Chapter 12

Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc.
X
male
female
males
and females
X
brother-sister
mate
males females
50% of offspring 25%
25%
unexpected result
sexual dimorphism
a
a b
b
c
d d
a
a b
b
c c c
d
two copies of each
different gene
only one copy of each
different gene on the X
chromosome
autosomes: chromosomes that are the same in number and
morphology in the two sexes
sex chromosomes: chromosomes that differ in number or
morphology in the two sexes
X and Y
chromosome pair although they
do not fit the definition of
homologous chromosomes
X
male
female
brother-sister
mate
males
females
50% of offspring
25%
25%
X
w
Y
X
w+
X
w+
X
w
X
w+
Y
X
w+
X
X
w+
X
w+
Y
X
w
eggs
sperm
X
w
X
w+
X
w+
X
w
Y
Y
X
w+
X
w+
red red
red white
X-chromosome
linked genes
X
w+
X
w
Y
eggs
sperm
X
X
w+
X
w+
Y
Y
X
w
X
w
red
red
red red
X
w+
w+
X
w+
parental
F1
X
male
female
brother-sister
mate
males
females
50% of offspring
25%
25%
X
w
Y
X
w+
X
w+
X
w
X
w+
Y
X
w+
X
X
w+
X
w+
Y
X
w
eggs
sperm
X
w
X
w+
X
w+
X
w
Y
Y
X
w+
X
w+
red red
red white
X-chromosome
linked genes
X
w+
X
w
Y
eggs
sperm
X
X
w+
X
w+
Y
Y
X
w
X
w
red
red
red red
X
w+
w+
X
w+
parental
F1
X
w+
X
w
X
w+
X
w+
X
w+
X
w
Y
Y
12
X
red eyed male
white eyed female
5000 white eyed males 5000 red eyed female
2 red eyed males 2 white eyed females
expected
exceptional
offspring
X
w+
Y
X
w
X
w
X
red eyed male
white eyed female
5000 white eyed males 5000 red eyed female
2 red eyed males 2 white eyed females
expected
exceptional
offspring
X
w+
Y
X
w
X
w
X
w
Y
X
w+
X
w
X
w+
X
w
X
w
Y
o
Calvin Bridges explanation for the appearance of
exceptions nondisjunction of X chromosome
X
red eyed male
white eyed female
5000 white eyed males 5000 red eyed female
2 red eyed males 2 white eyed females
expected
exceptional
offspring
X
w+
Y
X
w
X
w
X
w
Y
X
w+
X
w
X
w+
X
w
X
w
Y
o
Calvin Bridges explanation for the appearance of
exceptions nondisjunction of X chromosome
nondisjunction: failure of homologues to segregate to opposite poles during anaphase
of meiosis I or meiosis II
possible pairing
of X and Y chromosomes
sperm
eggs
if the white eyed
female is normal
one would expect
all white eyed male
and all red eyed
female offspring
dies
white
female
red
male
dies
red
female
white
male
red
female
white
male