±+axmihf oabmxm;tjrif

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh
a'oqkdif&mwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;

trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzG@J (APWLD)

2003

1
±+axmihf oabmxm;tjrif
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpPtay:
ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh
a'oqkdif&mwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&ef vrf;!$efcsufrsm;

rlykdif-trsKd;orD;a&;&m/ Oya'a&;&mESifh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_qkdif&m tm&S ypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@(2003)

Tpmrltm; ynma&;udpPtwGuf odk@r[kwf aiGa=u;tjrwftpGef;twGufr&nf±G,faomtjcm;udpPrsm;

twGuf xyfrHul;,lazmfjyjcif;udk cGifhjyKonf?

ISBN 974-8544-5-1

trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@ (APWLD)

APWLD tzGJ@onf tpkd;&tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf okd@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfr[kwfonfh vGwfvyfaom

a'oqkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf?

TtzGJ@}uD;onf uifnmEkdifiH Ekdif±kdbD+rdK@wGif trsKd;orD;a&;&m wwd,t}udrfurBmhnDvmcH(1985ckESpf)

usif;yaepOfESihf nDvmcHt+yD;umvrsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;/ a&S@aersm;ESifh ynm&Siftrsm;
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJh=u&mrS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfygonf? APWLD tzGJ@. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;
taejzifh vlr_jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukdazmfaqmif&mY Oya'a&;&mudkvufeufud&d,mwpfcktjzpf toHk;csEkdif
ap&efESihf wef;wlnDa&;/ w&m;r#wa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;rsm;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;rsm;. tajccHvl@tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk jrifhwifay;Ekdifap&ef jzpfygonf?

jyKpkol - t,fvDqef *sD t*~g0g (Alison G. Aggarwal)

APWLD pmwnf;tzGJ@ - *sL'D yD/ at/ ygpDrDtkd ESifh ar&D *sdef; &D,,f (Judith P.A. Pasimio and Mary
Jane Real)

'DZkdif;tzGJ@ - rmApf vD; ESifh xDpm 'D ADvm (Mavic Lee and Tesa de Vela)
trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@ (APWLD)
Santitham, YMCA Building, 3rd Floor, Room 305-308, 11 Sermsuk Road, Mengrairasmi,
Chiangmai, 50300, Thailand - rS xkwfa0onf?

Phone: 66 53 404 613-4; Fax: 66 53 404 615

Email: apwld@apwld.org
Website: www.apwld.org

2
 aus;Zl;rSwfwrf;v$m

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qkdif&mtxl;vkyfief;tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom

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±lbD *kZembD- b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ vif;aq; z&efppf- uk u|ef;pk/ tlAvm'g tmvAD- ta&S@wDarm/
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ESifh UNSRVAW rS 0efxrf;rsm;tm;
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‚if;wkd@tm;vHk;. tzkd;rjzwfEkdifonfh yHhykd;ulnDr_rsm;a=umifh Tpmwrf;ukda&;om;jyKpkEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

xkd@tjyifvnf; UNSRVAW wGifwm0efxrf;aqmifpOfumvwav#mufvHk; trsdK;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh

qufpyfvkyfaqmifcJholjzpfonfh &m"dum ukrRm&qGmrDtm;vnf; APWLD rS txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
TuJhokd@aom yg0ifvkyfaqmifr_rsm;rSwqifh tem*wfumvwGif ukvor*~ESifh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;t=um;
ykdrkdckdifrmonfh qufqHa&; rsm;jzpfay:vma&;twGuf vrf;yGihfay;apvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvihfygonf?

3
ukvor*~owif;? ? t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m 'kwd,ajrmuftxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f cef@tyfjcif;?

2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_

Ms. Yakin Ertürk (wl&uD) tm; trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_/ ,if;.ta=umif;&if;rsm;/ tusKd;

oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifrS cef@tyf
vkdufygonf?

Ms. Yakin Ertürk onf wl&uDEkdifiH/ tifum&m&Sd ta&S@tv,fykdif;enf;ynmwuUokdvf/ vlr_aA'Xme.

vdifuGJjym;r_ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;qkdif&mavhvma&;Xme OuUX jzpfonf? Ms. Yakin Ertürk onf 1997 rS
1999 txd qefwkd'kdrif*kd&Sd ukvor*~ trsKd;orD;rsm;wkd;wufjr‡ifhwifa&;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum okawoe
ESifhavhusifha&;ody`H (INSTRAW)1 wGif 'g±kdufwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1999 ckESpfrS 2001 ckESpftxd
e,l;a,muf&Sd ukvor*~ trsKd;orD;rsm;wkd;wufjr‡ihfwifa&;Xme (DAW)2 'g±kdufwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf?

Towif;ESifhywfoufonhf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtjynfhtpHkudk
http://www.unhchr.ch/women/focus-violence.html wGif=unhfyg?

1
International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement Of Women
2
Division for the Advancement of Women

4
 rmwdum

twkdaumufa0g[m&
a0g[m&&Sif;vif;csuf

tcef; ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm

1 ed'gef;

2 trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f [lonfrSm

tb,fenf;
‚if;. vkyfykdifcGifh
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpPtwGuf ‚if;. tajccHrlabmif

‚if;. tjrifrsm;
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. ta=umif;&if;rsm;
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. tusdK;qufrsm;
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. ,Ofaus;r_tpOftvmyHko¿mefrsm;
tpkd;&ESifh rqkdifaomyk*~dKvfrsm; usL;vGefonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;
tpkd;&rsm;rS vkyfaqmif&rnfh aqmif±Gufr_rsm;
‚if;. t}uHjyKcsufrsm;
‚if;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;

3 txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;(Consultations) vkyfaqmif&ef tb,fha=umifh

vkdtyfygovJ?

aqmif±Gufr_jzpfpOfjyoHk;oyfcsufrsm;
rav;&Sm;
tif'kdeD;&Sm;
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4 txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. tusdK;oufa&mufr_

ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. EkdifiHwGif;tqifh tusKd;jyKr_rsm;

ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh qufpyfaqmif±Gufr_. tjcm;tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;

5
5 wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. tuef@towfrsm;

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.awG@&Sdcsufrsm;/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;eSifh pyfvsOf;I vufoifhcHEkdifpGrf;&nf

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm; &&SdEkdifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;

6 wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tajccHta=umif;tcsufrsm;

}udKwifjyifqifjcif;
yg0ifaqG;aEG;rnfholrsm;udk a±G;cs,fowfrSwfjcif;
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk
tpD&ifcHpm vrf;!$efrsm;
wifjyaqG;aEG;csuf vrf;!$efrsm;
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf b¾ma&;yHhykd;r_
aemufqufwGJ aqmif±Gufcsufrsm;

7 txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh qufpyfaqmif±Guf&mY tjcm;qufpyfaeaomenf;emrsm; (Strategies)

pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfv_yf&Sm;r_ (Advocacy)
EkdifiHwumtqihf
jynfwGif;tqifh
okawoe
oifwef;
qufoG,fv_yf&Sm;aqmif±Gufr(_ Networking)
Ekd;=um;jr‡ifhwifr_

8 ed*Hk;csKyf

aemufqufwGJ u - 2002 ckESpf ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fpm&if;

aemufqufwGJ c - txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftwGuf owif;ay;ykd@&ef yHkpH

pm!$ef;rsm;

6
twkdaumufa0g[m&

APWLD trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@

CAT ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yef;r_ESifh tjcm;&ufpufaom/ vlrqefaom/ edrfhcsaom jyKr_qufqH
r_rsm; okd@r[kwf tjypfay;r_rsm;tm; qef@usifa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf
CEDAW trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&m
oabmwlpmcsKyf
CRC uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlnDpmcsKyf
DVAW trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_yaysmufa&; a=ujimpmwrf;
ICC EkdifiHwum &mZ0wfr_w&m;±Hk; (a&mrOya')
ICCPR EdkifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&; qkdif&m EkdifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyf
ICERD vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsdK;pHktm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
ICESCR pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
NGO tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;
UDHR tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; yÉd^mOfpmwrf;
UN ukvor*~
UNCHR ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif
UNSRVAW trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
VAW trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_

7
a0g[m&&Sif;vif;csuf

'Zdrfr,f'/ ppfwyftwGufvdifu|efjyKr_ (Comfort Women)

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; *syefppfwyfrS ppfwyftwGufvdifu|efjyKaponfhpepfqkd;'%fudk cHpm;cJh&ol trsKd;orD;
rsm;/ rdef;uav;i,frsm;?

a'0'\D (Devadasi)
rdef;uav;i,frsm; txl;ojzifh Zmwfedrfhvlwef;pm;rSrdef;uav;i,frsm;udk udk;uG,fyoonfhtavh(aemif
wGif jynfhwefqmb0okd@ usqif;oGm;avh&Sd)

*k%foduQmtwGuf owfjzwfjcif; (Honour Killings)

vdif“azmufjym;jcif;”twGufa=umifh rdrdwkd@rdom;pk. “*k%foduQmn‡dK;EGrf;ap”onfhrdef;rudk rdom;pkwGif;rS
tazjzpfol/ tpfudkjzpfol/ cifyGef;jzpfol okd@r[kwf a,musfm;wa,mufa,mufu owfypfjcif;/ ±kdufESuf
tjypfay;jcif; jyKvkyfonfhtavhtx?

om;a,musfm;av;OD;pm;ay;jcif; (Son preference)

rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf pOf;pm;onfhudpPrsm;wGif orD;rdef;uav;xuf om;a,musfm;av;udk ykdrkdOD;pm;
ay;r_?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f (Special Rapporteur)

EkdifiHtvkduf okd@r[kwf ta=umif;t&mtvkduf txl;owfrSwfay;xm;onfhudpP&yfrsm;ukd pHkprf;ppfaq;+yD;
ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifokd@ t}uHay;&eftwGuf aumfr&SifrScef@tyfwm0efay;xm;onfh ukd,fykdif
qHk;jzwfcGifh&Sdol u|rf;usifynm&Sif?

