1. What is the zenith distance (ZX) of the body on the horizon when it is rising and setting? A. 45 B. 180 C. 90 D.

270

 2. If a celestial body is at your meridian, the azimuth. A. either south or west B. either north or east C. either east or west D. either north or south

2. Lat. 20 N Dec. 20 N

Z d

Q d

2. Lat. 20 N
Dec. 20 S

PN HN HS PS

d Q d Na

3. A minimum distance a vessel, if constrained by not enough sea room should pass within a tropical storm is: A. 50 miles B. 80 miles C. 250 miles D. 100 miles

APPROX. DIST. OF STORM

RATE OF FALL OF BAROMETER ( INCHES / HOUR ) 50 TO 80 MILES 0.12 - 0.15 80 TO 100 MILES 0.08 - 0.12 100 TO 150 MILES 0.06 - 0.08 150 TO 250 MILES 0.02 - 0.06

 4. What is the most important publication for correcting charts and thus keeping them up to date? A. Radio signals B. Light lists C. Notice to Mariners D. Sailing directions

Notices to Mariners is published weekly by United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) for Admiralty Charts and Publications and the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic / Topographic Center (DMAHTC) for U.S. Charts and Publications.

5. Relative humidity is measured by: A. hydrometer B. hygrometer C. anemometer D. barometer

6. The geographical position of a ship may be determined by observations of either fixed objects on shore or celestial bodies and by plotting lines of position obtained from these observations, the intersection of these two lines represents the exact position of the vessel and is usually referred to as a: A. dead reckoning B. running fix C. fix D. DR

Pilotage (coastal navigation); Cross bearing; The cocked hat; A running fix; Dead reckoning; Astronomical navigation; Satellite.
s

PILOTAGE

When sailing along the coast, compassbearings of conspicuous objects are taken at regular intervals.

PILOTAGE

A CONSPICUOUS OBJECT (CONSPIC) is an object on land or at sea, which is mentioned and described in the pilot book.

CROSS BEARING
Cross bearings form an intersection of twobearing lines thathave been taken of two conspicuous objects.

If possible, a third bearing (check line) is taken of a third conspic.

X
X X
Cocked Hat
As the ship isproceeding, a triangle is formed by the two bearing lines and the check line.

When there is only one conspicuous object, a position fix is made by taking two bearings of that same conspic at interval.

Course line

16

50 380

The first bearing is taken at 16.50 hrs; log reading: distance travelled = 380 nautical miles.

X
Course line

16

50 380

16 55 381
The second bearing is taken at 16.55 hrs; log reading: distance travelled = 381 nautical miles. (the angle between the 2 bearing lines must be >30 degr.)

X
Course line

16

50 380

16 55 381
With the aid of a chart divider1is measured from the chart scale and transferred to the course line.

X
16
50 380

16 55 381
The position of the ship is at the intersection of the second bearing line with the line that runs parallel to the first bearing line.

By Dead Reckoning is meant finding ones position by taking into consideration: 1. Last Known Position 2. Course and Speed 3. Sea and Weather Conditions.

sound

ASTRONOMICAL NAVIGATION
With astronomical navigation (celestial navigation) observations are taken of the sun, the moon or the stars (celestial bodies) with the aid of a sextant.

SEXTANT-BEARING
The angle between a celestial bodyand the horizon is measured.

With the aid of the chronometer and the tables in the nautical almanac the ships position can be determined.

Altitude and Azimuth of the Sun at the Horizon

SATELLITE-BEARING
When taking a satellite bearing by means of the Global Positioning System a signal is transmitted from a satellite, indicating the vessels position on the GPS - display.

With the aid of the echo sounder the depth of the water can be determined.
s

sound

TAKING SOUNDINGS
A signal is transmitted to the sea bed. This signal bounces back and is received again by the echo sounder.

From the time elapsed between transmission and reception of the signal, the depth of the water can be determined.

