Elements are found in living and non-living things. It cannot be chemically broken down into simple substances.

Some elements are liquid, gas, solid in room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. In normal room temperature, only two are liquids. These are mercury !g" and bromine #r". $are elements % &eon, 'rgon, (rypton, )enon, $adon and *luorine.

Latin Names of Some Elements Elements Symbols ,. 'ntimony Sn -. .opper .u /. 0old 'u 1. Iron *e 2. +ead 3b 4. 5ercury !g 6. 3otassium ( 7. Silver 'g 8. Sodium &a ,9. Tin Sn

+atin &ame Stibium .uprum 'urum *errum 3lumbum !ydrargyrum (alium 'rgentum &atrium Stanbum

Element % can either be a metal or nonmetal. :thers look like metals but have nonmetallic properties. These are called metalloids. 5etallic and &onmetallic 3roperties of Elements 3roperties of 5etals ,. 5etallic luster -. 0ood conductions of heat and electricity /.5alleable 1. .onductile 2. !igh density e;cept 'l, &a, ( and .a 4. Solids e;cept !g" 3roperties of &onmetals ,. &onmetallic luster -. 3oor conductions of heat and electricity /. #rittle 1. &onconductile 2. +ow density 4. 0ases, liquids and solids *ormula and .hange :!-, .:/-!.:/-/ S:1-&:/-, 3:1-/ &!1-,

&ame of the $adical !ydro;ide .arbonate #icarbonate Sulfate &itrate 3hosphate 'mmonium

&ame 'luminum hydro;ide Sodium #icarbonate baking soda" 5agnesium hydro;ide milk of 5agnesia" calcium hypochlorite ammonium hydro;ide sodium hydro;ide lye" potassium hydro;ide sodium nitrite calcium carbonate

<ses an antacid used for baking an antacid and la;ative household bleach

*ormula &!1:! &a!.:/ 5g :!".a:.l

household cleaner &!1:! soap making lime water used in cement" salitre food preservation" &a:! (:!

&a&:/

calcite limestone" .a.:/ used in sculpture, cement industry prevention of tooth &a* decay potash fertili=er" (!.1!1:4 % used for baking (-.:/

sodium fluoride potassium carbonate .ream of tartar

'cetysalicylic 'cid % .-!/:-.4!1.:1! % aspirin 3otassium 'luminum Sulfate alum" % ('l S:1"- ,-!-: 'cids 3erchloric &itric Sulfuric hydrochloric hydronic carbonic phosphoric *ormula !.l:1 !&:/ !-S:1 !.l !#r !-.:/ !/3:1

corrodes buildings and mountains acid found in stomach acid in making carbonated drinks acid in softdrinks

>alence electrons % are electrons in the outermost energy level. Ions % are charged particles ?,-" Ionic bond % the bond formed between oppositely charged particles. Ionic compound % is the compound formed by ionic bond. E;@ &a?,?.l-, &a.l sodium chloride" .a?-?.l-, .a-.l calcium chloride" .risscross method % a short method of formula in writing.

!ow does heat travelA .onductors % materials that can conduct heat and electricity. E;@ metals Insulators % materials that do not conduct heat and electricity. E;@ glass, rubber, plastic, cork,, dry wood, and dry cloth I. .onvection % the flow of energy that occurs when a warm liquid or gas moves. '. .onvection current % is the movement of water caused by the rising of its warm part and the falling of its cold part. The molecules closest to the heat source begin to move rapidly and then spread out. The water becomes lighter and is pushed up by the cool heavier water around it. The cool is then heated and follow the same movement. II. $adiation % the transfer of heat without physical contact. Infrared rays have a longer wavelength than visible light when heat rays hit other obBects. Their molecules move faster and grow warmer. Cull, black surfaces are good radiators and good absorbers of heat. !eat rays are relected from white or shiny surfaces. !eat energy % the total internal kinetic energy and the internal potential energy of a molecule. !eating increases the si=e of an obBect and this is known as e;pansion. .ooling decreases the si=e of an obBect and this is known as contraction.

