwJh ay:vpDawG[m xda&mufrSmr[kwfovdk/ tusKd;tjrwfawG[m
vnf; ta[moduH jzpfukefygvdrfhr,f?
'DudpPrSm uifnmEdkifiHu Oyrmaumif;ygyJ? vGefcJhwJhig;ESpf orwuDbmuD&JŒ
acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS uifnm[m yxrqk;H t}udrf pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufatmifjrifra_ wG
&&Scd yhJ gw,f? ESppf Of 5 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ykrH eS w
f ;dk wufra_ wG&cdS +hJ yD; tajccHynm tcrJo h if,El ikd cf iG hf
awG vkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? od@k aomf 2007 'DZifbm orwa¶G;aumufyrJG mS rJvrd rf a_ wG
&Sdw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJwmawGxGufvm+yD;aemuf vlrsKd;pkt=urf;zuf a'golykefxr_awGuae
pD;yGm;a&;ysufjym;r_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f?
orwuDbmuD[m pD;yGm;a&;rsuEf mS pmrSm aqmif¶u G rf r_ nHo
h vd/k jynfwiG ;f
[dkw,feJ@ c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief; atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh xkeJ@xnfeJ@v_dufpm;aewJh tusifhysufr_awG/ rsKd;EG,fpkbufvdkufrsufESmom
ay;r_awG/ a¶G;aumufyrJG ormr_awGukd Edik if aH &;enf;vrf;wus udik w f , G zf @dk ysuuf u
G cf yhJ g
w,f? tJ'D tqdyw f ufaewJh t±_yt f axG;awGuyJ uifnm&JŒ Eke,fwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDopfukd
uorf;u&rf;tajcpdkufatmif wGef;ydk@ypfygw,f?
a&SŒvmr,fh q,fpkESpfawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD&JŒuH=urRmudk urBmhusef&SdaewJh
tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ qufcsŒJ um;r_rsK;d u rqk;H jzwfEikd yf gb;l ? uifnmvdk ab;ruif;wJh rwnf
r+idrf 'Drdkua&pD (at-risk democracy) rsKd;awGu urBmh'Drdkua&pDtem*wfudk tqkH;
tjzwf ay;ygvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvdk uorf;u&rf; 'Drdkua&pDpm&if;rSm EdkifiH(50)ausmf
avmuf yg0ifaeygw,f?
trsm;pku vufwiftar&dueJ@ u&pfbD,H/ tm&S'Drdkua&pD &SpfEdkifiHxJu
av;EdkifiH/ Oa&my,leD,HxJ ryg0ifao;wJh qdkAD,ufvGef 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtm;vkH;eJ@
tmz&du'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH tukefvkH;ygyJ? aemufq,fpkESpf&JΠt"duvkyfief;uawmh tJ'D
EdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD}uHcdkifatmif usm;uefay;zkd@ygyJ?
nHhzsif;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (Poor Governance) awGu ab;ruif;wJh
uorf;u&rf; 'Drdkua&pDawG azmif;yGjyef@ESH@apygw,f? tJ'DEdkifiHawG[m tusifhysuf
jcpm;r_eJ@ Oya'tvGJokH;tkyfcsKyfr_ykHpHawGrSm acsmifydwfrdaeygw,f? nHhzsif;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_
ykHpHawGudku olwkd@EdkifiHawG&JŒ yifudk,fp±dkuf/ obm0tajctaeawGyJvdk@awmif ynm
&SiftcsKdŒu &yfcHvmw,f?
tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSm ESpfaxmifeJ@csD+yD; vl@rvdkiftkyfpkawGuyJ tm%mudkvuf0g;
}uD;tkyfxm;wJhtavhtx obm0&SdcJhygw,f? yGifhvif;jrifomwJh Oya'awG/ tm;
aumif;wJh tifpwDusL;&Si;f awGe@J aps;uGuòf ydiq f ikd rf a_ wGukd zG@H òzd;atmifvyk +f yD; tm%mudk
cGJa0uef@owfzkd@ rpGrf;EdkifcJh=uygbl;? vl@rvdkiftkyfpkawGu olwkd@tm%mudk uspfuspf
qkyfudkif+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tusKd;xuf olwkd@udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf aps;uGufòydifqdkifr_
udk uef@owfydwfyifxm;wwf=uygw,f? &v'fuawmh acgif;ykHjzwftjrwf}uD;pm;
o&Jr&JpD;EdkifiH (Predatory State) rsm; jzpfvmygawmhw,f?
28
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
t+rD;usuft+rD;pm; om;&Jvl@tzGJ@tpnf;