8
tcef; 1 ed'gef;

Oya'qkdonfrSm tpkd;&uomv#if xdef;csKyfxm;onfh ud&d,mwckoufoufr[kwf/ tcsKyftcs,fuif;onfh

vkyfaqmifr_w&yfvnf;jzpfonf[lonfh vufcH,Hk=unfr_onf trsdKK;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m
tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@}uD;ukd 1985 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifEkdifap&ef t"duaphaqmfcJhonfh tajccH
,Hk=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ,ae@qkdv#if T APWLD tzGJ@}uD;onf 1949 ckESpf ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;
a=ujimpmwrf;/ 1979 ckESpf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:cGJjcm;qufqHr_yHko¿meftm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&mnDvmcH
ESihf tjcm;tjcm;aom EkdifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;jyXmef;csufrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;csufESifhtnD trsKd;
orD;rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;jr‡ihfwifa&;wGif a&S@wef;rSyg0ifae+yDjzpfonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGm;&onfhtajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;/ tusKd;qufrsm;tm; ukdifwG,f

ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfh oD;jcm;txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftopfwOD; cef@tyfaqmif±GufEkdifap&eftwGuf 1993 ckESpfwGif
ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mnDvmcHY aqG;aEG;wifjycJhonhf pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;a&;tzGJ@wGif trsdKK;orD;a&;/
Oya'a&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@}uD;rS qufoG,faqmif±Gufa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onfvnf;
yg0ifcJh=uygonf? aemufwESpft=umwGif ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifonf topfwDxGifxm;&Sdvkduf
onfh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&mxl;ae&mwGif rpP &m'dum
ukrRm&qGmrD udk cef@tyfcJhayonf?

trsKd;orD;a&;v_yf&Sm;ol/ trsKd;orD;a&;a&S@aevnf;jzpf/ ynm&SifwOD;vnf;jzpfol rpP &m'dum ukrRm&qGmrD

onf TuJhokd@ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf cef@tyfjcif;
rcH&rDuwnf;u tm&Sypdzdwfa'otwGif; trsKd;orD;v_yf&mS ;r_rsm;wGif wufºuGpGm yg0ifaqmif±Gufaeol jzpf
ygonf? ‚if;onf trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@udk pwifwnfaxmif
cJholrsm;wGif wOD;tygt0ifvnf;jzpfonf? rpP ukrRm&qGmrDESihf trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m
tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@}uD;t=um; teD;uyf qufoG,fvkyfaqmifr_rsm;&Sdaejcif;tm;jzihf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@
rsm;ESifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@t=um; ESpfpOfwdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf yHhykd;ulnDay;Ekdifonfh
toifhawmfqHk;aomtzJG@tpnf;tjzpf trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@
onf ae&m&&SdcJhygonf? TuJhodk@&&dScJhonfhtm;avsmfpGm trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&S
ypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@onf 1995 ckESpfuwnf;uyif tm&S ypdzdwfa'o&Sd tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
ESifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@t=um; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jzpfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhygonf? Twdkifyif
aqG;aEG;yGJ rsm;vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhjcif;udk a'otwGuf ta&;ygonfhvkyfaqmifr_tjzpf vufcHcJh=uygonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rpP ukrRm&qGmrD.

pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_ukd *k%fjyKrSwfwrf;wif&eftwGuf +yD;cJhonfh &SpfESpfwmumtwGif;usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. tusdK;&vm'frsm;/ tcuftcJjy\emrsm;ukd trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh
zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf [pfwkdiftzGJ@rS avhvm=unfhcJhayonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh TwdkifyifaqG;aeG;yGJ
rsm;onf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifawG@qHkcGifh/ wkdkuf±kdufxdawG@qufqHcGifhrsm; &&Sdapjcif;
twGufa=umifh wdkifyifaqG;aeG;yGJrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udk xdyfwkduf&ifqkdif
ajz&Sif;ae=uonfh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf tusKd;&Sdonf[k trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh
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trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;taejzifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fxHokd@ tvG,fwul a&muf&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfonhf EkdifiHa&;
rsufjrifvufawG@tajctaersm;/ vlr_EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mtjzmjzmESifh txl;udpP&yfrsm;eSifhpyfvsOf;onfh

9
ta&;ygaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ‚if;xHokd@ay;ykd@EkdifcJhayonf? tqkdyg wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a=umifh
vuf&Sdenf;AsL[mrsm;tay: a0zefqef;ppf&ef/ jyefvnfoHk;oyf&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfaponfh
pkaygif;aqmif±Gufr_ESifh pdppfpdwfjzmr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&efvnf; tcGifhomcJhygonf? tvm;wlpGmyif
,if;wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;tm; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tcef;u¾ tay:
ydkrkdod&Sdem;vnfowdjyKrdvmapygonf? txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;ESifh EkdifiHwumtpkd;&rsm;tm; rJqG,f
pnf;±Hk;&mY txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. aqmif±Gufr_,EW&m;udk rnfokd@rnfyHk toHk;csEkdifrnfqkdjcif;ukd em;vnfvm
apygonf? ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf rdrdwkd@tcsif;csif;t=um;
vkyfief;ESifhywfoufonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;/ tawG@t}uHKrsm;/ enf;AsL[mrsm;udk tjyeftvS,f
zvS,f&ef qufoG,faqmif±Guf&mwGif TwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf ta&;ygonfhtcGifhtvrf;w&yfvnf;
jzpfvmygonf?

TwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. xda&mufatmifjrifr_rsm;a=umifh trsdK;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&S

ypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@taejzihf wlnDaomvkyfief;pOfw&yf azmfaqmifvkdonfh trsKd;orD;a&;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf
,ckvrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk a&;qGJcsrSwfEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfayonf? Tvrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh
qufpyfvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf t"du&nf±G,faomfvnf; Tvrf;!$efcsufyg enf;AsL[mrsm;/ t}uHOm%frsm;
udk tjcm;aomtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh qufpyfvkyfaqmif&mYvnf; toHk;csEkdifygonf?

Tvrf;!$efcsufrsm;tm; csrSwfazmfxkwf&onfh&nf±G,fcsufrsm;rSm-
• trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;taejzifh Tenf;AsL[mrS tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SDonfhenf;emrsm;udk ukvor*~&Sd
tjcm;tjcm;aom ,EW&m;rsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wltoHk;csEkdifap&efESifh
• EkdifiHwum&Sd vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mvkyfief;,EW&m;rsm;udk rdrdwkd@twGuf tusKd;&Sd&SdtoHk;csoGm;Ekdif
a&;twGuf yHhykd;ulnDoGm;&ef jzpfygonf?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tcef;u¾tay: tusOf;csKyf±_jrifoHk;oyfcsuf/ wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&jcif;.

ta=umif;&if;/ ,if;.tusKd;oufa&mufr_ESifh tuef@towfrsm; ponfwkd@udkavhvmEkdifap&eftwGuf T
vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? xkd@jyifvnf; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJwckjyKvkyf&mwGif xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsuftvuftcsKd@udk t=urf;zsif;azmfjyxm;+yD;aemuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh qufpyfaqmif
±Guf&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEkdifrnfh tjcm;oufqkdif&menf;AsL[mrsm;ukdazmfjyxm;ayonf?

tcef; 2 trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f

ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;. vufatmufwGifvkyfaqmifaeonfh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f

pkpkaygif;onff 2002 ckESpfwGif 24 a,muf&Sdygonf (ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fpm&if;udk aemufqufwGJ
(u) wGif =unfhyg)?1 wEkdifiHcsif;tvdkufxm;&Sdonfh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f (Oyrm-jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;
udk,fpm;vS,f)ESifh oD;jcm;ta=umif;t&mtvkdufxm;&Sdonfh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f (Oyrm- vHkavmufonfh
tkd;tdrfae&m&&Sdr_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,)f [lI txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;&Sdygonf?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fwrsKd;csif;pDwGif vkyfykdifcGifhwrsKd;pDESifh oD;jcm;aqmif±Gufr_yHko¾ef wrsKd;pD&Sdygonf2? ,ck
awG@&Sdcsufrsm;onf tjcm;aom txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf ydkI
qDavsmfaomfvnf; Tvrf;!$efcsufrsm;ukd trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftm;
t"duxm;um a&;qGJxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

10
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fcef@tyf&mwGif ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif OuUXrSaeI vl@tcGihfta&;aumfr&Sif
AsL±kdESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD;rS cef@tyfjcif;jzpfonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udktqkdjyK&mY
tpkd;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; tqkdjyKckdif;avh&Sdayonf?3 okd@&mwGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifhvnf;
rdrdwkd@ESpfouf&mukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; tqkdjyKap&eftwGuf tpkd;&rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;rJqG,fEkdifonfhf
tjyif qGpfZmvefEkdifiH (UNOG-OHCHR, CH-1211 Geneva 10) &Sd vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&m r[mrif;}uD;±Hk;.
vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifAsL±kdXmeokd@vnf; ukd,fpm;vS,af vmif;tm; axmufcHa=umif;udk pmjzifhay;ykd@Ekdif=uyg
onf?

rpP &m'dum ukrRm&qGmrD4 udk 1994 ckESpfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;

udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifrS cef@tyfcJhonf? Ttxl;udk,fpm;vS,fonf
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGm;&onfhta=umif;&if;rsm;/ ,if;.tusdK;qufrsm;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;
&ef&nf±G,fcsufjzifh oD;jcm;ta=umif;t&mtvkdufcef@tyfxm;onfh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsKd;jzpfonf? rpP
&m'dum ukrRm&qGmrDonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
cef@tyfxm;jcif;cH&onfh yxrOD;qHk;aomoljzpf+yD; 2003 ckESpftxd Twm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifcJhol
jzpfygonf?
(rSwfcsuf? ? 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &ufrSpI Ms. Yakin Ertürk (wl&uD) tm; trsKd;orD;rsm;
tay:t=urf;zufr_/ 'kwd,ajrmuftxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifrS cef@tyf
xm;ygonf?)

