________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303 TABLE OF CONTENT M/S

1.0

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH

2 2 3 3 3 4 4

2.0

THE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS 2.1 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS 2.1.1 Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels 2.1.2 2.2 2.3 Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose

5 6 7 8 9 10 10
11

PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATIONS MODELS OF COMMUNICATIONS 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 Linear Model Interactive Model Transactional Model

2.4

FORMS OF ORAL COMMMUNICATION

2.4.1 Interpersonal Communication

2.4.2 2.4.3 3.0

Small Group Communication Public Communication

12 13 14 15

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

1.0

INTRODUCTION This assignment is written to explore the importance of English language in todays

world and how it affects us in our daily life. It also highlights the importance of English language in world of communication, to the extent that if we lack in command of English language we surely will be left behind in this fast age of technology. Another focus on this written essay is the importance of communication. Forms, types and models of communication were explained in details so that whoever read these essays know that to succeed in our career we must excel in good command of English communications. 1.1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE English is originated as a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglican medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, via the British Empire, and of the United States since the mid-20th century, it has been widely dispersed around the world, become the leading language of international discourse, and has acquired use as lingua franca in many regions. It is widely learned as a second language and used as an official language of the European Union and many Commonwealth countries, as well as in many world organizations. It is the third most natively spoken language in the world. Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English.

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

1.2

COMMUNICATION The etymology of communication (Latin, communicare, to share material goods or

ideas, meanings, information) indicates some form of transfer in a reciprocal or unidirectional mode (to communicate with versus to communicate to). In modern English, communication applies both to the general and selective circulation of messages and to their technological means of conveyance. Moreover, it can refer either to the process of communication or to its products. By definition, communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. (http://en.wikipedia.org/) 1.3 COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH Communication in English has become so important that it is taken as a prime form of communication in todays world. Those who can master it can have maximum benefit from it. Leaders from every nation use English as their common language. It is applied more so in the business community around the world. 2.0 THE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies on words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning. Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication and many other varieties. In face to face communication the body language and voice tonality plays a significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than the intended content of the spoken words. With good body language and voice tonality, audience can understand the content better. (http://en.wikipedia.org/) A great presenter must capture the attention of the audience and connect with them. For example, out of two persons telling the same joke one may greatly amuse the audience
3

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

due to his body language and tone of voice while the second person, using exactly the same words, bores and irritates the audience. Visual aid can help to facilitate effective communication and is (http://en.wikipedia.org/) 2.1 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS almost always used in presentations for an audience.

Communication can occur via various processes and methods and depending on the channel used and the style of communication there can be various types of communication.

2.1.1 Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels Based on the channels used for communicating, the process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas the non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures used for communication.

Verbal Communication Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of language.

Nonverbal Communication Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the body posture, the hand gestures, and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play a major role while communication since the expressions on a persons face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand
4

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintings. 2.1.2 Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose

Based on the style of communication, there can be two broad categories of communication, which are formal and informal communication that have their own set of characteristic features.

Formal Communication Formal communication includes all the instances where communication has to occur in a set formal format. Typically this can include all sorts of business communication or corporate communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official. Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for communication. Formal communication can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Hence formal communication is straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it.

Informal Communication Informal communication includes instances of free unrestrained communication between people who share a casual rapport with each other. Informal communication requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between friends and family. Informal communication does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. Informal conversations need not necessarily have boundaries of time, place or even subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones can simply go on and on.

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

2.2

PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATIONS If the purpose of communication is to achieve common understanding or to create

new or better awareness, then communicating vision requires a clear and compelling message. Communication is a very important aspect of the human life, since it is the communication that helps human beings to connect with each other as individuals and as independent groups. Communication is the very basis, which drives the process of development in all the fields. Here are some of the reasons, which explain why communication is important.

Information Dissemination: It is owing to the process of communication that we are able to send and receive information. Various mass media are an important communication tool for information dissemination.

Expressing Emotions/Ideas: Imagine a life without expressing yourself through words (spoken and written), expressions and even arts and craft or painting, music or dance. Communication helps people express their ideas and emotions.

Education: Communication plays an important role in the process of imparting knowledge as well. Communication is instrumental in the process of education since it helps the educator and the students to interact with each other.

Building Relationships: Communication facilitated dialogue, exchange of ideas as well as expression of human emotions between people. Thus, it helps to build and maintain relationships - be it business communication or interpersonal communication.

Entertainment: Movies, music, television shows, theatre, or even anecdotes narrated by people are types of communication, which are a source of entertainment for us.
6

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

Decision-making: Communication helps in the process of decision making, be it an individual decision or even group decision making.

