tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(

f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep

S f

'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwiG f
vlxv
k y+ &f mS ;r+rsm; ta&;ygr+
atmifr;kd aZmf
ed ' gef ;

1980 vGefESpfrsm;ESifh 1990 vGefESpfrsm;twGif; jzpfay:cJhaom urBmEdkifiH

trsm;tjym;. 'Drdkua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ vufawG@jzpfpOfrsm;t& tm%m&SifpepfrS
'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mvrf;onf &SKyfaxG;=urf;wrf;+yD; toGifo¾mefvnf;
pHkvifvSygonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;a&; [lo!fh wlnDaom &nfrSef;csuf
atmifjrif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwpfckcsif;pDwGif rwluGJjym;aom awmfvSefa&;rsm;ESifh vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &SdcJh=uonf? TjzpfpOftwGif; tqdkygEkdifiHrsm;onf wlnDaom yef;wdkif
wpfckodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef rwluGJjym;aom vrf;a=umif;toD;oD;udk jzwfoef;cJh=u&onf?
xdkjzpfpOftwGif; EdkifiHtoD;oD;u ‚if;wdk@. oD;jcm; xl;jcm;r_wdk@ESifhtnD rwluGJjym;aom
vrf;a=umif;toD;oD;tm; jzwfoef;cJ=h u&aomfvnf; tajymif;tvJtwGuf tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&wdk@tay: =oZmoufa&mufEdkifa&;}udK;yrf;=u&mwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. tcef;u¾
rSm aomhcsuf=uvSayonf? ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;u xdkEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (0g) vlxk
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; 'Drukd a&pDawmfveS af &;rsm; ''democratic revolutions'' [k owfrw S f
cJh=uonf? ,ae@umvY 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Smr_rsm; tm;aumif;+yD; w&m;0ifr_ &&Sdvm
um r[ef@wm;Edkif o!fh urBmha&pD;a=umif;wpfckozG,f jzpfvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
tjynfht0 atmifjrifr_&+yD[k rqdkEdkifao;ay? jrefrmEkdifiHuJhodk@ ydkrdk&ufpufaom
tm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfpdk;o!fhEdkifiHrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf jyif;xefaom wefjyef
ckcHr_rsm;ESifh qufvuf&ifqdkifae&qJ jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pD
pepfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;wGif (txl;ojzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvwGif) vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tcef;u¾ESifh ywfoufI qef;ppfavhvm&ef oifcef;pmrsm;xkwf,l&ef
txl;ta&;}uD;vSayonf?
odk@jzpfI ,ckpmwrf;i,fwGif pma&;olonf tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepf
odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;aom ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@wGif }uHKawG@cJh&onfh toGiful;ajymif;
a&; t}udKumvtwGif;&Sd vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh 1988 jrefrm'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;
tm; Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmxm;ygonf? xd@k tjyif ,if;vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_ (3)ck. wlnrD /_ rwlujJG ym;
24
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
r_ESifh ‚if;v_yf&Sm;rsm;twGif;rS xkwf,loifhonfh oifcef;pmrsm;tm; od&SdEdkif&ef atmufyg
ar;cGef; (3)cktm; }udK;pm;I tajz&Sm qef;ppfxm;ygonf?
• ydv k efEikd if /H zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if EH iS hf jrefrmEkid if w H @kd . vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf toGiu f ;l ajymif;
a&;t}udKumvwGif (odk@r[kwf) toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumvtm; jzpfay:vm
aponfh aomhcsufusaom umvwdkwpfckwGif rnfr#ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾
rsm;jzifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftm; taxmuftuljyKcJhoenf;?
• xdkEdkifiHrsm;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; vlxktajcjyKvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (0g) t&yf
zufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rnfodk@ yhHydk;ulnDcJh=uoenf;?
• ydv k efEikd if EH iS hf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if wH @kd . vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;. atmifjrifrr_ sm;tay: rnfonfh
ta=umif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;u=oZmoufa&mufcJhygoenf;? odk@aomf 1988
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;}uD; tqHk;pGefaom atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhjcif;rSm tb,f
a=umifhenf;?
ydkvefEdkifiHwGif aphpyfn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEGyGJrsm; rpwifrSD jyif;xefaom tkHºuGr_rsm;ESifh
qENjyr_rsm;jzifh qufwdkuf }uHKawG@cJhonf/ xdk@twl zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGifvnf; tkyfpdk;olrsm;
EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fu rqkwfcGmcif tvm;wljzpf&yfrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? odk@aomf jrefrm
EdkifiHY jzpfyGm;cJhaom qENjytkHºuGr_rsm;u ,if;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk@ toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udK
umv tajctaersm;udk wd;k wufjzpfay:apjcif; r&Scd ahJ y? Tpmwrf;wGif tkypf ;kd ol tm%m
&Sirf sm;jzpfap od@k wnf;r[kwf vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_jzpfap ±H;_ ESrd o hf mG ;Ekid rf nfh toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;
t}udKumvESifh ,if;tcsdefumv. ta&;ygr_udk qef;ppfwifjyxm;ygonf?
Tumvrsm;wGif tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;onf ppfwyf/ &J/ tusOf;axmifESifh
axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J rsm;tm; tok;H jyKI 'Dru kd a&pDa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm; t=uyfuikd jf cif;/
&uf&ufpufpufzEd ydS jf cif;rsm;jzifh tajctaet&yf&yftm; udik w f , G x
f ed ;f csKyfEikd &f ef wefjyef
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; zefwD;=uygonf? ,if;uJhodk@aomtajctaeESifh tcsdef
umvrsdK;wGif r=umc%qdkovdk tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;t=um; jyif;xef
aom wdu k yf rJG sm; jzpfavh&=dS uonf? xdw k u dk yf rJG sm;ESihf ,if;wd@k . ±_yaf xG;r_rsm;onf tkypf ;kd
olrsm;t=um;Yvnf;aumif;/ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ t0ef;t0dkif;rsm;twGif;Yvnf;aumif;
tajymif;tvJwpfckckudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs& cufonfh ab;=uyfeH=uyf tajc
taersm;ESifh &ifqdkif&avh&Sdonf? Ttcsdefonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh ydkae+rJ
usm;ae+rJ tajctaeudk ckco H rl sm; (0g) tkypf ;kd olrsm; ESpzf ufpvH;k twGuf ta&;}uD;aom
tcdsef/ tqkH;tjzwfay;rnfh tcsdefjzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh Tpmwrf;i,fu (1) vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm;
tm; tqkH;owfz,f&Sm;Edkifa&;twGuf tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾wGif wnf&Sd+yD;
(2) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taejzifhvnf; oefrmtm;aumif;I t&nftaoG;jynfhaom

25
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

tajctaersdK; (enf;vrf;a&G;cs,fr_ESifh enf;y&d,m,f ºuG,f0r_rsm;/ tcsdeftcgESifh

tajctaetm; rSefrSefuefuef tuJjzwftoHk;csEdkifr_) wGifom 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;
ajymif;a&;udk pwifEdkifonfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:aprnf[k okH;oyfwifjy
xm;ygonf?
azmfjyyg qef;ppfcsuf oHk;oyfcsufrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;Ekdif&ef Tpmwrf;i,ftm;
tydkif;(4)ydkif; cGJI wifjyxm;ygonf? yxrydkif;wGif rwluGJjym;aom EkdifiHrsm;&Sd vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tcef;u¾rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. armif;ESiftm;rsm;/ tm;aumif;aom vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tkyfpdk;olrsm; }uKHawG@&aom ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfr_rsm;udk avhvmwifjy
xm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. oabmobm0ESifh tajccHta=umif;
&if;rsm;jzifh ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udK
umvtajctaersm;ESifh jrefrmhvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tuJcwfwifjyxm;ygonf?
wwd,ydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 1988 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk
tusOf;csKyf azmfjyxm;+yD;/ pwkxœydkif;wGif ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;
ESihf jrefrmhtajctaeudk ESKid ;f ,SOaf vhvmxm;ygonf? xdo k @kd a,bl,s ESKid ;f ,SOaf vhvmr_u
toGiful;ajymif;a&; rvGJraoGjzpfvmonfh tcsdefESifh tajctaeudk qef;ppfxm;ygonf?
xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m tajctae tcsuftvuf/
(Space and Place) rsm;onf oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
tm;aumif;a&;twGuf tajccHusaom aemufcHtjcif;t&mrsm; (0g) tajccHtkwfjrpf
rsm; jzpfEdkifonf [lonfh ed*Hk;csKyfcsuftm;vnf; wifjyxm;ygonf?

1? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.tcef;u¾ESifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumv
ab;=uyfeH=uyf tajctae

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzpfap/ toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvvGef tajctae

odk@jzpfap a&muf&Sdae=uaom EdkifiHtm;vkH;eD;yg;onf toGiful;ajymif;a&;t}udKumv
tqifhwGif qENjyjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;/ csDwufjcif;ESifh tkHºuGjcif;rsm;udk awG@}uKHcJh&onf?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&; "people power revolt" onf 1986
ckESpfwGif rm;udk@pf tpdk;&udk jzKwfcscJhonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;. aºuG;a=umfoH “awmf
avmuf+yD/ igwdk@tajymif;tvJudk vdkcsifonf” Enough is enough. We want a
change rSm tm&SwcGifvkH;Y yJhwifoH vd_ifcJhygonf? ydkvef aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;
r_ u 1988-89 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif wdkif;jynftm; 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;qDodk@
OD ; wnf o G m ;apcJ h + yD ; ta&S @ Oa&mywcG i f v k H ; ok d @ yJ h w if x yf c J h y gonf ? [ef w if w ef
Huntington u xdkodk@aom tjzpftysufrsm;tm; “qENjyr_yJhwifjcif; (0g) qENjyr_

26
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tusdK;quf” "demonstration effect" [k ac:qdk+yD;/ wurBmvkH;wGif r=umcifu jzpf
ay:cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful; ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif aomhcsufusaom ta=umif;&if;
wpfckjzpfonf[k qdkcJhonf?
Tordkif;qdkif&mtjzpftysufrsm;u EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;. EdkifiHa&;tajymif;
tvJ jzpfpOfrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾wGif
wnf&Sdonfqdkaom pma&;ol. tqdkjyKr_udk ydkrdktm;aumif;apygonf? toGiful;
ajymif;a&;t}udKumvrsm;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tjyKoabmaqmifonfh
tajymif;tvJrsm;. ueOD;tpysdK;r_rsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u
vnf; EdkifiHa&;tajctae wkef@qdkif;oGm;r_/ &yfwef@oGm;r_ESifh tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef ar#mf
rSef;&cufonfh tajctaeESifh tcdsefumvrsm;odk@ wcgw&H wGef;ydk@wwfygonf? 1988
ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom jynfvkH;qdkif&m tkHºuGr_}uD;onf wpfygwDtm%m&Sif
pepfudk +zdKzsufEdkifcJhaomfvnf; tm%mtaqmufttHkwpfckvHk;udk rajymif;vJEdkifcJhay?
rajymif;vJEikd af o;ay? tESpEf pS q f ,f=umvmonfw h ikd f ppftpd;k &u tm%mudk qufvuf
qkyfudkifxm;qJ jzpfonf?
vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;u tjyKoabmaqmifaom tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; wGe;f yd@k
Edkifaom tajctaewGif qENjyjcif;/ uef@uGufjcif;/ tkHºuGjcif;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;oltm%m
&Sif tpdk;&rsm;tm; jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdonfh tae
txm;od@k wGe;f yd@k um tpd;k &rsm;tm; w&m;0ifrt _ =uyftwnf;jzifh &ifqikd &f ap+yD; jynfol
vlxt k wGi;f omru Edik if w H umrsuEf mS pmwGiyf g tcuftcJEiS hf &ifqikd }f uHKawG@&aponf?
‚if;wdk@. r[mrdwfrsm;twGif;Yvnf; ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0ifr_tay: ar;cGef;xkwfr_rsm;jzifh
&ifqdkif&+yD;/ jynfolvlxktwGif;omru EdkifiHwumwGifyg w&m;0ifr_ qHk;±H_;apygonf?
,if;odk@aom tcsdefumv. tapmydkif;tqifhrsm;wGif tpdk;&rsm;u ‚if;wdk@
tay: zdtm;rsm;udk ckc&H ef }udK;yrf;jcif;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .w&m;0ifru _ kd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef
tm;xkwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;enf;oGm;ap&ef rw&m;zrf;qDjcif;
ESifh owfjzwfjcif;/ ppfwyfESifh&Jwdk@udk tokH;jyKI qENjyolrsm;ESifh wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;
tm; ESdrfESif;jcif;/ vlrsm;pka0;jcif;ESifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk uef@owfr_rsm; wdk;jrifhjcif;
ponfjzifh t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvmEkdifygonf? ‚if;wdk@. w&m;0ifr_udk jr‡ifh
wifjcif;jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tm;enf;atmifvkyfonfESifhw+ydKifeuf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;
om;tcsKd@udk v$wfay;jcif;jzpfap/ ta&;r}uD;aom uef@owfcsuftcsKd@udk av#mhcsay;jcif;
jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf vmrnfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifhywfoufI avoHay;vmjcif; ponfwdk@
uJhodk@ tay:,Htajymif;tvJrsm;udkvnf; vkyfEdkifygonf?
xdok @kd tm;xkwrf r_ sm;u wcgw&H ydrk ekd uf&KS id ;f onfh t=uyftwnf;tajctae
od@k OD;wnfomG ;apEdik yf gonf? tkypf ;kd olrsm;twGi;f ESKwfxu G af y;&rnfvm;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;

27
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

&rnfvm;/ qufvufawmifch &H rnfvm;qdo k nfh vrf;a=umif;a&G;cs,af &;wGif t=uyf&u kd f

onfhtajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;apEdkifygonf? xdkodk@aomtcsdefrsdK;wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;
taejzifh EdkifiHawmf,E W,m;wpfckvkH;tm; xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf tkyfpdk;olrsm;
t=um; tm;vHk;vufcHEdkifr_tay: rlwnfI qkH;jzwfavh&Sdygonf?
toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&moDtdk&Drsm;u toGiful;ajymif;a&;. xdktqifhwGif
oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;/ oabmxm;aysmah jymif;olrsm;/ tv,ftvwf&o dS rl sm;/ tcGihf
ta&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpGef;a&mufolrsm; ay:xGufavh&Sdonf[k qdkygonf? tkyfpdk;olrsm;
twGi;f oabmxm;uGjJ ym;r_u vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;tm; ydrk akd qmif&u
G Ef ikd cf iG t
hf aetxm;udk
jzpfapouJhodk@ ‚if;wdk@twGif; yÉdyuQjzpfr_uvnf; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;
vmapEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; tuGJt+yJtajctaeudk tcGifh
tvrf;tjzpf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u &,lEdkifpGrf;tay:wGifvnf; txdkuftavsmuf
rlwnfaeygonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. axmufcHyHhydk;r_udk &&Sdxm;aom
twkduftcHacgif;aqmif udk&mZeftuGDEdkonf rJa&wGufr_+yD;onfESifhw+ydKifeuf rdrdudk,f
rdrd zdvpfydkifEdkifiH. a&G;aumufcH&aom orwtjzpf csufcsif;a=unmcJhygonf? xdkodk@
a=unmcJhjcif;a=umifh ppfwyftwGif;oabmxm;uGJvGJr_udk ydkrdkeuf&SKdif;apcJh+yD; 'kwd,
ppfOD;pD;csKyf. axmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf?
ydkvefEdkifiHY awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; q,fESpfcef@=umcJh+yD;aemuf 1988
ckESpfwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS OD;aqmifonfh oydwfarSmufqENjywdkufyGJrsm;u
tajctaeudk xde;f rEdik o f rd ;f r&jzpfapum tkypf ;kd olrsm;tm; twdu k tf cHrsm;ESihf rjzpfrae
tm%mcGJa0&rnfh tajctaeodk@ wGef;ydk@EdkifcJh+yD;/ us,fjyef@onfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; pm;yGJ
0dkif;rsm;udk pwifEdkifcJhygonf? or*~rsm;tay:=oZm&SdatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkifjcif;jzifh ydkrkd
tm;aumif;vmaom aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf &vmaom tcGit hf vrf;
udk rdrd&&qkyfudkifEdkifcJh+yD;/ wpfygwDpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom uGefjrLepfEdkifiHzsufodrf;a&;udk
OD;wnfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk OD;aqmifcJhygonf?
txufygordkif;qdkif&mtvSnfhtajymif;rsm;onf tkyfpdk;olrsm;u tajctae
udk vkH;0 xdef;odrf;Ekdifjcif; r&SdawmhbJ tpdk;&ESifh ‚if;.tm%mt0ef;t0dkif; taejzifh
t=uyftwnf;qdkufvmonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? qENjyjcif;rsm;/
r+idrfroufjzpfjcif;rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ykefuefr_rsm;onf xdkuJhodk@ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& tajc
taeudk jzpfay:ap+yD; tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; t=uyftwnf; awG@apum tqkH;Y tm%m
tvSnfhtajymif;ESifh tpdk;&tajymif;tvJudk jzpfay:aponf? tpdk;&tajymif;tvJonf
'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOftm; a&S@odk@ OD;wnfoGm;apcJhonf?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tajymif;tvJrsm;tm; o,faqmifEdkifpGrf; tiftm;
tajctae r&Sdonfh taetxm;wGif EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;tm; ydkrdk&Snfvsm;ap+yD;/

28
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
a&S@rwdk;om aemufrqkwfom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersdK;udk jzpfay:aponf? odk@aomfvnf;
tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; zdtm;ay; t=uyfudkifEkdifonfh taetxm;wGif &Sdonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHtawG@t}uHKwGif 1988 ckESpf yxrOD;qkH; qENjyr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;
aemuf ppfwyf. zdESdyfr_rsm; wdk;jr‡ifhvmcJhonf? odk@aomf qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;
aecJh+yD;/ wEdkifiHvkH;twdkif;twmtxd us,fjyef@vmjcif;a=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh ab;=uyf
eH=uyftajctaeod@k qdu k af &mufcyhJ gonf? zdEydS rf u
_ kd qufjr‡iI hf qENjyolrsm;. a'gorD;udk
ydrk akd wmufavmifapjcif;jzifh t±H;_ cHrnfvm; od@k wnf;r[kwf tavsmah y;jcif;jzifh xde;f csKyf
Edkifr_udk tqHk;±H_;cHrnfvm; qdkonfh taetxm;rsdK; jzpfcJhonf? xdktajctaewGif rqv
tpdk;&onf oabmxm;wif;rmol orwOD;pdefvGif.ae&mwGif ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol
t&yfom;orw a'gufwmarmifarmifjzifh tpm;xdk;cJhygonf? orwa'gufwm armif
armif u ygwDpkHpepfwnfaqmufa&;ESifhywfoufI vlxkqENcH,l&ef aumfr&Sifwpf&yfudk
zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ 1962 ckEpS w f iG f ppfwyfu azmufczJG suq f ;D cJo
h nfh ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuf
tODtm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;cJhonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u rnfonfh
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udkrS vufrcH jiif;y,fcJh+yD;/ tpdk;& vHk;0ESKwfxGufay;&efESifh =um;jzwf
tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&;udkom awmif;qdkcJhygonf? oydwfarSmuf qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfae
cJhonf? 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvtapmydkif;rS pufwifbmvv,fydkif;txd EkdifiHw0Srf;wGif
rnfonfhtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rS r&SdcJhay? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &[ef;ysdKrsm;u aus;vufESifh+rdK@
rsm;ygrusef wEdkifiHvkH; twdkif;twmjzifh vkH+cKHa&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh tpm;tpmtwGuf
tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk ,lcJh&onf? qENjyolrsm;. vufwGif;odk@ tm%ma&muf&Sd
Edkifaomfvnf; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_u tm%mtaqmufttkHudk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sday?
xdktajctaeudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh xdkpOfu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk,fY &ifhusufr_
&Syd rHk &bJ/ pdwu f ;l pHEe_ ;f uJveG ;f aeyk&H onf? tpd;k &ESihf vufawG@usus n‡Ed i_d ;f &ef (od@k r[kw)f
AsL[majrmuf tpjyKcsufrsm; vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf jyifqifr_&SdcJhykHr&ay? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_
twGif; tuGJt+yJrsm;a=umifh tpdk;&ESifhaphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef wpfckwnf;aom udk,fpm;jyKr_
r&Sdjcif;uvnf; ta=umif;&if;wpf&yf jzpfEkdifygonf? xdktcsdefu vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tae
jzifh tpd;k & tusO;f t=uyfxaJ &mufaeaom tajctaetm; tcGit hf vrf;tjzpf qkyu f ikd f
I tm%m&,l&ef wGef@qkwfcJhonf (odk@r[kwf) tm%m,l&Jonfh owœdESifh pGrf;&nfwdk@
csdK@wJhaeonf[k aumufcsufcs&ygrnf? v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh tqdkyg ESpfvcef@ vpfvyfae
aom tm%muGuv f yfukd vufO;D r_&&dS dS 0if,El idk rf nfqykd gu &Edik af jc&Syd gonf? od@k r[kwyf g
uvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifr_u pdwful;pHE_ef;rsm;xuf vufawG@usus tpdk;&ESifh
tay;t,lvkyf&ef tm;xkwfcJhv#if awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;t}udKtqifhodk@ wufvSrf;aumif;
wufvrS ;f Edik rf nf jzpfygonf? wdik ;f jynf. vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;t=uyftwnf;rsm;twGuf vlxk
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; wpkHw&m wm0ef&Sdygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtawG@t}uHKrS oifcef;pm

29
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

xkwf,l&rnfqdkv#if vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; cdkifrmtm;aumif;us,fjyef@I enf;vrf;a&G;cs,f

r_EiS hf enf;y&d,m,f rSeu
f efºuG,0f r_w@kd jzif/h tajctaeESihf tcsed t
f cg tm; rSerf eS u
f efuef
tuJjzwftoHk;csEdkifrSom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; jzpfEkdifonf[k qdk&ayrnf?

