- - ____________________ 5

____________ 6
__________________________________ 7
___________ 17
- _________________________ 17
___________ 17

__________________________________________ 18

___________ 19
________________________________ 19
_________________________ 20

__________________________________________________ 23
________________
______________________
__________________________
__________________________

28
30
32
36

_______________________________________ 40
- __________________ 40

_____________________________________________ 50

_____________________ 57
_____________________________ 57
_____________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
/ _________________________________

58
58
58
58
58
58

______________ 59

 ________________________________ 60
_______________________________________ 62
__________________________ 63
____________________________ 67
__________________________________ 68
_____________________ 69
_________________ 70
71
- ______________________________ 71
-
___________________________________________ 74

II _________________________________________ 81
__________________________________ 83
____________________________ 83

____________________ 85
II _______ 85
_______________________
_________________
______________________
________
_____________________

85
86
86
89
91

V ______ 92
______________________ 94
____________________ 94
____________ 94
________________________________ 95
_______________________ 96
_________________ 97
______________________ 97
_______________________ 98
____________________ 100
_______________________ 100
________________________ 100

VII _____ 102

______________________ 102

 _____________________
__________________________
____________________________
_______________________________
________________________
________________
_____________________
______________________
__________________________
____________________
_______________________
________________________
____________________

103
104
104
105
105
107
107
108
108
109
109
110
111

_________________________________________________ 112

____________________________________________________ 115

__________________________________ 117
) __________________ 117
) ________________________ 121
) ___________________________________ 123
) _____________________ 126
) _____________________ 127
,
_________________________________________ 128

_____________________________________ 134

__________________________________ 139
_______________________________________ 150
SUMMARY _____________________________________ 153
________________________________________ 155

1 _____________________________________ 158
________________________________________ 158

2 _______________________________________ 199


_____________________________ 199
_____________________________________________ 199

2. ____________ 206
2.1. _________________________________ 206
_________________________________ 220
_______________________________ 224

- -

1998.

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75 - 90% . ,
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1977).
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13


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14

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17

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19

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20

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22

(1977), XIV " ",

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29

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1951).
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(50%),

37

 (25%) (25%).
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(Block, 1970; Anderson, 1971;
Arlin, 1973; Binor, 1974; . Levin, 1975).
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, "Mastery learning",
(75 90%). 3/4
1/4 .

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40

1969; Oakland, 1969; Riggs, 1970; D. Smith, 1971). ,

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pB = f() + rv
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March, Cairns, Relich, Barnes & Debus, 1984). ,

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47

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48

,
(Lewin, 1935; Atkinson, 1964).

(Bar-Tal & Guttman,
1981).
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49


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50


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60

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61

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25
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53
54
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63
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56
60
116

:
1. Brookover- (Test of selfconcept of ability). 12
, , .
- ""
"".
0.66 , 0.76
0.73 .

.
12
.
. (1977)
0.71.

- (Brookover,
1964, 1965; Bloom, 1976; Kifer, 1977).
.

: I r = 0.39, II r = 0.68, IV r = 0.70,
V r = 0.71, VI r = 0.61, VII r = 0.82, VIII r =
0.73.
(1964)
- r = 0.51, r = 0.67
VII . (1976)

: V 0.23 (Kifer, 1973), VII 0.50 (Kifer, 1973),
IX 0.64 () 0.62 () (Ponzo, 1967), XI
0.42 (Payne, 1962), 0.37 (Farquhar and Christensen, 1967) XII

63

 0.67 (Jones and Strowing,, 1968), 0.71 (Binder, Jones and

Strowing, 1970).
2. IAR (Intelektual achivement responsibility
scale, Crandall, 1965, 1969) 34
. : "
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.
: 0.63 II ), 0.85 V )
0.79 (VII ).
(1977)
0.74.

.
: 0.03 (I ), 0.41 (II ), 0.51 (IV ), 0.40 (V ),
0.27 (VI ), 0.17 ( VII ) 0.31 (VIII ).
3. T (Test of self-esteem,
Coopersmith, 1967). 46
.
- .
: 0.54 (II
), 0.76 ( V ) 0.63 (VII ). (1977)
0.83.

.
: 0.43 (I ), 0.56 (II ), 0.51 (IV ),
0.49 (V ), 0.18 (VI ), 0.29 (VII ) 0.31 (VIII ).
4. - . 4
68
8 16 ,

;
, , 1977.

64

: , ,
.
- : 0.75 ( ""),
0.73 ( "") 0.63 ( "").
5. ( ).

, ,
8 14 5.
: 0.58 (II
), 0.92 (V ) 0.83 (VII ).

0.88 (Vernon & Parry, 1949).


. :
0.26 (I ), 0.52 (II ), 0.51 (IV ), 0.56 (V ), 0.67
(VI ), 0.67 (VII ) 0.59 (VIII ).
6. . .
50
()6.

,
.
(V VII ).
-
: 0.96 (V ) 0.97 (VII ).

60
0.80.
.

: 0.61 (V ) 0.68 (VII ).

, ,
, 1969.

, , ,
1969.

65

7. 7 - 18
.
,
, .
- : 0.53 (II ), 0.69 (V
) 0.54 (VII ).
8. -
: (1) , (2) , (3)
(4) .

.
. - (1977).
: 0.87 (V )
0.79 (VII ).
9. V - ,

.

V .
10. V - ,

.
,
.
11. VII - ,
.
12. VII - , 14
.
VII

.

-
.
V VII
.

. (1977)

66

 ,
, : 0.86 (V ) 0.93 (VII
).
13. -
: , ,
, .
.
"
" " ",
. - . (. , 1977, . 139-162).
- : 0.77 (V
) 0.78 (VII ).
.

: 0.63 (V ) 0.71 (VII ). ,

: 0.34 (V ) 0.68 (VII ),
.

.

- "
"(Brkovi, 1978, 1979) -
I, IV, VI, VIII
, 1977/78. .
,
, - II, V
VII .
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".
.
:
1. .
2. -
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67

 :
1. II :
. .
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:
1.
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68

( 16 ), V VII 8.
( 64 ).