'Dvkd Edik if rH sK;d awGrmS vl@rvdik af wG&ŒJ tðytrlu tcGit hf vrf;t+rJacsmif;ae+yD;

oHo,pdwfu}uD;vGef;ygw,f? tòydiftqdkif a¶G;aumufyGJawG&Sd&ifvJ udk,fEdkifol±_H;
tjywfaqmf aoG;xGufoH,dkyGJawG jzpfvmygw,f? omrefjynfolawGu wu,fhppfrSef
wJh EdkifiHom;tqifhr&&SdbJ/ a'ocHt}uD;tuJ q&m}uD;rsm;&JΠrJ0,fcHazmufonfawG
ygyJ? a'ocHq&m}uD;rsm;udkvnf; olwkd@txuftm%m&Sd q&mhq&m}uD;rsm;u jyef
0,fae=uwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
tm%meJ@tqifhtwef; wbufapmif;eif;rnDr#r_awGu txufatmuf
rSDcdkr_ uGif;qufawG/ vufoyfarG;r_awG/ zdESdyfr_awG jzpfvmapygw,f? tajymta[m
aumif;ol tm%mae&m&vm+yD; vlrsKd;pGJ rmetmCwawGudk }uD;xGm;vmapygw,f?
trsm;jynfoltwGuf aqmif¶GufwJhrl0g'awG tpDtpOfawG[m bmrSt&mra&mufyg
bl;? ta=umif;uawmh tkyfcsKyfolawGrSm 'gawGudk wu,fwrf; xdxda&mufa&muf
atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfvdkpdwf r&Sdvdk@ygyJ?
t&m&SdawGu EdkifiHay:uae tjrwfxkwf=u+yD; tm%mt&SdqkH;olawGu
tm;enf;wJh vlxktay: Edkifpm;ygw,f? 'Dtpdk;&&JŒ &nf¶G,fcsufu vrf;awG wHwm;
awG/ aq;±kaH wG/ aq;cef;eJ@ a&qd;k ajrmif;pepfpwJh trsm;jynfo@l tusK;d (Public goods)
vkyfaqmifzkd@ r[kwfbl;? t&m&SdawGu olwkd@rdom;pkeJ@ rdwf&if;aqGo[m aumif;usKd;
awG twGufom jzpfaeygw,f?
t*wdvu kd pf m;r_[m ae@pOfpEH e_ ;f wckvkd us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@jzpfae+yD; Edik if aH &;
yg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifcGifhudk txufu udkifxm;ygw,f? vlxkeJ@tkyfcsKyfolt=um; xdawG@
Edik rf u
_ usKv H +DS yD; tay;t,luwdu0wfðyEdik rf u _ &Sm;yg;ygw,f? vlwikd ;f [m acgi;f ykjH zwf
cHxm;&ordk@ raysmfr&$ifeJ@ pGrf;&nfrJhaeovdkygyJ?
Edkif&mpm; ab;ruif;wJhEdkifiHawG[m 'Drdkua&pDudk rxdef;Edkifao;ygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDa&&Snfxdef;Edkifzkd@qdkwm tajccHOya'/ tjyeftvSef tay;t,lnd‡,lEkdifr_
(Compromise) eJ@ Oya'av;pm;r_wdk@ vdktyfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_udkvnf;
'DEdkifiHawGrSm a&&Snf rxdef;xm;Edkifygbl;? xkwfukefvkyfief;aqmif¶Gufr_awGrSm vdktyf
r,fh t&if;twGuf &if;ESD;ðryfESHolaiG&Sifa=u;&SifawGudk rqGJaqmifEdkifvkd@yJ jzpfygw,f?
urf;ukeaf tmif qd;k oGr;f wJh ab;ruif;wJEh ikd if aH wGu Edik &f mpm; bDv;l obuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG (Predatory States) jzpfay:apygw,f? ukex f w k v
f yk if ef;aqmif
&Gurf /_ ±d;k om;pGm pGe@f pm;vkyu f ikd rf a_ wGa=umifh vlawG rcsr;f omygb;l ? tm%meJ@tcGix hf ;l
udk jc,fvS,fupm;vkd@/ EdkifiHawmfqDu cdk;0Sufvkd@/ tm;enf;olawGqDu acgif;ykHjzwf
tjrwf}uD;pm;vk@d / Oya'udrk vSrd w hf ywfvyk v
f @dk pwmawGa=umifh csr;f omvm=uygw,f?
tJ'hD t+rD;usuf t+rD;pm; o&Jr&Jp;D vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGrmS Edik if aH &;vkyo f al wG
[m tm%meJ@"eudkom&zdk@qdk&if b,fvdkatmufvrf;enf; okH;& okH;&/ b,fOya'
csKd;azmuf& csKd;azmuf& 0efrav;ygbl;? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGu a¶G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk
29
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

