opmSd kd[ if*smrsm;

==t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aomwpfckwnf;aom *g'D,ef;r*Zif;ukd zwfIcGifh&ojzifh kd[if

*sm vlrsKd;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY\arG;&yf|meDtay: rnfrQtxd opmdScJhonfukd odcJh&onf/ xkdtcsdefrSp
uRefawmf (tefaomfeDtd&f0if)onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynf\ aS;,cifuyif aexdkifvmcJhaom dk[if
*sm (Aborigines) vlrsKd;rsm;tm; ]rl*sm[d'}f aomif;usef;olrsm;ukd axmufcHolrsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif;?
vlrsKd;a&;tkd;pJGolrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? arSmifckdvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;olrsm;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? ygudpwefEkdifiHrS w&m;r0ifvlarSmifckd ckd;oGif;vmolrsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;
oyfcsKdpGyfpJGum EkdifiHawmftay: opmrJholrsm;tjzpf rvkdvm; rIqdwfaom a'ocHqefYusifzuf
tkyfpkrsm;\ aoG;xkd;ajrSmufyifhcJhrIaMumifh EkdifiHawmfrD'D,mrsm;u a&;om;cJhonfukd awGY&onf/
4if;pGyfpJGcsufESifh ywfouf jzpf&yfrSefwpfcsKdYukd wifjyvkdygonf/
kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf aumif;a&mif;aumif;0,f vkyfolrsm;jzpfNyD;? NAdwdoQwkdYtm; ESpfMudrfwkdifwdkif
wkdufxkwfcJh&mwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJholrsm;jzpf t&m&mwGif ]aotwlSifazmf} rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
okdYaom opmdS oD;cHcGifhvTwfwwfaom tHhrcef;bG,f&m vlrsKd;rsm;ukd opmrJholrsm;[kqkdvQif
tjcm;opmdS vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; rD;armif;xkd;jyygavmh[k qkdcsifygonf/++ (Anthony Irwin)

ppfawG ckdifrS aumuf cH&dSaom tcG ef

1945wGif tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynf &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf tcGefray;aqmifa&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpdkuf
BudK;yrf;cJh&m kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf xkdvIyfSm;rIwGif ryg0ifcJhay/ qefYusifzuftm;jzifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;
wkdYonf ]rl*sm[d'}f aomif;usef;olrsm;\ &ufpufrItaygif;ESifh &ckdif(Maugh)tpkd;& trIxrf;
t&mxrf;rsm;\ trsKd;rsKd;aom EdSyfpufrIMum;rSyif rdrdwkdYEkdifiHtpkd;&ty: opmdSpGm tcGefawmfaiGrsm;
ay;aqmifcJhMuonf/ udpESifhqufpyfywfouf xkdpOfu ygvDreftrwf rpwmat*zg&fonf
tcGefawmfaiGrsm; aumufcH&dSrIESifh ywfouf b@ma&;0efBuD;tm; ar;jref;aomar;cGef;ukd
ajzMum;&mwGif ppfawGcdkifdS armifawmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;wGif aexdkifonfh 99 &mckdifEIef;aom
dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onfomvQif tcGefxrf;jynfolrsm;jzpfaMumif; Sif;Sif;vif;vif; wifjycJhonfukd
odSd&onf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdY\ ESdyfpufrItaygif;Mum;rS dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;\
EdkifiHawmftay: opmdSyHkukd EIdif;,SOfawGYdSEkdifonf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u cefYtyfxm;aom &ckdi(f Maugh)
vlrsKd; trIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;u ]kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onf EkdifiHawmftay:opmrdSyg? ygupwefESm
acgif;ESifh toufINyD;? ygupwefu oifay;onfhtwkdif; aqmifGufaeonf} ponfjzifh r[kwfwrf;
w&m;rsm;ukd pOfqufrjywf EkdifiHawmftpkd;&tm; *Hk;wkdufwifjyaeojzifh EkdifiHawmftpkd;&uvnf;
atmfya&;Sef;trsKd;rsKd; apvTwfum dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; trdajrrS okwfoifSif;vif;Ekdif&ef
tpOftNrJ BudK;yrf;cJh&m ,ckwkdifjzpfonf/
atmufaz:jyyg tcGefaumufcH&dSEkdifrI
opmcGeftm;ukd oddSEkdifonf/

Z,m;ukd

MunfhIjcif;tm;jzifh

dk[if*smvlrsKd;wkdY\

tcGefaiGaumufcH&dSrI &mckdifEIef;tajcjyZ,m;
NrdKYe,f

ckESpf
1945-46

1946-47

1947-48

ykPuRef;

75.09%

19.79%

0.19%

aygufawm

94.94%

50.78%

13.15%

NrdKYa[mif;

63.26%

8.44%

9.51%

ausmufawmf

21.64%

5.68%

56.58%

rif;jym;

82.60%

85.25%

56.53%

ppfawG

95.23%

60.90%

35.09%

&aohawmif

95.81%

40.50%

60.12%

bl;oD;awmif

100%

97.74%

99.39%

armif;awm

100%

100%

98.39%

tcGe faiGaumufcH&dSrI tajcjyZ,m; (usyfaiGj zifh )

NrdKYe,f

ckESpf
1949-50

1950-51

1951-52

1952-53

2018

2055

1446

609

aygufawm

4705

3562

2147

513

NrdKYa[mif;

8215

4627

710

ausmufawmf

26576

11225

rif;jym;

1556

18650

8996

4913

ppfawG

29618

23518

30803

25418

&aohawmif

2307

2269

2669

333

bl;oD;awmif

44897

138480

118138

127181

armif;awm

134861

138317

172701

160422

ykPuRef;