2? tm;aumif;aomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tajccH

(u) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_. tp

ydkvefEdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@wGif jzpfay:cJhaom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf

EdkifiHtqifh EkdifiHa&;tm%m taqmufttHkrsm;udk ajymif;vJEkdif±kHru urBmhEkdifiHa&;
tcif;tusif;udkyg oufa&mufr_&Sdaom tm;aumif;onfh v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&v_dif;rsm;.
tpdwftydkif; jzpfcJhygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; bkH&nfrSef;csuftwGuf nD!GwfcJh=uonfh vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pkH
jynfolwdk@t=um; wdkufyGJrsm;. &vm'frsm; jzpfonf? xdkwdkufyGJrS ay:xGufvmaom
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfcJh+yD;/ tvdktavsmufjzpfyGm;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;uaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm;vlwef;pm;wpf&yf&yfuaomf
vnf;aumif; OD;aqmifcJhaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; r[kwfcJhay?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_wpf&yf.tajccHudk vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; rpwifrD umvtwef
=umuyif rwluGJjym;aom vlr_tv$mrsm;wGif jrifawG@Edkifygonf? ,if;wdk@rSm wcgw&H
omrefyif tvGwo f abm pkz@JG r+d yD;/ oufqikd &f m vlrE_ ikd if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; tajctaet&
EdkifiHtvdkuf xl;jcm;csufvnf; &SdEkdifygonf?
pma&;ol &efukefwuUodkvfY ausmif;wufaepOf 1986 ckESpfcef@u zdvpfydkif
Edik if .
H v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif; =um;od&onf? Ekid if yH ikd f owif;pmrsm;ESihf a&'D,rdk S =um;&jcif;
r[kwfbJ vrf;ay:rS=um;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? bwfpfum; vufrSwfa&mif;olrsm;u “rm;udk@
rm;udk@ anmif; anmif; (oGm; oGm;)” [k atmf=u+yD;aemuf bwfpfum; xGufygonf?
ausmif;wGif oli,fcsif;jzpfolu bDbDpDESifh AGDtdkat jrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS =um;od&aom
zdvpfydkifykefuefr_owif;ta=umif; ajymjyygonf? bwfpfum;vufrSwfa&mif;ol.
[mojyKr_ u zdvpfydkifrS jynfol@tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_ jrefrmjynfolrsm;t=um; acwfpm;ae
jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qdk&rnf? “qENjyr_tusdK;quf” onf jrefrmjynfodk@ ul;puf
vmcJo h nf? bwfpu f m;vufrw S af &mif;oltoH;k tE_e;f . tcsujf yr_onf tm%mydik rf sm;
tm; qef@usifonfh EkdifiHa&;azmfjycsufwpfck jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tapmydkif;umv
tHwkr_ykHpHwpfck jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifygonf?
zdvpfydkifEkdifiHwGif rm;udk@pftpdk;&u rm&S,favm xkwfxm;pOf jynfolvlxku

30
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tpdk;&tay: rauseyfcsufrsm;udk &,fp&m[morsm;okH;I oa&mfum wHk@jyefxdk;ESufcJh
=uonf? Oyrm [mowpfckrSm -
tDr,fvf'g ao+yD;aemuf ewfjynfa&mufoGm;ygonf --- ewfjynfY
tDr,fvf'g 0ifvmaomtcg bk&m;ocifrSvGJI tm;vkH; rwfwyf&yf=uygonf/
a,±_u --- aumif;uifbkHu vmaom tzbk&m;ocif bmrsm; jzpfawmfrlwm
vJ/ tb,fa}umifh tDr,fvf'grm;udk@pfudk rwfwyf&yf+yD; r}udKqdkygovJ t&Sif [k
av#mufar;&m --- tzbk&m;ocifu ighae&m aysmufrSm pdk;&drfvdk@yg/ tu,fI
ig rwfwyf&yfvdkufv#if igh ovGefudk ol 0ifxkdifvdrfhr,f [k jyefajzonf
xdkumvwGif xGufay:vmaom [motrsm;pkrSm bmoma&;ESifh ywfouf
aom [morsm;jzpf+yD;/ uufovpfbmomESifh ywfoufI ydkrsm;onf[k xdk[moudk
ajymjyolu qdkygonf? rm;udk@pfu ol@tpdk;&Y bmoma&;t&vnf; w&m;0ifr_&Sdonf
[laom ajymqdck sut f m; txl;wvnf jiif;qd&k eftwGuf ,if;uJo h @kd aom [mooa&mfr_
rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@aom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf jynfolvlxk.
rauseyfcsufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfae+yD; tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wdkuf&dkufwkH@jyefcsufrsm;
vnf; jzpfonf? yGiv hf if;aomvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;Y &&SEd ikd o
f !fh tcGit
hf vrf;rsm; tm;vk;H udk
rm&S,favmxkwfjyefI ydwfqdk@uef@owfxm;aomtcdsefrsdK;wGif vlxktm; aqmf=o
pnf;&kH;Edkif&ef txda&mufqkH;vufeufrsm; jzpfygonf? “TuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&; tcif;
tusif;Y a=unmjcif;r&SdbJ jyif;xefpGm qifEJ$aom oabmw&m;a&;ppfyGJwGif aumv
[mvrsm; xkwfv$ifhjcif;/ twif;ajymqdkjcif;/ o&kyfzsufjcif;rsm;/ pum;vdrfrsm;oHk;jcif;/
wifpm;ajymqdkjcif;/ pum;vHk;tEktvSav;rsm;jzifh ac|;odyfajymqdkjcif;/ a&S;&dk;ykHjyifrsm;
ajymqdjk cif;/ xk;H wrf;pOfvmtjyKtrlrsm;jzifah zmfjyjcif;/ trnfrazmfbaJ jymjcif; ponfw@kd
vdktyfonf” [k *sdrf;paumh James Scott u ol. 1990 xkwf Domination and
the Art of Resistance: Hidden transcript wGif axmufjycJhonf? jynfolvlxk.
ae@pOfaexdkifr_b0wGif olwdk@. cHpm;csufrsm;tm; azmfjy&ef (odk@r[kwf) w&m;0ifOya'
wGif; v_yf&Sm;r_wpfckcktm; pnf;&Hk;aqmif&Guf&ef ae&mr&Sdonfhtcg tkyfpdk;olrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI aumv[mvrsm;xkwfv$ifhjcif;/ oa&mf[moysufvkH;rsm;xkwfjcif;ESifh
twif;rsm; ajymqdkjcif;wdk@ jzpfavhjzpfx &Sdygonf?
r=umao;cifujzpfcJhaom 'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJa&;jzpfpOf. awmfvSefaom
vlxkv_yf&Sm;rsm;udkavhvm&mwGif pkaygif;aqmif&Gufr_oDtdk&Dudk tokH;jyKEdkifygonf?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ay:ayguf&eftwGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m wpHkvHk;tajctaeESifh wckcsif;
tajctae owfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sdonf[k tqdkygoDtdk&Du qdkygonf? wpHkvHk;tajctaeY
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfay:&ef vdktyfaomtajctae (4)ck&Sdonf? ,if;wdk@rSm rauseyfr_/
oabmw&m;/ pnf;&kH;aqmf=oEdkifaompGrf;&nfESifh tcGifhtvrf;wdk@jzpfonf? wckcsif;

31
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

tajctaeY tkyfpdk;olrsm;tm; pdefac:rnfholrsm;onf vufrSwfxdk;awmif;cHv$mrsm;/

uef@uu G yf rJG sm;/ qENjycsw
D ufrr_ sm;ESihf oydww
f u
kd yf rJG sm; ponfh twdu
k t
f cHvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;
wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkif&rnf[k qdkygonf?
omrefjynfolvlxktzdk@ vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom pHwefbkd;rsm;tm; pdefac:&ef
tpm;xdk;pHwefbdk;rsm;tm; &SmazGjcif;jzifh rdrdwdk@. rauseyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjy
Edkifonf? xdktpm;xdk;&efrsm;udk ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;/ &dk;&m"avhrsm;/ bmoma&;tqkH;tr
rsm; ESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;rS &&SdEdkifygonf? xdkodk@ &&Sdcsufrsm;u omrefjynfolvlxktzdk@
ydkrdk aumif;rGefaom b0udk&&SdEdkifrnf[k vufcHvmaprnfh pHwefbdk;rsm;/ qkH;jzwfcsuf
cdkifrmr_rsm;/ ,kH=unfr_rsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;udk arG;zGm;ay;Edkifygonf? xdktajctae
rsKd ;wGif wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &; bmoma&; 0ef;usiEf iS hf ae&mXmersm;onfvnf;aumif;/
t&yfom;vlr_pkzGJ@r_rsm; (0g) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; ckcHawmfvSefr_o¾mef
trsdK;rsdK; zGH@+zdK;vm&eftwGuf ta&;yg+yD;/ tm;aumif;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf
armif;ESiftm;vnf; jzpfygonf?

