tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)?

atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

urBmudk ajymif;vJaponfh 1979 ESihf 1989

aZmfjrifah usmf

Ek d i f i H a &;a&mpG u f w J h b moma&; xºuG v mr_ t a=umif ; / uG e f j rLepf v G e f

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ta=umif;eJ@ armf'efacwfukd ckwfarmif;aewJh ‘avq,fzJ,m;’
pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;awG em;vnfcsi&f if axGvu D mvDawGe@J acgi;f ajcmufcrH aeyge@J ? urBm
wcGif +yJ+yJpifatmif ajymif;vJapcJhwJh 1979 eJ@ 1989 ckESpf&JΠjzpf&yfawGukdyJ jyefajymif;
pOf;pm;=unfhyg?
1979 ckESpf[m EkdifiHwuma&;&mrSm xl;jcm;wJh orkdif;pmrsufESmopf zGifhvSpf
EkdifwJhESpfyg? tD&efrSm &Sm;bk&ifukdðzwfcs+yD; t,mwkdvmckdareD tm%m&vmwJhaemuf
urBmt h pPvmrfawmfveS af &;tcif;tusi;f wcGiv f ;Hk ajymif;vJapwJEh pS ?f qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D u
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tmz*epPwef a&aoacsmif;xJ usK;ausm0f ifa&muf+yD; =urRmiifjcif;u uGejf rLepftifyg,m
aowGif;wl;zkd@ pcJhwJhESpf?
0ef}uD;csKyf rm*&ufoufcsmu +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpftkyfpkukd ºuGapmif;
apmif; jzpfatmif yifhay;cJhwJhESpf? rm*&ufoufcsm&JΠ=oZmu taemufEkdifiHa&;rSm
tajymif;tvJawGjzpfap±kHr#ru/ aemufquf aps;uGuf*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd ykHaz:
ay;EkdifcJhygw,f?
ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efaygvf(2)&JΠ1979 ckESpf aEG&moD ykdveftdrftjyef
omoemðyc&D;u ta&SŒOa&myeJ@ A[kdOa&myrSm 1989 txd qufwkdufqkdovkd
t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDtul;tajymif;awG ay:xGufapcJhw,f? 1979
rSmyJ wdef@a&Smifyif;u uGefjrLepfw±kwfjynf urBmhaps;uGufxJ0ifzkd@ yxrqkH; ajcvSrf;awG
pvSrf;cJhwJh ESpfjzpfygw,f?

44
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
a,bl,stjrifrmS awmh oufcsm[m t,mwkv d m/ wde@f w@dk e@J rywfoufovkd
ykyfeJ@vnf; qufEG,fr_udpP r&SdwJhykHyg? Ekd@ayr,fh olwkd@OD;aqmifwJh rwluGJjym;wJh vlxk
toD;oD;ukd csdwfqufvrf;opfxGifay;&mrSm wlnDcJh=uw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;
EkdifiHa&;tcif;tusif;u v$rf;rkd;xm;wJh ±kyf0g'qefwJh wkd;wufr_&SmykHawmfukd ukd,fhenf;
ukd,fh[efeJ@ arSmufvSefypfzkd@ pwifcJh=uw,f?
ppfat;acwfrSm óuHawG@&wJh pD;yGm;a&;xkdif;r_dif;r_/ AsK±kdua&pD,E W,m;
atmufrSm rGef;usyfr_/ A[kdOD;pD;pepfeJ@ tpkd;&&JŒ vufwHcsJŒum;vGef;r_wkd@atmufuae
±kef;xGuf+yD; ‘orkdif;ed*kH;’ yef;wkdifqD vlom;awGcsDwufzkd@ oufcsmwkd@wawGu t±Sdefjr‡ifh
ay;cJhw,f? 1979 ckESpf tajymif;tvJjzpf&yfawGu wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awGay:atmif
aphaqmf+yD;/ qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepf/ armf0g'/ qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vuf,mtm%m&Sifpepf
awGukd qef@usifr_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f?
1979 wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awGu ppfat;acwfrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJepf0if
aewJh ‘bkH0g'/ vlwef;pm;nDr#a&;/ qkd&S,fvpfrkcsatmifjrifa&;’ tdyfrufpdwful;awGukd
wkdufckdufypfygw,f? 'Dt,ltqeJ@ pum;vkH;awGukd urBmhjynfolawG wef;wef;pGJ jzpfae
&wmvnf; yxrurBmppft+yD; Oa&mytifyg,mòydvJr_/ ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;/ 1929 r[m
pD;yGm;a&;uyfe@J 'kw, d urBmppfatmifyw JG @dk uae arG;xkwvf udk w
f hJ tjrifawGr@dk ygy?J aemuf
ukdvkdeDpepfysufokOf;r_eJ@ urBmtESH@ rwfpf0g'D tpkd;&rsm; jyef@ESH@r_u 'DtjrifawGukd xyf+yD;
avmifyifh csJŒum;ay;ygw,f?
okd@aomf 1970jynfhvGefESpfrsm;a&mufawmh vlxkawGu [ef"gwfckwf avvkH;
xGm;wJh tjrift,ltqawGukd pdwfukefae+yD? ESvkH;om;rJh wzufaygufwapmufuef;
tkyfpkawG&JŒ ukd,fhwkdif;jynfxJ tHacsmfwJht,ltq ±kdufoGif;r_ukd atmfa=umvefae+yD?
±kd;&m,Ofaus;r_wefzkd;/ ,kH=unfukd;uG,fr_eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhawG zsufqD;+yD; ±kyf0g'oufouf
awG twif;rsKdcsckdif;r_ukd jyefaxG;tHvm=u+yD?
'Dvedk @J 1979 ckEpS f wefjyefawmfveS af &;awG&ŒJ &vm'fa=umifh wvGq J yH ifaumif;
“,lwkdyD,m;’ pdwful;awGukd acgufxm;+yD;/ vufawG@usr_eJ@ ±kd;&mwefzkd;awGukd aygif;pyf
zGifhqkd&if; 'Duae@urBmrSm aexkdifvm=uygw,f?