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1978.
.

69

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70






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71

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72

4. ( )
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V1 VII3.

.


.

73


,
.
-
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" " ".
-
,
,
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.

: 0.63 0.71 V
VII - ).
-

.
(, 1975; , 1967;
, 1975; , 1977; . , 1978)
: " "9

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;

74

 :
, ,
.
,
.

,

.

?
VIII
(, 1967)
. :
. ( 11% ).
96 cm2 . (
21% ).
7 cm, 12 cm 13cm;
. ( 20% ).
.
"
".
.
?
(1975)
"".


.
, .
.
,
.

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,
, .

75

.
.

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- (Polya, 1966; , 1968; , 1975).

( 8).

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76

 8:
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77

1.
:
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- .

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2. ( )
: ,
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().

(, 1975; Polya,
1966) , .

).
.
( V ):
- A, B, C D.
: AC BD BD\ AB.
( VII ):
-
20cm 5cm.

78

3. - (
)
:
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: .
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.

.

(1975).
za V :
-

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VII ):
-
20%?
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:
( ),
, .
.
5. ( )
:
() .
.

79

 VII :
-
( = 4cm.)

6. ( )
: ,

-
.
(VII ):
- 324. 5,
5, 5, 5,
. ?
(V VII
):
- , 72
?
(VII VIII ):
- -
,
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,
. .

I IV
9 .
e.

80

II

III

IV

11

11

12

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11

10

13

13

13

14

14

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15

15

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15

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:
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(1975)
.

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1977/78. ,
1978/79.

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81


.
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().
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82


.

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.

II, V VII
-
,
.
(Garett, 1959; Edwards, 1972;
Lindman, 1974)
.
,
, ""
.
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.

:

83

N X

N XY ( X )( Y )
2

N Y 2 Y 2

X Y
, -
- X Y .

. ,
,
: , ,
, F .

F t .

II, V VII ,
( )
(,
).

84

,
.
II, V VII
,

.
.

II


.
.
9
,
(, ).
25% , 50%
25% I
.
9

, F = 14,81, p < 001.

, 0,19
. ,
.

85

 , F(1,23) = 14,24, p < 001.

, .
0,23
.

, F(1,53) = 9.37, p <
0.01.
9: (II )

N
56
51
28
25
28
26
14

Mx
4.12
4,07
3.85
4.17
4.40
3.97
5.00

SDx
0.85
0,79
0.91
0.75
0.68
0.81
0.00

My
4.09
3,88
3.80
3.98
4.38
3.78
4.88

SDy
0.83
0,86
0.90
0.79
0.63
0.79
0.23

11
29
27
13

4.97
4.29
4.20
2.82

0.41
0.41
0.49
0.37

4.25
4.25
3.96
2.87

0.50
0.50
0.59
0.38

13

3.03

0.36

2.80

0.24

14.81

0.001

5.70

0.05

6.38

0.05

0.57

9.73

0.01

14.24

0.001

.
.
II -

. -
.
,
.

:

,
?

10 II
( )

86

 . F - 4.81
0.05.


. 9
,
. 10 II
.
10: (II )

N
56
51
28
25
28
26

Mx
9.90
9.42
9.43
9.57
10.38
9.01

SDx
2.03
1.81
2.25
1.26
1.64
2.13

My
9.92
9.11
9.57
9.33
10.28
8.89

SDy
1.69
1.66
1.52
1.52
1.50
1.66

14

10.95

0.59

10.86

0.43

11
29
27
13

10.18
10.18
9.64
8.15

1.55
1.44
1.19
2.88

10.52
10.35
9.09
7.96

0.46
0.77
1.47
2.36

13

8.33

2.47

7.94

1.55

4.81

0.05

2.42

3.96

0.06

1.71

13.17

0.001

0.03

-

, .
, ,
.

.
,
.
, F(1,51) = 3.96, p < 0.06.

.

- .

, F1,53) = 13.17, p < 0.001.
. 9

87



-
.
.


- .

( 11)

.
,
- -
. (1967)
(1977)

, .
11: (II )

N
56
51
28
25
28
26
14

Mx
39.89
31.92
29.32
33.32
32.46
30.58
34.14

SDx
4.88
4.89
4.68
4.56
4.26
4.82
3.29

My
33.71
30.27
32.71
30.84
34.71
29.73
37.00

SDy
4.88
6.39
5.06
6.73
4.47
5.98
3.18

11
29
27
13
13

34.57
31.03
30.78
27.08
30.46

3.75
4.16
4.69
4.53
4.29

36.18
34.76
30.04
27.85
25.27

4.20
2.90
6.18
4.93
3.98

19.41

0.001

8.61

0.01

9.09

0.01

0.80

15.10

0.001

3.07

0.10

11
, F(1,104) = 19.41, p < 0.001.
,
F - 0.01.

, F(1,53)
= 15.10, p < 0,001.

88


F(1,239 = 3.07, p < 0.10.

, .

12 ,
,
.
12: (II )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56

17.55

2.77

17.79

3.44

51

1.49

3.25

18.08

4.13

28

16.75

2.63

17.04

2.86

25

18.08

3.04

18.80

4.63

28

18.35

2.68

18.53

3.79

26

18.88

3.39

17.38

3.45

14

18.71

2.52

20.07

3.35

11

18.36

2.53

20.00

3.81

29

16.93

2.66

17.72

3.18

27

18.11

3.81

18.56

4.12

13

17.69

2.84

15.46

2.31

13

19.38

2.17

15.46

3.00

0.04

1.48

1.24

0.01

0.40

0.04

, IAR
, -
.
, - , ,
.
-

: ,

.

13
-
.