‚if;. vkyfykdifcGifh

txl;udk,fpm;vS,f.vkyfykdifcGifhrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESihfywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvuf

rsm;/ jzpfyGm;&onfhta=umif;&if;rsm;/ ,if;wkd@.tusKd;qufrsm; ponfwkd@udk &SmazGjcif;/ vufcH&,ljcif;
tjyif tqkdygt=urf;zufr_rsm; yaysmufaprnfh aqmif±Gufr_rsm;tm; &SmazGazmfxkwf&efjzpfonf? T vkyfykdif
cGifhtwGuf w&m;0ifjyXmef;onfh tajccHrlabmifwGif

• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ yaysmufa&;qkdif&m 1993 ckESpf ukvor*~ a=ujimcsuf (DVAW)

• trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&m 1979ckESpf oabmwlpmcsKyf
(CEDAW)
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udk “trsm;jynfolt=um;wGifjzpfap/ rdrdaexkdif&mae&mwGifjzpfap/
vGwfvyfr_ qHk;±H_;ap&ef twif;t=uyf/ wbufowfvkyfaqmifonfh+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;tygt0if
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ±kyfykdif;qkdif&mjzpfap vdifykdif;qkdif&mjzpfap pdwfykdif;qkdif&mjzpfap xdckdufepfemaponfh
odk@r[kwf qif;&J'kuQa&mufaponfh vdifuGJjym;r_tay: tajccHusL;vGefaomtjyKtrl”(yk'fr 1) [lI
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_yaysmufa&;qkdif&m 1993 ckESpf ukvor*~a=ujimcsuf (DVAW) rS
t"dy`g,fzGihfqkdxm;ayonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI CEDAW oabmwlnDcsufwGif
oD;jcm;xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; vdifuGJjym;aer_tay: tajccHusL;vGefonhft=urf;zufr_onf
CEDAW YS tmrcHxm;onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;pGmukd csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf[lI trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
cGJjcm;qufqHaer_rsm; yaysmufa&;qkdif&m ukvor*~aumfrwD. taxGaxGt}uHjyKcsuf trSwf 19 wGif
(Article 19) qHk;jzwfxm;ygonf? qkdvkdonfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;t=urf;zufr_onf trsKd;om;rsm;enf;wl
tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tnDtr#&&SdcHpm;Ekdifaprnfh trsKd;orD;rsm;.pGrf;yum;ukd xdckdufaponfh

11
cGJjcm;qufqHr_wrsKd;jzpfonf[k qkdvkdygonf? tpkd;& tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSvkyfaqmif&rnfh umuG,fwm;qD;r_/
ta&;,ltjypfay;r_/ apmihfa&Smufukor_ vkyfief;rsm;udk T aumfrwDu azmfjyxm;ygonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ykHo¿eftrsdK;rsdK;ESihf ywfoufaeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd

atmufazmfjyygoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif tpOfwpkduf xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;cJh=uygonf?
ƒ ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yef;r_ESifh tjcm;&ufpufaom/ vlrqefaom/ edrfhcsaom jyKr_qufqHr_rsm; okd@r[kwf
tjypfay;r_rsm;tm; qef@usifa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf - CAT
ƒ trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&moabmwlpmcsKyf - CEDAW
ƒ uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf - CRC
ƒ EkdifiHwum &mZ0wfr_w&m;±Hk; (a&mrOya')- ICC
ƒ EdkifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&; qkdif&m EkdifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyf - ICCPR
ƒ vlrsKd;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsdK;pHktm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf - ICERD
ƒ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf - ICESCR (Protocols)
ƒ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; yÉd^mOfpmwrf; - UDHR
ƒ ppfrufjzpfyGm;aepOftwGif; t&yfom;rsm;tm; umuG,f apmifha&Smufa&;qkdif&m 1949 ckESpf =o*kwfv
12 &uf *sDeDAmpmcsKyf (pwkwˆt}udrf*sDeDAmnDvmcH)/ *sDeDAmpmcsKyf. oD;oef@aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf
(Protocols) trSwf wpf ESifh ESpf/
ƒ a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@.rdom;pkrsm;tm;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;qkdif&m EkdifiHwum
oabmwlpmcsKyf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI txl;udk,fpm;vS,f. tajccHrlabmif

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf 1993 ckESpf a=ujimpmwrf;wGifxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onfh atmufazmfjyyg t=urf;

zufr_tajccHtrsKd;tpm;oHk;rsKd;tay:rlwnfI ‚if;.vkyfykdifcGifhwm0eftwGif; tusKH;0ifaeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;
tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifh ywfoufaeaom oufqkdif&mvkyfief;&yfrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ayonf?

• rdom;pktwGif;t=urf;zufr_ - =urf;wrf;pGmqufqHr_/ tdrfaxmifzufjzpfaomfvnf; tvkdrwlyJ jyK

usifhr_/ aoG;&if;pyf,Sufr_ ponfwkd@tygt0if tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_rsm;? trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; vdif
t*FgcsKd@,Gif;apr_/ om;a,mufsm;av;udk OD;pm;ay;r_/ t±G,frwkdifrDtdrfaxmifcsay;r_/ tdrfaxmifjyK
&mY trsKd;orD;zufrSwifawmif;&onfhtpOftvmjzifh t=urf;zufcH&r_/ bmoma&; "avhxHk;pHrsm;
t& trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cJjzifhypfaygufI okd@r[kwf }udrfjzifh±kdufESufItjypfay;r_ tp&Sdonfh tpOf
tvm±kd;&m tavhtxrsm;?
• vlr_t0ef;t0kdif;twGif;t=urf;zufr_- rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifh vdifr_udpPt=urf;zufjcif;/ vkyfief;cGifY
jzpfap/ pmoifausmif;rsm;Yjzpfap/ tjcm;wae&m&mYjzpfap vdifykdif;qkdif&m taESmuft,Suf ay;
jcif;/ twif;t=uyf jynfhwefqmtjzpfckdif;apjcif;/ jynfhwefqmjyKvkyfap&ef okd@r[kwf tdrfwGif;
tvkyfckdif;ap&eftvkd@iSg vlarSmifckdul;jcif;/ ajymif;a±$@trsKd;orD;tvkyform;rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf
jcif; / trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifh wenf;wzHkqufEG,fonfh npfnrf;onfh tjympmtkyf
±kyf&Sif ponf xkwfa0jcif;?

12
 • tpkd;&rSusL;vGefonfh okd@r[kwf tpkd;&rSvpfv#LjyKxm;onfht=urf;zufr-_ rk'def;usifhjcif;/ vdifr_
udpPykdif; t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh ±kdufESufjcif;rsm;tygt0if trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; csKyfaESmifxdef;odrf;xm;
pOfumvYt=urf;zufjcif;/ vufeufukdifyÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeonfhtajctaersKd;Y trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
t=urf;zufjcif;/ 'kuQonfESifh EdkifiHwGif;ajymif;a±$@ae&mcscHxm;&oltrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf
jcif;?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tjrifrsm;

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. ta=umiff;&if;rsm;

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftaejzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ jzpfyGm;aponfh t}uD;rm;qHk;aomta=umif;

&if;onf EkdifiHhtpkd;&rsm;taejzifh tpkd;&w&yf.wm0efcHr_tydkif;wGif ayghavsmhtm;enf;r_jzpfaom “jypf'%frS
uif;vGwfcGifh&Sdaejcif;” yifjzpfonf[lI owfrSwfygonf? rnfr#txdqkd;0g;aeoenf;qkdygu tdrfaxmifzuf
jzpfaomfvnf; tvkdrwlbJjyKusifhr_/ tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_ESifh tpOftvm±dk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;ESifh qufEG,f
onfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufvmv#if EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif Oya'a=umif;t& rnfokd@r#umuG,f
apmifha&Smufr_r&Sd[kqkdygonf? Oya'a=umif;t& trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufonfhjypfr_Oya' jyXmef;xm;
onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifyifv#if vufawG@Oya'tm%mwnfjcif;r&Sday?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. tjcm;aom t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;wGif-

• pD;yGm;a&;t&cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdom;pktwGif;Y vufatmufcHtjzpfom ae&
jcif; ponfh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhtrsKd;om;rsm;t=um; odomxif&Sm;aom “orkdif;tpOftquf =oZm
tm%mowfrSwfr_tqifh rr#wjcif;/
• trsKd;orD;wkd@. rdef;robm0tay:v$rf;rkd;csKyfukdif&ef tm;ay;onfh okd@r[kwf awmif;qkdonhf rdef;r
obm0tay:xm;&Sdonfh oabmxm;rsm;/
• a,mufsm;ESifhrdef;rt=um; yHkaoum;us tqifhcGJjcm;owfrSwfr_rsm;/ tcsKd@aomjyif;xefonfh cGJjcm;r_
rsm;ukd bmoma&;t&/ ,Ofaus;r_±kd;&mt&vkyfaqmifonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tjzpf w&m;0if
owfrSwfonfht,ltqrsm;/ vlxkqufoG,fa&;e,fy,fonf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhroufqkdif[lI
ykHaoum;usowfrSwfxm;r_rsm; tp&Sdojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvufatmufcHb0wGifom &Sd&
rnf[lonfh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtawG;tac:rsm;/
• tdrfaxmifpkwGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;t=urf;zufaer_ yaysmufa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk [ef@wm;
xm;onfh olwyg;tdrfwGif;a&;0ifrpGufzufa&;t,ltpGJrsm; ESihf
• yÉdyuQajz&Sif;a&; vlr_yHko¿meftrsKd;rsKd; - ponfwkd@yg0ifayonf?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf vlrsKd;/ rsKd;EG,fpk/ vlwef;pm;ponfh tjcm;aomta=umif;w&m;rsm;ESihf vdif

uJGjym;r_t=um; qufpyfywfoufaer_onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_.ta=umif;&if;rsm;wGif
rnfonfhyHko¿efjzifh yg0ifaeonfudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJhayonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. tusKd;qufrsm;

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_. tusKd;qufrsm;tjzpf txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu axmufjycsufrsm;rSm-

