NAME : NOLUBABALO

SURNAME : NKOSAYIDLI
STUDENT : 202108442
COURSE CODE : MIC 212
QUESTION 1:
1.1
1.2 a) Sex-linked trait is trait that is controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
whilst sex influenced trait are controlled by a pair of alleles found on the
autosomal chromosomes, but its phenotypic expression is influenced by the
presents of certain hormones.
b) Sex chromosomes are sex linked characteristics, an allele on the x chromosomes
is X-linked and allele on the y chromosomes is y-linked whereas a karyotype is an
arrangement of an individuals chromosomes into numbered pairs according to their
size and shape.
c) Barr body is an active X chromosome. A female function with X chromosome as a
male does whilst genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location
on a chromosome and can help link an inherited disorder with the responsible genes.
1.2 a) dominant autosomal disorder
- Affected children will usually have an affected parent.
- heterozygotes (Aa) are affected.
- Two affected parents can produce an unaffected child.
- Two unaffected parents will not have affected children.
- Both males and females are affected with equal frequency.
b) Recessive autosomal disorder
- Most affected children have unaffected parents.
- Heterozygotes (Aa) have an unaffected phenotype.
- Affected individuals with homozygous unaffected mates will have unaffected
children.
- Both males and females are affected with equal frequency.
QUESTION 2:
2.1 Widows peak – BB
Continuous hairline – bb
Curl tongue – WW
Uncurled tongue – ww

Solomon- Bbww
Sheba – bbWw
Child – bbww
2.2 Mother – Cc
Father – Cc
John the Baptise – cc
2.3 TT – Without Tay Sachs
Tt – with Tay Sachs
T t
X X
T T T T t
X X X X X
T t
Y X Y XY

Therefore X t Y has 25% chances of a child with Tay Sachs.

2.4 HH – With polydactly

hh- without polydactyl
H h
h Hh hh
h Hh hh

There are 50% chances of the children to have 12 fingers and 12 toes.

QUESTION 3:
3.1 Males are more at risk if a disorder is an X-linked recessive disorder because
females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X
chromosome, X-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than
females. A single recessive gene on that X chromosome will cause the disease. The
Y chromosome is the half of the XY gene pair in the male. However, the
chromosome does not contain most of the genes of the X- chromosome, because of
that it does not protect the male. Thus, males can have a disease like haemophilia if
they inherit an affected X chromosome, since males have only a single copy of any
gene located on the X chromosome, they cannot offset damage to that gene with an
additional copy as can females.
In the punnet square below X^h is the haemophilia allele whilst it also shows a male
without the haemophilia allele crossed with a female who is a carrier.
- X H -No haemophilia

- X h - haemophilia
H h
X X
H H H H h
X X X X X
 Y XHY X hY
3.2 when an environmental influence is dominant, the trait similarity would be the
same for identical and fraternal twins. Both genetic and environmental factors
influenced glucose metabolism in the brain, but they predominantly affected different
areas. Identical twins look the same because each twin shares the same genes as
their identical sibling. This occurs when a mother is pregnant, the fertilized egg holds
the mixture of genes from both the mother and the father. Occasionally this fertilized
egg splits into two eggs with the exact same mixture of genes. This results in two
identical people who are like one another in the way they look and behave.
3.3 Wavy hair is dominant over the straight hair, which means the allele W is
dominant over the Allele w. This shows that this is a complete dominance. In the
heterozygous form (Ww), only dominant allele(W) will be expressed in the
phenotype. Timothy has recessive alleles(ww) that is expressed in the phenotype as
straight hair.
Question 4

4.1 AA – Without cystic fibrosis

Aa – with cystic fibrosis
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa Aa
Therefore, there are 25% chances of child with cystic fibrosis.
4.2 the normal human karyotype contains 23 pairs of chromosomes with 22 pairs of
autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. There is also similar size and banding
pattern between each of the pairs. The autosomal chromosome pairs are numbered
and arranged from the largest to the smallest. Cells are collected from a blood or
tissue sample stimulated to begin dividing whilst the chromosomes are arrested in
metaphase, preserved in a fixative, and applied to a slide where they are stained
with a dye to visualise the distinct banding patterns of each chromosome pair.
4.3 Nondisjunction can occur during meiosis two if the sister chromatids separate but
the resulting chromosomes go into the same daughter cell. Then the egg will have
one more or less than usual number of chromosomes. Fertilization of these
abnormal eggs with normal sperm produces an abnormal zygote with abnormal
chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction can also occur during meiosis one and
results in abnormal eggs that also have one more or one less than the normal
number of chromosomes. Fertilisation of these abnormal eggs with normal sperm
results in a zygote with an abnormal chromosome number. In humans (2n), the
normal diploid number of chromosomes is 46. An individual who is 2n + 1 would
have 47 chromosomes, while an individual who is 2n-1 would have 45
chromosomes.
4.4 The most common autosomal abnormality seen in humans is called
nondisjunction. Firstly, normal humans’ beings receive 22 pairs of autosomes and
chromosomes 1 pairs of sex chromosomes. Sometimes an individual is born with too
few or too many autosomes or sex chromosomes, most likely due to nondisjunction
during meiosis. This abnormality is caused when both member of homologous pair
go into the same daughter cell, or during meiosis two, when the sister chromatids fail
to separate and both daughter chromosome go into the same gamete. When
nondisjunction has occurred during oogenesis, some abnormal eggs have 24
chromosomes, while others have only 22 chromosomes.

QUESTION 5:
5.1 Through genotype, the sex of a caster can be determined by looking at the
chromosomes, especially the sex chromosome pairs. Whether he or she has an XX
or XY sex chromosome pair, and whether he or she has an XX chromosome, is
because the Y chromosome is short and easily identifiable. You can also check the
presence of Barr bodies. This is the inactive X chromosome found in women, a dark-
coloured chromatin mass. Karyotype analysis is also used to check for the presence
of abnormal chromosomes, colour blindness that affects one sex, poly-X with an
additional X chromosome, and sexually related disorders such as Turner syndrome
that affect women.

Phenotypic Evidence Specific internal factors such as the uterus, genitals, ovaries,
and the presence of external Gentiles such as the testicles can be identified.
Observable secondary sexual characteristics, etc. B. Voice pitch. It is low for women
and can be high for women. Existing hair, face and chest hair, and pubic hair can be
clues. If you have a chest, lower back, or menstrual cycle. Look for symptoms
caused by sex-related alleles. For example, if she has networked throat, high-arched
palate, heart, and kidney damage, she has Turner syndrome with an X chromosome,
or PolyX with an extra X chromosome that tends to be a large and thin delay. May
have exercise and language development. Some people have dysmenorrhea.

5.2 Inheriting too many and too few chromosomes may result in irregular oogenesis
or spermatogenesis, such as Turner syndrome, females with one sex chromosome;
usually short, may have malformed features, webbed neck, high palate, small jaw,
many have heat and kidney defects, do not undergo puberty, have non-verbal
learning disability with normal range of intelligence. Klinefelter syndrome usually
occurs in males (XXY), it cannot easily father a child without assistance of
supplement of testosterone. It has speech and language delays, need parental to
know and help the child.

Poly-X usually occurs in females (XXX). It has extra Barr-Body, it also tends to be tall
and thin. Have delayed motor and language development. Some have menstrual
difficulties; some are normal and have normal children. XXX females also can be
born tall and likely to be retarded. There is another syndrome called Jacob syndrome
(XYY) which results only from non-disjunction during spermatogenesis. Affected are
taller, suffer from acne have speech and reading problems.