(c) t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJrsm;

ydkvef
vufcsf 0gvufqm Lech Walesa ESifh tvkyform;rsm;OD;aqmifaom 1980
ckESpf qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;uae aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:xGufvmcJh+yD;/ xdk
v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif;odk@ u|rf;usifvkyfom;rsm;/ ysHusvkyfom;rsm;/ ausmif;q&m q&mr
rsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh pwdk;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm; ESifh
&dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;yg yg0ifvmcJh=uonf? uGefjrLepfEdkifiHwpfckwGif Oya't&
w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKr_ &&Sda&;twGuf yxrOD;qkH;aom vGwfvyfonfh tvkyform;
or*~ v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfvmcJhonf? ydkvefEdkifiHwGif wpfygwDpepf tqkH;owfa&;twGuf
ta&;ygaom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfcJhygonf?
axmifcsDaom pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;ESifh ajratmufrD'D,mrsm;uvnf; tHwkr_
vkyfief;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhygonf? xdkwdkufyGJonf EkdifiHawmfESifh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t=um; xdyfwdkufawG@r_jzpfvmcJhonf? 1987ckESpf ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|ef
aygvf (2) . tvnftywfc&D;ESihf ol. aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf t
_ zG@J tm; Oya'abmiftwGi;f
w&m;0ifjyefjzpfa&; awmif;qdrk u
_ omrefjynfov l x l tk =um; uGejf rLepf0g'tm; oabm
w&m;t&ESifh usifh0wft& jiif;y,fr_udk ydkrdkt&Sdefjyif;apcJhygonf? 1988 wGif aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u OD;aqmifonfh qENjyoydwfarSmufwdkufyGJpOfrsm;onf tpdk;&tm;
tajctaeudk rxdef;odrf;Edkifonfhtaetxm;odk@ wGef;ydk@cJhjyD;/ twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;

32
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
twGif;Y tiftm;r#ajcudk jzpfapcJhygonf? *GsefvifhZf Juan Linz ESifh tJvfzwf pwDAif
Alferd Stepan wdk@u 1988 ckESpf arvwGif vli,frsdK;qufopfESifh ppfaoG;ºuG tvkyf
orm;or*~0ifrsm; tpjyKcJhonfh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;oydwfwdkufyGJ tausmhopf jzpfyGm;
vmcJhonf[k axmufjycJhonf? tpdk;&bufrS tv,ftvwform; ,m&lZ,fpuD;ESifh
twdkuftcHbufrS tv,ftvwform; 0gvufqmwdk@ ESpfOD;rSm ‚if;wkd@twGif;rS tpGef;
a&muforl sm;. pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk txdu k t
f avsmuf &ifqikd cf &hJ onf? aemufq;Hk wGif toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;umv. or&dk;us av;OD;upm;yGJ (tpdk;&tpGef;a&mufrsm;/ tpdk;&tv,f
tvwfrsm;/ twdkuftcHtpGef;a&mufrsm;/ twdkuftcHtv,ftvwfrsm;) ay:xGuf
vmcJhygonf?
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onfh 'kwd,t}udrfoydwfv_dif;rsm;twGif; tpdk;&u aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ESifh aphpyf
n‡dEd_if;&ef urf;vSrf;cJh+yD;/ pm;yGJ0dkif;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmcJhygonf? 1989ckESpf
t&mufwGif ydkvefEdkifiHonf ,ae@cHpm;&&Sdaeaom 'Drdkua&pDcdkifrma&;jzpfpOfodk@ OD;wnf
onfh “pm;yGJ0dkif;rSwqifh aphpyfajy+idrf;r_” "roundtable negotiated settlement" udk
&&SdcJhygonf? cdkifrmtm;aumif;I pGrf;&nfjynfh0aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_onf tkyfpdk;olrsm;
tm; tm%mtaqmufttHkajymif;vJap&ef =oZmoufa&mufEdkif+yD; wdkif;jynftm;
+idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfqDodk@ OD;wnfay;EdkifcJhygonf?

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t"dubmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;onf
vl@tzG@Jtpnf;. EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&; tajymif;tvJwGif aomhcsufusaom tcef;wGif
&SdcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh rm;udk@pftpdk;&jzKwfcsa&;umvY jzpfonf?
1981ckESpf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHodk@ tvnftywfoGm;&ef ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf

33
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

. tpDtpOfonf Edik if t H wGi;f rm&S,af vm &kyo f rd ;f a&;tay: =oZmoufa&mufapcJo h nfh

t"duta=umif;t&if;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfEdkifygonf? 1986 ckESpf orwa&G;aumufyGJrsm;
ESifh jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif; EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m bmoma&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf jynfoltrsm;,Hk=unfav;pm;cH&r_taetxm;udk oHk;I ‚if;wdk@a&G;cs,fonfh
orwavmif;tm; vufcHa&G;cs,f&ef jynfolvlxktm; wkdufwGef; t}uHjyKcJh=uonf?
bk&m;ausmif;onf Edik if t H wGi;f vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG hf &&Sad &;twGuf ta&;yg
aom tcef;u qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf? Am&Dwyfpf Veritas uJhodk@aom owif;ESifh
a0zefcsuf pmapmifrsm;ESifh qufpyfr_&SdcJhonf?
bk&m;ausmif;u olwpfOD;wnf; oD;jcm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhjcif; r[kwfay?
xdt k csed uf tjcm;t&yfom; vl@tzG@J tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;onfvnf; zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if . H
1986 jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;jzpfay:r_twGuf ta&;ygcJh=uonf? xdkodk@aom
toif;tyifrsm;teuf wpfckudk !$ef&aomf vlxkynma&;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonfh
“vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJtwGuf EkdifiHvkH;qdkif&m EdkifiHom;v_yf&Sm;r_” the National
Citizens' Movement for Free Election (NAMFREL) jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;/
ausmif;om;rsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrrsm;ESifh bk&m;ausmif;acgif;aqmif
rsm;u pkaygif;I 1983 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif xdkv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=ujcif; jzpf
onf? xdktzGJ@u jynfolvlxktm; a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfwGifyl;aygif;yg0if&ef yef=um;
cJh+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh EkdifiHom;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifcJh=uonf? NAMFREL
tzGJ@onf jynfolvlxkt=um; todynmEdk;=um;r_udk¹r‡ifhwifay;cJh+yD;/ 1984 ckESpf ygvDref
a&G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef apwemh0efxrf; (2) ode;f udk pnf;&k;H cJyh gonf?
1986ckEpS f orwa&G;aumufyw JG iG f apwemh0efxrf; 5ode;f udk rJ&aHk pmif=h unfo h rl sm;tjzpf
arG;xkwfay;cJhonf? xdkapwemh0efxrf;rsm;onf tuGDEdkudkrJay;&ef vlxktm; vrf;rrsm;
ay:odk@ ac:aqmifvmolrsm;jzpfcJh+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;twGuf
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm; jzpf=uonf?
oa&mf[morsm;xkwv f yk jf cif;/ owif;v$mrsm;jzef@csjd cif;ESihf vufurf; pmapmif
rsm;a&;om;jzef@a0jcif;wdk@uJhodk@aom or±dk;usr[kwfonfh rD'D,mrsm;onf vlxkquf
oG,fa&; rD'D,mrsm;uJhodk@ vlxktm; pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmf&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u yg0if
cJh=uonf? xdkEdk;=um;wufºuGaom rD'D,mrsm;rSm bifepfEdk tuGDEdk Benigno Aquino
vky}f uHc&H r_tm; rauseyfa'goxGurf r_ sm;udk azmfxw k w
f ifjycJo
h nfh yGiv hf if;aom owif;
tpD&ifcHr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcsdefwGif tpjyKcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHY toGiful;ajymif;a&; rwdkifrD jzpfay:cJhonfh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif bk&m;
ausmif;rsm;/ rD'D,mESifh tjcm;t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;tjyif aemifwGif
orwjzpfvmrnfholvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf orwtuGDEdkonf