13
 • t=urf;zufcH&rnfudka=umufvef@jcif; (trsKd;orD;rsm; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; yg0ifaqmif±Gufr_ukd
[ef@wm;aeonfhtcsuf)
• aoqHk;jcif;
• pdwfykdif; ±kyfykdif; usef;rma&;qkd;0g;r_ (xdckduf'%f&m&jcif;/ tdwfcsftkdifADGa&m*g&&Sdjcif;/ vdifqufqHr_rS
ul;pufonhf tjcm;aoma&m*grsm;
• pdwfusa&m*g/ pdwfzdpD;onfha0'emtrsdK;rsdK;/ xdckduf'%f&m&r_rsm;a=umifh emwm&Snf roefrpGrf;jzpf
jcif;rsm;
• rdom;pktwGif; Tokd@aomt=urf;zufr_rsm;jrifawG@ae&ojzifh uav;oli,frsm;tay: qdk;0g;onfh
oufa&mufr_rsm;
• trsKd;orD;rsm;. vdifr_qkdif&musef;rma&;udk jiif;y,fcH&jcif;
• usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh tjcm;aomulnDapmifha&Smufr_rsm; axmufyhH&onfhtwGuf vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;twGif; ±kyfykdif;qkdif&mukefusr_rsm; ESifh
• vlr_tzJG@tpnf;twGif;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGif;Y trsKd;orD;rsm; tjynfht0yg0if
aqmif±GufEkdifr_r&SdonfhtwGuf qHk;&SHK;epfem&onfh vlom;t&if;tjrpf - ponfwkd@jzpfonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ tpOftvm,Ofaus;r_yHko¿mefrsm;

trsm;tm;jzifh xHk;wrf;pOfvm tavhtxrsm;ESifh ±kd;&mt,ltpGJtcsKd@ (Oyrm- om;a,musfm;av;udk OD;pm;

ay;jcif;/ rdef;uav;zufrS wifawmif;&onfhtavhrsm;ESifhqufEG,fonfh aoqHk;r_rsm; (dowry deaths) /
*k%foduQmtwGuf owfjzwfcH&jcif; ponf) onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGm;aponfh
ta=umif;&if;rsm;yifjzpfa=umif; rpP ukrRm&qGmrDu 1995 ckESpfuyif ‚if;. yxrqHk; tpD&ifcHpmY
azmfjycJhygonf? wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;rStpkd;&rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif Tr#avmuf vlrqefpGm
cGJjcm;qufqHonfhtavhtxrsm;udkyif w&m;r#wrSefuefa=umif; owfrSwf&eftwGuf ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m
trSefw&m;t,ltqudk vufcH toHk;jyKcJh=uygonf?

TtcsufESifhywfoufI txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu “trsKd;orD;rsm;.tcGifhta&;ESifh *k%foduQmudk trSefwu,f

jr‡ifhwifumuG,fay;onfh ±kd;&mtpOftvm/ xHk;wrf;tavhtxrsm; urBm}uD;wckvHk;wGif tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd
aeay&m æ æ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ukdtm;ay;aeonfh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;/ ±kd;&mtpOftvmrsm;
tm;vHk;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;.tcGifhta&;udkcsKd;azmufaer_rsm;tjzpfjzifh acsr_ef;zsufodrf;ypf&rnfjzpfayonf”
[k &Sif;vif;pGm xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhygonf (1995)? “trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;t=um; yHkaoum;us
cGJjcm;owfrSwfonfhtawG;tac:ESihf vdifuGJjym;r_t& rnfoluykdIjrifhjrwfonf rnfoluedrfhusonf qkdonfh
tawG;tac:rsm;tay:wGif tajccHaom tpGJtvef;rsm; "avhxHk;wrf;tavhtxrsm;tm;vHk;udk yaysmuf
atmifaqmif±Guf&ef ar#mfrSef;csufxm;um trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&; ,Ofaus;r_ qkdif&m
jyKrlusifh}uHr_yHko¿efrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&eftwGuf aqmif±Gufoifhonfrsm;tm;vHk;udk vkyfaqmif=u&ef”
twGuf tpkd;&rsm;tm; awmif;qkdvkdufonfh “trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_tm;vHk;
zsufodrf;a&;qkdif&moabmwlpmcsKyf” jyXmef;csuf (tykd'f 5) udk 2002 ckESpfwGif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,rf S
twnfjyKcJhygonf? xkd@jyifvnf; 2003 ckESpf ‚if;. aemufydwfqkH;tpD&ifcHpmwGif “trsKd;orD;rsm;
tay:t=urf;zufr_udk±HSK@cs&efESifh Tt=urf;zufr_rsm; yaysmufa&;twGufaqmif±Guf&rnfh ‚if;wkd@.wm0efudk
a&SmifvGJ&eftvkd@iSg bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ponfwkd@tm; bef;jy+yD; ±kd;&m"avhhxHk;pH/ tpOftvm/

14
tavhtxwkd@udk ukd;um;toHk;csjcif;rjyK&ef” twGuf tpkd;&rsm;tm;t}uHjyKawmif;qkdjcif;tm;jzifh
TudpPudk xyfavmif;twnfjyKcJhygonf?

tpkd;&r[kwfonhftykdif;rS usL;vGefonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;

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onfht=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI atmufygtcsufrsm;ESihfudkufnDygu EkdifiHwumOya'a=umif;t&
‚if;wkd@wGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu owfrSwfygonf?

• woD;yk*~vduwOD;OD;rS usL;vGefr_rsm;onf oabmwlpmcsKyfwckckyg jyXmef;csufrsm;wGif tusKH;0if

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• tpkd;&onf rw&m;jyKusifhr_ usL;vGefolrsm;ESifh ywfoufr_&Sdv#if/ okd@wnf;r[kwf-
• tjcm;aom t=urf;zufjypfr_rsm;udkta&;,lonfhenf;wl trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udkvnf;
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• csKd;azmufr_rsm;tm;wm;qD;&eftwGuf vkdtyfonfhaqmif±Gufr_ (oifhawmfonfhapmifha&Smufr_) ay;
&ef/ jzpfysufonfhcsdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef/ xkdufoifhonfhtjypf'%f csrSwf&ef/
t=urf;zufcH&olrsm; vHkavmufaom avsmfa=u;aiG&&Sdapa&;twGufaqmif±Guf&ef tpkd;&rS
ysufuGufcJhv#if?

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onf t=urf;zufr_udkwm;qD;&ef odk@r[kwf&yfwef@ap&eftwGuf vHkavmufonfhaqmif±Gufr_rsm; vkyfaqmif
cJhjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?

tpkd;&rsm;rS aqmif±Gufay;&rnfhvkyfaqmifcsuf

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jyXmef;ay;jcif;&Sdr&SdESifh tqkdygOya'rsm; xda&mufouf0ifap&ef ckdifusnfpGmjzifh }udK;yrf;jcif;&Sdr&Sd avhvmjcif;
tm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@aqmif±Gufay;&rnfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif; &Sdr&Sdudk tuJjzwfEkdifygonf? tpkd;&taejzifh
tqkdyg rl0g'rsm;ESifhtnDaqmif±Gufjcif;&Sdr&Sd/ jypfrq
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twkdif;vkyfaqmifjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk tuJjzwfEkdifonfh aemufxyfrSwfausmufrsm;vnf;jzpfygonf?

15
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umuG,fwm;qD;a&;udpPtay: atmufygtwkdif; t}uHjyKxm;ygonf?

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vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif±Guf&ef tpdk;&rsm;.vkdtyfcsuf?
• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufonfh tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;ESifh okawoejyKvkyf
jcif;?
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jynfwGif;a&ma'owGif;Yyg zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif+yD; usef;rma&;ESifhvlr_a&;tultnDrsm;ay;um trsKd;
orD;rsm;. wkdifwef;csufrsm;tm; vufcHjcif; ESihf
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ynmay;tpDtpOfrsm;vkdtyfr_?

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trsKd;orD;wkd@. pD;yGm;a&;b0vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif±Guf&efudpP ta&;ygyHkESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mt,ltqrsm;udkjyKjyifajymif;vJ&efvkdtyfyHkudk xyfcgwvJ tav;ay;
ajym=um;cJhygonf?

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a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; tqifhtwef;edrfhusaer_tygt0if t=urf;zufr_.tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;/ (c) wef;
wlnDonfh jypfr_w&m;pD&ifa&;pepftusdK;cHpm;Ekdifa&; (*) vdifuGJjym;r_tajcjyKt=urf;zufr_rsm;wGif
jypf'%frSuif;vGwfaejcif;rsm;ukd udkifwG,fajz&Sif;=u&ef tpkd;&rsm;tm; t}uHjyKoHk;oyfxm;ygonf? xkd@jyif
vnf; 1994 ckeSpfuwnf;u todtrSwfjyKxm;cJhaom EkdifiHwumE_ef;pHrsm;twkdif; vufawG@ taumif
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ta&;twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;aomwkdufyGJw&yfjzpfcJh+yD; trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;tm; xkwfazmfawmif;qkdr_onf
trsKd;orD;v_yf&Sm;r_. t+yD;owfwkdufyGJyifjzpfonf[lI txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu ±_jrifayonf?

16
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;

t=urf;zufr_. ta=umif;&if;rsm;/ aemufqufwGJtusdK;qufrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk

pkaqmif;&mY txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf tpkd;&rsm;/ tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tifef*sDtkd)/ woD;
yk*~vrsm;/ ukvor*~at*sifpDrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomEkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSaeI pkaqmif;cJhygonf? xkdokd@
pkaqmif;&,l&mwGif tpkd;&rsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif±Gufjcif;/ EkdifiHtvdkufuGif;qif;avhvmjcif;/ aqmif±Gufr_
,EW&m;ESifh ywfoufI apmifh=unfhppfaq;jcif;/ tJifef*sDtkdrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;jcif; ponfhenf;
rsm;jzifh &,lcJhygonf? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf owif;tcsuftvufppfwrf;yHkpH (aemufqufwGJ-c
wGif=unhfyg) wapmifudkvnf; jyKpkEkdifcJh&m woD;yk*~vrsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufr_ tao;pdwftr_udpPrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; tqkdyg ppfwrf;yHkpHjzifh
jyKpkwifjyEkdif =urnf jzpfygonf?

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twGuf vkdtyfonfhtcsdeftvHktavmuf&&Sdap&ef tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udk Ekd0ifbmvrwkdifrD ay;ykd@
oifhayonf? wifjycsufrsm;udk atmufygvdyfpmtwkdif; pmwkdufrSvnf;aumif;/ zufpfjzifhvnf;aumif; ay;ydk@
Ekdifygonf?
Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Centre for Human Rights,
United Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, (Fax: (4122) 917 9006).

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmudk vmrnfhESpf {+yDvtwGif; wifoGif;rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;. tpD&ifcHpmudk

ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; *sDeDAm&Sd ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifokd@ wifoGif;jcif;jzpfonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufr_qkdif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmtm;vHk;ESifh tjcm;oufqkdifonfhpmapmifpmwrf;rsm;udk
http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/FramePage/SRwomen+En?OpenDocument wGif
vnf;aumif; http://www.unhchr.ch. tifwmeufpmrsufESmrSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif; ul;,lEkdifygonf?

‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmwkdif;wGif txl;udk,fpm;vS,fonf jy\em&yf.tajccHta=umif;w&m;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy

jcif;/ Oya'qkdif&mE_ef;pHrsm;udk azmfxkwfwifjyjcif;/ (pHkprf;od&Sd&aom jzpf&yfrSefta=umif;tcsufrsm;tyg
t0if)tjzpftysuf jy\em&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh a,bk,savhvmqef;ppfcsufw&yfxkwfjyefjcif; ponf
wkd@udkvkyfaqmifcJhygonf? ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;=u&ef
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rsm;odk@vnf;aumif; t}uHjyKcsufrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf? txl;udpP&yfrsm;/ wEkdifiHcsif;okd@
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vkyfaqmifcsufonf txl;ta&;ygonfhtcef;rSyg&SdcJhayonf? tpkd;&rsm;.wm0efcHr_ukd jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf
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owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tcsif;csif;qufoG,fa0r#jcif;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;.vl@tcGifhta&;axmufcH
tm;ay;olrsm;onf txufygvkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifulnDEkdifayonf?

17
tcef; 3 trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&mukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; tb,fha=umifhjyKvkyf&ygovJ

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wEkdifiHcsif; ESifh EkdifiHwumtrsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udk ykdrdktm;aumif;ap&ef &nf±G,fygonf? T
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;. aqmif±Gufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk EkdifiHwum
tqifhtxd jr‡ifhwif vkyfaqmifapEkdifrnfhenf;vrf;woG,ftjzpf ‚if;wkd@.owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fxHokd@ wkduf±kdufay;ykd@EkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf;vnf;&&SdEkdifygonf?

TwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&mudpP&yfESifhywfoufI tm&Sypdzdwf

a'otwGif; ,ckxufydkIwkd;wufaqmif±GufEkdif&eftwGuf ta&;ygaom[pfwkdifwcktoGifokd@ jzpfay:
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• ukvor*~twGif; Ttxl;udk,fpm;vS,f.tcef;u¾ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_
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rnfuJhokd@ tusKd;&SdS&SdtoHk;csEkdifrnf qkdonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufvmjcif;?

vufawG@avhvmcsufrsm; (Case Studies)

atmufazmfjyyg rav;&Sm;/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh ygupPwefEkdifiHrsm;rS jzpf&yfoHk;ckudk=unfhv#if trsKd;orD;tzGJ@

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ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh rnfuJhokd@ qufpyfaqmif±GufEkdifcJhonfqkdjcif;udkawG@&SdEkdifayonf?

rav;&Sm;

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. 2002 ckESpftpD&ifcHpmwGif rav;&Sm;EkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;vdift*FgjzwfawmufcH&onfh

tjzpftysufESifhywfoufI tav;ay;azmfjycJhygonf? rav;&Sm;tpkd;&tzkd@rSmrl TtpD&ifcHpmukd oabm
usvufcHEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhay? odk@&mwGif rav;&Sm;EkdifiHwGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;tJifef*sDtkdrsm;twGufum; Tokd@ trsKd;
orD; vdift*FgjzwfawmufcH&onfhudpP&yfrsKd;udk tpkd;&rS udkifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;&eftwGuf rav;&Sm;tpkd;&tm;
awmif;qkd&mY TtpD&ifcHpmudk aumif;pGmtoHk;csEkdifcJhayonf?

tvm;wlyif tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_jy\emudk ta&;w}uD;jy\emw&yftjzpfowfrSwfay;&ef rav;&Sm;

tpkd;&tm; awmif;qkdcJh&mwGifvnf; trsKd;orD;tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;taejzifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tdrfwGif;

18
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EkdifiHtwGif; Oya'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;jyKvky&f eftwGufawmif;qkd&mY txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tdrfwGif;
t=urf;zufr_Oya'jyKa&; erlemyHkpHudkvnf; toHk;jyKcJh=uygonf?

tif'kdeD;&Sm;

tif'kdeD;&SSm;EkdifiHY tm%m&Sif ql[mwkdtpkd;&vufxufwGif trsKd;orD;tajrmuftjrm;wkd@onf tpkd;&.

t=urf;zufr_ukd cHpm;cJh=u&onf (om"ursm;rSm- ta&S@wDarm/ tmacs/ tD&ef*sm,m jynfe,frsm;rS w±kwf
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xkwfazmfajym&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;/ epfema=u;&&SdcHpm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif; trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
vGwfvyfcGifh tvGefenf;yg;cJhygonf? tif'kdeD;&Sm;trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;tm; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifhcsdwfqufrd
ap&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&mtm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@rSaeI tultnDay;cJhyg
onf?

tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiHokd@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fvma&mufEkdifa&;twGuf tif'kdeD;&Sm;&Sd trsdK;orD; tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;

rS axmufcHvkyfaqmifcJhygonf? xkdokd@vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;a=umifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf 1998 ckESpf Ekd0ifbm
v 20 &ufrS 'DZifbmv 4 &ufae@txd tif'kdeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif;Y vufawG@uGif;qif;avhvma&;c&D;
vma&mufcJhygonf? tqkdygc&D;pOfrS &SmazG&&SdcJhaomawG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk ‚if;.1999 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpmY
aemufqufwGJjznhfpGufcsuftjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhonf? ,if;azmfjycsufwGif tmacs/ tD&ef*sm,mESifh ta&S@
wDarma'orsm;Y tif'kdeD;&Sm;ppfwyfrS wyfzGJ@tcsKd@onf rk'def;usifhjcif;udk ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;&ef +cdrf;acsmuf&ef
twGuf vufeufud&d,mwckozG,f toHk;cscJhyHkudk azmfxkwfwifjyxm;ygonf? ‚if;tjyifvnf; xkduJhokd@
ESdyfpufusifh}uHcHcJh&olrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;/ 1998 arv ta&;tcif;twGif;rk'def;usifhcHcJh&onfh vlrsKd;pk
w±kwftrsKd;orD;rsm;twGufvnf;aumif; Oya'a=umif;t& w&m;ojzifhajz&Sif;ay;r_r&SdcJha=umif;udk azmfjy
xm;ygonf?

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ay;&eftwGuf 0kdif;0ef;zdtm;ay;jcif;cHcJh&ayonf? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.c&D;pOfonf tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH&Sd a'ocH
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ESdyfpufapmfum;cHae&csufrsm;udk azmfxkwfajym=um;vmap&eftwGufvnf;
wkdufwGef;tm;ay;EkdifcJhygonf?

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aomfvnf; xkduJhokd@jiif;y,fjcif;udk tif'kdeD;&Sm;trsdK;orD;tzGJ@rsm;rSaeI 0kdif;0ef;um qENjycJh=uayonf?
tif'kdeD;&Sm;trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;onf tif'kdeD;&Sm;tpkd;&ESifh‚if;.ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;u vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaer_
rsm;udk EkdifiHwumokd@ vlod&Sif=um;azmfxkwf&eftwGuf txl;udk,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmudk tudk;tum;
tjzpf toHk;jyKcJhygonf?

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vmap&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHtrsKd;om;aumfr&Sifonf tpD&ifcH
pmudk EkdifiHoHk;rdrdbmompum;jzifh jyefqkdcJhygonf?

19
ygupPwef

(rdom;pk) *k%foduQmtwGufowfjzwfjcif;rsm;ta=umif;azmfxkwfwifjyxm;onfh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.

1999 ckESpftpD&ifcHpmonf ,cifuzHk;uG,fxm;cJhonfh TudpP&yfudk jrifomxif&Sm;atmifazmfxkwfEkdifcJhyg
onf? rsm;r=umrDrSmyif ygupPwefEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;onf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmwGif yg&Sd
aom awG@&Sdcsufrsm;tm;toHk;jyKum TudpP&yfudkukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vlxkawmif;qkdr_jr‡ifhwifonfh
v_yf&Sm;r_udk vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh=uygonf? ygupPweftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;onf rdom;pk *k%foduQmtwGuf
owfjzwfr_qkdif&m ta&;ygaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tqkdygaqG;aEG;nd‡dEd_if;r_rsm;rSwqifh txl;
udk,fpm;vS,fxHokd@wifjyEkdifcJh=uonf? xkdokd@ jynfwGif;Ya&m EkdifiHwumYyg zdtm;ay;Ekdifr_rsm;a=umifh tqkd
yg owfjzwfr_rsm;udk ‘yk*~vdu’udpPw&yftjzpfoabmrxm;=uawmhbJ tpkd;&rS udkifwG,fajz&Sif;ay;&rnfh
ta&;w}uD;jy\em&yftjzpf todtrSwfjyKvm=u&ygonf?

tcef; 4 trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;t=urf;zufr_qkdif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh
aqG;aEG;nd‡dEd_if;jcif;. tusKd; oufa&mufr_rsm;

2002 ckESpfwGif trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdifrSaeI APWLD in Dialogue

with the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, 1995-2002 trnf&Sd pmwrf;wapmifudk
jyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf? Tpmwrf;wGif trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&S ypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@ESifh
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ft=um; jyKvkyfcJhaom aqG;aEG;nd‡dEd_if;r_rsm;. xda&mufr_rsm;ESi ywfoufI
atmufygtwkdif; tqifhoHk;qifhykdif;jcm;um avhvmqef;ppfxm;;ygonf?
• wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGufcsrSwfxm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0r_
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tcef;u¾udk ydkrkdtm;aumif;vmapjcif;
• trsKd;orD;rsm;.vl@tcGifhta&;ESihfywfoufI a'owGif;tqifhESifh EkdifiHwumtqifhwGif wkd;wuf
aqmif±GufEkdifr_

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&vm'fESifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrS&vm'fwkd@udk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmumqef;ppfxm;ygonf? wdkifyif
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tawG@t}uHKrS rnfonhfoifcef;pmrsm;&&Sdonf ponfwkd@udk Tpmwrf;wGif oHk;oyfaumufcsufcsxm;yg
onf?