vG,fvG,fav;awmhr[kwf

1979 wefjyefawmfvSefa&;rsm;&JΠatmifjrifr_u ae@csif;ncsif; bGm;bGm;}uD;

ay:xGuv f mrsK;d r[kwyf g? vrf;opfudk OD;aqmifazguo
f rl sm;tzk@d tqJc&H csuu
f renf;yg?
&Sm;bk&if&JŒvlawGu ckdareDukd acwfaemufjyefqGJ bmoma&;orm;}uD;vkd@ pGyfpGJygw,f?

45
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

wdef@&JŒ&efolawmf vuf0JpGef;awGu ol@ukd t&if;&Sifv_dif;pD;olvkd@ wHqdyfuyfygw,f?

qkdAD,ufwkd@u olwkd@ukd jyefcswJh tmz*efrl*sma['ifawGukd t±kd;&ifhya'o&mZf}uD;awG
vkd@ acgif;pOfwyfygw,f? ykyf&rif;}uD;uawmh ukdvkdeDvufopf}uD; jzpf&jyefygw,f?
rm*&ufoufcsmukdawmh ol@twkduftcHawGu azgufjyefol/ +Adwdefukd zsufqD;r,fholvkd@
rausrcsrf; jzpfae=uw,f?
1979 Zefe0g&D (1)&uf urBm}uD;taetxm;uvnf; 'Dv&dk ydS gw,f? qkAd , D uf
rwfpf0g'u tuJqwfayr,fh t&m&mukd atmifyGJqifEkdifawmhr,fh[ef? pDtkdifat
okH;oyfcsufu armfpukdtpkd;&ukd pD;yGm;a&;a&m ppfa&;yg plygyg0gwpfckvkd ,lqxm;wm
a=umifh/ tar&dueforw *sifrDumwm&JŒ trsKd;om;vkHòcHa&;tzGJ@u zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHawGqD
qkdAD,ufusL;ausmfrSmukd pkd;&drfylyefae&wJhtcsdef/ tar&duefwkd@&JΠ'kdrDEkdoDtkd&Du
AD,uferfuae eDum&m*Ggtxd ratmifjrifwJhtcsdef?
wu,fvkd@rsm; tJh'DtcsdefrSm wpfOD;OD;u ykdvefu ykyfeJ@ tmz*efolykefawG
a=umifh a&SŒvmr,fEh pS af wGrmS qkAd ,
D uf}uD; urBmZh mwfcaHk y:uae ðydqif;oGm;&vdrrhf ,fv@dk
ajym&if/ 0kdif;t[m;cH&rSm taotcsmyg?
'geJ@ ajymif;jyef tJ'Dhumv w±kwfuGefjrLepfAm;&Sif;ukdawmh csdeJ@eJ@ jzLzwf
jzLa&mfrkd@ urBmhplygjzpfvmr,fvkd@ b,folrS wpfray;yg? armf0g'Drsm;&JΠ,Ofaus;r_
awmfvSefa&; vqkwf&ufawGjzpfae+yD; w±kwfvlxkcrsm y&da'0rD;avmifòrduf cHpm;
ae&csdefrkd@ygyJ? 1978 'DZifbmrSm wdef@a&Smifyif;u tajymif;tvJvkyfzkd@ tpkd;&ay:vpD
taeeJ@ ‘vufawG@uswJh tcsuftvufawGxJuae trSefw&m;&Sm=u’ vkd@ a=unm
vkdufygw,f?
'Dvkda=unmayr,fhvnf; t&ifu b,fuGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfrS ukd,fhbmom
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_vkyf&if; atmifjrifzl;wmr&Sdvkd@ txifr}uD;=uyg? Oyrm- 1950 jynfhESpf
awGrSm qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif c±l;acsmhAf&JŒ pwmvif=oZmòzdcs ajymif;vJr_awGvkyfayr,fh
&vm'fqkd;awGeJ@ olyJ yufvufvefoGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ armf=oZmukdòzdr,fh wdef@ukd
odyfxifrxm;=uyg?
wu,f=uawmh wdef@u c±l;acsmhAfeJ@ uGmjcm;ygw,f? armfpDwkef; avmif;&dyf
uae owd&Sd&Sd yg;yg;eyfeyf ±kef;xGufcJhygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifykdif;
uae ESpf}udrftxkwfcH&ayr,fh 1977 rSm ZmwfckHay: taotcsm jyefwufvmEkdifol?
armfuG,fvGef+yD;csdefeJ@ av;OD;*kd%f; tzrf;cH&+yD;csdefrSmvnf;/ armfukd t&rf;uma&m
odumQ csypfwmrsK;d rvkyb f J vufawG@uswhJ jy\emcsO;f uyfre_ @J pwifcw hJ ,f? urf;±k;d wef;
awGrSm txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkHawGzGifh&if; tar&dueJ@ w&m;0ifoHwrefqufqHa&;ukd 1979
rSmyJ pwifcJhygw,f?

46
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
oufcsm/ a&*iftaemufwcGif

tJ'Dhtcsdef taemufu wkdif;jynfawGrSmvnf; qkd&S,fvpft&dyfxkd;aewmygyJ?