rl*sm[pfvIyf S m;rI
1947 wGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Akdvfvuf,monf armif;awmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frsm;odkU oGm;
a&muf vnfywfaomtcg dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; EkdifiHawmftay: opmdScJhonfrsm;ukd axmufjy
ajymqkdcJhonf/ xkdUtjyif 1945 ckESpfavmufwGif &ckdifwpfjynfvHk;tESHUvkdvkd &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdY\
vlrsKd;a&; vIyfSm;rIjyif;xefcJhaomfvnf; kd[if*smvlrsKd;wdkYonfum; qlylvIyfSm;rI wpfpHkwpf&mrvkyfyJ
at;csrf;wnfjidrfpGm aecJhonfukd csD;rGrf;ajymqkdcJhonf/ xkdokdUcsD;rGrf;ajymqkdcJhjcif;onf &ckdif (Maugh)
uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh vQKdU0SufpGm vufwGyJ l;aygif;vIyfSm;cJhaom &ckdif(Maugh) acgif;aqmif
rsm;tm; aoG;xkd;qGay;cJhovkdjzpfcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh &cdkif(Maugh)trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwkdYonf jrefrm
EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tvGefcspfMunf&if;ESD;oGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfcJhaomaMumifh kd[if
*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf EkdifiHawmftay: qefYusifawmfvSefaom trsKd;om;opmazmuftjzpf EkdifiHawmf
tjrifrSm pOfqufrjywf jzpf&avatmif wpfcsKdYaompmrwwf OmPfrrDonfh kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYukd &ckdif
trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olwdYkyl;aygif; uvdrfqiftuGufqifum kd[if*sm
aomif;usef;olrsm;tjzpf ay:ayguf&avatmif r&raeBudK;yrf;aqmifGufcJhonf/
&ckdif (Maugh) trsKd;om;a&; tpGef;a&muf0g'DwkdYonf xkdpOfu tpkd;&ygwDjzpfaom zufqpfqefY
usifa&; jynfholUvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (AFPFL)tm; wGef;vSef NydKvJEkdifrS kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdUonf
ukvm;weftaemufzuf &ckdifajrmufykdif;a'oukd kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&e,f
ajra'otjzpfvnf;aumif;? usef&ckdifa'orsm;ukd &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdY\ jynfe,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; oD;jcm;
tkyfcsKyfcGifh&rnf pojzifh EkdifiHa&;todOmPfEke,fao;aom OD;*smazg&ftm; bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrS &ckdif
vlrsKd; OD;xGef;atmifjzL (kd[if*smpum;ajymuRrf;usif)tm;jzifh pnf;kH;ap &ckdifuGefjrLepfaomif;
usef;olrsm; pcef;xJwGif awmfvSefa&;oifwef;rsm; ykdUcsay;cJhonf/ &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdUonf ynm
tajrmftjrif? EkdifiHa&;tajrmftjrif csKdYwJhaom kd[if*smvlrsKd;wpfcsKdYudk pnf;kH; jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&u
xkwfy,fcJhaom vufeufukdifwyfzJGY(jyKwf)wkdUESifh yl;aygif;apum EkdifiHawmfESifh jrefrmjynfolwkdY\
aSUarSmufwGif kd[if*sm (ukvm;qkd;aomif;usef;ol) tzJGUwpfzJGU ay:xGef;vm&av[ef pDrHtuGuf
qifay;cJhonf/
trSeftm;jzifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdUonf at;csrf;wnfjidrfaomb0ukd wnfaqmufvifhupm; &ckdift
rsKd;om;a&;0g'DwkdU\ tuGufqif uvdrfusaoG;xkd;ajrSmufyifh pDrHaqmifGufay;rIaMumifh dk[if*smESifh
jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYtjyif &ckdifESifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;Mum;rSmyifvQif vGefpGmpdwf0rf;uJGjym;vmcJhonfrSm ,aeU
wkdifjzpfonf/ &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwkdU\ ,ckvkdaqmifGufrIaMumifh rnfolrQ tusKd;rdSonfhtjyif vlrsKd;
pktm;vHk; cspfcifMuifemrIysufjym;NyD; trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm; vmcJhonfuvTJ rnfolrQ tusKd;rjzpf
xGef;cJhacs/
xkdYaemufwGif OD;*smazm&fonf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olwkdU\ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmNyD;? OD;xGef;atmifjzL
(bl;oD;awmif)u uvdrfqif raumif;BuHt&mtm;vHk;\ nTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfum? rl*sm[pftkyfpk
ESifh taxGaxGoabmwlnDcsufwpfck csKyfqkd EkdifiHawmftpkd;&xHyg; kd[if*smjynfe,fwpfck
awmif;qkdapcJhonftxd tuGufqif uvdrfusyHhykd;ulnDEkdifcJhonf/ xkdtBuHtpnf atmifjrifNyD;av
aomf OD;xGef;atmifjzLonfvnf; vufeufcstvif;0ifcJhonf/ 1948 wGif ppfawGckdifrS 'k-r[m
rif;BuD;onf kd[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm; (e,fcH)? oufBuD;G,ftkdtcsKdUESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f ausmif;

awmifaus;GmwGif pcef;csxm;aom rl*sm[pfacgif;aqmifrsm;wkdUESifh awGYqkHapcJhonf/ xkdokdY awGYqHk

&mwGif rlvawmif;qkdcJhaom kd[if*sm ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&e,fajrtpm; EkdifiHawmfrS kd[if*smvlrsKd;
rsm;tm; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? kd[if*smtoif;tm; w&m;0iftoif;wpfcktjzpf
owfrSwf&ef oabmwlcGifhjyKonfukdvnf;aumif;? pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif tl&'lpmayukd oifMum;
oif,lEkdif&ef cGifhjyKonfudkvnf;aumif; ponfhurff;vSrf;csufrsm;ukd rl*sm[pfwkdUoabmwlEkdif&ef
SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;apcJhonf/
4if;urf;vSrf;csufwkdUukd vufrcH&avatmif &ckdifuGefjrLepfwkdUzufrS
rl*sm[pftay: pOfqufrjywf MoZmtmPmoufa&mufcJhaomaMumifh 'k-r[mrif;BuD;ESifh tzJGUwkdU
onf tpyxrwGif SdEIdif;atmifjrifrI r&cJhacs/
4if;ESpfwGifyif kd[if*sme,fcHacgif;aqmifwkdYonf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;tm; wGef;vSefacsrIef;
ypf&eftwGuf EkdifiH0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkxHwGif vufeufawmif;cHcJhonf/ okdYaomfvnf; &ckdif(Maugh)
vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&t&mdSwkdYrS wifjyvmaom raumif;BuHvDq,fa&;om;wifjyvmonfh owif;rsm;
aMumifh kd[if*smwkdY\ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd ta&;w,l *krpkdufcJhygacs/ wpfzef 1957 wGif rpwm
at*zm&f(ygvDreftwGif;0ef)onf bl;oD;awmifNrdKY\ zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&;
acgif;aqmif OD;pHomatmifukd twlwuG ac:aqmifvm umuG,fa&;0efBuD;a[mif; AkdvfcsKyfae0if;
tm; rl*sm[pfwkdUukd okwfoifSif;vif;Ekdif&eftwGuf vufeuftultnD awmif;cHcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
ae0if;uvnf; rodoa,mif em;rMum;a,mifaqmifcJhonf/ tu,f tultnDawmif;cHvmcJh
onfhtwkdif; oufqkdif&mrS tultnDay;cJhvQif uGefjrLepfwkdY jyKpkysKd;axmifarG;xkwfay;cJhonfh kd[if
*smvlrsKd; tusKd;,kwf rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol okdUr[kwf &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DESifh uGefjrLepfwkdY\ BudK;qGJ
&mucJhonfh rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;ol vlEkHtkyfpkonf xkdtcsdefuwnf;uyif csKyfjidrf;oGm;rnfrSm
ajrBuD;vufcwfrvTJyifjzpfonf/
1954 ck pufwbmFv 25 &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf kd[if*smrGwfpvif trsm;pk
aexkdif&m tm&fumef(&ckdif)ajrmufykdif;a'oNrdKUjzpfaom armif;awmNrdKUESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYe,fwkdYwGif
dSaom tpkd;&pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif bmoma&;oifcef;pmrsm; oifMum;Ekdifa&;twGuf EkdifiHawmf
tajcjyrdefYcGef;wGif xnfhoGif;ajymMum;cJhonf/
&ckdif(Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;onf kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;ukd aiGa&;aMu;a&;
axmufyHholrsm;tjzpf trsKd;rsKd; pGyfpJGajymqkdaomfvnf; trSeftm;jzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom kd[if*smol
MuD;rsm;? e,fcHusufoa&aqmifyk*dKvfrsm;onf rl*sm[pfwkdU awmif;qkdaomqufaMu;ukd jiif;qkdcJhonfh
twGuf vlrqefpGm owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ yrmtm;jzifhajym&vQif bl;oD;awmife,frS anmifacsmif;
aus;GmteD;ESifh armif;awmNrdKUe,frS ief;acsmif;aus;GmwkdYonf rl*sm[pfwdkYvufcsufjzifh rD;avmif
jymuscJh&onfhtjyif txufazmfjyyg NrdKUESpfNrdKYrS kd[if*smaus;Gmrsm;ESifh aus;Gmolaus;Gmom;rsm;
rl*sm[pfwkdYESifh vufrwJG&aumif;vm;[k apm'uwufum aus;Gmaygif;rsm;pGm rD;dIUcH&onfhtjyif
ajrmufrsm;pGmaomGmom;rsm; owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf/
1959 ck Mo*kwfvwGif armif;awmNrdKYykdif tif;'ifaus;GmrS GmolBuD;ESifh 4if;\taygif;yg Gmom; 5
OD;onf rl*sm[pfwkdY vufcsufjzifh owfjzwfcH&NyD;? tkd;tdrfrsm;vnf; rD;wifIdYcHcJh&onf/ rl*sm[pfwdkY
onf kd[if*smaus;Gmrsm;rS trsKd;om;rsm;tm; SmazGrawGYdSaomtcg trsKd;orD;i,frsm;ESifh tG,f
vwf trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd ac:aqmif jyefay;qGJ aiGSpfxkwfavhdSonf/ xkdtawmtwGif; EkdifiHawmf
tpkd;&onfvnf; rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;ukd wkdufckdufacsrIef;&ef rwwfEkdifonfuwpfaMumif;?
kd[if*smtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; awmif;qkdcJhaom vufeufcJ,Of; tultnDrsm;udk rvkdufavsm