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• tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfay:aeaom t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yfobm0udk jrifom
ay:vGifapEkdifcJhjcif;? “tm&Sypdzdwfa'o&SdtrsKd;orD;a&;&mudpPrsm;ESihfywfoufI ykdrkdtm±Hkpl;pkdufum
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_yHko¿mefrSefor#tm;vHk;ukd ydkIus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vufcHtod
trSwfjyKay;a&;twGufxnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&ef” txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;rSaeI
1995 ckESpfaqG;aEG;nd‡dEd_if;r_rsm;twGif;t}uHjyKcJhygonf?5 tm&Sypdzdwfa'otwGif; ysHŒESH@aeonfh
rdom;pkwGif;t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yftrsKd;rsKd;ukdxnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh txl;udk,fpm;vS,f.
tpD&ifcHpmudk ydkrkdjynfhpHktm;aumif;apcJhygonf?

20
 • wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGif; azmfxkwfwifjycJhonfh udpP&yfrsm;wGif- vufeufukdifyÉdyuQ/ ppfwyfrS
vdifu|efjyKcH&olrsm;.ta&;udpP/ EkdifiHa&;'kuQonfrsm;ESifh EkdifiHwGif;ajymif;a±$@ae&mcsjcif;cH&ol
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_/ tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_/ a±$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;tvkyform;rsm;
tay: t=urf;zufr_/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtavhtxrsm;t&t=urf;zufr_trsKd;rsKd;
(qkdvkdonfrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; vdift*FgcsKd@,Gif;apr_/ rdom;pk*k%foduQmtwGufowfjzwfr_/
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tdrfaxmifcsay;r_/ owkd@orD;ta&mif;t0,fjyKr_/ rdef;uav;zufrS wifawmif;&onfhtavhrsm;/
0wfpm;qif,ifr_ tuef@towfpnf;urf;rsm;/ om;a,mufsm;av;OD;pm;ay;jcif;ESifh aoG;&if;csif;
tdrfaxmifcsr_ ponf)
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zGifhqkdcsuftopfwckudktoHk;jyK&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif
toHk;jyKxm;onfh rdom;pk t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufrSm ykdrkdjynhfpHkus,fjyef@ayonf?
• tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif vufeufukdifyÉdyuQjy\emrsm;ESifhywfoufI tqufrjywftm±Hkpl;pkdufr_&Sdjcif;/
tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif;ae&mrsm;pGmwkd@wGif vufeufukdifyÉdyuQrsm;onf t+rJwrf;&SdaeouJhokd@ jzpf
aeygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ.qkd;usKd;oufa&mufyHkESifhywfoufI pkd;&drf
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wEkdifiHcsif;wGif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,.
f tpD&ifcHpmrsm;.tusKd;aus;Zl;&SdyHk

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avhvmpdppfcsufrsm;onf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf toHk;usaeayonf? tb,hfa=umifhqkdaomf
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tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_jy\emtm; trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mudpPw&yftjzpf tpkd;&rsm;rS
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rsm;twGuf tiftm;jzpfapcJhygonf?

21
 • txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. t}uHjyKcsufrsm;onf tpkd;&.wm0efcHr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&eftwGuf
vrf;!$efcsufrsm;a&;qJG&mwGif tusKd;&SdaomtajccHw&yfyifjzpfygonf?

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ESpfpOfjyKvkyfaom wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf tm&Sypdzw

d fa'otrsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;. EkdifiHwumv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
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ta=umif;jyKum a'owGif; t"duudpP&yfrsm;tay: EkdifiHwumrS pl;pkdufpdwf0ifpm;vmr_udk &&SdcJhygonf?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udk trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;jy\emwcktjzpf

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ywfoufI tpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;pnf;±Hk;jcif; ponfwkd@udk trsKd;
orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@rS jyKvkyfcJhygonf?

ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&S ypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@.wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;

onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpP udkifwG,fvkyfaqmifae=uonfh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf
tusKd;&Sdaom[pfwkdifwck- rdrdwkd@vkyfaqmifaeonfhudpP&yfrsm;qkdif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;/
taummif;qHk; tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk wOD;ESihfwOD;zvS,fcGihf&onfhae&m/ qufoG,faqmif±Gufa&;ESifh
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ &,l&mae&mwck jzpfcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif TwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.
vkyfief;,EW&m; wnf&Sdaer_udk tm;ukd;ae&onfhtaetxm;Y&Sdaeayonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufr_jy\emudk wEkdifiHcsif;tqifh/ a'owGif;ESifh EkdifiHwumtqifhrsm;Y udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf tvGefta&;ygaomtcef;u¾rS vkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpfygonf?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. vkyfykdifcGifh qufvuf wnf&Sdaea&;onfvnf; tvGefw&mrSta&;}uD;aeayonf?

tcef; 5 wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. tuef@towfrsm; (Limitations)

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGifazmfjyxm;onfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd urBmtESH@
tjym;rS owif;&if;jrpftrsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkwkd@rSaeY jyKpkcJhayonf? trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m
tm&S ypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@.aqG;aEG;ndE‡ d_if;r_rsm;rSm tqkdygt&if;tjrpfrsm;xJrS wckomv#ifjzpfygonf? xkd@

22
a=umifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf
[pfwkdiftzGJ@.wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS &vm'frsm;tm;vHk; t+rJwrf;yg&Sd&efum;rjzpfEkdifacs?

wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf odomxif&Sm;vmaeonfhjy\em&yfrsm;tygt0if trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:

t=urf;zufr_ trsKd;rsKd;ukd tav;ay;xm;aomfvnf; ,if;wkd@tm;vHk;onf ESpfwESpfcsif;tvkduf
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. owfrSwfxm;onfhta=umif;t&me,fy,fwGif yg0ifaumif;rSyg0ifayrnf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh- ajymif;a±$@trsKd;orD;tvkyform;rsm;tm;t=urf;zufr_udpPonf 2001 ckESpf wdkifyif
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGuf ta&;t}uD;qHk; ta=umif;t&mrsm;xJY wcktygt0ifjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif
tpD&ifcHpm. t"dutmabmfrSm (selected theme) rdom;pkwGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_
yHko¾mefrsm;jzpfonfh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtavhtxrsm;udpPjzpfaeojzifh txufygta=umif;t&meSifh
ywfoufI tqkdyg 2002 ckESpftpD&ifcHpmwGif tao;pdwf avhvmazmfjyxm; jcif;r&SdcJhay?6

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. ta=umif;t&mwckcsif;tvkduf csOf;uyfavhvmr_rSaeY tpD&ifcHpma&;om;&ef

twGuftoHk;0ifonfh tajccHrlabmifESihf zGJ@pnf;r_wckxGufay:cJhaomfvnf; ,if;onf tpD&ifcHpmxJY azmfjy
&Sif;vif;Ekdifonfh udpP&yftrsKd;tpm;ukdr_ tuef@towfjzpfapygonf? okd@jzpfapumrl txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
onf tpD&ifcHpm.t"dutmabmfwGifrxnfhoGif;Ekdifonfhwkdifatmif oD;jcm;udpP&yfrsm;ESifhoufqkdifonfh
aemufqufwGJ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;azmfjy&eftwGuf jznfhpGufcsufrsm;udk tusdK;&Sd&Sd toHk;
jyKEkdifcJhygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh *syefppfwyfrStoHk;jyKcJhonfh ppfwyfvdifu|efjyKr_udpP (Comfort Women) ESifh
tif'kdeD;&Sm;/ ta&S@ wDarm c&D;pOfrsm;?

a'owGif;&SdEkdifiHtm;vHk;rSukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwf=um;Ekdif&eftwGuf tcGihftvrf;tjynfht0r&&Sdjcif;onf

vnf; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJtm; tuef@towfjzpfapygonf? rpP ukrRm&qGmrDESifh trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh
zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@wkd@ aqG;aEG;nd‡dEd_if;&mwGif tm&SrSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u trsm;pkjzpf
aeonfudk owdjyKoifhayonf? Tokd@jzpfjcif;a=umifh Ed_if;,SOfrnfqkdygu ypdzdwfa'oESifhykdrkdoufqkdifaom
udpP&yfrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;r_rsm; em;vnfoabmaygufr_rsm; enf;yg;cJhygonf? &m'dum ukrRm&qGmrD
onf tm&Sypdzdwfa'oESifhywfoufaeonfh trsKd;orD;a&;udpPrsm;tay: eufeuf&SdKif;&SdKif; od&Sdem;vnfxm;
ay&m ‚if;txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfaejcif;a=umifh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;tzkd@ uHaumif;onf[kqkdEkdifaomfvnf;
Ttajctaetwkdif; t+rJwrf;jzpfaernf[kum; ar#mfvifhIr&ay?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.awG@&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh t}uHjyKcsufrsm;tay: vufoifhcHEkdifr_tajctae

wcgw&HwGif trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@. wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESifh

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmwkd@t=um; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;uGJjym;r_a=umifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.
awG@&Sdcsuf/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;taejzifh vufrcHEkdifonfrsm;vnf; jzpfysufEkdifayonf? T
tcsufukd tm&Sypdzdwfa'otwGif; vlarSmifckdul;r_udpPtm; t"duaZmif;ay;azmfjyxm;onfh txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,f. 2002 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpmtay: yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;.wkef@jyefr_udk avhvm=unfhv#if awG@
&SdEkdifayonf? wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; tus,fw0ifhjyKvkyfcJh=uaomfvnf; vlarSmifckdul;r_jy\emudk ukdifwG,f
ajz&Sif;&efaqmif±Gufaeonfh tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;. t}uHOm%foabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufI txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmY rnfodk@r#azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sda=umif;jzifh yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;u oHk;oyfjycJh=u
onf? Oyrm zdvpfykdiftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wkd@EkdifiHwGif;&Sd vlarSmifckdul;r_udpPwkdufzsufa&;twGuf
v_yf&Sm;aqmif±Guf&mwGif tpD&ifcHpmudktoHk;csEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg?