t&if;aps;uGufppfppfukd vufa&Smifxm;+yD; tpkd;&u¾ vufwHajcwHu wjznf;jznf;
csŒJ &if; yk*v
~ u d ykid q
f idk cf iG ahf wG usK@H aew,f? 1945 ckEpS f +Adwed af vbmygwu D pcJw h hJ qk&d ,
S f
'Drkdu&ufvrf;a=umif;eJ@ Oa&mywcGifvkH; 0JvfzJ,m;awG tav;uJaew,f? usef;rma&;
apmihfa&Smufr_/ yifpifpm;axmufyHhr_/ or0g,r/ EkdifiHykdifpuf±kH pwmawGeJ@ EkdifiHawmfu
vlxkukd zGm;zGm;}uD;ozG,f apmifha&SmufwJh nanny state rsKd;awG jzpfaew,f?
1979 a±G;aumufyGJuaep+yD; rm*&ufoufcsmu 'gawGtukefvkH; ajymif;jyef
vSefypfw,f? ppf+yD;acwf ESpfaygif;(30) tom;usaewJh +Adwdo#EkdifiHa&;ukd oufcsmu
Am;&Si;f topf csed ;f ypfw,f? ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f tcGeaf wGav#mch s+yD; Ekid if yH idk v
f yk if ef;awG
yk*~vduvufxJ pa&mif;w,f? wdef@a&Smifyif;ukd jrifovkdyJ oufcsmukdvnf; t}uD;
tus,f ajymif;vJEdkifr,fh olvkd@ xifrxm;=u?
oufcsmu +Adwdeftzkd@ pD;yGm;a&;awGru pdwf"gwfawGyg topfjr‡ifhwifzkd@
vkdtyfae+yDqkd+yD; aqmf=ovkyfaqmifygw,f? oufcsm&JΠaoG;opfavmif;r_u 1979
tar&duefa±G;aumufyGJqD ul;pufoGm;+yD; a&mfe,fa&mifu *sifrDumwmukd tEkdif,l
vkdufEkdifygw,f? a&*ifu 1980 rSmyJ tajymif;tvJawG pcsDygw,f?
tar&du[m +Adwdef&JΠqkd&S,fvpfeJ@ t&if;&Sifa&mpyfwJh pD;yGm;a&; (mixed
economy) ykHpHrsKd; b,fwkef;urS r[kwfayr,fhvnf;/ 1979 rwkdifrD tar&du[m
'Duae@vkd jyif;&S&S *vkdb,ft&if;&SifrsKd; r[kwfao;yg? yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifcGifh ray;ao;wJh
EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;tcsKdΠ&Sdaeygao;w,f? EkdifiHa&;&yf0ef;rSm qkd&S,f,drf;olawGu 'keJ@a';?
1929 urBmph ;D yGm;a&;ukd u,fr ay;wJh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Si+f yD; *|eaf reyfued ;f &JΠtpk;d &0ifuidk f
ay;a&; rufc±kd=oZmuvnf; rao;?
ol@wynfh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif *|efuufeufof*Jvfba&of (John Kenneth
Galbraith) &JΠtaemufu aumfykda&;&Sif;awGeJ@ qkdAD,ufqkd&S,fvpfpepf[m tem*wf
wcsdefcsdef aygif;qkHpnf;oGm;r,fqkdwJh pdwful;awGuvnf; v$rf;aewkef;? 'geJ@ aumif;bGKdif
rif;om;a&*if wufvmjcif;u *vkb d ,fvudk af Z;&Si;f vrf;a=umif;ukd pwnfay;vku d w f ,f
qkd&ygr,f?

47
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

ckdareDeJ@ ykyf

tD&efu t,mwkdvmckdareDuawmh wrsKd;womom? ckdareDu urBmhrlqvif

awmfvSefa&;ukd wif;rmwJh tawG;tac:eJ@ ykHazmfaeol? 1979 rwkdifrD q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm
