4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

Chapter 4 : THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

A Historical Development Of The Periodic Table

1  Antoine Lavoiser (1743-1794)

 The first Scientist classifies substances including ……………. and ……………., into
……………………..and…………………….
 Substances were classified into four groups with similar chemical properties.

 His classification was unsuccessful because ………………, ………………and a few other

compounds were also considered as elements.

2  Johann Dobereiner (1780-1849)

 Divided the elements into groups of three elements with similar chemical properties,
known as …………………………………….

 The atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the average atomic mass of the
other two elements in each triad.

 This classification led chemist to realise that there was a relationship between the
……………………………………. and the atomic mass of each element.

Example :

Average relative atomic

Element in triad Li Na K
mass of Li and K

7 +39
Relative atomic mass, = 23
7 39 2
Ar
?

3  John Newlands (1837-1898)

 He arranged the known elements in order of increasing atomic mass.

 Elements with similar chemical properties were repeated at every eighth element. This was
known as the Law of……………………………….

 This system was inaccurate because the Law of Octaves was obeyed by the first 17 elements
only and there were some elements with wrong atomic mass/mass number.
 However, Newlands was the first chemist to show the existence of ……………………………. for the
properties of elements.

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

4  Lothar Meyer (1830-1895)

 He plotted a graph of ……………………….. against ………………………… for all the known

elements.

Mass of 1 mol (g)

Atomic volume =
Density (g cm-3 )

 He realised that elements with ………………………………….. occupied equivalent positions

along the curve.

Atomic
volume K

Na Ca
What colour
Li Mg should be here?

Be
Al
B
Atomic mass

 He was successful in showing that the properties of the elements formed a periodic pattern
against their…………………………………..

5  Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)

 Arranged the elements in order of …………………………………...

 He grouped the elements according to …………………………………...

 [Elements with similar chemical properties were in the same group].

 He left gaps in the table to be filled by ………………………….. elements.

 He was able to predict the properties of undiscovered elements.
 [e.g : Ekasilicon, Es is predicted by Mendeleev in 1869 was discovered as Germanium, Ge
in 1886 ].

6  Hendry J. G. Moseley (1887-1915)

 Studied the ……………………………………….. of elements.

 [Introduced the concepts of proton number of each elements]

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 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

 He concluded that ………………………………… should be used as the basis for the periodic
changes of chemical properties of elements instead of the atomic mass.
 He rearranged the elements in order of increasing proton number in the Periodic Table.

B Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic Table

Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in an ……………….. order of ……………………..,

ranging from 1 to 103.
Elements with ……………..…………………… are placed in the same vertical column called
……………..……

Vertical
column

Horizontal row

Lanthanides
Actinides

 There are ………… vertical columns of elements in the Periodic Table.

 Each vertical column of elements is called a ………………..
 The vertical columns are known as ……………… to ………………….

 There are ………… horizontal rows of elements in the Periodic Table.

 Each of these horizontal rows of elements is called a……………………
 The horizontal rows are known as ……………. to……………….

Activity 1:-
In the table below, write :
(a) Group 1 to 18
(b) Period number 1 to 7
(c) the symbol of each element from Hydrogen to Calcium

1 18
1 H 2 He
2
3 4

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

Ca

Lanthanides
Actinides
 The number of valence electrons in an atom decides the ……………..………… of an element
in the Periodic Table.

Example :
The proton number of sodium, Na is 11.
The electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1
The valence electron of sodium is 1
Sodium is placed in Group 1 in a Periodic Table.

 For elements with 1 and 2 valence electrons, the group number of the element is the number of
valence electrons in its atom.
 For elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons, the group number of the element is the number of
valence electrons in its atom plus ten (+10) [ valence electron + 10 ]

Example :
The proton number of chlorine is 17
The electron arrangement of chlorine is 2.8.7
The valence electrons of chlorine is 7
Chlorine is placed in Group 17 [ 7 +10 ]

Elements from period 3

Electron
Proton Valence
Element arrangemen Group
number electron
t
Na 11 2.8.1 1 1
Mg 12
Al 13 2.8.3 3 13
Si 14
P 15 Group :

S 16 Valence electrons + 10
Cl 17 2.8.7 7 17
Ar 18
 The position of the
period of an element in the Periodic Table is determined by the number of ……………………..
occupied/filled with electrons in the atom of that element.

 The period number of an element is the number of shell occupied with electrons in it’s atom.