Ocean Bottom

7. If the altitude of the body is 45, what will be its zenith distance? A. 40 B. 50 C. 45 D. 90

 8. The stronger the pressure gradient, the wind will be. A. unchanged B. none of these C. weaker D. stronger

The pressure gradient force is the force that is usually responsible for accelerating a parcel of air from a high atmospheric pressure region to a low pressure region, resulting in wind. In meteorology, pressure gradient force refers to the horizontal movement of air. The pressure gradient force acts at right angles to isobars in the direction from high to low pressure. The greater the pressure difference over a given horizontal distance, the greater the force and hence the stronger the wind.

Pressure Gradient Force The change in pressure measured across a given distance is called a "pressure gradient".

9. Intended for navigation and anchorage in harbors and small waterways. A. harbor charts B. general charts C. sailing charts D. coastal charts

CHART CLASSIFICATION
1.HARBOUR CHART- (1:50,000 & LARGER SCALE) USE IN HARBOUR AND SMALLER WATERWAYS. 2.COASTAL CHART- (1:50,000 150,000) USE FOR INSHORE NAVIGATION, ENTERING/LEAVING HARBOURS. 3.GENERAL CHART- (1:150,000 600,000) OUTSIDE OF OUTLYING REEF AND SHOALS. 4.SAILING CHART- (1:600,000 & SMALLER SCALE) USE FOR VOYAGE PLANNING,FOR SAILING BETWEEN DISTANT COASTWISE PORT.

 10. From lat 14 N thru lat 14 S, what is the dlat? A. 28 S B. 22 S C. 22 N D. 28 N

 10. Solution: Lat = 14 N Lat = 14 S ( + ) Dlat = 28 S Rules for Dlat. Lat Same Name ( - ) Lat Diff. Name ( + )

 11. It is the direction in which a vessel is pointed as the angular distance from North usually 000 at North clockwise through 360. A. track B. heading C. course D. bearing

AZIMUTH = The horizontal direction or bearing of a celestial point from a terrestrial point, expressed as the angular distance from a reference direction measured from 000 clockwise to 360. COURSE = The direction in w/c a vessel is steered or intended to be steered expressed as angular distance from north usually from 000 clockwise / counterclockwise through 360 HEADING = The horizontal direction in w/c ship usually points or heads at any instant, expressed in angular units from 000 clockwise to 360. TRACK = The path of intended travel of a ship with respect to the Earth as drawn in the chart

TRUE HEADING NORTH

By heading is meant: the angle between the fore-and-aft line and True North.

SOUND

COURSE
By course is meant: the direction in which the vessel is steered. It is expressed in degrees.

sound

HEADING AND COURSE

Do not confuse heading and course; heading constantly changes due to sea- and wind influences and and steering errors.

TRACK
The track consists of one or a number of course lines along which the navigator intends to proceed.

WK

sound

12. A vessel sailed on a total distance of 120 miles for 10 knots. How many hours did she do for the trip? A. 12 hours B. 20 hours C. 10 hours D. 15 hours

 13. Formation of water vapor in free atmosphere takes place by the presence of minute particles, called: A. gases B. nuclei C. all of these D. carbons

14. Measuring distances on the Mercator chart is done through the use of: A. longitude scale B. latitude scale C. speed scale D. weighing scale

SCALE
RATIO OF A LENGTH ON A CHART TO THE ACTUAL LENGTH ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. A. REPRESENTIVE FRACTION OR NUMERICAL SCALE ( EX. 1:50,000 ) B. GRAPHIC SCALE EXAMPLE:

CHARTS ACCORDING TO SCALE: 1.SMALL SCALE - COVERS LARGE AREA 2.LARGE SCALE COVERS SMALL AREA

15. The steaming time acquired by the vessel is 149.6 hours, how many days of navigation did she travel? A. 6 days 5 hours 36 minutes B. 6 days 8 hours 35 minutes C. 6 days 6 hours 30 minutes D. 6 days 7 hours 30 minutes

 15. Solution:
149.6 / 24 Ans. 06 days 05 hours 36 minutes

 16. This is the direction in which the ship is heading A. course B. meridional parts C. dlat D. dlo

 Meridional Parts = The length of the arc of a meridian between the equator and a given parallel on a Mercator chart, expressed in units of 1 minute of longitude at the equator. Difference of Latitude = The shorter arc of any meridian between the parallel of two places, expressed in angular measure. Difference of Longitude = The smaller angle at the pole or the shorter arc of a parallel between the meridian of two places at the equator, expressed in angular measure.