ryHhykd;cJhonfh taMumif;rsm;aMumifh kd[if*smaus;Gmolaus;Gmom;wkdU\ touftkd;tdrf csrf;om&av

atmifESifh *kPfodumrId;EGrf;&avatmif aoewfukdifv&l rf;um; rl*sm[pfwkdYxHyg;wGif dk[if*sm
t&yfom;wkdY 'l;axmuftHhcHcJh&jcif;omjzpfcJhonf/ rMumcPqkdovkdyif NrdKU\xdyfykdif;ae&mrsm;ESifh
ckdif\tcsuftcsmus&m ae&ma'orsm;ukd &ckdif(Maugh)uGefjrLepfwkdYu odrf;ykdufavhdScJhonf/ &mcsD
aom &ckdif(Maugh)ykvdyfrsm;ESif UMP ac: nDGwfaomppfykvdyfrsm; ppfawGcdkifrS rdrdwkdU wyfp
cef;ukd pGefYcGg xGufajy;cJhaomfvnf; av;OD;? ig;OD;xufrykdaom kd[if*smykvdyfESifh ppfonfrsm;
onfom rdrdwkdY wyfpcef;ukd pGefYcGgxGufajy;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ 1948-49 ckESpf ESifh 1950 ckESpfrsm;
wGif EkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf EkdifiHa&;t& IyfaxG;rIaygif;rsm;pGmukd BuHKawGUcJh&pOf aomif;usef;ol
rl*sm[pfwkdUonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 13 ESpfwmumvtwGif; e,fajr&Juif; okdYr[kwf e,fwyfpcef;
wpfckwpfavrQyif rodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhacs/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf EkdifiHawmftpkd;& tusyftwnf;
a&mufaeonfukd tcGifhaumif;apmifhaecJhaom rl*sm[pfwkdYESifh jidrf;csrf;pGmaexkdifvkdaom a'ocH
dk[if*smrsm; yl;aygif;ulnDrI rdSaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/
tu,f kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf EkdifiHawmftay: opmazmufcJhvQif 'kwd,urmppftwGif; t*Fvdyf
ppfwyfESifh *syefwyfwdkY usef&pfcJhaom ppfvufeufcJ,Of;jzifh &ckdifwpfjynfvHk; r[kwfonfhwkdifatmif
tenf;qHk; wpf0ufavmufukd odrf;ykdufEdkifavmufatmif vufeufcJ,Of; tvHktavmuf vufvSrf;
rDolrsm; jzpfcJhonf/
1950 ckESpf rwfvtwGif; EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf ppfawGESifh armif;awmNrdKYe,fwkdYwGif
tvnftywfa&mufdSaeckduf &ckdiftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawGYqkH kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYtay:
EdSyfpufuvlrjyKMu&efESifh ygupwefEkdifiHtay:rSmvnf; tjrifrMunfrvif rjzpfMu&efwkdYudk tMuHjyK
aqG;aEG; wifjycJhonf/ tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;wifjycJh&mwGif tu,f ygupwefonfom &ckdifvlrsKd;
rsm;tay: &efvkdrkef;wD;rIdScJhvQif &ckdifwpfjynfvHk;ukd odrf;vkduodrf;ykdufEkdifrnfjzpf xkdpOfu tvGef
tm;tifcsKdUwJhaom jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&uvnf; &ckdifvrl sKd;rsm;udk rnfokdYrQ ulnDEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf
aMumif; xkwfaz:ajymMum;cJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 13 ESpfwmumvtwGif; EkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf vufwpfqkyfpm rl*sm[pfaomif;
usef;olrsm;udk racsrIef;EkdifcJhacs/ rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;tay: EkdifiHawmftpkd;&zufrS acsrIef;
wkdufckduf&ef qESdcJhvQif dk[if*sma'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;tm; vufeufcJ,Of; wyfqifay; yl;aygif;&ef
omdScJhonf/ jAdwdoQppfwyfrsm;ukd wkdufxkwf&mwGif Armhwyfrawmftm; e,fajruRrf;usifol a'o
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xm;avonf/ tdEd,-NAdwdoQwyfwkdY wyfqkwfoGm;&jcif;onfyifvQif &ckdif(Maugh) t"dukPf;
zefwD;vkdolrsm;twGuf 4if;wkdYtay: wGef;vSef wefjyefEdSrfESif;Ekdifonfh vufqkwfvufukdif w&m;0if
tpkd;&rdSonfhtwGuf &ckdifaomif;usef;olwkdYonf kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYtm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf
&eftwGuf vuf&JZuf&JjzpfcJhonf/
xkdpOfu tm&fumef(&ckdif)wkdif;udk t*Fvdyfr[mrif;BuD; vufatmufrS wm0ef,lvTJajymif;,lcJhaom
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odrf;,l &ckdif(Maugh)vlrsKd;wkdYtm; vGwfvyfpGm jzefYa0ay;cJhonf/ vkdifpifygrpfjzifh ,laqmif
xm;aom kd[if*smwkdY\ vufeufrsm;tm; odrf;,l &ckdifwkdYukd a0iSay;ojzifh vufeufukdifESifh
vufeufrJh vlwef;pm;ESpf&yf ay:aygufvmum &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYtm; pdwfwkdif;us
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ausmif;tkyfBuD; ]OD;ZkdifEl'de}f \ rSwfwrf;t& qkd&vQif ]] 'k-r[m rif;BuD;OD;ausmfckdifonf NAdwdoQtpkd;
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taemuf awmifajrmuft&yfa'orsm;okdY vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmNyD; rGwfpvifdk[if*smwkdYxHrS odrf;