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 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

Example :
The proton number of magnesium is 12
The electron arrangement of magnesium is 2.8.2
There are 3 shells occupied with electrons in magnesium atom.
The period number of magnesium in the Period Table is 3

Activity 2:-
Complete the following table :

Element Li C O Ne Mg Al P Cl K Ca
Proton number 3 6 8 10 12 13 15 17 19 20
Electron
2.1 2.4 2.8 2.8.2 2.8.3
arrangement
Number of
valence 1 4 8 3
electron
Group 1 14 18 13
Number of
shells occupied 2 2 2 3
with electrons
Period 2 2 2 3

Specific name of certain groups :

Group Specific name

1 Alkali metal #

2 A metal
Alkali-earth Nucleon number
X
3 to 12 Transition element # Proton number
Z
1
17 Halogen #
PERIOD
18 Noble gas #
2
# The important groups that will be studied from the aspect of physical and chemical properties.
Activity 3:-
3
1 Write the electron arrangement for each element in the following Periodic Table.

Symbol of element : [ Standard form ]

4

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GROUP

1 18
1 4
H He
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2
…….. ……..
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
…….. …….. ……. …….. …….. ……. …….. ……..
. .
23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
…….. …….. ……. …….. …….. ……. …….. ……..
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 . .
39 40
K Ca
19 20 TRANSITION ELEMENTS
…….. ……..

2 Complete the statement and answer the following questions based on the table below.

Element Nucleon number Number of neutrons

A 9 4
B 31 16
C 35 18

(i) The proton number of A is ……… and the number of electrons in an atom A is ……...
The electron arrangement of atom A is…………………..
The valence electron of atom A is …………………..
Atom A is in Group …………..and Period …………..

(ii) Atom B is in Group …………..and Period …………..

(iii) A student states that atom C is in Group 17 and Period 3 in Periodic Table of Element.
Is the statement true or false? Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...............

……………………………………………………………………………………………...............

……………………………………………………………………………………………...............

 Advantages of Grouping Elements in the Periodic Table

The systematic arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table helps us to study the elements
systematically, especially in their ………………… and ……………….. properties.

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Elements with the ……………….. number of ………………………. are placed in the same Group
because they have the same chemical properties.
Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in the order of increasing of proton
number which enable chemists to study, understand and remember :
(a) the chemical and physical properties of all the elements and compounds in an orderly manner.
(b) the properties of elements and their compounds are predicted based on the position of elements
in the Periodic Table.
(c) the relationship between the elements from different groups can be known.

C GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

1. Group 18 elements consists of ……………., …………….., ………….., ……………,

…………. and ………………………..
2. These elements are known as …………………… gases.
3. Group 18 elements exist as monoatomic at room condition because Noble gases achived
stable electron arrangement which is …………………… for helium and ……………………
for other elements.
4. Noble gases do not have to lose, gain or share electrons.

Physical Properties of Group 18 Elements

Noble gases have very …………….. atomic sizes.
They are …………………. gases at room temperature and pressure.
Noble gases have …………….. melting and boiling points and also ……………….. densities.
Noble gases are …………………… in water, ………………… conduct electricity and
………………. conductors of heat.

 Going down Group 18 [Refer to Text Book, page 64]

Relative Atomic Melting Boiling
Proton Density
Element atomic radius point point
number (g dm-3)
mass (nm) (oC) (oC)
Helium, He 4 2
Neon, Ne 20 10
Argon, Ar 40 18
Krypton, Kr 84 36
Xenon, Xe 131 54
Radon, Rn 222 86

 When going down Group 18 :

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

• The atomic size …………… as the number of shells in the atom ..………… from Helium to
Radon.
• The melting and boiling points is very low.
 because the atoms of Noble gases are attracted by weak Van der Waal force.
Less energy is required to overcome it.
However, the melting and boiling points increases when going down Group 18.
 because the atomic size of each element ………………… down the group,
 the forces of attaraction between the atoms of each element become ………………….
 thus more ……………… is required to ………………… the stronger forces of …..……….
during melting or boiling.
• The density of an element ……………….. down the group because the atomic mass of each
element is …………………

The Inert Property of Group 18 Elements

All Noble gases are inert which means ……………….. …………………….
Noble gases and the electron arrangement of their atoms [Refer to Text Book, page 65]

Noble gas Electron arrangement

Helium 2
Neon 2.8
Argon 2.8.8
Krypton 2.8.18.8
Xenon 2.8.18.18.8
Radon 2.8.18.32.18.8

Helium has two valence electrons. This is called a ………………. electron arrangement.
Other Noble gases have eight valence electron called the ………….. electron arrangement.
These electron arrangements are very stable.
That is why Noble gases exist as monoatomic gases and are chemically unreactive; because they
achived the stable octet/duplet electron arrangement.
Uses of Group 18 Elements
Noble gas Uses
Helium, He
Neon, Ne
Argon, Ar
Krypton, Kr
Xenon, Xe
Radon, Rn
D GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

1. Write the name and symbols of elements in Group 1 (except Hydrogen)

2. Group 1 are also known as …………………… which react with water to form alkaline
solutions.

3. Shade in the boxes for all the elements in Group 1 in the Periodic Table of Elements :

4. Write the proton number and electron arrangement for all elements in Group 1.
Proton Electron Density / Boiling
Elements
number arrangement g cm-3 point / 0C
Li 3 2.1 0.534 1360
Na 0.971 900
K 0.862 777
Rb 2.8.18.8.1 1.530 505
Cs 2.8.18.18.8.1 1.973
Fr 2.8.18.32.18.8.1

All Group 1 elements have ……… valence electron in their outermost occupied shells.