2.3

MODELS OF COMMUNICATIONS
Models are representations. In each case, the model is designed to provide a simplified

view of some more complex object, phenomenon, or process, so that fundamental properties or characteristics can be high-lighted and examined. Models highlight some features that their designers believe are particularly critical, and there is less focus on other features. Thus, by examining models, one learns not only about the object, situation, or process, but also about the perspective of the designer. (http://www.bookrags.com/research/) In communication study, models function in this same way, allowing for the simplification of complex dynamics to help scholars and students better understand the components and processes that are involved. As with other models, communication models also provide important insights into the perspectives of the designers. In the late 1940s, and through the 1950s and 1960s, a number of new communication models were advanced. Many of the new models preserved the basic themes of the Aristotelian perspective. In 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published a model that they called the "Mathematical Model of Communication." Based on their research with telephones and telephonic communication, the model also used boxes and arrows to represent the communication process. However, their view was more complex. They began with the "information source" box and then, using arrows as the connections, progressed on to boxes for the "transmitter," the "channel," the "receiver," and, finally, the "destination." Box-and-arrow models of communication, of which there have been many over the years, emphasize the components of communication (e.g., a sender, message, and receiver) and the direction of influence. Where arrows go from left to right, that is, from a sender to a receiver, the implication is that it is the sender who, through messages or speeches, brings about communication influences on the receiver. (http://www.bookrags.com/)

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

Berlo's Model (1960): The Ingredients of Communication

Berlo's model shows the important elements in the communication process. The variables indicate the characteristics of the sender and the receiver affecting their communication and understanding. This model is known as the SMCR Model (Source, Message, Channel, Receiver).
Other types of models that have become popular emphasize communication networks the flow of messages among individuals in a group or organization, for example. Such a model for a hypothetical group is depicted in Figure 3. Each circle represents an individual, and the arrows denote messages. Communication models serve to clarify the nature of communication, to provide a guide for research, and to offer a means of displaying research findings. Such models are a tool by which scholars, practitioners, and students can illustrate their thinking about what they consider to be the most important aspects of communication.

2.3.1 Linear Model Communication studies, especially as it developed in the United States after the 1950s, relied on linear models of communication to study modern masscommunication systems. In its most extreme form, it was labelled the bullet theory of communication, since it represented the processes of mass communication as acting like a series of bullets fired by senders aiming to reach their designated targets with pellet like messages. Bias was studied as a measurable deflection of messages from a publicly available standard of truth. Media effects were studied in how they impinged on audiences presumed to be largely passive in their responses, capable only of simple actions like switching the TV on or off or buying a product (or voting for a politician) or not. Variation was studied, following classic stratification theory, to reveal the differences attributable to class, gender, age, and ethnicity.

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

Effective communication (communication that reached its intended target) was something that could be learned and taught. This positivist model of communication and the paradigm with which it was associated gave communication studies a dubious reputation among semiotically informed students of the mass media. Semioticians investigate more complex relationships and mediations between a message and its referent than the simple facts of truth or bias. For most brands of semiotics, interconnections of systems of signs lead to a systemic lack of perfect fit between signs and referents that is not a deliberate effect of a particular text but a recurring feature, expressing the historically constituted conditions of the coding system or ideological tendencies that are shared by senders and receivers. However, the effects model did contain its own implicit semiotic theory, and its object of study was relevant to general semiotics: the form and function of sign systems operating in technologically advanced mass societies. Communications is still a valid term for referring to much of what is studied by semiotics, and this has been reflected in the increasing use, under other names, of semiotic theories applied to the mass media in departments of communications studies. 2.3.2 Interactive Model Interactive communications is an exchange of ideas where both participants, whether human, machine or art form, are active and can have an effect on one another. It is a dynamic, two-way flow of information. Many forms of communication previously thought one-way, like books and television, have become interactive with the rise of computers, the Internet, and digital and mobile devices. These developing collaborative technologies, or new media, have rapidly increased the opportunities for interactive communication across mediums, disciplines, cultures, social classes, locations, and even time. Interactive communication is a modern term that encompasses these evolving forms of conversation. It is a primary characteristic of the present Information Age. New experiments in interaction design are evolving on a daily basis. Interactive communication forms include basic dialogue and nonverbal

communication, gamebooks, interactive fiction and storytelling, hypertext, interactive

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

television and movies, photo and video manipulation, video sharing, video games, social media, user-generated content, interactive marketing and public relations, augmented reality, ambient intelligence, and virtual reality. 2.3.3 Transactional Model "...communication development is viewed as a transactional process that involves a developmental interaction between the child and communicative partners. This perspective emphasizes the reciprocal, bidirectional influence of the communication environment, the responsiveness of communicative partners, and the child's own developing communicative competence. For example, this model assumes that the increasing readability or clarity of the child's communicative behaviour may influence the parent's style and frequency of contingent responsiveness in ways that will further scaffold the child's developing competence during the transition to linguistic communication (Wetherby, Warren, & Reichle, 1998, p. 2)." In transactional model introduced by Sameroff and Chandler's in their 1975 model, developmental outcomes at any point in time are seen as a result of a continuous dynamic interplay among child behaviour, caregiver responses to the child's behaviour, and environmental variables that may influence both the child and the caregiver. Children are viewed as active participants who learn to affect the behaviour and attitudes of others through active signalling and who gradually learn to use more sophisticated and conventional means to communicate through caregivers' contingent social responsiveness (Dunst, Lowe, & Bartholomew, 1990). The fundamental assumption of the transactional model is that development is facilitated by a bidirectional, reciprocal interaction between the child and his or her environment. A change in the child may trigger a change in the environment, which in turn affects the child and so on. In this way, both the child and the environment change over time and affect each other in a reciprocal fashion, and early achievements pave the way for subsequent development (Warren & Yoder, p. 368). 2.4 FORMS OF ORAL COMMMUNICATION Oral communication is the most fundamental forms of communication. It happens every day to all of us, whether its official or just a chat between friends. There are many