qnf;&cJh aomvufeufrsm;ukd rif;jym;? NrdKYa[mif;? ausmufawmfESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;dS &ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;tm; jzefYa0ay;jcif;jzifh rGwfpvifdk[if*smrsm;ukd &ufpufpGmowfjzwfapcJhonf}} [kqkd
xm;onf/ xkdokdYaom OD;ausmfckdif \pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlonf kd[if*smrGwfpvifwkdY
tay: umuG,fapmifhaSmufay;&ef pkd;pOf;rQ rawG;awmcJhaMumif; orkdif;aMumif;t& oddS&onf/
1942 ckrwfvwGif &ckdif(Maugh) vlrsKd;wkdYonf OD;ausmfckdif pDpOfay;cJhaom vufeufjzifh kd[if*sm
wkdYtm; owfjzwfaom vlowfyJGBuD; pwifygawmhonf/ &ckdif(Maugh)vlrsKd; t,lonf;wkdYonf
kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdY rdrdwkdYaexdkif&ma'orS ]usLyifckwf?usLikwfrusef} qkdonfhtwkdif;vlrsKd;jyKwf rsKd;wHk;
oGm;&ef &nfG,fcJhonf/ &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf u&ifwyfajy;olrsm;rSvnf; vufeufrsm; vufcH&dScJhNyD;?
4if;wkdYtm;vnf; kd[if*smvlrsKd; owfjzwfyJGwGif yg0ifqifEJG&ef pnf;Hk;cJhonf/ xkdvlowfyJGBuD;ukd
ajryHkNrdKYESifh ausmufjzLckdifa'orsm;rS pwifcJhonf/ 1959 ckpufwbmFv (17) &ufaeY ygvDref

tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif armifawm? bl;oD;awmif ESifh &aohawmifNrdKYwdkYjzifh oD;jcm;ckdifopfwpfck

zJGYpnf;a&;ukd qefYusifaom rif;jym;NrdKYe,f ygvDreftrwfa[mif; ]OD;cspfy} qkdolonf vlowfyJGt"du
kPf;udk &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYom pwifcJhonf[k0efcHcJhonf/ xkdvlowfyJGwGif axmifaomif;rsm;pGmaom
wpfenf;tm;jzifh OD;a& Spfaomif;xufrenf;aom kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onf *kPmrJhpGm owfjzwfjcif;
cHcJh&onf/ ausmufawmf? NrdKYa[mif;? aygufawm? ykPm;uRef;? rif;jym;? &aohawmifESifh ajryHkNrdKYwdkYwGif
bkd;bGm;bDbif vufxufuyif aexkdifvmcJhaom xdyfoD;rGwfpvifwkdYonf vlrsKd;a&;t"du kPf;jzpf
yGm;rIaMumifh armifawm? bl;oD;awmif? &aohawmifESifh ppfawGNrdKY ponfhNrdKYae&mtoD;oD;wGif
xGufajy;ckdvIHcJh&NyD;? wpfcsKdYonfvnf; ppfwaumif;ckdiftxd xGufajy;oGm;cJh&onf/ 4if;wkdYxJrS
'kuonf ESpfaomif;cefYwkdYonf tdEd,EkdifiH ]&mefyl&fckdifdS SLbd&fem*g;&f} 'kuonfpcef;wGif
aexkdifapcJhonf/
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh armifawm? bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;okdY toufSifxGufajy; wdrf;aSmifvmaom
kd[if*smrGwfpvifwkdYonfvnf; &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYESifh uvJhpm;acs vufwkefYjyefvkdcJhMuonf/ okdUaomf
&ckdifvlrsKd;tcsKdYonf ausmufawmfESifh NrdKYa[mif;NrdKYrsm;zufokdY tcsdefrD xGufajy;wdrf;aSmifEkdifchNJ yD;?
armifawmNrdKYrS &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYtm; tdEd,EkdifiHdS ]'DrghZfyl&f} 'kuonf pcef;okdY aTYajymif;apcJhonf/
xkdYaMumifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYESifh EdIif;,SOfvQif armifawm? bl;oD;awmif e,fwpf0kdufwGif owfjzwf
cH&aom &ckdifvlrsKd; OD;a&rSm rajymyavmufay/ 'kwd,urmppfNyD;qHk;aomtcg tdEd,EkdifiH ]'DrghZfyl&}f
'kuonfpcef;dS &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rdrdwkdY rl&if;|mae bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,f ajrrsm;wGif
ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhonf/
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jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;&mwGif tm;oGefcGefpkduf yg0ifaqmifGufay;cJhonf/ okdYaomf &ckdifvlrsKd;99%
onf olwkdY xGufajy;wdrf;aSmifpOfumv xm;&pfcJhaom ukd,fykdifajr,mrsm;ukd aps;aumif;aumif;jzifh
a&mif;cs tjcm;&ckdifjynf NrdKYckepfNrdKYwkdYokdY tpDtpOfusus aTYajymif;aexkdifum rlvuaexkdifcJhNyD;?
xGufajy;wdrf;aSmifvmaom kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdY\ tkd;tdrfv,f,mukdif;uRef;rsm;wGif Zdrfusus NrdefSuf
pGm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aexkdifvmcJhonf/ &ckdifawmifykdif;a'o rGwfpvifkd[if*smvl owfyJGaMumifh
atmufaz:jyyg Z,m;wGifjyxm;onfhtwkdif; kd[if*smrsm;aexkdif&m NrdKYe,f ukd;NrdKYe,frS aus;Gm
aygif; (307)Gmukd &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYu jym;jym;0yfaeatmif zsufqD;ypfcJhonf/ armifawmESifh bl;oD;
awmifNrdKYe,frsm;rS aus;Gmrsm;ukd kd[if*smwkdY odrf;ykdufEkdifcJhNyD;? jyefvnfaexkdifEkdifcJhonf/ ppfajy;

wpfcsKdY kd[if*sm'kuonfwkdYonf rl&if;aexkdifcJh&ma'orsm; (ckepfNrdKYe,f)okdY jyefvnfaexkdif&ef

BudK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYucGifhrjyKyJ?
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1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH kd[if*sm aus;Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;

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1
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NrdKYe,ftrnf
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,cktcsdeftxd kd[if*sm'kuonf ajcmufaxmifcefYonf taSYygupwefEkdifiH (b*Fvm;a'hSf) EkdifiH