89


(De = 9.14) ( Dk = 5.84),
F(1,104) = 4.26, p < 0.05.
(1978, . 95-96)

: ) -
) -
"
" - .
, ( )
,

- .
.
13: (II )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56
51
28
25
28
26
14

16.57
15.92
16.46
16.04
16.68
15.81
21.64

6.70
5.51
5.87
5.73
7.44
5.28
8.24

25.71
21.76
25.50
23.28
25.93
20.31
34.07

9.80
9.83
9.39
9.69
10.19
9.74
7.96

11
29
27
13
13

21.64
15.48
14.37
13.54
14.31

6.75
5.61
3.98
3.27
3.52

29.82
25.69
21.56
16.76
15.38

11.18
8.03
8.06
6.83
6.53

4.62

0.05

0.73

4.42

0.05

2.07

2.81

0.10

0.58

13
,
.

.

, F(1,53) = 2.81, p < 0.10.
.

90

 F -
, F(1,51) = 4.42, p <0.05,
.
-

.

( 14 9)

. ,
.
, IAR ,
-
, .
14: () (II )

N
56
51
28
25
28
26
14

Mx
12.59
13.49
12.46
13.40
12.71
13.57
13.07

SDx
2.47
2.72
2.44
2.84
2.49
2.59
2.58

My
13.55
13.20
12.96
12.72
14.44
13.65
15.14

SDy
2.98
2.77
2.68
2.96
3.15
2.48
2.50

11
29
27
13
13

14.09
12.28
13.67
12.77
12.62

2.71
2.59
2.76
1.93
2.37

15.73
13.52
13.19
11.92
11.08

1.60
3.01
2.31
2.43
2.02

2.07

0.96

1.76

0.14
1.17

1.51

-
r = 0.08,
r = 0.59 ( 43, . 131).

91

 V

-
.
: ,
.
.


. 15
.
15: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
41.52
32.12
41.83
30.84
41.23
33.84
57.13

SDx
16.83
13.79
18.71
14.62
14.85
12.36
11.75

My
51.18
34.47
51.93
34.24
50.48
34.80
65.69

SDy
16
13.65
18.72
14.67
12.90
12.13
11.23

14
28
29
16
16

43.29
41.89
31.63
25.25
23.25

10.39
12.62
11.81
11.70
12.88

48.93
51.11
31.55
36.81
27.12

8.68
10.10
11.55
15.42
11.86

59.31

0.001

11.64

0.01

17.43

0.001

6.07

0.05

32.47

0.001

4.29

0.05

. F(1,116) = 59.31, p < 0.001.
-
. ,
F(1,53) = 17.43, p <
0.001), F(1,60) = 11.64, p < 0.01).


- ,
. F -
F(1,54) = 32.47, p < 0.001).

92



-
.
16 -
( ).
. ,
, ,
. ,
, F(1,116) = 16.15, p < 0.001.
16: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
118.4
103.1
117.7
101.0
108.5
106.0
126.7

SDx
28.8
5.0
31.1
35.2
42.1
34.6
28.7

My
171.1
126.3
164.9
124.3
161.3
129.1
198.6

SDy
58.6
40.7
55.1
38.2
77.0
43.8
74.9

14
28
29
16
16

107.8
118.5
101.0
109.8
102.8

32.7
26.2
34.8
30.5
36.9

138.6
164.4
1235.
155.4
120.7

33.4
48.7
42.8
45.4
40.6

16.15

0.001

7.78

0.01

7.80

0.01

3.96

0.10

5.99

0.05

6.78

0.05

, 0.01.
,
.
,
.

,
, , .
F - :
F(1,116) = 7.69, p < 0.01), (F(1,60) = 4.91, p < 0.05)
F(1,29) = 6.46, p < 0.02).

93


.
17
, .
17: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
2.97
3.25
2.83
2.94
3.10
3.68
4.56

SDx
1.26
1.32
1.31
1.45
1.20
0.97
0.50

My
3.17
3.20
3.00
2.88
3.32
3.64
4.75

SDy
1.23
1.32
1.36
1.39
1.06
1.09
0.43

14
28
29
16
16

4.93
2.82
3.24
1.63
1.81

0.26
0.76
0.82
0.60
0.81

4.93
2.96
3.14
1.94
1.81

0.26
0.73
0.86
0.66
0.73

7.09

0.01

4.91

0.05

1.85

0.01

1.58

6.64

0.05

,
.

-
.

.
( 18)
.
F(1,116)
20.47, 0.001.
F(1,60) = 14.72, p < 0.001),
F(1,53) = 6.27, p < 0.05).

,
- .
, (1977,
. 134) , ,
. ,

94

 ,
.
18: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
42.50
24.92
49.48
22.79
35.97
27.80
72.81

SDx
30.12.
20.94
31.47
20.07
27.22
18.93
21.06

My
49.50
24.49
54.48
21.18
44.84
29.00
84.49

SDy
30.51
19.41
32.49
17.66
27.72
20.74
21.47

14
28
29
16
16

53.93
40.54
20.17
15.62
8.13

16.39
25.12
11.63
14.35
8.82

49.64
46.07
21.20
20.31
8.44

19.04
21.23
9.71
11.38
8.43

16.15

0.001

7.78

0.01

7.80

0.01

3.96

0.10

5.99

0.05

6.78

0.05

. 19
.
0.05,
F(1,116) = 6.14).
19: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
2.78
2.61
2.79
2.50
2.81
2.76
4.25

SDx
1.21
1.24
1.40
1.22
1.06
1.24
0.75

My
2.97
2.58
3.00
2.44
2.97
2.76
4.44

SDy
1.18
1.15
1.72
1.12
1.09
1.18
0.70

14
28
29
16
16

4.14
2.79
2.55
1.38
1.38

0.83
0.67
0.81
0.48
0.48

3.93
2.86
2.48
1.75
1.56

1.03
0.79
0.77
0.43
0.50

95

6.14

0.05

6.89

0.05

1.03

6.83

0.05

1.75

1.45



.
F(1,60)= 6.89, p < 0.02) F(1,27) = 6.83, p < 0.02).
.

""
( ).


.
.