.haracteristics or properties of a substance@ ,. !eat of fusion % the amount of the heat needed to melt one gram of a substance. The heat of fusion of ice is 79 calories. The melting and free=ing points of water is 9 .. Dhen a solid changes to a liquid, it gains heat. The higher the temperature, the greater the rate of evaporation. -. !eat of >apori=ation % the amount of heat of vapori=ation change one gram of liquid to gas or vapor. The heat of vapori=ation of water is 219 calories per gram. This means that 219 cal. Is absorbed when one gram of water is changed to gas at its boiling temperature. /. .ondensation % is the reverse, process of evaporation occurs when a gaseous substance changes to a liquid.

If one gram of water, vapor changes to water, it releases 219 calories of water.

.alorie % is the amount off heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree .elsius. !eat is measured in calories and Boules units used.

Temperature % refers to the hotness or softness of a substance. The higher the temperature of a substance the faster its particles move.

Thermometer % an instrument that measure the temperature of a substance in unit called degrees. therm, heat metron, measure *ormula@ ,. .E *-/-" 2 8 -. *E8.?/2 /. (E.?-6/ .onduction % the flow of heat energy from one molecule to the ne;t. Energy and its sources - Types of 5echanical Energy ,. potential energy % is stored in an obBect due to its position. -. kinetic energy % energy resulting from the motion of an obBect. *orms of energy and energy transformation ,. potential energy % is stored in the nucleus of atoms. -. chemical energy % in chemical reactions, energy is involved in separating and rearranging atoms. &uclear energy % is involved when the nuclear reactions of fissions and fusion occur. /. thermal or heat energy 1. electrical energy % energy associated with the movement of electric charges. 2. light energy % is an energy of electromagnetic radiation associated with certain wavelengths. 4. mechanical energy % energy associated with the functioning of machines and tools. 6. sound energy % energy associated with a vibrating medium. +aw of conservation of energy Energy cannot be created nor it can be destroyed. It may be changed from one form to another and be transferred between obBects by the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant. $enewable sources of Energy

They include the following direct solar sources, indirect solar sources, biological sources and geothermal sources. ,. 3hotovoltaic cells consist of silicon cells sandwiched between glass sheets. The electricity that is generated is stored in batteries. The batteries are designed to store energy from use for as long as / days without sunshine. Solar technology is nonpolluting but still e;pensive due to the big cost of processing silicon into solar cells. -. hydroelectric power % uses the potential energy released by falling water. It is an indirect form of solar energy. The sunFs energy causes the winds that drive the windmills that pump water run machines and general electricity. The stored water released near the bottom of the dam turns turbines that produces electricity. /. #iological resources includes crops, woods, organic wastes and biofuels. 1. geothermal power is generated by using the energy of the hot molten areas inside the earth. &onrenewable resources They are present on earth in limited quantities and will not last very long. E;@ fossil fuels and nuclear power *ossil fuels They are in the form of coal, petroleum and natural gas. They originated from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals trapped in the earth by geological processes that occurred millions of years ago. .oal It comes from solidified giant ferns, now e;tinct buried under rock layers millions of years ago. .oal is burned as fuel and is most polluting of all fossil fuels. 3etroleum It is believed to have been produced naturally from dead prehistoric plants and animals at the bottom of swamps and shallow seas. Dhen plants and animals die, certain microorganisms make them through partial decay. They settle in the bottom and and are trapped in mud and sand. This sediment of mud, sand and dead organism slowly grows thicker and thicker. ' vicious sticky liquid called petroleum or crude oil results. &atural 0as It consists of gaseous hydrocarbons produced from fossil fuels. It is drawn from gas wells, processed and piped into the homes and factories for use as fuels. &uclear 3ower It is energy released from the nucleus of an atom. In producing nuclear energy, a fraction of the mass of atoms is changed into energy by a splitting process called nuclear fission. In nuclear fission, energy is released when the nuclei of heavy atoms are split into fragments.