vmbfxdk;w,f/ twdkuftcHawG v_yf&Sm;pnf;±kH;r&atmif wdkufcdkufw,f? òydifbuf

avmif;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfw,f? orwrsm;[m twdkuftcHawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufE_wf
ydwfzkd@ óud;pm;w,f? axmifcs/ wu|ef;ydk@/ ±kH;wif/ vdktyf&if owfypfwJhtxdygyJ?
tpd;k &0ef}uD;awG[m jynfo@l vyk if ef;awGta=umif;jy+yD; aiGEu d_ zf @dk yJ wcsed v
f ;Hk
}uHpnfaeygw,f? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;u olwkd@ cdk;0Sufxm;wmawG umuG,fEdkifatmif
vufeufpkaqmif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm &JeJ@&mZ0wfom;=um; vrf;
a=umif;awG&Sd+yD; ESpfOD;pvkH;u rxl;rjcm;em;ygyJ? &JXme[m Oya'touf0ifatmif
rvkyfEdkifovdk/ w&m;ol}uD;awGu Oya'twdkif; rqkH;jzwfEdkifygbl;? tcGeft&m&Sdu
b¾maiGukd tdyaf xmifxx J nf+h yD; ukexf w k vf yk o
f ul wu,ft h &nftaoG;rSD xkwu f ek f
rxkwfEdkifygbl;? b%fvkyfief;&Sifu aiGr&if;Edkifovdk/ acs;olu jyefrqyfEdkifygbl;?
vrf;a=umif;wdkif;[m tcGifhta&;orm;awG tyG}uHzkd@ zGifhxm;ay;ovdkygyJ?
trSefawmh a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifr,fh h'Drdkua&pDeJ@zGH@òzd;r_rSm wufºuGtouf0if
r,fh ‘EdkifiHom;&yf0ef;’ (Civic Communities) awG vdktyfygw,f? qdkvdkwmu EdkifiH
om;awG[m wOD;udkwOD; ,kH=unfr_eJ@ tjyeftvSef EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl &Sdzkd@
vdkygw,f? a&&SnfwnfwHhr,fh 'Drdkua&pDrSm bufvdkufr_uif;wJh w&m;a&;pepf/ vGwf
vyfwJh pm&if;udkiftzGJ@ pwJh aumif;rGefwJhtkyfcsKyfr_aumif;qdkif&m tifpwDusL;&Sif;awG
touf0if+yD;/ EdkifiHom;tðytrlawGudk wkd;wufap&ygr,f?
tusifhysufjcpm;r_&SdwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ tm%mtvGJokH;r_awGudk Oya'pdk;rdk;r_eJ@
(,Ofaus;r_e@J tifpwDusL;&Si;f ESpcf pk vk;H eJ@yg) xde;f csKypf nf;aESmifxm;&ygr,f? t&yfbuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; (Civil Society) tm;aumif;armif;oef jzpfvmatmif vkyf&yg r,f?
'Dvdkaumif;rGefwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm jynfolawGu Oya'udk vdkufem=uvdrfhr,f?
tcGefawG ay;aqmif=uvdrfhr,f/ trsm;jynfol@vkyfief;awGrSm EdkifiHom;pdwftjynfheJ@
vkyfudkif=uygvdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkrvkyf&ifvnf; olwkd@tjypfay;cH&r,fqdkwm od=uygw,f?