,
( )
(r= 0.63 ), (
) (r = 0.84).
20: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
3.71
3.29
3.62
3.03
3.79
3.65
4.79

SDx
0.91
1.02
0.99
1.08
0.78
0.81
0.15

My
3.85
3.29
3.72
3.03
3.97
3.64
4.85

SDy
0.85
0.98
1.06
1.02
0.68
0.68
0.17

14
28
29
16
16

4.72
3.84
3.27
2.48
2.08

0.23
0.45
0.50
0.41
0.35

4.64
3.88
3.25
2.75
2.16

0.30
0.41
0.53
0.44
0.34

18.47

0.001

6.26

0.05

11.60

0.01

5.18

0.05

3.75

0.10

7.83

0.01

20
(De = 0.14),
.

: F(1,116) = 18.47, p < 0.001.
F(1,53)= 11.60,

96

p < 0.01),
0.05.
.
,
0.27 F(1,29) = 7.83, p < 0.01.

F(1,27) = 5.18,p < 0.05),
.
F(1,54) = 3.75, p < 0.06),
(=3.88) -
.

21
-
-
.

0.01 F(1,116) = 10.06).
21: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
8.51
8.47
8.34
7.96
8.67
9.15
9.22

SDx
1.66
1.78
1.80
1.86
1.51
1.41
1.19

My
8.41
7.73
8.07
7.20
8.73
8.45
9.41

SDy
1.48
1.92
1.62
1.98
1.26
1.57
0.96

14
28
29
16
16

10.05
8.96
8.53
6.98
6.97

0.73
1.16
1.33
1.99
1.89

9.45
8.71
7.88
6.89
5.95

1.05
0.98
1.30
1.48
1.95

10.06

0.01

3.37

0.10

7.36

0.01

1.33

5.34

0.05

4.66

0.05

F(1,53) = 7.36,
p < 0.01), F(1,60) = 3.37, p < 0.10).

.
,
F(1,29) = 4.66, p <

97

0.05) F(1,54) = 5.34, p < 0.05)

.


( 22).

0.01.
F(1,53) = 7.79, p < 0.01,
.
22: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
32.52
32.46
32.79
31.41
32.26
33.88
35.31

SDx
5.67
5.45
5.79
5.48
5.54
5.08
3.20

My
32.55
29.76
31.38
28.09
33.65
32.04
36.94

SDy
6.24
7.49
5.78
7.49
6.45
6.86
4.18

14
28
29
16
16

35.64
33.00
33.00
28.87
28.69

4.67
4.99
4.56
6.73
5.41

34.64
32.50
30.21
28.25
24.69

5.18
5.19
6.87
6.61
7.12

9.36

0.01

2.75

7.79

0.01

1.94

3.77

0.05

3.63

0.10

.
.

IAR
23.
.
,
IAR .
II VII .

?
, II, V VII .

98

 23: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
22.12
21.42
21.62
20.38
22.58
22.84
25.38

SDx
4.17
3.82
3.77
3.54
4.46
3.74
2.58

My
25.07
19.69
23.59
19.06
26.45
20.56
28.69

SDy
4.80
4.14
5.67
4.39
3.24
3.60
2.54

14
28
29
16
16

24.21
21.93
21.72
19.19
18.44

3.73
3.99
2.69
2.51
3.57

21.50
25.50
19.48
20.69
18.50

4.19
3.78
4.01
4.01
3.81

46.22

0.001

10.21

0.01

53.82

0.001

29.75

0.001

34.29

0.001

1.48

-
.
" "
, (1978, . 54-55),
.
,
"
-
, ,
".
, ,
- " "
.
, ,
.
.
23 , ,
- F -
0.001.

99



24
. ,
. 24
, F(1,116) = 11.95, p < 0.001.

, , .
T 24: (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16

Mx
34.77
30.37
34.62
26.91
34.94
35.08
42.25

SDx
10.71
10.84
12.32
10.79
8.92
8.97
6.44

My
41.23
33.59
39.72
29.41
42.58
39.28
49.88

SDy
10.08
12.05
12.37
11.67
7.09
10.05
3.97

14
28
29
16
16

38.21
35.04
30.21
23.88
23.81

8.74
8.08
9.80
6.73
9.78

42.93
41.57
32.52
31.88
27.37

7.50
8.07
11.72
9.51
10.95

11.95

0.001

4.31

0.05

5.50

0.05

2.98

0.10

7.73

0.01

3.85

0.10

,
(p < 0.05).

F(1,54) = 7.73, p < 0.01). ,

(Den = 8.0).


.
.

( 25). F -
, ,
. F(1,116) = 16.35, p < 0.001.
,
.
F(1,55) = 12.09, p < <
0.001).

100

 25: (V )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

60
59
29
34
31
25
16

18.32
12.53
19.10
9.82
17.58
16.08
28.44

11.84
10.12
12.35
9.75
11.28
9.64
7.60

21.90
13.81
21.86
11.09
21.94
17.44
33.19

11.34
10.37
12.05
9.64
10.63
10.16
6.91

14
28
29
16
16

19.57
18.82
13.14
7.31
5.25

11.22
10.15
8.21
7.97
6.93

21.57
22.29
14.34
9.94.
5.94

11.11
8.17
8.27
6.85
6.91

16.35

0.001

5.00

0.05

11.14

0.01

7.46

0.01

12.09

0.001

4.61

0.05

0.01,
0.05



( 26).
26: () (V )

N
60
59
29
34
31
25
16
14
28
29
16
16

Mx
13.23
13.73
12.86
13.06
13.58
14.64
14.00
14.71
13.46
13.97
12.06
12.44

SDx
2.04
2.15
2.08
2.10
1.93
1.85
1.58
2.05
1.92
1.69
2.14
2.34

My
14.17
13.24
13.48
12.32
14.81
14.48
15.81
14.29
14.32
13.66
12.25
11.56

SDy
2.38
2.67
2.74
2.71
1.77
2.04
1.55
2.76
1.69
2.43
2.73
2.21

15.24

0.001

6.12

0.05

6.74

0.05

7.72

0.01

4.85

0.05

2.35

F - ,
. ,
, ,
0.88.