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vufcHa&; aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef a&mufdSvmaom tdEd,ukd,fpm;vS,fawmfBuD; ]rpwm*gef'DAD;,m;}
\jrefrm'kuonfrsm; o,faqmifvmrnfh rD;oabFmudp aqG;aEG;urf;vSrf;vmonfukdvnf; tvGef
cg;oD;pGm jiif;y,fcJhonf/ trSefpifppf tdEd,EkdifiHonf jrefrm'kuonfrsm;ukd MumSnfpGm rxdef;odrf;
Ekdifonfhtjyif 'kuonfpcef;ukdvnf; ydwfyifvkdcJhonf/
kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; &uf&ufpufpuf tMuifemrJhpGm owfjzwfcH&rIESifh ywfouf ]tefaomfeDtd&f0if;}
onf ]]ppfyJGpwifrjzpfyGm;cifu tm&fumef (&ckdif)jynfwGif kd[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;ESifh &ckdif(Maugh)
vlrsKd;wkdY twl,SOfwJG aexkdifcJhMuonf/ 1941ckESpfwGif vlrsKd;a&; *kdPf;ESpf*kdPf; ay:xGufvmNyD;
ppfrufjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ 4if;ppfyJGaMumifh &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf &ckdifjynfawmifykdif;a'oudk vTrf;rkd;xm;
EkdifcJhNyD;? kd[if*smrGwfpvifwkdYonf ajrmufykdif;wGif pGJNrJpGmaexkdifvmcJhonf/ vlowfyJGwGif kd[if*sm
wkdY\ aus;Gmrsm;ukd vufeuftiftm;omvGefaom &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYu BudKufovkdcs,fvS,f pkd;rkd;xm;
EkdifcJhpOf dk[if*smwdkYonf tvGefYtvGef 4 aytxdom Snfvsm;aom "g;SnfwkdYjzifh ckcH&ojzifh

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pepfwus zJGYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom &ckdifwkdY\ vlrsKd;a&;t"dukPf; wkdufyJGudk rnfokdYrQ
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kd[if*smwdkY\ owdukd csD;usL;ajymMum;cJhonf/
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awmifzufykdif;ukdvTrf;rkd;aom &ckdif(Maugh) vlrsKd;rsm;aexkdif&ma'otjzpf odomxifSm;aom xl;jcm;
t*Fg&yfwpfckozG,f awGYjrifvm&onf/ armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,fajrwpf0kdufonf kd[if*sm
rGwfpvifrsm;vTrf;rkd;aoma'ojzpfojzifh jynfaxmifpkygvDref aG;aumufyJGtwGuf &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;
rnfokdYrQ rwkd;azmufEkdifojzifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tay: raumif;jrif0g'jzifh tcsOfaygufvmcJhonf/
1948 ckESpfwGif xkdpOfu vlenf;pk 0efBuD;jzpfcJhaom &ckdif(Maugh)vlrsKd; OD;bkdndKonf kd[if*smESifh
&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;tMum; ae&mzvS,f ajymif;aTUaexkdiaf &;twGuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhavonf/
xkdYaMumifh olonf EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHokdY kd[if*smvlrsKd; ukd;aomif;cefYukd &ckdifvlrsKd;trsm;pk
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tpkd;&xHwGif okdYtpDtpOfrdSygaMumif;ESifh ,ckuJhokdY r[kwfrrSef owif;ysHUESHUaejcif;rSm &ckdiftrsKd;
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[lqdef} ESifh armif;awmNrdKYe,f? umpm&DbDvfaus;GmrS ]OD;armfwD&mh[frmef} wkdYxHrS twif;t"r
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EdkifcJhonf/ &cdkifvlrsKd;wkdYonf kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYESifh pyfvsOf; okdYvlrqef ,kwfrmyufpufonfh
raumif;BuHpdwf"gwfrsm;ukd arG;xkwfum EkdifiHawmftpkd;&tm; tcsdeftcgtm;avsmfpGm rvdrfhwpfywf
rqDrqkdifwifjyvmcJhaom wkdifMum;csufrsm;aMumifh EkdifiHawmftpkd;&uvnf; rvTJraSmifom
kd[if*smrsm;tay: ppfqifa&;trsKd;rsKd;qifEGJum &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwkdY\ kd[if*smtrsKd;om; rsKd;wHk;
owfjzwfa&; wkdufuGufwGif tpOfwpfpkduf yg0ifqifEGJcJhavonf/ b*Fvm;a&muf kd[if*sm
vlrsKd;wkdYonfvnf; ,cktcsdeftxd |gaejyefEkdifa&;twGuf apmifhqdkif;aeqJyifjzpfonf/

tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfr S arSmifckdpD; yGm;a&;orm;rsm;

tm&fumef(&cdkif)jynfrSwpfzufEkdifiHokdY w&m;r0ifarSmifckd pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;ukd wm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf
ewfjrpfukd ydwfqkdYkHESifh rvHkavmufacs/ ppfawGckdif\ t"dujrpfESpfjrpfjzpfaom ukvm;wef
ESifhar,kjrpfonf wpfzufEkdifiHESifh arSmifckdpD;yGm;vkyfief; vkyfukdifEkdif&eftwGuf t"duqufoG,f
ay;onf/ armifawmNrdKYrSvJT ppfawGckdifdS usefNrdKYSpfNrdKYe,frS qefpyg;rsm;ukd &aohawmifNrdKY awmif
zufpGef;dS ]yefcsmcgvD}acsmif;ukdjzwff ukvm;wefESifh ar,kjrpfrSwpfqifh wpfzufEkdifiHokdY arSmifckd

ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhonf/ vrf;aMumif;rSwpfqifh qefpyg; 95% ukd wpfzufEkdifiHokdY ykdYaqmif