bDvl;obufrsm;atmufu vGwfajrmufa&;

'Dru kd a&pDatmifjrifz@dk q&kd if tkypf ;kd olawG&ŒJ om;&Jw&d pd m> eftavhtxawGukd

tm;aumif;wJhOya'awG/ bufrvdkufwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGuae xdef;csKyfuef@owf
ay;&ygr,f? ydwq f @dk aewJh om;&Jobuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGukd 'Dru kd a&pDwcH g;zGiahf y;Edik f
zkd@ tajccHuswJh wDxGifqef;opfr_tcsKdŒvkyfzkd@ vdktyfygw,f?
Edik if o H m;awGu vl@rvdik t f v$m&JŒ tay:pD;qefre_ @J tm%m&Siw f @dk &ŒJ tkycf sKyfr_
udkpdefac:Edkifzkd@ vlrsKd;pkeJ@ a'ouGm[csuf toD;oD;udkqGJaph+yD; csdwfqufr_awG wnf
aqmuf=u&ygr,f? 'DhtwGuf vGwfvyfwJh toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ tm;aumif;wJh t&yfbuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ owif;rD'D,m/ ynm&SiftpktzGJ@ (Think Tanks) awG vdkygw,f?
Edik if o
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jrifhrm;apzkd@/ vufoifh&m ‘ypm;ay;’ tusifhawGazsmufypfzkd@/ tpdk;&vkyfaqmifr_awG
30
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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,ufrsm;vnf; vdktyfygw,f?
EdkifiHrsm;[m o&Jobuftkyfpdk;olrsm; arG@avsmfwJh twdkif;rJhqkH;jzwfvkyf
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&ygr,f? olwkd@&JŒqkH;jzwfr_awGudk jynfoltrsm;a&SŒrSm ppfaq;Edkifzkd@ w&m;Oya'a&SŒ
arSmufrSm wm0ef,lEdkifzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;&ygr,f?
wm0ef,lr_qdk&mrSm a'gifvdkufeJ@tvsm;vdkuf ESpfydkif;&Sdygw,f? a'gifvdkuf
wm0ef,lr_u Oyrmtm;jzifh ppfrSefwJh'Drdku&ufwpfa¶G;aumufyGJrsKd;ygyJ? 'Drdku&ufwpf
a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm rJay;olOD;a&pm&if;oGif;wmuae rJa&wGufonftxd vdktyfwJh
udpP&yftm;vkH;udk ±dk;±dk;om;om; =um;aeaqmif¶GufEdkifr,fh vGwfvyfwJha¶G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&SifrsKd; vdkygw,f? tjcm;a'gifvdkuf wm0ef,lr_ykHpHawGrSm jynfol@udpP =um;emr_/
tcGeb f ¾maiG ppfaq;r_/ rJq, G pf nf;±k;H r_/ &HyaHk iGxed ;f csKyfr/_ owif;tcsut f vuf vGwf
vyfcGifhOya'&Sdr_wkd@ yg0ifygw,f?
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vkyfydkifcGifhawGtyfESif;+yD; tjcm;tòydifXmeawGudk apmifh=unfhxdef;odrf;zkd@ygyJ? t*wd
vduk pf m;r_wu kd zf suaf &;aumfr&Sirf sK;d udk qdv k w kd myg? 'Dvakd umfr&Siu f a¶G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufcH
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a&mufa&mufaqmif¶u G zf @dk aumfr&Sirf mS Oya'tm%m/ u|r;f usi0f efxrf;/ acgi;f aqmifr_
aumif;/ aiGa=u;ppfaq;a=unmzk@d t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ rSm;,Gi;f vkyaf qmifr_ wdik =f um;csuf
rsm; ppfaq;&ef/ Oya'csKd;azmufolawGudk ±kH;wifpGJcsufwif&ef pwmawG vdktyfw,f?
aumfr&Sif&JŒtvkyfawGudk tpdk;&Xmetay: rauseyfr_rsm;udk ppfaq;wJh
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pm&if;ppfrsm;/ aiGtvGo J ;Hk r_ tusiyhf surf r_ sm;udk ygvrD ef}uD;=uyfra_ umfrwDa&SΠ=um;em
r_rsm;/ vGwfvyfwJh w&m;a&;Xmersm;eJ@ usm;ueftm;jznfhay;&ygr,f?
ab;ruif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm 'DvdktifpwDusL;&Sif;awG&Sdayr,fhvnf;
aumif;pGmrvkyaf qmifEikd b f J trnfc±H rHk #ygy?J XmeawGrmS vdt k yfwhJ &if;jrpfujywf/ acgi;f
aqmifre_ @J pm&dwu W tmedoifr?hJ od@k r[kw&f ifvnf; ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Si[ f m tm%m&
yg wD&JŒ vufudkifwkwfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;òydifbufawGudk ppfaq;zkd@oufoufom jzpfaeyg
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xdxda&mufa&mufvkyfaqmifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?

tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; toufoGif;

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kd a&pDukd nHzh si;f pGmaqmif¶u
G af ewJh Edik if aH wGrmS ydrk akd umif;rGet
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a'otpdk;&awGpwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awG[m EdkifiHom;wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; csdwfqufap+yD;
31
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfxJ yg0ifatmifvkyf&ygr,f?
'Drdkua&pDryDjyifao;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm tJ'D tifpwDusL;awGu EdkifiHom;awG
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EdkifiHa&;pepfawGrSm vl@rvdkifawGu v$rf;rdk;xm;vkd@/ jynfolqDu vmbf,lr_eJ@ trsm;
jynfoludpPtay: wm0efrJhr_awGa=umifh yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_ r&jcif;ygyJ? EdkifiHa&;ygwD
awG twGif;rSmudkyJ yGifhvif;jrifomr_/ xdawG@qufqHEdkifr_awG wkd;wufatmifvkyf&if;
'Drdkua&pDususðyjyifr_awG vkyf&ygOD;r,f?
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tqift h wef;/ Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;ykq H ikd &f m xdxad &mufa&mufaqmif¶u G Ef ikd rf a_ wG wd;k wuf
atmifvyk zf @dk vdyk gw,f? tJ'w D ;kd wufra_ wGu vkòH cHru _ x
kd ed ;f odr;f zk@d / pD;yGm;a&; pDrcH ef@czJG @dk /
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pwmawG tusK;d ðyvkyaf qmifz@dk twGuf tpd;k &udk cGiðhf yulnED ikd yf gw,f? t*wdvu d_ pf m;r_
[m tpdk;&tajccH,E W&m;udk v_dufpm;apovdkyJ csdeJ@wJhEdkifiHawmf[m vlxk&JŒwpfOD;eJ@
wpfOD; csdwfqufvkyfaqmifEdkifr_uGef,ufudk zsufqD;ypfygw,f?
aemufq;Hk ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOfrmS aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;udk ydzk iG =hf u&ygr,f?
tJ'DrSm ±dk;om;óud;pm;r_/ yk*~vdu u¾ aqmif¶Gufr_awGuae jynfolrsm; "eOpPm
pkaqmif;Edik pf rG ;f &Sad tmif vkyaf qmif+yD;/ tpd;k &u¾yg0ifr_ avsmu h satmif uef@owfay;
&r,f? pD;yGm;a&; toufaoG;a=umrSm tpdk;&xdef;csKyfr_ydk}uD;avav/ t+rD;usuf
t+rD;pm; vl@rvdkiftv$m&JŒjcpm;r_ jzpfEdkifacsydk}uD;avavygyJ?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;eJ@ aumfydka&;&Sif;vkyfief; pwifr_awGrSm tpdk;&±kH;Xmeóud;eD
pepf t[ef@twm;rsm; av#mhcsypfjcif;[m jcpm;r_jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;Edkifygw,f?
v,f,majrydkifqdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmxGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&mif;cscGifh/ vkyfief;ydkifqdkifcGifh pwJh
‘ypPn;f OpPmydik q f ikd cf iG ’hf (Property Rights) awGukd tcdik t f rm tmrcHay;jcif;[m tpd;k &
jcpm;r_udk uef@owfay;r,fh us,fjyef@wJh tifpwDusL;&Sif; uGif;jyif}uD;twGuf tajccH
tkwfjrpfcsay;Edkifjcif; jzpfygw,f?
ta&;ay: tjrefOD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmif&rSmuawmh Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ jr‡ifhwifzkd@eJ@
vlxt k ay:wm0ef,rl q _ ikd &f m tifpwDusL;&Si;f awG tm;aumif;atmif vkyzf @dk ygy?J tpd;k &
vkyfykHvkyfenf; [efajymif;vJjcif;qdkwm EdkifiHa&;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vkyfenf;udkifenf;
ajymif;vJjcif;udk qdkvdkygw,f? qdkvdkwmu tpdk;&t&m&SdawG olwkd@±kH;awGudk b,fvdk
tokH;csvkyfudkifaeovJqdkwm =uyf=uyfrwfrwf t+rJapmifh=unfhxm;zkd@ vdkygw,f?
'g[m ab;ruif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDawG &ifqdkifóuHawG@&wJ tajccHpdefac:r_awG jzpfygw,f?