17. The LMT of longitude 78 18 W is 04H 03M. Find the GMT. A. 23H 00M B. 23H 03M C. 09H 00M D. 09H 16M

17. Solution: Long in Time = 05h 13.2m (78 18 W ) LMT = 04h 03m ( + ) GMT = 09h 16.2 m

Rules For GMT From LMT to GMT, Long W ( + ) E ( - ) From GMT to LMT, Long W ( - ) E ( + )

18. Compass best, error is: A. west B. east C. north D. south

19. The ship left from latitude 42 29.7 N, and the Dlat is 8.8 S, find the latitude in? A. 42 23 N B. 42 22 N C. 42 20.9 N D. 42 25 N

 19. Solution:
Lat fr. = 42 29.7 N Dlat. = 8.8 S ( - ) Lat in = 42 20.9 N

 20. The construction of charts requires that the areas of certain spaces on the chart shall have the same ratio to one another as the corresponding spaces on the surface of the earth. A. equivalence B. convergence C. inconvenience D. convenience

21. For 18 hours, a vessel steamed at an average speed of 10 kts. What was the total distance? A. 200 miles B. 100 miles C. 300 miles D. 180 miles

 22. The chart indicates the variation was 3 48 W in 1996 and the annual change is 8 W. If you use the chart in 2000, how much variation should you apply? A. 3 16 W B. 4 20 W C. 4 20 E D. 3 16 E

 22. Solution: Variation = 3 48 W ( 1996 ) Annual Change = 8 x 4 ( 2000 ) Correction = 0 32 W Variation = 3 48 W ( + ) Actual = 4 20 W Variation

 23. The correction to be applied to ships time to obtain the corresponding Greenwich Meridian Time prefixed by plus (+) sign at Western Longitude and by minus (-) sign at Eastern Longitude. A. longitude in time B. zone description C. equation of time D. zone meridian

24. The Great Circle distance from Latitude 35 08 S, Longitude 029 26 E to Latitude 33 16 S, Longitude 116 36 E is 4,172.7 miles and the Initial course is 117 T. What is the Latitude of Vertex? A. 43 13.4 S B. 43 18.5 S C. 43 15.9 S D. 44 49.1 S

 24. Solution: Cos. Lat V = Cos. L1 x Sin I. C. = Cos. 35 08 x Sin 63 = 0.81781 x 0.89100 = 0.728678 inv Cos. Lat V = 43 13.4 S Lat of Vertex is named according to the name of Latitude of Departure.

 25. Two wind pressure system within 20 - 30 Latitudes: A. trade wind belt B. westerlies C. polar low belt D. doldrum

CORIOLIS FORCE

60N 30N
P. WLY

POLAR ELY

HORSE LAT.

EQ
30S
40

N E TRADE S E TRADE P. WLY

DOLDRUMS

HORSE LAT. 40ROARING

FORTIES

60S

POLAR ELY

26. A vessel sails from Lat 30 13 14 N. Long 125 30 20 E to Lat 45 N, Long 108 45 30 E. Find DLAT and DLO? A. 75 13 14 N / 016 44 50 W B. 14 46 46 N / 016 44 50 W C. 75 13 14 N / 125 44 10 E D. 14 46 46 S / 125 44 10 E

26. Solution: Lat 1 = 30 13 14 N Lat 2 = 45 N Dlat = 14 46 46 N

Long 1 = 125 30 20 E Long 2 = 108 45 30 E Dlo = 16 44 50 W

 27. Definite pattern of weather for a long period of time. A. all of these B. season C. climate D. weather

28. What is the periodical publications of astronomical data designed primarily for marine navigation? A. Nautical Almanac B. World Almanac C. Notice to Mariners D. Sailing directions

29. On the Tropic where the Earths deflecting force is very slight, the dominant factor is a force which contribute to the tendency of the wind to go off at a tangent to the isobars is: A. frictional resistance force B. centrifugal force C. centripetal force D. coriolis force

30. Internationally used value of the atmospheric pressure in metric system. A. 29.92 inches B. 760 mm column of mercury C. 14.7 lbs per square inch D. 1,013 millibars