34
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
}uD;rm;us,fjyef@aomawmfvSefykefuefr_udk OD;aqmif&efESifh 'kwd,ppfOD;pD;csKyf. axmuf
cHyyHh ;kd r_jzifh tm%m&a&;twGuf Edik if aH &;enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk tpysKd ;vkyaf qmif&ef olr.
pGrf;&nfudk jyocJhonf? v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tpktzGJ@aygif;pHkuvnf; olrtm; wnD
w!GwfxJ axmufcHyhHydk; cJh=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf vSnf;aeavSatmifjrif;aZmif;rusef
ae&mwumwGif pnf;&Hk;xm;EdkifcJh&m rm;udk@pf rSm jynfyodk@ xGufajy;cJh&awmhonf?
,ae@tcdsefwGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHonf jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ OD;wnfcsDwufv#uf
&Sdygonf?

3? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_

teD;acwfjrefrmordkif;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif

ay:aygufcJhonf? xdkta&;awmfyHkESpfcka=umifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;Y }uD;rm;aom
tvSnfhtajymif;rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? yxrwpfckrSm 1938ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;
cJhaom a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifonfh udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;
awmfvSefykefuefr_ jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHY EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tavhtxESifh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;qdkif&m A[k0g' wdk@onf udkvdkeDacwftwGif; arG;zGm;cJhonf[k ordkif;tawG@t}uKH
wdk@u jyaeygonf? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJu ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tpOftvm.
tp jzpfygonf? udkvdkeDacwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwfwGif t[ef@twm; taESmuf
t,Surf sm; &Scd ahJ omfvnf; vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm; tifwu
kd t
f m;wdu k f wufwufºuGºuGjzpf&ef
ESifh yGifhvif;vGwfvyfpGm wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;&ef 0ef;usifjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDtajccHrsm; wpHk
w&m &SdcJhygonf? *syefodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfpOfESifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; tkyfcsKyfpOfumvrsm;
twGi;f vlrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;tm; Oya'abmiftwGi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nfh tcGit
hf vrf; tajc
taeESifh ae&mrsm; r&SdcJhay? t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_
rSefor# ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_toGifjzifhom pcef;oGm;cJh&+yD;/ wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_onfvnf;
&yfwef@aecJhygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vGwfvyfaom t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;taqmufttHkrsm;
r&SdbJ jynfol@awmfvSefa&;wpf&yf qifE$J&ef jzpfEdkifyghrvm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfEdkifayonf?
1988 ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_onf jynfolwdk@. ae@pOfb0 v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tay:wGif
tajcwnfcJhonf[k ajymEdkifygonf? vbuf&nfqdkif,Ofaus;r_u vli,frsm;ESifh vl}uD;
todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI xifjrifcsufrsm;/ oabmxm;
tjrifrsm;udk zvS,fonfhae&m/ awG@qkHonfhae&m 0ef;usiftajctaersm;udk zefwD;ay;cJh
ygonf? aumv[mvESifh oa&mf[mojyufvkH;rsm;rSm +rdK@jyvrf;rwdkif;wGif &Sdaeaom
vbuf&nfqdkifrsm;. ae@pOfb0tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? 1988ckESpf rwfv

35
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

ausmif;om;qENjyr_rsm;onf vbuf&nfqdkifrS pwifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

*syefodrf;ydkufxm;aomtcsdefuwnf;uyif pmayorm;rsm;/ owif;pmq&m
rsm;/ umwGef;q&mrsm;onf ordkif;0if jrefrmpmayynm&Sifrsm;tm; *k%fjyKonfhtae
jzifh owfrSwfae@&ufrsm;wGif twlwuG pkqkH=uv#uf xdkynm&Sifrsm;. b0aemufcH
ta=umif;rsm;udk jyZmwfZmwfvrf;rsm; a&;om;wifqufjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uygonf?
xdk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf *syefqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJwGif oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tod
jr‡iw hf ifay;onfh vkyif ef;rsm; jzpfayonf? aemufyikd ;f ESprf sm;wGif xdak e@rsm;udk pmqdak wmf
ae@ tjzpf w&m;0if owfrSwfcJh=uonf? pmayynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tEkynm&Sifrsm;rSm xdkae@
rsm;wGif pka0;=uv#uf acwf+ydKifjrefrmpmayta=umif; jiif;ckefaqG;aEG;=uygonf?
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m (od@k r[kw)f pmaya&;&m v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tjzpf owfrw S +f yD; aqmif&u G =f u
aom tqdkyg ESD;aESmyGJrsm;onf wdkif;jynf a'otESH@tjym;&Sd &yf&Gmtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;Y
jynfolwdk@twGuf wpHkw&m yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESifh xkwfazmfajymqdkr_rsm;
jyKvkyEf ikd af om tcGit hf vrf;ESihf ae&mrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJyh gonf? 1943-1945 ckEpS u f mv
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; Oya'wGif; vkyfaqmif&ef w&m;0iftajctaeESifh ae&mrsm;
r&SdawmhonfhtcgwGif rsdK;cspfjrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;onf jynfolvlxk
t=um; zufqpfqef@usifa&; EdkifiHa&;tod Edk;=um;wufºuGr_udk jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf
‘ordik ;f 0ifpmayynm&Sirf sm;’udk tok;H jyKcJyh gonf? pmayqdik &f m awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_rsm;uJo h @kd
aom tpOftvmrsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm; }uD;rm;pGm &Sdaeaomfvnf; qufvuf
wnf&adS eqJyif? xdo k @kd aom tcGit hf vrf;tajctaersm;u vlxyk nmay;taqmufttHk
rsm;tjzpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; rsm;pGm tusdK;jyKv#uf &Sdygonf?
jrefrmhaus;vuf&yf&Gmtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@todkif;t0dkif;twGif;
owif;rsm; zvS,&f ef/ Ekid if aH &;oabmxm;rsm; aqG;aEG;&ef/ v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;aqmif&u G &f efEiS hf
todtjrifrsm;jr‡iw hf if&eftwGuf rdrw d @kd wwfEikd o
f avmuf tajctae tcGit hf vrf;rsm;
udk zefwD;wnfaqmufxm;=uygonf? aus;vufwGif jynfolrsm;onf bmoma&;ESifh
&yfa&;&Gma&;rsm;udk wdkifyifn‡dEd_if;&ef vbuf&nf=urf;0dkif;rsm;Y pkqHk=uavh&Sdygonf?
bmoma&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif pka0;r_rsm;onf
Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& ydkIvkH+cHKr_ &Sdygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdkodk@aom pka0;r_rsm;onf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;twGuf bmoma&;oufoufr#omru ydkI xl;jcm;aom t"dy`g,fudk aqmifyg
onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y pka0;r_udk,fYuyif tHwkv_yf&Sm;r_
wpfco k zG,f jzpfaeaoma=umifyh if? tvm;wl wuUov kd af umvdyrf sm;onf ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf wdkif;jynf. tajctaet&yf&yfESifh ywfoufI ta&;}uD;
aom aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvky&f ef avhusiyhf sKd ;axmifay;onfah e&mrsm; jzpfygonf? xdo k @kd aom
tcGifhtvrf;tajctaeESifh ae&mrsm;onf wufºuGolrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; tpysdK;