101

 VII
VII
.
.
.


. 27. ,
VII ,
- . (
) F(1,139) = 28.42 0.001.
27: (VII )

N
56
60
28
29
28
31
14

Mx
49.80
44.75
51.57
45.45
48.04
44.10
57.21

SDx
12.79
14.01
12.90
14.50
12.43
13.52
9.53

My
58.89
44.65
63.93
46.93
55.86
42.52
71.64

SDy
15.64
16.05
17.10
18.43
9.60
13.09
12.88

15
26
30
16
15

55.93
50.54
45.20
42.12
32.67

9.04
12.73
12.54
11.02
10.85

58.20
60.08
45.23
49.31
29.93

10.35
13.86
13.57
12.76
12.42

F
28.42

p
0.001

12.95

0.001

37.39

0.001

10.64

0.01

13.68

0.001

11.27

0.01

27
.
,
F - 0.001.


.
28
, ,
-, F(1,139) = 27.14, p < 0.001.
VII
.
0.001, F -
0.05.

102

 28: (VII )

N
56
60
28
29
28
31
14

Mx
138.3
154.5
146.0
146.6
130.6
161.9
162.9

SDx
35.2
40.9
36.0
43.6
32.6
36.5
33.4

My
183.8
161.8
201.9
153.0
165.6
170.0
205.7

SDy
42.5
48.7
39.6
50.6
37.2
45.4
37.5

15
26
30
16
15

152.7
130.1
160.3
130.1
144.7

44.1
32.7
37.2
30.3
42.1

163.9
180.4
165.5
170.1
152.3

53.4
37.9
45.3
46.1
49.1

27.14

0.001

25.43

0.001

6.55

0.05

5.80

0.05

11.41

0.01

9.61

0.01

- , F(1,53) = 11.41, p < 0.01,
- F(1,28) = 9.61, p < 0.01 - F(1,26) = 5.80, p <
0.05.


. -
,
. 29.
29: (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56
60
28
29
28
31
14

2.80
3.37
2.93
3.17
2.68
3.55
4.43

1.29
1.29
1.31
1.29
1.26
1.27
0.82

3.11
3.45
3.21
3.28
3.00
3.61
4.57

1.14
1.28
1.03
1.26
1.25
1.29
0.49

15
26
30
16
15

4.80
2.77
3.40
1.44
1.87

0.40
0.70
0.88
0.50
0.81

4.87
3.00
3.47
2.00
2.00

0.40
0.78
0.99
0.50
0.63

2.76

0.10

1.08

2.74

0.10

0.92

0.66

2.32

,
-
.
. ,

103


.
, 0.56
,
0.13.
26 - F(1,28) =
2.32, p > 0.10. F -
0.10.

30. ,
,
.
,
, - .
30: (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

27.27

0.001

16.40

0.001

10.69

0.01

0.55

11.54

0.01

8.02

0.01

56

26.70

19.30

39.70

21.84

60

39.82

29.30

34.11

25.79

28

29.46

23.92

42.50

22.12

29

35.83

27.43

30.62

25.29

28

29.93

12.56

36.89

21.20

31

43.55

30.49

37.39

25.82

14

44.64

24.89

66.14

15.54

15

80.67

14.13

74.13

12.46

26

22.88

12.26

32.46

16.39

30

32.50

17.78

24.17

9.40

16

17.19

11.04

28.31

13.99

15

13.60

11.81

14.00

11.13

, ,
. F(1,113) = 27.27, p <
0.001.
F(1,54) =
16.40, p <0.001) F(1,56) = 10.69, p < 0.01).
0.01.

104

 (D = 21.50),
.


.
0.29 ,
(- 0.02), ( 31).
F -
- F(1,113) = 9.24, p < 0.01.



( 30), .
F(1,54) = 6.69,
p < 0.05) F(1,56) = 3.96, p < 0.10).

, F - 0.05,

.
31: (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56

2.48

1.21

2.77

1.13

9.24

0.01

60

2.67

1.40

2.65

1.41
6.69

0.05

3.96

0.10

0.02

6.44

0.05

6.54

0.05

28

2.64

1.26

2.89

1.11

29

2.55

1.38

2.48

1.30

28

2.32

1.14

2.64

1.14

31

2.77

1.41

2.81

1.49

14

4.07

0.70

4.29

0.80

15

4.53

0.62

4.67

0.60

26

2.31

0.77

2.50

0.69

30

2.37

0.95

2.23

0.88

16

1.38

0.48

1.88

0.48

15

1.40

0.61

1.47

0.50

32 VII , II V
, .

105


.

.
32: (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

0.32

0.03

1.68

0.43

0.47

0.09

56

3.14

0.97

3.27

0.96

60

3.22

1.05

3.34

1.08

28

3.34

0.96

3.49

0.89

29

3.10

1.03

3.27

1.03

28

2.94

0.97

3.06

0.97

31

3.34

1.06

3.40

1.14

14

4.53

0.25

4.61

0.31

15

4.75

0.18

4.86

0.17

26

3.08

0.46

3.20

0.50

30

3.05

0.54

3.13

0.67

16

2.02

0.18

2.22

0.22

15

2.05

0.22

2.23

0.34

?

,
, .


?
,
.
V
,
,
VII . ,
VII6
,

106

 0.37, ,
, (0.24).


.

33
, , .
, , F -
.
- F(1,54) = 7.36, p < 0.01.

.
, VII ,
- r = 0.80, r
= 0.82.
-
.
? 29
.
- .
, ,
,
.
33: (VII )

N
56
60
28
29
28
31
14

Mx
7.55
8.02
7.97
8.20
7.13
7.85
8.79

SDx
1.47
1.71
1.44
1.77
1.38
1.64
1.44

My
7.07
7.25
7.77
7.19
6.36
7.31
8.91

SDy
1.63
1.64
1.37
1.71
1.58
1.56
1.08

15
26
30
16
15

9.42
7.61
7.90
6.37
6.86

0.87
1.12
1.74
1.02
1.27

8.92
6.91
7.19
5.72
5.72

0.64
1.17
1.41
1.12
1.09

107

0.71

7.63

0.01

1.84

0.92

0.17

0.31


.