 31. Find what course to steer from a place in latitude 12 17 S and longitude 34 29 E to latitude 12 17 S and longitude 79 16 E. A. south west B. west C. east D. south east

32. The angular distance north or south of the equator measured from 0 to 90. A. parallel of latitude B. longitude C. latitude D. difference of latitude

33. Visibility is affected by liquid particles which condenses less than 0 C or 32 F in the atmosphere is called: A. mist B. frost C. dew D. fog

 Mist = An aggregate of very small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere. It produces a thin, grayish veil over the landscape. The relative humidity is often 95%. Dew = The condensation formed during the night as a result of relatively warm area contacting a cool surface. Fog = A visible accumulation of tiny droplets of water formed by condensation of water vapor in the air, with the base at the surface of the Earth.

34. What sailing method should not be used for distances more than a few hundred miles? A. Plane sailing B. Mercator Sailing C. Parallel Sailing D. Traverse Sailing

35. If the LHA of the sun is 270, what is the meridian angle? A. 90 E B. 80 E C. 80 W D. 90 W

 MERIDIAN ANGLE = Angular distance measured East or West from the Local Celestial Meridian ( M ) to the body up to 180. LOCAL HOUR ANGLE = Angular distance measured Westerly from the Local Celestial Meridian ( M ) to the body up to 360.

Meridian Angle = 90 E

S
LHA 270

 36. The sequence of intervals of light and darkness in which the whole sequence being repeated identically at regular interval. A. period B. fixed light C. rhythmic light D. characteristic

 37. Find the Great Circle distance from latitude 03 S, longitude 134 W to latitude 14 S, longitude 103 W. A. 1,909 miles B. 1,988 miles C. 1,899 miles D. 1,951 miles

 37. Solution: Cos. Dist = ( Cos. L1 x Cos. L2 x Cos. Dlo ) +/- ( Sin L1 x Sin L2 ) =( Cos. 3 x Cos. 14 x Cos. 31 ) + ( Sin 3 x Sin 14 ) Cos. Dist. = 0.83056 + 0.01266 Dist. = 0.84322 inv Cos. GC Dist. = 32.52 x 60 GC Dist. = 1,951 nm

 38. How far can a ship sail in 15 minutes if her speed is 18 knots? A. 4.0 N.M B. 4.5 N.M C. 4.8 N.M D. 5.0 N.M

 39. The actual speed of the vessel over the surface of the earth at any given time. A. speed over the ground B. speed of intention C. speed of advance D. speed on the water

Speed of Advance = The speed made good along the track or the average speed in knots w/c must be maintained during a passage to arrived at a destination. Speed Made Good = The speed estimated by dividing the last fix and an EP by the time between the fix and the EP. Speed on the Water = The speed obtained by the vessel after allowing for the effects of current, wind, waves, swell etc. It is also known as Speed Made Good.

COURSE OVER GROUND

C

By course over ground is understood the course that the ship will follow if no allowances are made for the effects caused by wind and sea (the vessel will end up in C).
sound S

COURSE MADE GOOD

By course made good is understood the course that the ship will follow after allowing for the effects caused by wind and sea.

sound

40. Wind tends to blow in circular along the isobar instead of perpendicular to the isobar, partly due to: A. difference in pressure and temperature between two localities B. difference of pressure between two localities C. coriolis force D. difference of temperature between two localities

41. The course given is S 83 22 E, find the true course? A. 96 39 B. 96 36 C. 96 38 D. 96 40

4th Quadrant ( - ) 360

W

1st Quadrant AS IS
E

180 00 S 83 22E ( - ) 96 38

3rd Quadrant 2nd Quadrant ( + ) 180 ( - ) 180

S

 42. This is a middle cloud with height of 6,000 to 20,000 feet: A. alto cumulus B. stratus C. cumulus D. cirrus

43. The type of clouds prominent in hilly or mountainous districts covering the hill tops. A. cumulus-nimbus B. frontal cloud C. orographic cloud D. cumulus

OROGRAPHIC CLOUDS

44. If the given course is S 69 W, what is the true course? A. 248 B. 249 C. 246 D. 247

 45. Which of the following publications would you refer to obtain navigational information when entering a foreign port? A. Sailing Direction B. Coast Pilot C. World Port Index D. Notice to Mariners

 Sailing Directions = A descriptive book containing information of coastal waters, harbor facilities of an area. 2 Kinds of Sailing Direction 1. Enroute = consist of 37 volumes describing features of coastline, ports and harbors. 2. Planning Guide = consist of 10 volumes describe the general features of 8 ocean basins of the world.