10

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

known forms of communication. Among them, some are widely accepted as fundamentals to the communications fields as those listed below: 2.4.1 Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is the process that helps us express our feelings, ideas, and thoughts and share them with the people around us. Efficient interpersonal communication is a very good quality that helps people in every aspect of life be it personal or professional. Interpersonal communication is the process where a person expresses his thoughts, converts the thoughts into a well designed message and sends the message across a communication channel (oral, visual, written, etc) and the receiver receives the message and responds to the message and sends his reply back via the communication channel. Interpersonal communication can be a formal dialogue between two people at a workplace, or even an informal chat between two friends. Communication can occur with or without words and through a number of communication media. Here are the various channels of communication that can be used in interpersonal communication:

1. Oral Communication (Speaking face-to-face or on the phone) 2. Written Communication (Writing emails, letters, instant messaging and sms) 3. Visual Communication (Body Language or sign language)

2.4.1.1 Styles of Interpersonal Communication

There are various styles of interpersonal communication, which are as follows:

Controlling Style of Interpersonal Communication: The controlling style is actually a style of interpersonal communication wherein the sender leaves little or no room for the receiver to provide feedback or reply. People who are generally senior in workplace hierarchy use it to communicate with their subordinates and although this style might prove to be an efficient form of communication during crisis situations, it can intimidate the receiver or the audience and can actually create a communication gap.

11

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

Egalitarian Style of Interpersonal Communication: This style of communication encourages the participants to express their ideas and hence creates a co-operative and healthy atmosphere.

Structuring Style of Interpersonal Communication: The structuring style of interpersonal communication is generally used to communicate specific goals and bring co-ordination to an organization. To avoid making this a one-way conversation it is always better to modify this style and keep it more open to responses from the audience.

Dynamic Style of Interpersonal Communication: This is style of interpersonal communication is a high-energy approach which involves use of motivating words and phrases to encourage the person to get inspired and achieve a certain goal. However this style cannot function when the receiver does not have enough knowledge about the required action desired out of him/her.

Relinquishing Style of Interpersonal Communication: The relinquishing style of interpersonal communication is highly open for ideas to the extent that it can transfer the responsibility of the communication to the receiver. This style of communication works well when the sender and the receiver are equally interested in carrying the conversation ahead.

Withdrawal Style of Interpersonal Communication: It is ironical to call this process a style of interpersonal communication since the withdrawal style is basically the failure or lack of communication. This is a style of interpersonal communication in which the person shows complete disinterest to participate in the communication process or carry it forward.

2.4.2 Small Group Communication Communication in small groups is interpersonal communication within groups of between 3 and 20 individuals. This generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal interactions with social clustering. It can take many forms, from serious issue to petty matter relating to daily life hassle.

12

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

2.4.3 Public Communication Public communication usually also referred as public speaking. Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. The objectives of a public speaker's presentation can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Professional public speakers often engage in ongoing training and education to refine their craft. This may include seeking guidance to improve their speaking skillssuch as learning better storytelling techniques, for example, or learning how to effectively use humor as a communication toolas well as continuous research in their topic area of focus. (http://en.wikipedia.org/) In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?" The purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators should be able to change the emotions of their listeners, not just inform them. Interpersonal communication and public speaking have several components that embrace such things as motivational speaking, leadership/personal development, business, customer service, large group communication, and mass communication. Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply entertaining.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/)

13

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

3.0

CONCLUSION A successful person always has good communication skills in their pocket. They can

represent themselves in the best way possible so that everyone can affect by their charm. They always looked as caring and responsible. People feel that they can always relate to them. Communication is not just a process. It's an art of first listening or reading the information, comprehending it, processing it and then transferring it. There is a huge amount of effort that goes into communication. Gesticulations, voice modulation, body language and the spoken language are some of the important aspects of communication. If the other person is unable to comprehend any of these factors of communication, then the process of communication fails. (3,124 words)

14

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://en.wikipedia.org/ http://www.bookrags.com/research/ Shannon, Claude E., and Weaver, Warren. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press Thayer, Lee. (1968). Communication and Communication Systems. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Watzlawick, Paul; Beavin, Janet H.; and Jackson, Don D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication. New York: W. W. Norton.

15

________________________________________________________________________OUMH1303

16