ta&SŒtv,fykdif;EkdifiHa&;rSmu tm&yf}uD;pkd;a&;0g'/ qkd&S,fvpf,drf; bwfof0g'
(Baathism)/ rwfpf0g' pwJh avmuDoufouf tkdif'D,mawG acgif;axmifaeygw,f?
rsKd;aphcsp tpPvmrf0g'DawGtzkd@ tJ'Dht,l0g'awGukd trsm;}uD;avhvm+yD;wJhaemuf
tm;r&=ubl;? txl;ojzifh tpPa&;eJ@ taemufukdvkdeDvufopf0g'&JΠpdefac:r_ukd
'Dt,ltqawGeJ@ vkH;0 rausmfEkdifrSef; oabmaygufvmcJh=uw,f?
okd@ayr,fh aemufykdif;jzpfxGef;vmr,fh tpPvmrfawmfvSefa&;awGu rwfpf/
vDeif/ armfwkd@&JΠt,ltqawGuae oaE<wnfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? rwfpf0g' tm;aumif;
pOftcgu ynm&SiftcsKdŒ/ acgif;aqmiftcsKdŒ[m rdrdbmoma&;eJ@ rwfpf0g'ukd wef;!‡d
azgufxGufzkd@ óud;pm;wmawG&Sdw,f? tD&efrSmvnf; ynmwwf tvD&S&uDqkd&if vuf0J
tkdif'D,mawGeJ@ tpPvmrftajccH0g'ukd a&morar$+yD; wrefawmf rkd[mruftvkdus
vlr_nDr#a&;/ w&m;r#wr_&Sda&;awGqD jyefoGm;zkd@ aqmf=ocJhygao;w,f?
'DvkdeJ@ 1979 rSm tar&duefukdifxm;wJh ‘&Sm;’ ukd ðzwfcs+yD;wJhaemuf
t,mwkdvm ckdareD tm%m&vmawmh taemufu rsufvkH;jyL;ukefw,f? ckdareD[m
vuf0J,drf; trsKd;om;a&;wyfOD;tzGJ@eJ@ eD;pyfolrkd@yg? okd@aomf ckdareDu tpPvmrfurBmh&JŒ
*E<D}uD;jzpfcsifol/ bmoma&;,kH=unfcsufeJ@ urBm}uD;ukd ajymif;ypfcsifol? ckdareD&JŒ
tpPvmrf oDtkdca&pDu rlqvifurBmrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufaewJh acwfopf
trsK;d om;Ekid if w
H pfck vrf;a=umif;ukd jycJw
h ,fv@dk qk=d uygw,f? 'Dvrf;a=umif;ukd tD&efu
1979 rSm pwifcJhwmvkd@ qkd&r,f?
ckdareDtm%m&wJh 1979 rSmyJ tjcm;tpPvmrfwkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
tv_yft,rf;awG jzpfukef+yD? aqmf'Dtma&AD,rSm w,loeftpPvmrf vufeufukdif
tkyfpku rufumu AvD}uD;ukd ESpfywfavmuf 0ifodrf;xm;vkd@ aoG;xGufoH,kdr_awG
jzpfcJhw,f? tm&yfurBmrSmvnf; rlqvifvli,ftkyfpkawGu tar&duefukd qJa&;
wkdif;xGm&if; vrf;ay:xGufukefw,f? vpfAsm;rSm tar&duefoH±kH; jymjzpfwJhtxd rD;±_dŒ/
ygupPwef tpPvrfrmbwfòrdŒrSmvnf oH±kH;0ifwkdufvkd@ tar&duefESpfa,muf aooGm;
w,f? tmz*efu vli,fawGuawmh qkdAD,ufwyfeD&JΠusK;ausmfr_ukd jyefwkduf&if;
‘*vkdb,f *sD[wf’ bmoma&;ppfyGJukd aºuG;a=umfvm=uygw,f?
aumif;+yD? ykyfuaum? ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD; tajcpkduf&m a&mr AmwDuef
ausmif;awmfukd EkdifiHa&;zufwmwpfcktjzpf vufrcHEkdifbl;vkd@ qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif

48
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
*sKd;Zufpwmvifu ajymygw,f? wcgu pwmvifu ykyfukd avSmifajymifzl;w,f?
“ykyfvm;/ ol@rSm wyfawG b,favmuf&Sdvkd@vJ”?
1979 aEG&moDrSm *|efaygvf(2) ykdvefukd orkdif;0ifc&D;pwifawmh 'g[m ykdvef
ukd ajymif;vJapr,fh ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ (Solidarity) ay:xGufvmr,fvkd@
b,folrS wGufq rxm;yg? ta&SŒeJ@ A[kdOa&mywcGifrSm t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG
jyefvnfE;dk xvmr,f/ aemufq;Hk uGejf rLepftifyg,musq;Hk r_udk OD;wnfapr,fv h @dk b,fol
rS rrSef;qcJh=uyg?
orkdif;ynm&Sif wifrkdoD*gweftuf&Sfu “ykyf rygbJ 1980 ykdvefaoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;&JΠawmfvSefa&;rjzpf/ ykdvefaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; rygbJ a*:bmacsmhAf
vufatmuf qkAd , D uf&ŒJ ta&SŒOa&myay:vpD xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rajymif;vJ/ tJ'hD tajymif;
tvJawGrjzpfbJ 1989 uwWDygawmfvSefa&;awG qufwkdufrjzpf” vkd@ qkdygw,f?
qkdAD,ufukd tmcHwJh ykyf*|efaygvf&JΠbmoma&;E_d;qGr_ t"duaomhcsufu
‘t=urf;rzufa&;’yg? 1979 ckEpS f ZGev f ol&ŒJ ykvd efu;dk &uf tvnftywfc&D;twGi;f rSm/
ykdvefvlxk(13)oef;u vrf;rawGay:xGuf+yD; ol@ukdóudqkd=uw,f? 'g[m uufovpf
ausmif;awGukd t+rJ'kuQay;aewJh qkdAD,ufukd wkduf±kduftmcHr_ygyJ?
qk&d &if- 1979 ckEpS f jzpf&yfawGu wefjyefawmfveS af &;&JΠta&;ygyu Hk dk ajymae
ygw,f? &Sm;/ armf/ qkAd , D ufe@J taemufw@dk rS uk,
d ef nf;uk,d [f efe@J trSm;rSm;t,Gi;f ,Gi;f
awmfvSefa&;awGeJ@ wkd;wufr_&SmykHawmfzGifhaer_ukd/ ckdareD/ wdef@/ oufcsmeJ@ ykyfwkd@u
urBmv h rf;a=umif;ukd jyefwnfah y;w,f? wefjyefawmfveS af &;tkypf [ k m a&S;±k;d vrf;a=umif;
jyefajymwJh uGefqmaA;wpfawG jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f?
okd@aomf 1979 ckESpf&JΠwefjyefawmfvSefa&; tarGuae oifcef;pmay;wmu
‘vlxk[m t+rJwrf;tem*wfukd ar#mfvifhxm;w,f/ obm0ukd ausmfvGefzsufqD;wm/
±kd;&mtpOftvmwefzkd;awGukd zsufqD;+yD; tarSmifxJoGif;wm/ ±kyf=urf;ZmwfoGif;wm
rsK;d ukd onf;rcHEidk b
f ;l ’ qkw
d mygy?J ,ae@armf'efacwf[m 1979 wefjyefawmfveS af &;uae
oifcef;pm,lp&m trsm;}uD;&Sdygao;w,f?