cJhaMumif; od&onf/ ]yefcsmcgvD} acsmif;onf obm0yx0Dtaetxm;t& avS? ormefwkdY
oGm;vmEkdif&ef tvGeftqifajyvSojzifh &aohawmifNrdKYESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrSwpfqifh armifawmNrdKU
okdY arSmifckdpD;yGm;vkyfukdif&eftwGuf vrf;rSvJG tjcm;rdScJhay/ wpfcsKdYaomkd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESihf
&ckdi(f Maugh) arSmifckdpD;yGm;a&;orm;wkdYonf rl*sm[pfESifh tpkd;&t&mSdrsm;ESifh yl;aygif; armif
awmNrdKYrS qefpyg;rsm;ukd wpfzufEkdifiHokdY arSmifckdul;oef; a&mif;0,fcJhonf/ armifawm? bl;oD;
awmifNrdKYMum;dS vloGm;awmifMum;vrf;ESifh armifawm? &aohawmifNrdKYMum;dS vloGm;awmifMum;
vrf;rsm;tm; ppfwyf? ykvdyfrsm;jzifh xlxyfpGmxm;dSojzifh wpfzufEdkifiHESifh jyKvkyfaqmifGufaom
rnfonfharSmifckdvkyfief;ukdrqdk txufaz:jyyg vkHjcKHa&;wyfrsm;\ yl;aygif;ulnD aqmifGufrI
rygbJESifh vkyfEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ pifppftm;jzifh 99% aom arSmifckdul;oef;a&mif;0,folrsm;onf
&ckdi(f Maugh) vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuNyD;? oHk;ESpf okdUr[kwf av;ESpfrwkdifcifuyif vlOD;a& 250 yg0ifaom
r[marSmifckdpD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm; *kdPf;BuD;wpfckukd tmPmykdifrS zrf;qD;cJh&m tm;vHk;vkdvkdyif &ckdif
(Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
ckdifvHkaom taxmuftxm;ukd jyygqkdvQif 1960 ckESpf arv 29 &uf aMu;rHkaeYpOfowif;pmyg
]]arSmifckdpD;yGm;*kdPf;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;BuH&myg qdyfurf;wm0efcH &Jykvdyfzrf;rd}} acgif;pOfukd
zwfjcif;jzifh owif;rSefukd xifSm;pGm odjrifEkdifonf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:rS &ckdifarSmifckd ukefonfrsm;onf
(AFPFL) ESifh em;vnfrIl,l 'k-aumfrSifemrif;BuD;xHrS qefygrpf (qefuJGygrpf)rsm;ukd ppfawG
ckdifwGif a&mif;cs&ef[k [efaqmifxkwf,lcJhaom qefuJGygrpfrsm;tpm; qefaumif;trsKd;tpm;
rsm;ukdom ygupwefwkdYokdYarSmifcdk wifykdUa&mif;cscJhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tpkd;& BuD;pkd;aepOfumv
twGif; &ckdifarSmifckd ul;oef;olrsm;onf ArmhwyfrawmfESifh vHkjcKHa&;wyfzJGY0ifrsm;ukd pkd;&drf&ojzifh
tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd NidrfoufpGmaeaecJhonf/ 1960ckESpf {NyDvwGif (AFPFL) tmPm
jyef&vmaomtcg arSmifckdqefwifykdYrIukd &yfqdkif;ap&eftwGuf qefygrpfrsm;tm; acwcP qkdif;iHh
xm;cJhonf/ &ckdif(Maugh)azmufonfrsm;ESifh ukefonfwkdYonfum; taSUygupwef EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh
pD;yGm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&m ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm; ajyvnfaeao;ojzifh &ckdi(f Maugh) arSmifckd
vkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKolwdkYonf qdyfurf; &J? ]pDatvf'}D ESifh ppfawGNrdKYrS taumuf
cGeft&mSdrsm;ESifh yl;aygif; qefarSmifckd wifykdYrIukd pwifavawmhonf/ arSmifckdorm;wkdYonf
qefwpftdwfvQif wpfq,fhig;usyfEIef;jzifh ]qkdufkd;us} jrpfwpfavQmufwGif wnfaxmifxm;aom
]acwfopf} ? ]va&mif0if;} ? ]atmifpdef[kd;tm;wkduf} ESifh ]jr} qefpuf ponfwdkYrS qefrsm;ukd
wpfzufEkdifiHokdY arSmifckdwifykdYcJhonf/
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OD;zkd;oDwkdY iSm;&rf;xm;aom pufavSESifh ormefwkdYonf atmifpdef[kd;tm;wkdufESifh va&mif0if;qef
pufwkdYwGif taSUygupwefEkdifiHokdY qefwifykdY&ef toifha&mufSdcJhonf/ 4if;aeYwGif nae 7 em&DrS
11 em&D tcsdeftxd oufqkdif&mrS vQyfppfrD;ukd jzwfawmufcJh aomaMumifh ppfawGwpfNrdKYvHk;
tarSmifxk zHk;vGrf;cJhonf/ tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;rSmyif ]qkdufkd;us} acsmif;ukd jzwfoef;vmaom
qeftdwf 148 tdwfukd o,faqmifvmonfh pufavS 2 pD;tm; qkdufkd;usacsmif;0wGif uif;vSnfh
wm0efusaeaom ]ArmhaeAD (401)} ESifh ]tif;,m;}wkdYu vuf&zrf;qD;cJh onf/ zrf;qD;cHavS vkyfom;
12 OD;wkdYonf yJGpm; ausmfomESifh armifjzLwkdY\ qeftdwfrsm;jzpfaMumif; wGufqkdaomaMumifh
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wifykdYaeonfrSmrSefuefygaMumif;}} 0efcHcJhonf/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t& ppfawGNrdKY qdyfurf;

&Jpcef;rS ]ppfOD;jrifhol} \vufrSwfjzifh xkwfay;xm;aom pmESpfapmifwGif ArmhaeADt&mdSrsm;xH

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]zrf;qD; cH&aom pufavSrsm;tm; rpHkprf;rppfaq;bJ vTwfay;&ef arwm&yfcHxm; aom}
pmrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGYcJh&onf/ xkdudpESifhywfouf axmufvSrf; a&;(BSI )t&mdS OD;rsKd;oef;onf
&Jt&mdSrsm;? taumufcGeft&mdSrsm;? pnf;MuyfcGeft&mdSrsm;ESifh ukefonfyJGpm;wkdYtm; pHkprf;ppfaq;
ar;jref;cJhonf/ xkdYt jyif 1960 ckESpf arv yxrywfwiG f ppfawGNrdKYrS ukefonfyJGpm;wpfcsKdY
onfvnf; qefpufavS 10 pD;cefYESifh ikyfajcmufwkdYudk wpfzufEkdifiHokdY wifykdYcJh &mwGif ppfawGNrdKYrS
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od&onf/

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yifrSday/ okdYaomf taSYygupwefEkdifiHrS 0ifa&mufvmol[k oHo,0ifum 1959 ckESpf ZGefvwGif
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vl0ifBuD;Muyfa&;ESifh jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD;|ge0efBuD;\ nTefMum;csuft& zsmyHkckdif ]*G'kawmif}
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xm;olwkdYtm;vHk;onf jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm; ppfppfjzpfaMumif; tckdiftrmajymqkdcJhNyD;? EkdifiHawmf
A[kdw&m;Hk;rS 'D*&D trdefYpm&dSa&;twGuf avQmufxm;cJhonf/
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wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh zrf;qD;cH kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; Oya'yk'frt&
jrefrmekdifiHom;jzpfonf[k axmufjycJhavonf/}} xkdYaemufwGif zrf;qD;cHvlrsm;tm; oufqkdif&mrS
vGwfajrmufay;cJhonf/ w&m;olBuD;\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& xdefodrf;cHvlrsm;ukd acwcP[efjy
vGwfay;cJhaomfvnf; 1959 ckESpfwGif armifawmNrdKYe,fv0ut&mdSrsm;\ nTefMum;csuft&
zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom vlaygif;(23) OD;ukd tif;pdefaxmif xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/ xkdolwkdYonfvnf;
txufaz:jyygw&m;cH (78)OD;uJhokdU EkdifiHom;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; w&m;olBuD;csKyfxH wifjyNyD;
EkdifiHom;jzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfcsuf &,lvmcJhonfhtwdkif; aemufxyf zrf;qD;cH (23) OD;wkdYonfvnf;
txufygenf;twkdif; qHk;jzwfcsuf&,lEkdif&ef w&m;olBuD;csKyfxH avQmufxm; wifjycJhonf/ 1960 ck
atmufwkdbm 26 &ufwGif w&m;olBuD;csKyfuvnf; armifawmNrdKYrS zrf;qD;vmol (23) OD;wkdYonf
jrefrmEkdifiHEkdifiHom;jzpfrIqkdif&m tufOya'yk'fr4 (2) t& jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm; ppfppfjzpfaomaMumifh
xkdvlrsm;tm; tjrefqHk; vTwfay;yg&ef trdefYcsrSwfcJhonfhtjyif aemufaemif uJhokdYtrIudprsm;
ukdifwG,f&mwGif owdjyKMuyg&ef oufqkdif&m v0uESifh armifawmNrdKYykdif tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wkdYtm;
jyif;xefpGm nTefMum;cJhonf/ udpESifh ywfouf v0ut&mdSrsm; wGufqkd&mwGif ]]olwkdYonf