(
34). ,
.
34: (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56

32.43

5.51

31.28

5.23

1.71

60

31.90

5.55

29.92

5.61

28

32.79

6.17

32.68

5.76

1.09

29

31.62

6.45

30.69

6.28

28

32.07

4.72

29.89

4.19

0.49

31

32.16

4.54

29.19

4.80

14

34.93

4.22

34.21

4.72

1.64

15

34.67

4.67

32.07

5.36
0.05

2.13

26

32.04

6.17

30.35

5.63

30

31.50

5.40

30.23

4.54

16

30.88

4.54

30.25

3.83

15

29.33

5.59

27.13

6.59

F -
, ,
.

IAR
, ,
( 35).
.


: F(1,56) = 5.57, p < 0.05).
.
-
, -

108


.
35: (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56

24.03

3.58

25.23

3.58

0.16

60

24.75

3.51

25.88

3.75

28

24.29

3.83

25.50

3.86

1.52

29

24.70

3.99

23.34

4.18

28

23.75

3.29

24.96

3.25

5.75

0.05

31

25.29

2.90

27.32

2.57
0.42

2.28

2.21

14

26.00

3.51

27.86

2.39

15

25.87

2.63

27.13

3.26

26

23.12

3.33

24.65

3.30

30

25.60

1.37

25.93

3.70

16

23.75

3.34

23.88

3.69

15

22.53

4.39

24.53

3.86

IAR
, ,
.

( 36)

.
F - 0.01,
(F(1,113) = 7.09). ,
,
.

- F(1,53) = 9.78, p < 0.01. F 0.10,
.

109

 36: (VII )

N
56
60
28
29
28
31
14
15
26
30
16
15

Mx
40.09
37.93
39.71
36.34
40.46
39.42
47.86
48.93
39.46
36.10
34.31
30.60

SDx
9.33
11.35
8.22
12.14
10.32
10.34
3.50
4.27
8.88
10.41
8.90
9.93

My
44.39
39.68
44.57
40.14
44.21
39.26
51.29
49.60
45.15
38.30
37.13
32.53

SDy
8.35
10.97
7.90
10.22
8.76
11.60
2.58
4.65
4.79
9.78
10.27
10.76

7.09

0.01

1.90

4.16

0.05

3.26

0.10

9.78

0.01

0.38

- r = 0.63, r =
0.67 ( 52 52).

VII
. V
( 37 25).
37: (VII )

N
56
60
28
29
28
31
14
15
26
30
16
15

Mx
20.70
15.43
22.43
15.79
18.96
15.10
30.57
24.47
18.35
13.10
15.88
11.07

SDx
11.83
9.71
11.34
9.30
12.06
10.08
7.19
9.32
10.89
7.15
11.61
8.76

My
22.48
16.12
24.79
15.86
20.18
16.35
35.07
27.80
19.88
13.47
15.69
9.73

SDy
12.80
10.73
12.37
10.54
12.80
10.81
7.13
8.78
11.12
7.82
11.49
8.36

1.98

5.49

0.05

0.04

3.83

0.10

2.43

1.79

110

 F(1,54) = 5.49,
p < 0.05) , F(1,26) =
3.83, p < 0.10) .
.
,
,
, r = 0.62, r
= 0.68.
0.69 (
) 0.74 ( ).
,
0.70 ( ) 0.60 ( ).

0.63 ( ) 0.71 ( ).


,
; ,
( 38).
38: () (VII )

Mx

SDx

My

SDy

56

12.27

2.22

12.41

2.42

0.12

60

13.00

2.09

12.58

2.34

28

12.36

2.21

12.61

2.37

0.21

29

12.17

2.32

12.79

2.32

28

12.18

2.24

12.21

2.45

0.01

31

12.84

1.83

12.39

2.34

14

12.86

2.17

13.36

2.58

2.11

15

13.27

1.84

12.20

2.10
0.54

0.01

26

11.92

2.43

12.00

2.09

30

13.23

2.03

12.97

1.97

16

12.31

1.76

12.25

2.54

15

12.57

2.26

12.20

3.02

38
-
.

111

39 - 44 , F , II, V VII .


.
:
,

.

II V
0.001,
VII
.
39: -

II
F
14.8
4.8
19.4.
2.1
4.6
2.1

p
0.001
0.05
0.001
0.05
-

V
F
p
18.5
0.001
7.7
0.01
6.1
0.05
59.3
0.001
16.1
0.001
20.5
0.001
10.1
0.01
9.4
0.01
46.2
0.001
11.9
0.001
16.3
0.001
15.2
0.001

VII
F
0.30
2.8
9.2
28.4
27.1
27.3
0.7
1.7
0.2
7.1
2.0
0.1

p
0.10
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.01
-

-

, -
.


II V VII ?