46. The meridian angle of the body is 090 W, latitude is 45 S. What is the LHA of the body? A. 270 B. 090 W C. 090 E D. 090

Meridian Angle = 90 W

LHA = 90

 47. The line of intersection of a sphere and plane through its center. A. small circle B. half circle C. hour circle D. great circle

THE EARTH AS A SPHERE PN

SMALL CIRCLE

EQUATOR
SEMI GREAT CIRCLE MERIDIANS

PS

48. Compass least, error is: A. east B. north C. south D. west

49. Any other rhumbline that spirals towards the poles. A. distance B. loxodrome C. great circle D. small circle

50. The shape of the earth is: A. sphere B. elliptical C. circle D. oblate spheroid

51. The rate of temperature decrease with height, commonly noticed at troposphere is called: A. inversion rate B. adiabatic changes C. lapse rate D. none of these

 Adiabatic Changes = Referring to a thermodynamic change of state of a system in w/c there is no transfer of heat or mass across the boundaries of the system. In Adiabatic process, Compression causes Warming while Expansion causes Cooling. Temperature Inversion = An atmospheric condition in which the temperature increases with increasing altitude.

52. Descriptive term used for Beaufort No.10 with wind 48-55 knots is: A. storm B. hurricane C. violent storm D. strong gale

53. A projection often illustrated as a cylinder. A. mercator projection B. polyconic projection C. gnomonic projection D. lambert conformal

54. Which of the following is the official publication for the correction of charts, sailing directions, light list, etc. A. list of radio signals B. coast pilot C. list of lights D. notice to mariners

55. This is the symbol for stratus cloud. A. St B. Cu C. Cs D. Ci

56. Low pressure area occurring in high and middle latitudes. A. extra-tropical cyclone B. anticyclone C. tropical storm D. tropical cyclone

57. A low form of sheet cloud resembling a fog but not resting on the ground. A. cirrus B. nimbus C. stratus D. cumulus

58. The point which the Great Circle track reaches its highest latitude. A. vertex B. rhumb course C. vortex D. rhumbline

59. An error of the magnetic compass caused by the magnetic field of the earth. A. compass B. refraction C. variation D. deviation

60. The central meridian for a place with zone description +1 is: A. 015 00 E B. 007 30 E C. 007 30 W D. 015 00 W

 61. Are small circle of the earth whose plane are parallel to the plane of the equator. A. great circle B. small circle C. parallel of latitude D. equator

THE EARTH AS A SPHERE PN

SMALL CIRCLE

EQUATOR
SEMI GREAT CIRCLE MERIDIANS

PS

62. Your are in 120 W and your ship time is 2030 hrs. June 20th. Find GMT? A. 0430 hrs / 21 June B. 1230 hrs / 20 June C. 0430 hrs / 20 June D. 1230 hrs / 21 June

63. Front replacing cold air masses. A. stationary front B. cold front C. occluded front D. warm front

64. The best course of action if a storm is suspected in the vicinity, the following knowledge is necessary. A. all of these B. the bearing of the center of the storm C. the drop of the barometric pressure D. the path of the storm

65. The art of conducting a vessel in channels, harbors and along the coast. A. dead reckoning B. terrestrial navigation C. piloting D. electronic navigation

66. If the latitude is 47 N and the declination is 18 S, the amplitude of the body when setting is: A. S 27 E B. W 27 N C. E 27 S D. W 27 S

