Surveying Set 1

Corrections in Measuring Distances

Pace Factor
Correction for Measuring Distances
General Formula
CD = RD + C
where:
CD = Correct Distance
RD = Recorded Distance
C = all applicable Corrections
Tape Correction
=

+ too long
-too short
=

+ too long
-too short
Correction Due to Temperature (Ct)
Ct = k( Tm Ts ) L
Where:
k coefficient of linear expansion
0.0000116/
0
C
0.00000645/
0
F
Tm Temperature during measurement
Ts Standard Temperature
Problem 1:
When the temperature was 48
0
C, the measured
distance from B to C was 318m. The steel tape used has a
standard length at 20
0
C, with a coefficient of thermal
expansion of 0.0000116/
0
C. Find the correct distance BC
in m.
Soln:
Ct = k( Tm Ts ) L
Ct = 0.0000116/
0
C(48
0
C- 20
0
C)(318m)
Ct = +0.103m too long
CD = CD Ct
CD = 318 + 0.103
CD = 318.103m
Problem 2:
When the temperature was 5
0
C, the measured
distance from D to E was 674.25m. The steel tape used
has a standard length at 20
0
C, with a coefficient of
thermal expansion of 0.0000116/
0
C. What is the correct
distance from D to E in m?
Soln:
Ct = k( Tm Ts ) L
Ct = 0.0000116/
0
C(5
0
C- 20
0
C)(674.25m)
Ct = -0.117m too short
CD = CD Ct
CD = 674.25 0.117
CD = 674.133m
Correction due to Pull (Cp)
Where:
Pm = Pull during measurement
Ps = Standard Pull
A = Cross Sectional Area of Tape
E = Modulus of Elasticity of Tape
Cp=
PmPs L
AE

Problem 3:
A line was determined to be 2395.25m when
measured with a 30m steel tape supported throughout its
length under a pull of 4 kg. Tape used is of standard
length at a pull of 5kg. Cross sectional area of tape is 0.03
sq.cm. Modulus of elasticity of tape is 2x10
6
kg/cm
2
.
Soln:



AE
L Ps Pm
Cp
) (

) 10 2 )( 03 . 0 (
) 25 . 2395 )( 5 4 (
6
x
Cp

m Cp 0399 . 0
Correction due to Sag (Csag)
Where:
w weight of tape per linear meter
W
tape
/ L
tape

Pm Pull during measurement
Csag=
w
2
Lsag
3
24Pm
2

Problem 4:
A 100m tape weighs 0.0508 kg/m. During field
measurements, the tape was subjected to a tension of
45N and was supported at the end points, midpoints and
quarter points. Find the correction per tape length due to
sag.
Soln:


2
3 2
24Pm
Lsag w
Csag
2
3 2
) 45 ( 24
) 25 ( ) 81 . 9 0508 . 0 ( x
Csag
m Csag 0798 . 0
cm or m x Csag
Total
32 32 . 0 4 0798 . 0
Pace Factor
=

.

= .
A line 100m long was paced by a surveyor for four
times with the following data. 142, 145, 145.5, and 146.
Then another line eas paced for four times again with the
following results, 893, 893.5, 891 and 895.5.

1. Determine the pace factor.
2. Determine number of paces for the new line.
3. Determine the distance of the new line.



Problem 5: CE Board Nov. 1998
Solution:
1. Pace factor:
No. of paces = (142+145+145.5+146)/5
No. of paces = 144.625
Pace factor = 100/144.625 = 0.691
2. Number of paces for the new line:
No. of paces = (893+893.5+891+895.5)/5
No. of paces = 893.25
3. Distance of the new line:
Distance of new line = 893.25(0.691)
Distance of new line = 617.236m.
Chaining
Prob1: A line was measured to have 5 tallies, 6 marking pins and 63.5 links. How long is the line in
feet?
Prob 2:Determine the length of the line, in m, it there were 3 tallies, 8pins and the last pin was
9m from the end of the line. The tape used was 50m.
Conversion:
(For a 100ft Tape) (For a 50m tape)
1 link = 1 ft 1 link = 0.5m
1 chain = 100 ft 1 chain = 50m
1 pin = 1 chain 1 pin = 1 chain
1 pin = 100 ft 1 pin = 50m
1 tally = 10 pins 1 tally = 10 pins
Soln:
(1) Dist = 5 tallies(10pins/tally)(100ft/1pin)+(6pins)(100ft/1pin)+(63.5links)(1ft/1link)
Dist = 5663.5ft
(2) Dist = 3 tallies(10pins/tally)(50m/1pin)+(8pins)(50m/1pin)+9m
Dist = 1909m
Probable Value and Error
Probable Error (PE)
Where:
E = Probable error

2
= sum of the squares of the residuals
n = number of observation
= 0.6745

2
( 1)

Standard Error (SE)
=

2
( 1)

Where:
SE = Standard error

2
= sum of the squares of the residuals
n = number of observation
Standard Deviation
=

2
( 1)

Where:
SD = Standard Deviation

2
= sum of the squares of the residuals
n = number of observation
Precision of Measurement
Precision of Measurement = PE/PV
Weight
Probable Value
W = k x M (no. of measurement)
W = k x 1/D (distance)
W = k x 1/PE (probable error)
Correct Value
W = k x M (no. of measurement)
W = k x 1/D (distance)
W = k x 1/PE (probable error)

The following interior angles of a triangle traverse
were measured with the same precision.




1. Determine the most probable value of angle A.
2. Determine the most probable value of angle B.
3. Determine the most probable value of angle C.



Angle Value (Degrees) No. of Measurements
A 41 5
B 77 6
C 63 2
Problem 5: CE Board May 2003

1. Probable value of angle A.
A + B + C = 41 + 77 + 63 = 181
0

Error = 181-180 = 1
0

Error = 60 mins.
LCD of 5, 6, and 2 is 30
Sta. Weight Correction
A

B

C
Solution:
30 = 6
5
6 (60) = 13.84

26
30 = 5
6
5 (60) = 11.54

26
30 = 15
2 26
15 (60) = 34.62

26 60
Corrected value of A = 41
0
13.84 = 40
0
46.16
3. Probable value of angle B:
Corrected value of B = 77
0
11.54 = 76
0
48.46
4. Probable value of angle C:
Corrected value of C = 63
0
34.62 = 62
0
25.38



Leveling