36
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
pnf;&kH;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh tajccHrsm; jzpfapcJhygonf?
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_tpOftvmESifhtwl ajratmufausmif;om;or*~rsm;
onf wEkdifiHtwdkif;twmaqmifonfh 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDa&;tkHºuGr_}uD;udk jzpfay:
aponfh tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ tpOftqufwGif ta&;ygaomtcef;u yg0ifcJh
=uonf? ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Auo) jyefvnf arG;zGm;
vmcJh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;udk pwifOD;aqmifcJhonf? AuoESifhtwl a'otvdkuf
ausmif;om;or*~rsm; wEdkifiHvkH;tESH@ ay:xGufvmcJhonf? ajratmuf&Sd ArmEdkifiHvkH;
qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rif;udkEdkif (tkyfcsKyfaomrif;udk Edkifonf[k
t"dy`g,f&aom) onf 1988ckESpf v_yf&Sm;r_. oauFw jzpfvmcJhygonf? olonf 1989
ckESpfwGif tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;onfh jrefrmEkdifiHtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif
(15)ESpfwm tusOf;uscHcJh&+yD;/ ESpftawmfrsm;rsm; wkdufydwftusOf;csjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfol ppftpdk;&0ef}uD;csKyfcif!Gef@ &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;cH
&+yD; aemufydkif; 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ol@tm; axmifrS v$wfay;cJhygonf?
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvf0if;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; t"du&k%f;ESdrfeif;
a&; vHkxdef;rsm;u ypfcwf+yD;aemufydkif; 1988ckESpf rwfv(13)&ufae@rS (17)&uftxd
ausmif;om; qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf? xdktawmtwGif; vlaygif;rsm;pGm ypfcwf
owfjzwfcHcJh&+yD;/ tif;pdefaxmifodk@ ydk@aomtcsKyfum;twGif; vl(40) aoqkH;cJhygonf?
tm%mydkifrsm;u wEdkifiHvkH;&Sd wuUodkvf aumvdyfrsm;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;udk
ydwfypfcJhygonf?
odk@aomf ZGefvwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u wuUodkvfrsm;udk jyefvnfzGifhvSpfaom
tcg ausmif;om;qENjyr_rsm; jyefvnf jzpfay:cJhygonf? &efukefwGif pwifcJhaom qENjyr_
rsm;onf tjcm;e,f+rdK@}uD;rsm;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJh+yD;/ tajctaeonf z&dkz&JESifh tm%m&
tpd;k &u rxde;f Edik rf odr;f Edik of nfh taetxm;od@k a&mufvmcJyh gonf? xdt k ajctaewGif
tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;onf ygwDOuUXae&mrS ESKwfxGufa=umif; a=unmcJh+yD;/ 1988 ckESpf
ZlvdkifvwGif ygwDpkHpepfudk jyefvnfusifhokH;rnfvm; rusifhokH;bl;vm;qdkonfudk qHk;jzwf
&eftwGuf jynfol@qENcH,lyGJusif;y&ef tqdkjyKcJhygonf? ygwDnDvmcHu ‚if;. tqdkjyK
csuu f kd y,fcsc+hJ yD;/ ygwaD cgi;f aqmifopfukd a&G;cs,w
f ifajr‡mufcyhJ gonf? ol. tqdjk yKcsuf
onf tajctaeudk avsmhyg;apa&; aemufuG,frS }udK;udkifzefwD;&eftwGuf }uHpnfvkyf
aqmifcsuw f pf&yf jzpfEikd yf gonf? od@k aomfvnf; ol@a=unmcsu. f wu,fah emufqufwJG
jzpf&yfrsm;rSmrl }udKwifpDpOfcJhjcif; r[kwfay? jynfolvlxku ESpfumv=um&SnfpGm apmifh
pm;aecJah om tcGit hf vrf;aumif;}uD;udk olu zefw;D cJyh gonf? ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif axmif
aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm; vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ xGufvmcJh+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh 'Drdk
ua&pD jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uygonf? }uD;rm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;

37
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

rpwifrD ygwDOuUXopfvnf;jzpf orwopfvnf;jzpfaom OD;pdefvGifu zdESdyf+zdKcGJa&;

vrf;a=umif;udka&G;cs,f+yD; rm&S,favmtrdef@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;u
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mtaxGaxGoydwfudk qifEGJ&ef yef=um;jcif;jzifh wkef@jyefcJhygonf? tpdk;&
wyfrsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;t=um; wdkufyGJrsm; ydkrdkt&SdefjrifhvmcJhonf? tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
EdkifiHtESH@ t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tm; ypfcwf ESdrfeif;cJhaomfvnf; qENjyr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kef
ydkrdkjrifhwufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;pdefvGifonf 1988ckESpf =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@wGif
&mxl;u ESKwfxu G af y;cJ&h onf? tm%m& tpd;k &u taemufwidk ;f ynmwwf t&yfom;
a'guw f marmifarmiftm; OD;pdev f iG af e&mwGif tpm;xd;k cef@tyfc+hJ yD;/ tpd;k &twGuf tajc
taersm; ajyvnfa&;r[mAsL[m[k qdkEdkifrnfh rdef@cGef;udk wdkif;jynfodk@ ajymcJhygonf?
tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfaeonfh xdkodk@aomtajctaewGif
EkdifiHtESH@tjym;Y ausmif;om;rsm;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh &yfrd&yfzrsm; yg0ifonfh
jynfol@aumfrwDrsm;onf tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W,m; vkH;0+ydKvJoGm;ojzifh a'oE W&
tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;udk wm0ef,lcJh&ygonf? odk@aomf xdkumvwGif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; wpfck
wnf;aom pkpnf;r_ odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;jyKr_ r&SdcJhay? ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/
EkdifiH. aemufqkH;a&G;aumufcH 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;atmif}uD;
(1962ckEpS f ppfwyfu tm%modr;f pOf Adv k cf sKyfae0if;. vufaxmuf)/ Akv d cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D
(ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif;ESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;a[mif;)ESifh tjcm; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;
rsm;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; tm%m tm;+ydKifr_rsm; &SdcJh=uygonf? qENjyr_rsm;
uvnf; tpdk;&tm; vkH;0ESKwfxGufay;&efom qufvufawmif;qdkaecJhonf? xdkpOf
1988ckESpf pufwifbm(18)&ufae@wGif ppfwyfu xyfrHI tm%modrf;cJh+yD;/ ygwDpkHa&G;
aumufyGJ vkyfay;rnf[k wdkif;jynftm; uwdjyKcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@twGuf vkH+cHKr_r&Sdaom
+rdK@jyrsm;rS vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;a'orsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@cJh=uygonf? tcsdK@rSm
ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyf&efESifh Oya'abmiftwGif; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyf&ef
+rdK@jywGif usefae&pfcJh=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgif;aqmifaom trdsK;om;'Drdk
ua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ay:xGufvmcJhygonf?

4? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; ESKdif;,SOfavhvmjcif;

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv rwdkifrD ydkveftpdk;&ESifh zdvpfydkiftpdk;&wdk@onf

tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;jzpf=u+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tkyfpdk;oltqufqufrSm awmiftmz&du
&Sd tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;tpdk;&ESifh tif'dkeD&Sm;&Sd ql[mwdktpdk;&rsdK;uJhodk@ tqHk;pGef
tm%m&Sifrsm; jzpf=uonf? ydkvefEdkifiHtpdk;&onf uGefjrLepftpdk;&jzpf+yD;/ zdvpfydkif

38
trSw(
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S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tpdk;&onf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%modrf;I jzpfvmcJhaom yk*~dKvfwpfOD;wnf;tm%m&Sif
jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tm%m&Siftpdk;& tpOftqufonf oabmw&m;a&;tajccH
r&SdbJ ppftm%m&Sif oufoufom jzpfonf?
ydkvefESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&Sd &dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;awmfonf oabm
w&m;a&;awmfvSefr_ESifh wufºuGaomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ESpfckpvkH;twGuf oauFwjzpfcJh
onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif &[ef;ysdKtrsm;tjym; wufwufºuGºuG
yl;aygi;f yg0ifc=hJ uaomfvnf;/ 0gawmf& a&S;&d;k pGJ em,u q&mawmf}uD;rsm;rSm a&ikEH KS wfyw d f
aecJh=uonf?
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atmufwGifyif tm;aumif;cJhonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif rD'D,mtygt0if t&yfzuftzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm; }uD;rm;pGm &Sdaeaomfvnf; &yfwnfcGifh &SdcJhonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rnfodk@aom vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rS wnf&SdcGifh r&Sday? odk@aomf
1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;onf ydkvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh zdvpf
ydik f jynfo@l tm%mawmfveS af &;wd@k uo hJ @kd yif ta&twGut f &vnf;aumif;/ pdw"f gwtf &
vnf;aumif;/ pHwefb;kd t&vnf;aumif; cdik rf mtm;aumif;cJo h nf? od@k aomf r[mAsL[m
ESifh tcGifhtvrf;taetxm;t&qdkv#if vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf; enf;yg;onf[k qdk&rnf?
ydkvefEdkifiHwGif aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf ‚if;wdk@. tem*wf &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;tm; cdkifrmatmif pkpnf;EdkifcJh=u+yD;/ vufawG@usr_ &SdcJhonf? xdkenf;jzifh tvm;
tvm&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf wnfaqmufcJh=uonf? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
tzGJ@onf acgif;aqmifr_ &&Sd&ef or*~rsm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sd tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;tay:
=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ tcdkiftrm &SdcJhonf? zdvpfydkifrS tuGDEdkonf jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;.
wpfckwnf;aom udk,fpm;jyKr_ jzpfcJhonf? rJa&wGuf+yD; csufcsif;yif rdrdudk,frdrd orw
tjzpf a=unmI tm%modrf;wdkufyGJudk xdxda&mufa&muf udkifwG,fEdkifcJholjzpfonf?
tcsdefudkuf vufOD;r_udk &J&J0Hh0Hh t&,lEkdifcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSef
a&;wGif ydv k efEikd if EH iS hf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if w
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a[mif;u tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;+yD; rdrdudk,frdrd w&m;0if0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a=unmcJhaomtcg
tjcm;rnfonfhacgif;aqmifurS ol@tm; axmufcHyhHydk;cJhjcif; r&Sd? t"du acgif;aqmifrsm;
tygt0if =oZm}uD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;tm; tm%mrufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;
wpfa,muftjzpfyif pGypf cJG =hJ uonf? xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm olw@kd u, kd f
olwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;omjzpf+yD; tm%mvdkcsifolrsm; r[kwfa=umif; ajym
qdkcJh=uonf? zdvpfydkif jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;twGif; tm%m taqmufttHk

39
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
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taetxm;udk ajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf udk&mZef tuGDEdk orwtjzpf a=unmouJhodk@

a&S@rwdk;aemufrqkwf EdkifiHa&;ydwfqdk@aer_tajctaeudk vrf;zGifh&eftwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif;u &nf&G,fcJhjcif; jzpf[efwlonf?

ed * H k ;

,ckpmwrf;onf ydv k efEikd if /H zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if EH iS hf jrefrmEdik if &H dS 'Dru

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vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm tm%mtaqmufttHk tajymif;tvJudk =oZmoufa&muf&ef
ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾wGi&f adS =umif; od@k r[kwf Edik if aH &;e,fy,frS tpd;k &rsm;tm; qkwf
cGmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;Edkifa=umif;tqdk rSefuefa=umif;udk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ESifh
jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;wdk@. tcef;u¾rsm;u oufaojyaeygonf? aoG;pnf;nD
!Gwfa&;tzGJ@onf aphpyfn‡dEd_if;onfh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk jzpfay:apEdkifcJh+yD;/ ydkvefEdkifiH.
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;tm; OD;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&Sd pnf;vkH;nD!Gwf
aomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh udk,fpm;jyKr_/ &&SdaomtcGifhtcgaumif;udk vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd toHk;csjcif;
ponfw@kd u wdik ;f jynftm; toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qDo@kd o,faqmifomG ;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k aomf
vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHY 1988 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; r&&SdcJhay? pnf;vkH;nD
!Gwfaomudk,fpm;jyKr_ r&Sdjcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ydwfqdk@aer_rS azmufxGufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;udk
&SmazGEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpmwrf;wGif 'Drdkua&pDodk@ toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u tkyfpdk;ol ppfwyfESifh
tm%m&Sifrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufEdkifrnfh vkHavmufaom cdkifrmtm; aumif;r_ESifh
}uD;rm;us,fjyef@r_/ enf;y&d,m,frSefuefr_/ tajctaeESifh tcsdeftcgudk tuJjzwftoHk;
csEdkifr_ ponfh tcsuftvufrsm; &SdrSom jzpfEdkifrnf[k aumufcsufcsygonf?
,ckpmwrf;u vlrv _ w l ef;pm;tvGmaygi;f pHt k wGi;f &Sd aumv[mvrsm;/ oa&mf
[mojyufv;Hk rsm;/ ±H@_ csjcif;rsm; uJo h @kd aom tHwrk E_ iS hf ckcrH w _ @kd onf cdik rf mtm;aumif;aom
vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tpGr;f xufaom vufeufrsm;jzpfa=umif;
qufvuft}uHjyKygonf? vlrt _ ajctaetcGit hf vrf;rsm;ESihf tajctaetcsut f vuf
rsm; ta&;}uD;r_ (odk@r[kwf) t&yfom;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toif;tyif;rsm;onf vlxkv_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;. armif;ESiftm;rsm;jzpfa=umif;vnf; wifjyvdkygonf? zdvpfydkifESifh ydkvef&Sd
&dkrefuufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@/ rD'D,m/ NAMFREL tzGJ@
rsm;onf rdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rsm;. armif;ESiftm;rsm;tjzpf rdrdwdk@
Edik if rH sm;. toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tm; tvkyt f aºuG;jyKcJ=h uygonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tvGwf
oabmaqmifonfh vlr_tajctae tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh ae&mrsm;/ ajratmufausmif;

40
trSw(
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onf? Tae&mwGif tcsdefudkuf pnf;0g;udkufjzpfa&; ta&;}uD;r_udkvnf; axmufjyvdkyg
onf? rxdef;Edkifrodrf;Edkifjzpfaeonfh tajctaea=umifh tkyfpdk;olrsm;twGif; t=uyf
twnf;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onfhtcsdefrsdK;wGif vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taejzifh tcsdefudkuf tcGifh
tcgaumif;udk rdrd&&qkyfudkifI tusdK;&Sd&Sd tokH;csEdkifygonf? tuGDEdku orwtjzpf
a=unmvdkufonfhtcsdef/ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u tpdk;&. awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef urf;
vSr;f r_tm; vufcv H u
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tjzwfay;aom tcef;u¾rsm;wGif &Sdonf[k ed*Hk;csKyfygonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf
zdvpfydkifESifh ydkvefwdk@wGif tjyKoabmqmifaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk tpysdK;olrsm;
tjzpf jrifawGcJh&+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf;twGif; ESpf&Snfvrsm;
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avhvm&rnfom jzpfygonf?
atmifrdk;aZmf
rl&if; "The Importance of Social Movements in Crafting Transition to Democracy"
By Aung Moe Zaw

41