112

 VII
, .
40: -

II
F
5.7
2.4
8.6
1.5
0.7
1.0

p
0.05
0.01
-

V
F
p
6.3
0.05
4.9
0.05
6.9
0.05
11.6
0.01
7.8
0.01
14.7
0.001
3.4
0.10
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SUMMARY
Many impressive works have been devoted to the problem of success
and failure in school learning. That is natural because it is one of the most
important questions of education, for the process of teaching is organized
according to the understanding what reasons bring to either success or
failure at school, as well as, that psychological findings prove that
permanent experience of success or failure at school influences significantly
development and changes of pupil personality.
A research, where effects of introduced experimental program on
increasing effectiveness of teaching and learning have been observed, is
presented, and indirectly, better development of pupil's personality owing to
positive effect of increased experience of success. Analyzing the results of
the experiment it is concluded that by introducing systematic exercises: a)
in independent active learning - reading comprehension, b) in method
application in solving mathematics assignments and c) in realization of
teaching and counseling program of learning and development for teachers,
parents and pupils - it is possible to influence the increase of teaching and
learning effectiveness which lead to positive effects in school achievement.
At final testing the pupils from experimental groups are significantly
better that the control groups, not only at the mathematics tests, reading
speed and reading comprehension, but also in school marks from serbian
and mathematics and general success at school. These positive effects of
the experimental program on the success of the tested pupils can be
explained by the appearance of wider transfer of introduced procedures.
In active reading exercises tested pupils have been trained to apply
procedures for: specifying aim of reading, increasing reading speed and
comprehension by shifting to visual reading, scanning the text, determining
order of events, finding out main message, idea, of the text.
While practicing method application for solving mathematics
assignments, tested pupils have been taught to: systematize procedure of
assignment solving, assignment understanding, notice and find out
problems, to do reorganization of facts - to make plans of assignment
solving after analysis, to use inductive and deductive conclusions, use
analogy, produce solution ideas and check them, estimate found results and
generalize discovered ways of solving assignments.
Research results show that under the influence of experimental program
which has lead to significant improvement in general success at school caused positive changes in tested personality characteristics: self-concept of

153

ability for school, self-esteem, responsibility for achievements and

emotional stability. These changes can be explained as consequences of
experiencing success - because they been noticed only with the groups of
tested pupils who have made improvement in general success at school.
At all three age groups, there has been an improvement at ability test
results under the influence of experimental program. This result, also,
shows wider transfer of exercises. According to longitudinal observation, it
can be concluded that the exercise has not only developed some methods of
thinking but has also influenced some significant changes in the abilities
themselves.
The effects of experimental program on general success at school, tested
personal characteristics and abilities are greater at younger school age - in
the II and V grade, then at older school age - in the VII grade.
If we observe changes with all tested variables - school success,
personal characteristics and abilities, the most positive effects have been
noticed with the group of average pupils, then unsuccessful and successful
ones. For the same period the order of changes with control groups is:
successful pupils, then average and unsuccessful.
The effects of experimental program are different with tested pupils of
different sexes. The boys have showed better results in exercises of solving
mathematics assignments, reading speed and understanding of abstract
terms. The girls have showed better results in exercises of reading
comprehension, at the test of Progressive matrix and at the scale of
responsibility for achievement. At younger age, in the II and V grade, the
girls have lower score of neurosis then the boys, - at the age of VII grade
the reverse phenomenon is expressed.
The results of this research confirm modern ideas of mutual influence of
personal characteristics and school success - that personal characteristics are
prerequisites for successful school learning and at the same time variables
which are significantly changed during and under the influence of
schooling. Findings of the experimental program effects point out that it can
be influenced on more favorable development of pupil's personality.

154


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185

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186

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187

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188

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191

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193

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194

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196

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219


Abrami, O. 155
Abramson, L. 50
Ames, C. 58, 155
Ames. J. 155
Anderson, S. 14, 40
Archer, J. 58, 155
Arkin, R.M. 155
Arlin, M. 40, 155
Atkinson, J.W. 20, 22, 155
Ausubel, D.P. 25-27, 155
Bachtold, M. 43, 155
Ball, S. 57, 155
Banks, O. 155
Bar - Tal, D. 52-53
Barnes, 50
Binder, 68
Binor, 40
Block, J.H. 40, 155
Bloom, B.S. 6-13, 38-44, 54, 60,
68,131, 142, 150, 156
Bolus, R. 46, 164
Bower, G.H. 18, 159
Bower, M. 44
, . 156
, . 61, 65, 72, 131, 156
Bridgement, B. 44, 156
Broudy, H. 25
Brookover, W.B. 44, 68, 156
Brown, J. 54, 56, 165
Bruner, J. 18-27, 59, 156
, .. 37, 156
, . 11, 156
, . 80, 124, 157
Cuirus, 50
Cattell, R.B. 43, 60, 157, 160

Christensen, 68
Clarizio, H.E. 155
Coleman, J.M. 43, 44, 131, 163
Coopersmith, S. 43-45, 69, 134,
142,157, 180
Covington, M.V. 54-56, 157
Cox, R. 9
Crandall, V.C. 43, 68
Cronbach, L.J. 6, 40, 59, 157
Crutchfield, R. S. 28, 29, 157
, .. 44, 45, 134, 142,157
Dansereau, D.F. 157
, .. 34, 157
Daniels, D.H. 162
De Block, A. 10
Debus, 50
De Corte, E. 11
De Groot, E.V. 58, 163
De Landsheere, V. 11, 15, 157
D'Hainaut, L. 12, 13
Donaldson, M. 22, 157
Dweck, C.S. 58, 158
, . 158
Ebel, R.L. 25, 158
Edwards, A.L. 90, 158
, .. 34
Entwistle, D. 43, 158
Entwistle, N.J. 43, 158
Erikson, E. 42, 44
Evans, R.B. 20
Fanelli, G. 47, 49
Feather, N.T. 155
Felker, D.W. 155
, .. 158
Ferguson, G. 31, 32, 33

220

Finalayson, D. 155
Flavell, J.H. 158
Fleishman, E.J. 32
Fountaine, G. 51
Frieze, I.H. 51, 158
, . 32, 33, 42, 158
Furth, H. 29
Fyans, L.J. 158
Gagn, R.M. 9, 12, 14, 24, 27, 103, 158
, .. 34, 35, 158
Garrett, H.E. 90, 159
Guillford, J. 10-13, 159
Green, D.H. 159
Guttman, 52
Hampton, J. 163
Hansen, R.A. 44, 159
, . 54, 80, 159
Harrow, A.J. 8, 14
Heider, F. 49
Henry, S.E. 159
Hilgard, E.R. 18, 159
Holland, G. 33
Horney, K. 143
, . 159
Hummel, R. 43
Hunt, J.M. 31, 159
Husen, T. 33
, . 107, 163
, . 22, 159, 160
, .. 157
Jaclin, C.N. 129, 161
, .. 34, 46, 160
Jones, H. 68, 163
-, . 71, 72, 160,222
Jung, C.G. 20, 160
, . 29, 30, 160
Khan, S.B. 43, 160