23
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm 2000 ckeSpf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tpD&ifcHpmxGufay:vm+yD;aemufwGif
jyKvkyfcJhaomwdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmwGif rwluGJjym;onhftjrifrsm;
udk tb,fha=umifhxnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;r&Sdygoenf;[lI ar;jref;&ef trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;twGuftcGifhtvrf;
&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? xkd@tjyif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzkd@vnf; ‚if;.tvkyfwm0efESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;ajym
=um;Ekdif&ef tcGifhta&;&&SdapcJhygonf? oabmxm;uJGjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; TawG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_
onf vlarSmifckdul;r_jy\emtay: pkaygif;0kdif;0ef;I ±_jrifoHk;oyfr_ESifh ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;
&SmazGa&;wkd@twGuf taxmuftuljyKcJhygonf?

tpkd;&rsm;taejzifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmYazmfjyxm;onfh awG@&Sdcsufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ‚if;wkd@udk

trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_twGuf a0zefpGJcsufwifr_rsm;udk vufrcH=uonfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhygonf?
om"utm;jzifh ‘Zdrfr,f (Comfort Women)’udpPuJhokd@aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_wGif
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. avhvmawG@&Sd csufrsm;tm; *syeftpkd;&u vufrcHbJ y,fcscJhygonf?

tjcm;tuef@towfwckrSm tpD&ifcHpmwGif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fwifjyxm;onfht}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk tpkd;&

rsm;rS taumiftxnfazmfaqmif±Gufr_r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfygonf? TonfrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. avhvmawG@
&Sdcsufrsm;/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;.ta&;ygr_udk wpHkw&mtodtrSwfrjyKonfh tpkd;&tcsKd@&Sdaejcif;a=umifhvnf;
jzpfygonf? Tokd@jzpf&jcif;.t&if;cHta=umif;w&m;onf tpkd;&rsm;taeESifh tqkdygt}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk
‚if;wkd@ wm0ef,l&rnfhudpPrsm;tjzpf rcH,l=ujcif;a=umifhjzpf.? txll;ukd,fpm;vS,f.t}uHjyKcsuftay:
wkef@jyefr_&Sdvmapa&;twGuf tpkd;&rsm;ukd wGe;ftm;ay;&mY trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;onf rdrdwk@dqkdif&m tpkd;&
rsm;udk Tt}uHjyKcsufrsm;twkdif;aqmif±Guf&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;jzifh ta&;ygonfhae&mrSvkyfaqmifEkdifygonf?
tpkd;&ykdif;rSaqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk rjywfapmifh=unhfavhvm&eftwGuf txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,fwGif t&if;tjrpf
enf;yg;jcif;a=umifh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;rS Todk@vkyfaqmifEkdifr_rSm txl;yifta&;}uD;ygonf? rSwfom;&efrSm
t&if;tjrpfenf;yg;r_onf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.vkyfykdifcGifhtwkdif;twm&Sdoavmuf tjynfht0 azmfaqmif
&mYvnf; ‚if;. vkyfukdifEkdifpGrf;&nfudk tuef@towf}uD;pGm jzpfapygonf?

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; &&SdEkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf;

trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;wGif&Sdaeonfh tuef@towfrsm;teuf wckrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk

&&SdavhvmEkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;r_yifjzpfonf? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk trsKd;orD;tzJG@
rsm; ,ckxufykdrkd&,lavhvmEkdif&efqkdygu tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk &Sif;vif;vG,fulonhf yHko¾mefjzifh a&;om;+yD;
qkdif&ma'o&Sd bmompum;wckcsif;tvkkduf bmomjyefxkwfa0&ef vkdtyfayonf? tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ukd
ykdrkdvG,fulpGm&&SdavhvmEkdifapjcif;tm;jzifh EkdifiHtvkdufa'otvkduf&Sdaeonfh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;onf ‚if;
wkd@.v_yf&Sm;aqmif±Gufr_rsm;wGif toHk;csEkdifrnfjzpfygonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpPudk&ifqkdifajz&Si;f &mY ukvor*~vkyfief;,EW&m;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaqmif

±Gufonfhenf;vrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom a'owGif;jynfwGif;tqifh udkifwG,fajz&Si;f onhfenf;vrf;rsm;t=um;
[efcsufnDap&ef rnfokd@vkyfaqmifoihfonfqkdjcif;ukd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;t=um; tacstwif aqG;aEG;ae
=uqJjzpfonf? ukvor*~ESifhqufpyfaqmif±Gufjcif;rS rnfokd@aomvufawG@tusKd;tjrwfrsm; &&SdEkdifrnf qkd
jcif;ukd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm; qufvufavhvmpl;prf;aeqJjzpfaoma=umifh Tokd@tacstwifjiif;cHkr_rsm;onf
aemufxyf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&OD;rnfudk azmfjyaeygonf?

24
tcef; 6 wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJwckjyKvkyf&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tajccHta=umif;
tcsufrsm;
}udKwifjyifqifjcif;

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh qufqHa&;w&yf&&Sdatmif xlaxmifjcif;onf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGuf }udKwif

jyifqif&mY tvGefta&;}uD;onhftqifhyifjzpfonf? a&S@ykdif;wGifazmfjycJhovkdyif &m'du ukrRm&qGmrDonf
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf cef@tyfjcif;rcH&rDuwnf;u
trsKd;orD;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudkfifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD; trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m
tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@udk pwifxlaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfygonf? Tokd@ a&S;OD;rqGuyif&SdcJh
onfhqufqHa&;a=umifh tm&Sypdzdwfa'orStrsKd;orD;tzJG@rsm;ESifh ESpfpOfaqG;aEG;nd‡dEd_if;r_rsm; jyKvkyfEkdif&ef
tajccHtkwfjrpfcsEkdifcJhayonf?

TuJhokd@ qufqHa&;tajccHwckr&Sdonfhae&mrsKd;wGifvnf; &Sdvm&eftwGuf pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfyg

onf? wEkdifiHcsif;tqifh/ a'oqkdif&mtqifhESifh EkdifiHwumtqifhwkd@wGif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifhtwl
atmufygtcsufrsm;twkdif; qufpyfvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh qufqHa&;tajccH&&SdvmEkdifygonf?
• vdifcGJjcm;qufqHr_jy\emrsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@vkyfykdifcGifhe,fy,f. yifrudpPtjzpf owfrSwfaqmif±Guf
jcif;?
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tpD&ifcHpma&;qGJonfhvkyfief;pOfatmifjrifa&;twGuf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;.
yg0ifaqmif±Gufr_udk ta&;}uD;onfhudpPtjzpfowfrSwfaqmif±Gufjcif;?
• a'owGif;rS ta=umif;tcsufwdusr_onf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.vkyfief;twGuf tc&mjzpfa=umif;
owfrSwfaqmif±Gufjcif;?
• vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ tjzpftysufudpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fxHokd@ tpD&ifcHpm
rsm;ESifh wkdifwef;v$mrsm;udk tDvufx±Gefepf pepfjzifhay;ykd@jcif;?
• vl@tcGifhta&;t}uD;tus,fcsKd;azmufaeonhfEkdifiHrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfa&;twGuf txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; tpkd;&rsm;rS zdwf=um;vm&ef pnf;±Hk;rJqG,fjcif; ESihf
• ESpfywfvnf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk yl;wGJvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef}udK;pm;jcif;?

yg0ifaqG;aEG;rnfholrsm; a±G;cs,fowfrSwfjcif;

orkdif;a=umif;t&=unhfv#if ukvor*~tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf tm&Sypdzdwfa'oqkdif&mxuf urBm@a'orsm;

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txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftaejzifhpOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef ydkrkdtm±Hkpkdufvmapygonf?

trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;rSudk,fpm;vS,frsm; a±G;cs,fowfrSwf&mY atmufygtcsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDap&ef txl;

tav;xm;um owfrSwfcJhygonf?

25
 • (TudpPwGif) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_yaysmufa&;twGuf trSefwu,fvkyfaqmifaeonfh
trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm; aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;r_wGifyg0ifap&ef?
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toHk;csEkdifjcif;/ owif;tcsuftvuf r#a0jzef@jzL;jcif;/ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;tay: em;vnf
vufcHum pdppfpdwfjzmjcif;/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_wnfaqmufjcif;ponfwkd@vkyfaqmifEkdifap&ef?
• rsm;aomtm;jzifh EkdifiHwumtqifhpnf;±Hk;rJqG,fjcif;rsm;Y usm;r a&maxG;aeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
twGif; trsKd;orD;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ab;z,fxkwfcHxm;&avh&Sdwwfaoma=umifh ‚if;wkd@
twGuf Tpnf;±Hk;rJqG,fjcif;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif±GufEkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdxm;ap&ef?

bwf*suftoHk;p&dwfESifh ae&m tuef@towfwkd@a=umiffh yg0ifaqG;aEG;rnfhta&twGufudk t=urf;zsif;tm;

jzifh 30 owfrSwfxm;ayonf? vl 30 [laomyrm%onf trsKd;rsdK;tpm;tpm;aom jy\emrsm;/ tjrif
rsm;ESifh EkdifiHrsm;tm; ukd,fpm;jyKwifjy&eftwGuf rsm;vGef;onf[kqkdEkdifaomfvnf; yg0ifoltm;vHk; aqG;aEG;
yGJrsm;wGif wufwufºuGºuG0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;Ekdif&eftwGufrSmrl rrsm;onfhyrm%jzpfygonf?

yg0ifaqG;aEG;rnfholrsm;udk a±G;cs,f&mwGif-
• a'otqifh§EkdifiHwumtqifhe,fy,frsm;ESihf xdawG@qufpyf&mY tusKd;&SdEkdifrnfhudpP&yfrsm;udk
jynfwGif; EkdifiHwGif;tqifhY aqmif±Gufaeolrsm;tm;a±G;cs,fjcif;?
• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpPudk trSefwu,fwkdufzsufvdkolrsm;tm;a±G;cs,fjcif;?
• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpP&yftay:wGif oabmw&m;a&;&mavhvmpdppfcsufrsm;jyKvkyf
&mY qufvufyg0ifaqmif±Gufrnfholrsm;tm;a±G;cs,fjcif;?
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ponfhtcsufrsm;ESifhtnD a±G;cs,foifhygonf?

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twGuf t*Fvdyfbmompum;ukd bHktjzpfowfrSwfxm;aoma=umifh a'oqkdif&maqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk
t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifhom trsm;qHk;jyKvkyfavh&Sdjcif;? yg0ifaqG;aEG;rnfholtcsKd@twGuf bmom
jyefjcif;ESifh pum;jyefay;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;oifhygonf? okd@aomfvnf; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom pm±Guf
pmwrf;rsm;udk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;vHk;0+yD;qHk;csdefusrSom aemufqHk;ydwftacsmowfavh&Sday&m
bmomjyefay;&eftwGuf t[ef@twm;&SdEkdifayonf? tvm;wlyif wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;. obm0
t& [kda&mufonfa&muf 0Jvnfaewwfaoma=umifh pum;jyefvkyfay;jciftm;jzifh aqG;aEG;&mwGif
vltrsm; tjynfht00ifa&mufaqG;aEG;&eftcuftcJ&SdapEkdifaoma=umifh t[ef@twm;jzpfEkdifyg
onf?