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t*wdvdkufpm;r_eJ@ vufowfarG;r_ tusifhEGHxJepfaewJh qif;&JwJhEdkifiHawGrSmawmif
32
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
EdkifiHom;awG[m o&Jobuftpdk;&rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDvkyfief;pOfawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;zkd@
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wumtodkif;t0dkif;twGuf ta&;tygqkH;pdefac:r_u tJ'D ab;ruif;wJh'Drdkua&pD
wdkif;jynfawGu EdkifiHom;awGeJ@twl &yfay;zkd@ygyJ?
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rSm aiGjywfvyfwm&,f ppfom;awGeJ@ 0efxrf;awGudk vpmray;Edkifwm&,fa=umifh
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eJ@ tm&S tmz&du u tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGtay: w±kwf&JŒulnDyHhydk;r_awGa=umifh 'Drdku
a&pD Eke,fwJhEdkifiHawGrSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tcuftcJ rsm;pGmóuH&ygvdrfhr,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf aumif;rGefwJh tkyfcsKyfr_ (Better Governance) udk OD;wnfapr,fh
tajymif;tvJawGqD wGef;tm;ay;zkd@qkd&if cdkifrmwJhqkH;jzwfcsufeJ@ EdkifiHwumeJ@ eD;eD;
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topfawG cs&r,fhtcsdefygyJ? qdk;¶Gm;wJhtkyfcsKyfr_ (Bad Governance) eJ@ tifpwD
usL;&Sif; vdktyfcsufawG&Sdw,fqdkwJh tajccHjy\emudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;rvnfbl;
qdk&if 'Drdkua&pDysuf,Gif;r_awG ydk+yD;jzpfzG,f&Sdaeygw,f?
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kd óf ud;yrf;r_awG
r&Sdbl;qdk&if vuf&SdurBmh'Drdkua&pDusqif;r_ &Dquf&Sif;[m urBmvkH;qdkif&m 'Drdku&uf
wpf&Dquf&Sif;qD OD;wnfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'g[m vlom;awG&JŒvGwfvyfr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_udk
trsm;}uD;xdcdkufepfemapygw,f?

&nf ! $ e f ; - The Democratic Rollback : by Larry Diamond

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