v0uESifh vl0ifrIOD;pD;|gerS twGif;a&;rSL;\ nTefMum;csuft& aqmifGuf&jcif;om jzpfNyD;? 4if;vkyf

aqmifcsufukd (SDO) rS xyfqifhaxmufcHay;cJhojzif}h } rdrdwkdY\ vkyfaqmifcsuf r[kwfaMumif;ukd0efcH

ajymqkdcJhonf/ ]]jrefrmEkdifiHom; rsm;tm; jynfESif'PfyHkpH jznfhpGufNyD; ESifxkwf&ef pDpOfaejcif;onf

ao&jcif;xufqkd;\/}}
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'DZbmFv 12 &ufaeYwGif acwftqufqufu zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;cJhaom kd[if*smrGwfpvif (28)
OD;ukd &efukef tif;pdef tusOf;axmifrS vTwfajrmufay;vdkufonf/
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGmwkdYonf Armpum; rajymwwfMuay/ olwkdY\emrnf? 0wfpm; qif,if
yHk? "avhxHk;pHESifh ,Ofaus;rIwkdYonf ArmvlrsKd;ESifh vHk;0uGJjym;onf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]jrefrmEkdifiHom;
[kajym&efrSm ArmvlrsKd;wkdYESifh tppt&m&m wlnD&rnf[laom ArmwkdY\t,ltqrsm; wkdif;&if;
om;rsm;tay:wGif usifhoHk;&efr[kwfay/}} xkdYaMumifh zrf;qD;cHvlrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH wdkif;&if;om;
rsm;jzpfaeonfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo, rdSay/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf 1948 ckwGif a&;qJGcJhaom EkdifiHom;
jzpfrIqkdif&m Oya' yk'fr 3(1) t& ]] jrefr mEkdifi H zJ GU pnf;yHktajccHO ya' tcef; u@ (11) wGi f

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aomaMumifhy ifjzpfo nf/}}

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trsm;pkaexkdif&m &ckdifajrmufykdif;a'orsm;wGif vma&muftajcusae xdkifvmcJh&onf/ qufpyfrI
ESifhywfouf wifjy&vQif ]]&ckdif (Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;u awmifykdif;kd[if*smrsm;tay: &ufpufMurf;
MuKwf xGufajy;vmcJh&onfukd rodusKd;uRH? orkdif;xdefcsefvkdonfuwpfaMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHe,f
edrdwftwGif; wpfzufEkdifiHrS bmom,Ofaus;rI? tavhtx? pkdufwl vlrsKd;rsm; w&m;r0ifpdrfh
0ifvmjyD; &ckdifajrmufa'o (txl;ojzifh armifawmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;) wGif tajccsaexkdif
aeygonf}} ponfjzifh EdkifiHawmftpkd;&xH toHaumif;[pfa<u;um vlrsKd;yaysmufa&; ppfqifa&;
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trSefw&m; r[kwfEkdifygacs/ &ckdif(Maugh) trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwkdYonf tvGefY tvGefZDZmaMumifolrsm;
jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm tcGifhomwkdif; ]&ckdifajrmufykdif;ae kd[if*sm rGwfpvifwkdYonf taSUygupwef
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ponfjzifh taMumif;rdS taMumif;Sm EkdifiHawmftpkd;& xHyg;wGif ukef;wkduf oyfvQKdcJhonf/
rnfokdYyifqkdapumrl kd[if*smwkdYonf rnfonfhtcgurQ ygupwefESifh aygif;pnf;a&;ukd rvkdvm;
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kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwfdSolrsm;yDyD taemufarQmfolrsm;r[kwfonfhtjyif kd[if*sm
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wGef;vSefwkdufckdufrnfom}} jzpfonf/

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ta&; qHk;IH;cJh&onf/ okdY&mwGif ,cktcsdeftcgonf &ckdifjynfwGif aexkdifaomvlrsKd;rsm; aumif;pm;

a&;twGuf ,cifu jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlrsKd;a&;t"dukPf; ted|gHkrsm;ukd acwcParhaysmufNyD;
wkdif;jynfa'o zHGUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ESpfzuftiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh ,cifuESifhrwl wrl
xl;jcm;atmif pnf;vHk;nDnmpGmjzifh twlvufwJGum tusKd;wl yl;aygif;aqmifGuf&ef txl;vkdtyf
vSayonf/ okdY&mwGif dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tay: &ckdifvlrsKd;a&;tajccH0g'DwkdY xm;dSaom oabm
xm;tjrifwkdYonf w,loefvlrsKd;a&;t,l0g'tay:wGif tajccHxm;ojzifh ESpfzufvlrsKd;pkMum; jzpf
wnfEkdifonfh pnf;vHk;nDnTwfrI tajccHaumif;ukd rawGY dScJh&ay/ 1934 ckESpfESifh 1942 ckESpfMum;
tcsdefumvtwGif; &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwkdY\ vufcsufjzifh axmifaomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom kd[if*sm
rsm; aoG;at;at;jzifh owfjzwfcHcJh&onf/ xkdtusKd;qufaMumifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf ygvDref
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfMuonfh ]rpwmqkvfweft[frwf} ESifh ]rpwmat.*zg&f} wkdYtm;jzifh ygvDref
tpnf;ta0;wGif aemufaemif &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwdkY\ vlrsKd;jyKwfowfjzwfa&;? rawmfrw&m;?
vuf&JZuf&JjzpfrItaygif;rS umuG,fEkdif&eftvkdYiSm jynfaxmifpkvufatmuf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh
&a'otjzpf twnfjyKjy|gef;ay;&efawmif;qkd apcJhonf/ okdYaomfvnf; 1947 ckZlvkdifv 19 &uf
aeUwGif rsKd;cspfol&Jaumif; tmZmenfAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;ygrsm; vkyfBuHcH&jcif;aMumifh
EkdifiHa&;&mrsm;IyfaxG;aeonfh umvjzpfojzifh kd[if*smygvDref acgif;aqmifrsm; e*kdpDpOfxm;
onfhtwkdif; ygvDrefwGif awmif;qkd&ef tcGifhromcJhay/
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qkdcJhaomfvnf; &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwkdYu ]kd[if*smwkdYonf oD;jcm;ckdifxlaxmifcGifh&dSygu zHGUjzdK;wkd;
wufpnfyifoGm;&ef tcGifhaumif;rsm;&rnf? xkda'orS&ckid fvlrsKd;rsm; aemufaemif armifawm? bl;oD;
awmife,fSd kd[if*smrsm;xHrS aoG;pkwfcs,fvS,fykdifcGifhenf;yg;oGm;rnf} ponfhtawG;rsm;jzifh ylyef
aomua&mufcJhojzifh &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwkdY tjyif;txef qefYusifcJh&mrS ygvDrefwGif kd[if*sm
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ awmif;qkdrI ratmifjrifcJhacs/
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vnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;wGifvnf;aumif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;wGifvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHa&;wGifvnf;
aumif; e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif aemufususef&pfaeonf ponfjzifh vdrfvnf0g'jzefYum &ckdifjynfe,f
&dSa&;twGuf awmif;qkdvmcJhonf/ jynfe,fawmif;qkd&jcif;\ t"du &nfG,fcsufrSm xkdokdYr[kwfyJ?
&ckdifjynfdS kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'DwkdY\ pdwfwkdif;us SOf;yef;EdSyfpuf trsKd;jyKwf
b*FvD&ckdif (Maugh) vlrsKd;wkdYukd tpm;xkd;oGwfoGif; ae&mcsxm;ay;a&; r[mpDrHudef;yifjzpfonf/
]tefaomfeDtd&f0if;} a&;xm;aom pmom;wpfckukd xkwfjy&vQif]] kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf

&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom EkdifiHxJwGif ESpfaygif; 100 ausmfuwnf;uyif aexkdifvmcJhNyD;? ,cktcsdefxd

toufSif&yfwnfvQufdSonf? vlrsKd;rsm;onf *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; toufSifaexkdifyHkESifhwlonf?
wkdif;&if;om;rsm;xJu wkdif;&if;om;wpfrsKd;jzpfNyD;? pyspfyifonf EG,fyifBuD;xGm;SifoefvmrIukd rkef;wD;
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pdwf"gwf BuHhckdifolrsm;jzpfonf? vlrsKd;rsm;tay: rnfrQyiftEkdifusifhapumrl ajymif;jyefqefYusif
rajymwwf? rvkyfwwfay? tEkdifusifhorQukd ]cHk;aumif} uJhokdY yg;pyfiHk BuHhNuHhcHwwfonf/ vlom;yDyD
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tvkyfcefYtyfcJhonfukd &ckdiftrsKd;om;a&;0g'DwkdYu remvkdrIqdwfjzifh rsufpda'gufa'guf Munfhae
cJhNyD;? ukvm;Hk;[kyif orkwfcJhonf/ ppfawGNrdKY txufwef;ausmif;wGif rGwfpvifkd[if*sm MuD;Muyf
a&;rSL;wpfOD;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrSifESpfOD;wkdYtm; tvkyfcefUtyfonfukd taMumif;jyK ukvm;
ausmif;[kwpfrsKd; ac:wGifcJhonf/ 1934ckESpfwGif ppfawGNrdKYwGif usif;yaom ajrSifya'o&mZf
rsm;OD;pD;onfh tpnf;ta0;wpfck OD;omyef;qkdol &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'Donf tkdifpDatpfac: (Indian
Civil Service)wGif ukvm;rsm; cefYxm;onfukd oD;rcHEkdifawmhaMumif; zGifh[ajymqkdcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif
OD;pHaTbk onfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m Oya'jyKa&;aumifpDwGif ukvm;rsm; (jrefrmemrnfrSnfhNyD;?
jrefrm0wfpm;qif,ifol)u tkdifpDatpfae&mwGif tvkyftukdif&Sdaeonfukd uefYuGufajymqkdcJhonf/
OD;aTomESifh OD;pHaTbkwkdYonf taG;cs,fcH ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf kd[if*smrsm;aexkdif&ma'orsm;rS
taG;cHcJhaomfvnf; rnfonfhtcgurQ w&m;0ifukd,fpm;vS,f jzpfrvmcJhacs/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf
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vHk;uvnf; qErJ ray;cJhjcif;omjzpfonf/
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]xif;ckwform;}? ]wHigonf} tjzpfrsm;ESifhom atmufwef; aemufwef;usaom vlrsKd;a&;t,lonf;
tjrifESifh edrfhusaomvlwef;pm; wpfrsKd;tjzpfESifhom awGYjrifvkdaomaMumifhjzpfcJhonf/ xkdUtjyif
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ra&mif;csEkdifa&;twGuf &ckdiftrsKd;om;0g'Drsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhonf/ 4if;
tusKd;qufaMumifh owif;uRwfESifh wefaqmifwkdifyJGawmf &ufrsm;wGif zGifhvSpfa&mif;cscJhaom
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rsm;twGuf ppfawGjrLeDpDy,fHk;rS ESpfpOf lyDaiG 100 usyfpD uscHoHk; pGJ yJGawmf&ufae&m xkdifcif;
tqifajyacsmarGYapa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmifGufay;cJhonf/ xdkjrLeDpDy,foHk;pJGaomaiGonf &ckdifvlrsKd;
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tuJu ukvm;vlrsKd;ygvm;[k taMumif;jyaomaMumifh wpfOD;wpfavrQ taG;cs,f rcHcJh&ay/ 4if;uJh
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pD;yGm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&mwGif wef;wl&nfwlomwl&nfrQdSonf[kygdSonf/}}
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufSifoefa&;twGuf ynma&;u@onf tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/ ynm?
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a'o zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf rnfokdYrQwwfpGrf; Ekdifrnfr[kwfacs/ xkdYaMumifh &ckdif (Maugh)
vlrsKd;wkdY\ pdwf&if;apwemtrSefrSm dk[if*smvlrsKd;pmrwwfajrmufa&; yifjzpfonf/ 1952-53
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vifacgif;aqmifwpfOD;onf wpfcsdefu &ckdifjynfe,f&Sda&;twGuf qefYusifcJhonf/ xkdacgif;aqmif
uyif jynfwGif;t*Fvdyfowif;pmpmapmif a&;om;cJhonfukdxifSm;pGmaz:jy&vQif ]]kd[if*smwkdY

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onf/ xkdYaMumifh uRefawmfonf okdYaom opmazgufacgif;aqmifrsm;\aemufrS aemufa,mif
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(Military Administration) [k0g'jzefYcJhonf/ 4if;udpESifhpyfvsOf; 1960 ckESpf pufwbmFv 9
&ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku e,fpyfa'o tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf vsmxm;owfrSwfaiG usyf
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tkyfcsKyfa&;twGif; &aohawmifNrdKYe,frS aus;Gm 49 Gmtm; ar,ke,fjcm;a'ockdif tkyfcsKyfa&;
twGif; yg0ifapcJhonf/ xkdaus;Gmom;wkdYonf &ckdif(Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf e,fjcm;a'o tkyfcsKyf
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