Kifer, E. 43, 68, 69, 142

Kirby, R. 163
Kohlberg, L. 20, 160
Krathwohl, D.R. 8, 14
, . 236
Kropp, R.P. 8, 160
, . 72
, . 160
, .. 82, 160, 161
-, . 161
, . 43, 80, 161
, .. 38, 81. 84-87, 161
, 234
Lansdown, R. 161
Lawrence, D. 178
, .. 178
, .. 46, 161
Leventhal. L. 155
Levin, T. 40-43, 161
, . 234
Lewin, K. 52
Lindman, R. 90, 161
, .. 161
Lorge, J. 33
, .. 157
Maccoby, E.E. 129, 161
Madaus, G.F. 8
Maehr, M.L. 158
Mager, R.F. 13
, .. 162
Maqsud, M. 162
-, . 162
Marsh, H.W. 50, 162
Maruyama,G.M. 155
Mc Ghee, P. 43
Mc Iver, J.D. 58, 162
Medway, F.J. 159

221

, .. 31, 34, 59, 162

Merrill, M.D. 14
Meyer, J.P. 50, 51
Metfessel, 14
Michela, J. 50
, . 162
Miller, R.G. 12
, . 159
-, . 222
, . 162
, .. 45, 162
Nicholls, J.G. 163
Nuttall. R.L. 8
Oakland, J.A. 43, 163
Olport, G. 42
Omelich, C.L. 54-56, 157
, .. 163
Palmer, J. 26
Posser, M. 50
Paterson, A. 156
Peck, D. 47, 163
Parry, R. 70, 155
, . 20, 29-34, 107, 163
Pintrich, P.R. 58, 163
Polya, G. 82, 84, 163
Ponzo, 68
, . 163
Prawat, R.S. 163
, . 80, 163
-, . 222
Radford, J. 163
, . 43, 161
, . 163
Raviv, A. 163
Relich, 50
Riggs, R.O. 43
, .. 161

Roberts, T.B. 163

Rogers, C. 44, 45, 131, 164
, . 157, 159
Rotter, J. 48, 49
, .. 31, 35-37, 46,
59,164
, .. 164
Scarbo, H.A. 159
Seligman, M. 50
Shailer, T. 156
Shavelson, R. 46, 164
Shipman, V.C. 44, 156
Shulman, L.S. 25, 164
Skalvik, E.M. 164
, . 159, 164
Smith, D. 43
Smith, L. 164
Smith, M.D. 44, 131, 163
Snow, R. 164
Sprinthall, N.A. 43, 164
Sprinthall, R.S. 43, 164
, . 164
, .. 165
Sherman, J. 165
Stipek, D.J. 162
Sternberg, R.J. 164
Stoker, H.W. 8, 160
Stones, E. 14
Strowing, 68
Suyder, H.M. 159
, .. 165
, .. 34, 35, 158
Teasdole, J. 50
Thorndike, R. 33
Torrance, P. 42
, .. 238
Turner, J. 165
Valle, V.A. 51

222

Vernon, P. 33, 70
, .. 20-22, 34, 46, 129,165,
221
, . 234
, . 157
, . 3, 165

, . 80, 81, 165

Wade, B.E. 165
Weiner, B. 48-52, 54-57, 165
Welch, L. 43, 158
White, R. 44

Whitler. T.W. 155

Whitlow, D. 48, 163
Woods, E.M. 8
Yelow, E. 164
, .. 165

223


52
30-33
30, 33
35, 77, 79,126, 223-227
38
21
32, 33, 43, 90
90
143-144
30, 33
49,
51-54, 56, 58
39, 42, 44 45, 58

29, 58
29, 58
29, 58

32
32
6, 27, 33,
36, 37
16, 19, 23, 28-32
24
26-27
25
35, 47, 51
17, 38
11, 12
51, 54
61-62
61-62

33-36
5, 23, 33,147

20
18, 30, 40
32-35, 54
8
5-9, 19, 21-23,
30
70
52-53
43
25
19
52-53
38-40, 52-53
55
25-27, 29-30
38
20, 31
28-29
51-52, 56-57
19
12
11, 13
- 21-22,
34, 46
- 30,
34
- 30
50-51
mastery learning 6, 38-41
29-31
7
7
35-38
7
7

224

 21
7
10, 12
47-52
47-52
47-52

6, 38-41

9-10
7
34-38
9-13
38
58
59
23, 31, 58-59
7
49-50, 52-53, 55-58
38-40, 52-53
6, 40
5, 29
23
5, 25-28
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7
55
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13
10
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107, 118, 134, 149, 184
55
28

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21-22

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52-53
42
28

23
23, 31

26
34

26
16-18
16-17
17
18
18
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28
28
61
23
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108, 119, 140, 150
30
21-22, 34
44-45,
64, 94, 106, 118, 132, 149, 180
18, 43-46
44,
64, 93, 105, 117, 129, 148, 180
45
() 69
45-47
49-50, 56
7-8

225

 7-8
7-8
49-50, 52-53
29
18-19
68-69,
109, 120, 141, 150

7, 14-16
7, 14
7, 14
52-53
28
23, 27
68-69
70
25-26, 32-33
24, 27
10, 24, 27, 41-42
32-33, 42
27
16, 1819, 21-30, 147-151

5, 10, 23-24
/ 47-53

49-51
49-51
49-51
54, 56-57, 150
19-22, 34-35
23, 25-26
34-35,
83-87
23, 76, 88, 189, 227
30, 34
38
14, 24
77, 100, 112
222, 228
222, 235-239
222
77, 221-222
62, 67, 150
42-44, 91, 147

226