1989

1989 ckESpf ZGefv (3)&uf paeae@ ae@vnfcif;? tD&efacgif;aqmif}uD;

t,mwkv d mckad reD&ŒJ use;f rma&;tajctaeu r[efawmhyg? noef;acgi;f ,HrmS wD[&D ef
a&'D,kdu touf(86)ESpf&Sd ckdareD uG,fvGefa=umif; a=unmygw,f?

49
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

wD[D&efòrdŒpHawmfcsdefu òrdŒawmfayusif;xuf (3)em&DcGJ aemufusygw,f?

tD&efu vltkyf}uD;awG acgif;aqmif}uD; ckdareDtwGuf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;r_jyzkd@ vrf;ay:
xGufvmwJhtcsdefrSmu w±kwfEkdifiHayusif;òrdŒ&JŒ we*FaEGae@ eHeufcif;rSm tm;vkH;
ajcmufjcm;aecsdefyg? w±kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfu wD,efrif&ifjyifay:u qENjy
ausmif;om;awGukd aoG;acsmif;pD; &Sif;vif;aecsdefyg?
wD[&D efe@J ayusi;f rSm aomurD; avmifòrduaf ewJah e@rmS yJ/ ykvd efrmS u ar#mv
f ifh
csufa&mifjcnf poef;wJhae jzpfygw,f? aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@/ tvkyform;tzGJ@/
t&yfbuftzGJ@tpnf;awG pkaygif;xm;wJh twkduftcHawGu tm%m& ykdvefuGefjrLepf
ygwDeJ@ pm;yGJ0kdif; pwifaqG;aEG;wJhae@?
qkdAD,ufwyfawGu 1956 rSm [efa*&D/ 1968 rSm csufukdqvkdAmuD;wkd@ukd
0ifa&muf+yD; uGefjrLepfqef@usifwJh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awGukd 0ifa&mufusK;ausmf acsr_ef;yg
w,f? okd@aomf 1989 rSm ta&SŒOa&myavxku ajymif;vJoGm;+yD? qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif
a*:bmacsmhAfukd,fwkdifu ygwD&JŒ p±kdufa[mif;awG pGef@ypf+yD; zuf&SiftopfvJ0wfaecsdef?
'ga=umifhrkd@ ykdvefvlxk&JŒ vef;qef;Ekd;ºuGr_tay: qkdAD,ufwkd@ toJrrmEkdifawmhbJ
vufykduf=unfhae&ygw,f?
ZGef(4)&ufae@ ykdvefa±G;aumufyGJusif;yvkd@ rJa&wGufawmh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
a&;tzGJ@atmifEkdif+yD; ygvDrefrSm ae&mtrsm;pk &cJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;uwnf;u
uGJjym;+yD; trm±GwfxifaewJh Oa&myukd tqkH;owfzkd@ pwifyg+yD? oHuefvef@um&JŒ oHr_d
awGukd pwifE_wf=uyg+yD? tajymif;tvJjzpf&yfawGu uGefjrLepfòydus±kHr# r[kwfbJ
EkdifiHwumpepf}uD;wckvkH;ukd aemufykdif;tESpf(20)vkH; oGufoGufcg,rf;apcJhygw,f?
rmvfwDaumfykda&;&Sif;awG/ enf;ynmqef;opfr_awG/ ,kH=unfcsuftopfawG ay:xGef;
vmzkd@ wmplay;vkdufygw,f?
tar&dueftpkd;& ay:vpDXmeu ynm&Sif z&efppfzlul;,m;rm;u National
Interest r*~Zif;rSm ‘orkdif;ed*kH;’ tufaq; a&;ygw,f? “u|Ekfyfwkd@jrifawG@ae&wm
ppfat;acwftqkH;owf±kHr# r[kwfbl;? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;acwforkdif;umv +yD;qkH;±kHr#
ruao;bl;? orkdif;wpfckvkH; tqkH;owfoGm;wmyg? vlom;xk&JΠtkdif'Dtkdavmf*sD tDaAmf
vl;&Sif; tqkH;rSwfyGKdifhukd a&mufoGm;wm? taemufvpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDu vlom;xk&JŒ
aemufqkH;tpkd;&ykHpHukd a&mufvmwm’vkd@ a&;cJhygw,f? aemufESpftenf;i,frSm ol@
pmtkyf xGufvmygw,f?
1989 rSm urBmu h eG jf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGu olw@dk a±$a&mifae@&ufawG ukeq f ;Hk
awmhr,fqkdwm odae=u+yD? pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepfeJ@ taemufukd ajrjrLyfypfr,fh aºuG;
a=umfoaH wG avxJ vGiahf ysmufomG ;+yD? tar&duef/ taemufOa&myeJ@ *syefw@dk &ŒJ owif;

