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Full Geography
Chapter 12
Rivers
1
You Will Learn:
2
Rivers play an important role in the hydrologic cycle.
Study the figure below.
Rainfall
Condensation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Runoff
Groundwater
River mouth
6
Processes of a River
The processes of a river are determined by how
much energy a river has. In turn, how much energy
a river has is determined by two very important
factors…
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Factors that Determine Energy
8
Factors Affecting
Speed of a River
• Gradient of a channel
- Is it very steep?
- Is it very gentle?
• Roughness of the channel
- Are there many obstacles causing friction
to the flow of the river?
• Wetted perimeter
- How much of the river’s flow is in contact
with the river’s channel?
9
Factors Affecting
Volume of a River
• Size of drainage basin
- Is it very big? Or small?
• Presence of vegetation
- How does the vegetation intercept rainfall and cause
a decrease in surface runoff in the short term?
10
Factors Affecting
Volume of a River
• Permeability of rocks
- High permeability?
- Low permeability?
• Climate
- Does the climate have a distinct wet season?
- How does climate affect vegetation growth?
- How is the volume of a river therefore
affected?
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River Processes
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Processes — Erosion
• Hydraulic action
• Corrasion
• Attrition
• Solution
13
Study the incomplete table below. What should be
in the blanks?
Corrasion
?
Fast-flowing water
?
Solution ?
Rock fragments
?
14
Processes — Transportation
Study how the river transports its load when it has
sufficient energy.
16
Study the photograph below. Which rock (A, B or C)
will be deposited first? Second? Last? Why?
B
A
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Consider the following materials, which will be
DEPOSITED last?
Gravel
Silt
Clay
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Consider the following materials, which will be
ERODED last?
Gravel
Silt
Clay
ss
Le ock
n tr ck
a r o
s is t nt
re a
s ist nt
Waterfall
Plunge
re t a
is rock
e pool
or re
s
M s s
Le 20
Landforms — Waterfalls
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Landforms — Gorges
River
Waterfall
Gorge
Hard rock
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Landforms — Valleys
Width of floodplain
Levee
Width of channel made up of
Fine sediments coarse
sediments
Alluvium
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Meanders
Meandering is a means for the river to widen its river valley.
25
Within the meander, both erosion and deposition occur.
River cliff
created on Slip-off
outer bank slope
created on
inner bank
Concave
slope Convex
slope
Outer Deposition
bank is Eroded of
undercut materials sediments
by erosion
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Landforms — Oxbow Lakes
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Landforms — Deltas
A delta is a depositional feature commonly formed at the
river mouth.
River
Land
Delta Distributaries
Sea
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What are Floods?
Floods occur when a river channel is unable to hold the huge amount of water within it.
Two reasons:
• Too much water in
the channel — due
to high precipitation
• Too much sediments
in the channel —
reducing the channel
capacity
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Management of River Flooding
Channelisation
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Effectiveness of Channelisation
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