 66. Solution: Sin Ampl. = Sin Dec Cos. Lat Sin Ampl. = Sin 18 Cos. 47 Ampl. = 0.45310 inv Sin Ampl. = W 26.94 S

 67. A ship covers a distance of 12 miles in 2 hrs. Find her speed? A. 8 knots B. 6.5 knots C. 7 knots D. 6 knots

 68. Is formed by the aggregation of ice crystal. A. snow B. frost C. rain D. drizzle

69. What is the meridional parts of latitude 6 47 S? A. 405.7 B. 405.2 C. 405.6 D. 405.5

How To Acquire Meridional Parts

Meridional Parts = Lat. / 2 + 45 = Tan log x 7915.7 Lat Sin x 23.3

70. In parallel sailing the difference of longitude can be obtained by multiplying. A. dep. and sec. mlat B. dep. and sine lat C. dep. and sec. lat D. dep. and sine mlat

71. Find the GHA of Aries from the following: GHA of star 061 34.5 and SHA of star 301 47.6? A. 119 46.9 B. 240 13.1 C. 120 49.6 D. 191 49.6

71. Solution: GHA = ? SHA* = 301 47.6 GHA* = 061 34.5 ( + ) 360 SHA* = 301 47.6 ( - ) GHA = 119 46.9

G GHA * = 61 34.5

SHA * = 301 47.6

GHA = 119 46.9

g

 72. What is the most important publication for correcting charts and thus keeping them up-to-date? A. Light lists B. Radio signals C. Notice to mariners D. Sailing directions

73. The apparent path of the sun around the earth. A. hour angle B. ecliptic C. ellipse D. equinoctial

74. Also in the construction of charts requires that the distances from any two points to the center of the chart shall have the same ratio to each other as the corresponding distances. A. semi-distance B. variable distance C. short distance D. equidistance

75. Which of the following publications would you refer to obtain navigational information when entering a foreign port? A. Light lists B. Sailing directions C. Radio signals D. Notice to mariners

76. The ratio of a given distance on the chart to the actual distance which it represents on the earth. A. terrestrial distance B. scales C. measurements D. rhumbline

77. The Great Circle distance from Latitude 36 57.2 N, Longitude 006 45.7 W to Latitude 24 25.3 N, Longitude 085 02.6 W is 3,999 miles and the initial course is 283.8 T. What is the longitude of the vertex? A. 039 19.5 W B. 059 09.5 W C. 029 09.5 W D. 019 19.5 W

 77. Solution: Cos Lat V = Cos L1 x Sin I.C. = Cos 36 57.2 x Sin 76.2 = 0.776058 inv Cos Lat V = 39.09 N Lat V = 39 05.9 N Sin Dlo V = Cos I.C. / Sin Lat V = Cos 76.2 / Sin 39.09 = 0.37830 inv Sin Dlo V = 22 13.7 W Long 1 = 006 45.7 W (+) Long V = 28 59.4 W

 RULES FOR DLO OF VERTEX DLO of vertex is the DLO from Departure to the vertex. If the I.C. angle is less than 90, then vertex is ahead of you and in the direction of your original DLO. If the I.C. angle is more than 90, then the vertex is behind and in the direction of your DLO.

 78. The alternative sailing in lieu of Great Circle to limit the latitude of vertex. A. mercator sailing B. composite sailing C. parallel sailing D. great circle sailing

79. This is the symbol for cumulus cloud. A. St B. Cs C. Cu D. Ci

80. A type of chart projection used wherein a cylinder is placed around the earth tangent to the equator. A. cylindrical projection B. lambert conformal projection C. simple conic projection D. polyconic projection

81. From long 155 E thru 155 W, what is the dlong? A. 310 E B. 050 E C. 050 W D. 310 W

81. Solution: Long 1 = 155 E Long 2 = 155 W ( + ) Dlo = 310 (-) 360 Dlo = 50 E

82. Sailing method where a vessel is due east or west. A. parallel sailing B. mercator sailing C. traverse sailing D. plane sailing

83. Convert 7 hrs 15 mins. 42 secs. to ARC. A. 108 45 10 B. 105 13 55 C. 108 10 30 D. 108 55 30

Convert Time to Arc 7 Hrs. 15 mins. 42 secs. 7 Hrs. x 15 = 105 15 m / 4 = 3 0.75 m x 60 = 45 42 s / 4 = 10 0.5 x 60 = (+) 30 Answer = 108 55 30