50
trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
enf ; ynmawmf v S e f a &;u qef ; opf w D x G i f r _ r sKd ; pk H e J @ rk d ; ay:wuf a ecsd e f taemuf
bpfZpfeufpfvkyfief;awGu ta&SŒukd tkyfpD;zkd@ jyifqifaecsdefrSmyJ? qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmif
a*:bmacsmhAfeJ@ tvufZef'g; ,mwkdvufAfwkd@u t&if;&Sifpepf tEkdif&oGm;+yDqkdwm
oabmaygufvkduf=uygw,f? tem*wWdq&mawmfzvmeJ@ zlul;,m;rm;wkd@u wwd,
v_dif;u awmif;qkdvmwJh tkdifwDzGH@òzd;r_twGuf vkHavmufwJh tajccHtaqmufttkH
(infrastructure) r&Sdvkd@ uGefjrLepfwcGifvkH; òydvJawmhr,fvkd@ edrdwfzwfaeygw,f?

EkdifiHawmfpGufzufr_ vufwHtvGef

ppfat;acwfqkd&mrSm tkdif'Dtkdavmf*sDòydifqkdifr_/ ppfa&;EkdifiHa&;òydifqkdifr_/

Ekid if }H uD;rsm;eJ@ ol@r[mrdwf Ekid if iH ,fav;awG=um;u bufa±G;r_awG &S=d uygw,f? ok@d aomf
ppfat;tqkH;owf+yD;aemuf EkdifiHvufwHawG&JŒ wkduf±kdufxdef;csKyfr_ ‘jyifyzufwm
okH;ck’u EkdifiHwumpepftay: ykHazmfvmygw,f?
yxr zufwmu ‘*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;’ac: EkdifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;eJ@ bpfZpf
eufpfvkyfief;rsm; aygif;pnf;vmr_? 1989 ckESpfuwnf;u *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;[m
urBmhzGH@òzd;r_twGuf tcsuftcsmrSm &SdaecJhw,f? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;u umvwkdwkd
twGif; vlawGukd tcGifhtvrf;awGay;/ urBmhbpfZpfeufpfvkyfief;&SifawG jzpfap±kHr#ru/
r[mAsK[mtcif;tusif;opfawG o,fvmygw,f? *vkdb,f qyfyvkdif;csdef; (supply-
chains) pDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm w±kwfyg0ifvm+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDukd tzwfq,fEkdifcJh
ygw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGif; xdawG@qufqHr_rsm;vm+yD;/ tjyeftvSef,kH=unf
av;pm;r_twGuf ‘todynm’[m tc&mtusqkH;qkdwm jrifvm=uygw,f?
'kw, d Ekid if v
H ufwjH yifyzufwm (non-state factor) uawmh 1989 uwnf;
u urBm}uD;ukd ykHazmfaewJh ‘bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf0g'’yg? 'gu rkd;ay:uusvmwm
awmh r[kwf? 1979 ckESpf tD&efrSm ckdareDtm%m&csdefu pwif+yD;/ 1989 azazmf0g&DrSm
qkdAD,ufwyfawG tmz*efepPwefu jyefqkwfcGmr_txd yg0ifygw,f? aemufykdif; *sD[wf
ppfyGJtwGuf wGifwGifatmfvm+yD; EkdifiHwumt=urf;zuf0g'/ tpPvmrfrpfzufqpf0g'
urBmhZmwfckHay: wufvmygw,f?
wwd,zufwmuawmh rajymr+yD; urBm}uD;ukd ajymif;vJapcJhwJhenf;ynmyg?
yDpDuGefjyLwmu 1989 uwnf;u taemufu vlawGvufxJrSm a&mufae+yD;/ rkdbkdif;
zkef;u vlaer_tqifhtwef; azmfjycsufyg? uGefjyLwmyg0geJ@ tifwmeufu *vkdb,f
vkdufaZ;&Sif;&JΠa'gufwkdifjzpfae+yD; aemufykdif;jzpfvmr,fh awmfvSefa&;rsm;twGuf
tokH;0ifqkH;vufeuf jzpfygvdrfhr,f?