5. Physical Properties of Group 1 elements :

 Soft / hard* metals
compared to other metals
 Low / high* densities. such as iron and copper.
 Low / high* melting points.

 silvery solid with shiny surface.

 good ………………………… of heat and electricity.

 Change in the physical properties going down the group :

• The atomic size ……………………… because the number of shells increases.

• The density ……………………… because the increasing in atomic mass is faster than the
increasing in atomic volume/size.
• The melting and boiling points ……………………… because when the atomic size increases,
the metal bond between the metal atoms becomes weaker.
• The hardness of the metal ……………………….

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

6. Chemical Properties of Group 1 elements :

(a) React with water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide solutions [colourless solutions]
and released …………………… gas.

Red litmus paper

metal* Red litmus paper turns ……………

water

Metal* Observation

Lithium moves slowly on water surface with ‘hiss’ sound.

Li
The colourless solution formed; turns red litmus paper to blue.

Sodium moves quickly on water surface with ‘hiss’ sound.

Na
The colourless solution formed; turns red litmus paper to blue.

Potassium moves vigorously on water surface with ‘hiss’ sound.

K
The colourless solution formed; turns red litmus paper to blue.

Chemical equation :

2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

Lithium Water Lithium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas

+ 2H2O 2NaOH +

2K + 2H2O +

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

(b) React with oxygen gas to produce metal oxides [white solids].

Gas jar spoon

Gas jar White fume

Metal*
Oxygen gas

Metal* Observations

Lithium burns slowly with a red flame.

Li
A white / fume solid is produced.

Sodium burns brightly with a yellow flame.

Na
A white solid is produced.

Potassium burns very bright with a purple/lilac flame.

K
A white solid is produced.

Example :

4Li + O2 2Li2O
Lithium Oxygen gas Lithium oxide

+ O2 2Na2O

……………. Oxygen gas ……………………..

4K + O2

……………. Oxygen gas ……………………..

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

(c) React with chlorine gas to produce metal ………………. [white solids].

Gas jar spoon

Gas jar White fume

Metal*
Chlorine gas

Elements Observations

Lithium burns slowly with a red flame.

Li
A white solid is produced.

Sodium burns brightly with a yellow flame.

Na
A white solid is produced.

Potassium burns very bright with a purple flame.

K
A white solid is produced.

2Li + Cl2 2LiCl

Lithium Chlorine gas Lithium chloride

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

…………… Chlorine gas ……………………..

+ 2KCl

…………… Chlorine gas ……………………..

 Group 1 elements also react with bromine gas to form metal bromides.

2Li + Br2 2LiBr

2Na + Br2 ……………………..

2K + Br2 ……………………..

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

Alkali metals have one valence electron in their outermost occupied shells.
Each of them reacts by donating one electron from its outermost occupied shell to
form an ion with a charge of +1, thus achieving the stable electron arrangement of
the atom of noble gas.
Example :
Na → Na+ + e K → K+ + e
2.8.1 2.8 2.8.8.1 2.8.8

7. Reactivity of elements in Group 1 :

When going down Group 1,
• the proton number are ……………………..

• the number of shells occupied with electrons are …………………………

• the atomic size of atoms are ………………………………

• the single valence electron becomes ………………… away from the nucleus.

• the force of attraction between the nucleus and valence electron (nuclei attraction) becomes
…………………………

• it is …………………… for the atom to donate the single valence electron to

achieve the stable octet/duplet electron arrangement of the atom of Noble gases.
• Reactivity increases when going down the group!

Activity 4 :-

1. Table below shows the electron arrangements of element W, X and Y.

Arrange the elements in ascending order of reactivity.

Element Proton Number Electron Arrangement

W 11 2.8.1
X 3 2.1
Y 19 2.8.8.1

Answer : ……………………………………………………….

Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements

Alkali metals are very reactive. Safety precautions must be taken when handling alkali metals.

◙ The elements must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles

◙ Do not hold alkali metals with your bare hands
◙ Use forceps to take them
◙ Wear safety goggles

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 4

◙ Wear safety gloves

◙ Use a small piece of alkali metal when conducting experiments

Chapter 4 14 The Periodic Table of Elements