84. A great circle at latitude 0. A. prime meridian B. poles C. equator D. international date line

85. The three-dimensional shape obtained by rotating an ellipse about its minor axis. A. ellipsoid of revolution B. precession of the axis C. rotation of the earth D. revolution of the earth

86. Notices to Mariners are published: A. weekly B. bi-annually C. monthly D. yearly

87. From position Lat. 23 21 N, Long 125 28 E, vessel proceeded through along the great circle track to arrival position at Lat. 40 08 N, Long 175 45 W. Find the Great Circle Distance? A. 4,104 nm B. 3,104 nm C. 2,104 nm D. 5,104 nm

 87. Solution: Long 1 = 125 28 E Long 2 = 175 45 W ( + ) Dlo = 301 13 E 360 00 ( - ) Dlo = 58 47 E Cos Dist = (Cos 23 21 x Cos 40 08 x Cos 58 47) + ( Sin 23 21 x Sin 40 08) Dist = 0.619266 inv Cos Dist = 51.737 x 60 Dist = 3104.24 nm

88. Distance along the great circle connecting two points. A. small circle distance B. loxodromic curve C. great circle distance D. distance

89. The line of intersection of a sphere and plane which does not pass through its center. A. half circle B. great circle C. hour circle D. small circle

 90. Find the LHA of star, if the GHA of the star is 81 57.3 and the longitude is 174 32.9 W. A. 240 24.4 B. 92 35.6 C. 267 24.4 D. 256 30.2

90. Solution: GHA * = 81 57.3 + 360 Longitude = 174 32.9 W ( - ) GHA * = 441 57.3 Longitude = 174 32.9 W ( - ) LHA Star = 267 24.4

LHA * = 267 24.4

gM

LONG. = 174 32.9 W

mG

GHA * = 81 57.3

 91. A U.K. based publication agency which specializes in the nautical publications. A. DOD B. DMA C. MMDA D. UKHO

92. When the air is heated at the bottom, it becomes: A. none of these B. saturated C. unstable D. stable

 93. Which is LEAST true why there is a non-constant rate on the apparent sun as a celestial reference for time? A. Motion of the sun along the ecliptic is tilted B. Revolution of the Earth on its orbit is not constant C. The effect of the nutation on the Earths rotational axis D. Rotation of the Earth on its axis is not constant

 94. It is the sextant error on the index mirror when not perpendicular to the plane of the instrument. A. parallax error B. index error C. side error D. perpendicularity

ERROR OF PERPENDICULARITY

 95. Is a frequently shift resulting from relative motion between a transmitter and receiver or reflector of acoustic or electromagnetic energy. A. doppler B. echo C. acceleration D. none of these

96. Ocean average depth is: A. none of these B. 2,075 feet C. 2,075 meters D. 2,075 fathoms

 97. You are in long 175 W and heading 270, where do you change clocks? A. 172 30 E B. 165 30 E C. 172 30 W D. 180

172 30 E 175 W

CO. =270

-10
150 E 165 E

-11
180 IDL

12
165 W

+11
150 W

-11

12

+11

+10

 98. Type of tidal occurrence which is characterized by a larger inequality in the high water heights or in both. Hence are usually two high and low water each day, but occasionally the tide may become diurnal. A. none of these B. diurnal C. semi-diurnal D. mixed type

MIXED TIDE LARGE INEQUALITIES

 99. The possible effect of one processional cycle upon the global weather pattern and its climate is to interchange the pattern to the opposite, every __________. A. 26,000 years B. 25,800 years C. 2,000 years D. 14,000 years

 100. When the temperature decreases or the density of the atmosphere increases, the propagated waves are bended upward causing the decrease of radar horizon. A. none of these B. normal refraction C. sub- refraction D. super-refraction

SUPER REFRACTION
INCREASED RANGE OF RADIO SIGNAL

DRY & WARM MOIST & COLD

TX

RX

Super Refraction

SUB-REFRACTION
DECREASED RANGE OF RADIO SIGNAL (ABSORBED BY COLD MOIST AIR)
MOIST & COLD

DRY & WARM

TX

RX

Sub-Refraction