51
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

tajymif;tvJ oifcef;pmrsm;

1979 jzpf&yfrsm;t+yD; ESpf(30)t=um/ 1989 tajymif;tvJrsm;+yD; ,ae@

ESp(f 20)t=umrSmawmh urBm}uD;u Ekid if w H umykpH oH pfudk &SmazGaeygw,f? urBmph ;D yGm;a&;
xkdif;r_dif;usqif;r_ ‘&Dquf&Sif;’a=umifh t&if;&Sifpepf&JŒ qkd;±Gm;csufawGukd a0zefae=ujyef
yg+yD? vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDeJ@ tar&duefeD,kduGefqm;aA;wpfwkd@&JΠb0ifav[yf avmfrm
r_awGudk vuf!;d_ xk;d ae=ujyef+yD? vGwv f yfaom ukeo f ,G af &;eJ@ *vkb
d ,ft&if;&Sipf epfudk
arwWm ryGm;Ekdif=uawmhyg?
zlu,l m;rm;uk,d wf idk v
f nf; ‘vrf;qk;H vrf;cGtar&du’ pmtkyef @J pvk@d t&if;&Sif
pepf&JŒ tm;enf;csufawGtay: 0efcHcsufawG &Sdvmygw,f? tpkd;&0ifu,f r a&; rufc±kd
ay:vpD ‘udef;0g'D’ *sKd;Zufpwpfvpfwkd@u tkdiftrftufzfeJ@ t&if;&Sifpepfukd axmufjy
vmygw,f? urBmh ‘pyd’u jrefvGef;ygw,f? 1979/ 1989 awmfvSefa&;awGa=umifh
uGefjrLepfpepf òydusvkd@ 0rf;omvkH;qkd@=u±kH&Sdao; *vkdb,ft&if;&Sif bmvJ b,fvJawG
wavS}uD; wufvmjyef+yD?
a&SŒvmr,fh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awGtwGu/f r=umao;wJh tESpf (20)avmufu
tcsKd;tauG@ tv_yftcwfawG jyef=unfhzkd@ vkdtyfygr,f? bmvifwHwkdif;òydusr_/ ±k&Sm;
tajymif;tvJ/ a&*ifoufcsm/ wD,efrif&ifjyif/ rif'Jvm;-'Duvyf/ urBm'D;,m;rS
AD,uferf qkwcf mG r_/ tifwmeufueG , f uf (World Wide Web)? ,ae@acwfòydiu f rBmrSm
qufvuf &Sifusef&pfzkd@u urBmhtajymif;tvJ tv_yftcwfawGukd aphikrdzkd@ vkdygr,f?
opfwpfyifeJ@ uG,fraebJ awmtkyfwpfckvkH; òcH=unfhzkd@vkdygr,f? &Snf=umwJh awmf
vSefa&;awGaemufrSm wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awG vkdufygwwfygw,f?

aZmfjrifhausmf

&nf!$ef;?

Foreign Policy (May- June 2009)

Shifting on Its Pivot by Michael Elliot

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