26
 • txl;udk,fpm;vS,f. vkyfief;,EW&m;/ ,if;wkd@. tcef;u¾/ ukvor*~. zGJ@pnf;yHkenf;pepfrsm;
ponfwkd@ESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;? Ttuef@towfu txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftwGuf yg0ifaqG;aEG;
olrsm;xHrS owif;tcsuftvufudk &oifhoavmufr&&Sdjcif;/ yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;twGufvnf;
ar#mfvifhxm;oavmuf tjynfht0raqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;rsm; jzpfoGm;apEkdifygonf? ESpfpOf yg0ifaqG;aEG;
oltrsKd;orD;tzGJ@tajymif;tvJrsm; &Sdaejcif;a=umifh wESpfESifhwESpf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg0ifolcsif;
(‚if;wkd@. odjrifoabmaygufr_tajccHcsif;yg) tquftpyfuif;rJhr_jzpfvmEkdifojzifh Tjy\em
onf ydkIydkIqdk;0g;vmaeayonf? a'otqifh odk@r[kwf EkdifiHwumtqifhwGif vkyfaqmifzl;onfh
tawG@t}uHKenf;yg;aom odk@r[kwfvHk;0r&Sdaom cGJjcm;z,fxkwfcHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;
a±G;cs,f&jcif;a=umifhvnf; Tjy\emrSm ydkI}uD;rm;vm&ygonf?

tqkdygtcuftcJrsm;tm; enf;Ekdifor#enf;yg;oGm;ap&ef jyKvkyfEkdifonfhenf;tcsKd@rSm-

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• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpm (a'ooHk;bmompum;rsm;okd@ tvG,fwul bmomjyefqkdEkdif
ap&eftwGuf tpD&ifcHpmudk vG,ful&Sif;vif;onfhta&;tom;jzifh a&;om;xm;onfhrlrsKd;jzpfygu
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• jzpfEkdifygu oufqkdif&mtpdk;&wckcsif;pD. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh tpkd;&wkd@.
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• aqG;aEG;wifjyrnfholrsm;ESihf wifoGif;rnhftpD&ifcHpmrsm;twGuf yg0ifxnhfoGif;oifhonfh tcsuf
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• txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,f&SmazG&,laeonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsdK;ukd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;rS 'ufxd
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• tcsuftvufrsm;ay;&rnfh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrwkdifrDw&uftvkdwGif t}udKavhusifhr_av;wckjyKvkyf
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wifjcif;rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef vrf;!$efcsuf/ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tcef;u¾ESifh ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmudk
rdrdwkd@. v_yf&Sm;aqmif±Gufr_twGuf toHk;jyK&ef enf;emrsm;?

wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk

a&S@ykdif;wGif azmfjycJhovkdyif txl;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; ESpfpOf {+yDvtwGif;

usif;yonfh ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifokd@ tcsderf DwifoGif;&rnfjzpfonf? wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk
,if;ESpfrwkdifrD arvESihf Ekd0ifbmvt=um;wcsdefcsdefY jyKvkyfEkdifv#if toifhawmfqHk;jzpfayonf? odk@rSom
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS t"dutcsufrsm;ukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;Ekdif&eftwGuf
tcsdeftvHktavmuf&Ekdifayrnf?

27
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. ,cifESpftpD&ifcHpmygawG@&Sdcsufrsm;/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&mY trsKd;
orD;tzGJ@rsm;vuf&Sdvkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdaom t"duta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhtnD oHk;oyfEkdifap&ef &nf±G,fum
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ygonff? TzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;yHkt& trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;
onf wae@wjcm;odomxif&Sm;vmaeonfh ta&;}uD;aomjy\em&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk a&S@vmrnfhtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf wifjyay;tyfEkdifrnfjzpfonf? wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd ESpf&uf
wkdifatmifusif;yrnfjzpfaomfvnf; txufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh +cHKiHkoHk;oyfcsufrsm; jyKvkyfEkdif ap&eftwGuf
ESpf&ufcGJxd wkd;csJ@um usif;yoGm;Ekdifygonf?7 wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. t"du tydkif;av;ydkfif;rSm-
• txl;udk,fpm;vS,f.tcef;u¾ESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_rsm;/ ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;
tm; rnfokd@toHk;jyKoGm;rnf- ponfwkd@udk +cHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;/
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmtay: ykdif;jcm;pdppfjcif;- tpD&ifcHpmudk trsKd;orD;tzGJ@
rsm;. oufqkdif&mEkdifiHwGif;tqifhaqmif±Gufr_rsm;wGif toHk;jyKEkdifaprnfhenf;emrsm; azmfxkwf
owfrSwfjcif;tygt0if/
• ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmwGifxnfhoGif;azmfjya&;twGuf pOf;pm;Ekdifap&ef txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; jy\em
&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;? wifjycsufrsm;onf t"dutcsuf
wifjycsufrsm;/ EkdifiHtvkdufokd@r[kwf a'ocGJtvkduf wifjycsufrsm;/ xda&mufonfhenf;emrsm;udk
om"ujyEkdifaponfh txl;jyKwifjycsufrsm; odk@r[kwf aqmif±Gufr_jzpfpOfjyoHk;oyfcsufrsm; pojzifh
jzpfEkdifygonf/
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; t}uHjyKcsufrsm;/
ponfwkd@jzpfygonf?

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aumif; jyKvkyfEkdifygonf? bmompum;tcuftcJa=umifhjzpfap/ odjrifem;vnfr_a&csdefuGmjcm;r_a=umifh jzpf
ap yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;.tqifhrwlnDr_&SdcJhv#ifrl tvkyf±HkaqG;aEG;yJGi,frsm;jzifh tzGJ@cGJ@YaqG;aEG;jcif;u ykdrkd
oifhavsmfEkdifygonf? tvkyf±HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGuf &Sif;vif;wdusonfh OD;aqmifar;cGef;rsm;udk owfrSwf
a&;qJGay;oifhygonf?

wifjycsufrsm;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;tm;vHk;udk t=uyftwnf;tcuftcJrsm;/ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ESifh enf;em

rsm;tm; pdppfpdwfjzmjcif;tay: t"dutm±HkjyKvkyfaqmifoifhayonf? aemufcH ta=umif;jcif;&mtcsuf
tvufrsm;yg0ifonfh tao;pdwftpD&ifcHpmwapmifvnf; r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf? atmufyg vrf;!$efcsuf
rsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh wifjycsufrsm;twGuf toHk;jyKEkdifygonf?8

wdkif=um;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;&ef vrf;!$efcsufrsm;

1? ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnfhudpP&yfrsm;wGif-
• wOD;csif;udpPrsm;/
• t=urf;zufr_xl;jcm;yHko¿mefrsm;eSifhywfoufonhf erlemyHkpHrsm;/ tvm;tvmrsm;/
• EkdifiHwGif; Oya'jyXmef;r_ESifh EkdifiHwumE_ef;pHrsm;tygt0if oufqkdifaomOya'a=umif;owfrSwfcsuf
tqifhtwef;rsm;. tm;enf;csuftm;omcsufrsm;/

28
 • &mZ0wfw&m;pD&ifa&;/ vlr_zlvHka&;/ ynma&;ESifh tvkyform;a&;u¾rsm;&Sd tpkd;&. rl0g'rsm;ESifh
vufawG@aqmif±Gufr_rsm;/
• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufI tpkd;&rS ta&;,laqmif±Guf&efysufuGufr_/
• }udKwifwm;qD;a&;aqmif±Gufcsufrsm;jzpfonfh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifha&S@aersm;/ Oya'0efxrf;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;aomtpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;/ ppfzufqkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; ponfwkd@udk avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;/
tvm;wlyif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESihf ywfoufI vlxkynmay;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESihf Oya'
a&;&mynmay;tpDtpOfrsm;
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ay;r_rsm;tygt0if jyefvnfay;qyfr_rsm;
• aexkdifcGifhvufrSwf&SdolESifh r&Sdol a±$@ajymif;trsKd;orD;tvkyform;rsm;tm;vHk;/ ckdvH_'kuQonfESifh
jynfwGif;&Sd ajymif;a±$@cHtrsKd;orD;rsm;/ 'gvpf (Dalit) trsKd;orD;rsm;/ rpGrf;roeftrsKd;orD;rsm;/ vlr_
pD;yGm; tqifhtwef;tajccHt& tm;enf;oltrsK;d orD;rsm;/ a'ocHwkdif;&if;trsKd;orD;rsm;/
rdef;uav;i,f ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;/ touft±G,f}uD;&ifhonfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;/ okd@r[kwf
tjcm;ta=umif;&if; wckcka=umifh ab;z,fyxkwfcHxm;&oltrsKd;orD;rsm; tygt0if
wenf;enf;jzifh t=urf;zufr_cH&EkdifzG,f&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;.ta&;twGuf }udKwifumuG,fa&;
ESifh apmifha&SmufjyKpka&; aqmif±Gufr_rsm; ESifh
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftaejzifh ,cifu ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;r&Sdao;aomfvnf; ta&;ygaomudpP&yf
rsm;jzpfonfh wae@wjcm; odomxif&Sm;vmaeaomjy\em&yfrsm;

2? t=urf;zufr_oD;jcm;yHko¿mefrsm;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;/ tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh owif;

tcsuftvufrsm;/ oD;jcm;wEkdifiHcsif;. aemufcHtajctaetvkdufjzpfysufaeonfh ,if;wkd@. ta&;ygr_rsm;
udkvnf; *±kjyK&rnfjzpfayonf?

3? owif;tcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;/ wdusonfhtr_tcif;rsm;jzifh

twnfjyKxm;aom w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifygonf?

4? xda&mufr_&Sdonfhenf;emrsm;/ &&Sdxm;aomerlemoifcef;pmrsm;ESihfywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk

vnf; &SmazGjyKpk&rnf?

5? oD;jcm;tjzpftysufrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif
• t=urf;zufcH&ol - arG;ouU&mZf/ vlrsKd;/ vdif/ tvkyftudkif/ (qufpyfaeygu) rnfonfhwkdif;&if;
om; rsKd;EG,fpkjzpfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdr&Sd ESifh
• tjzpftysuf- t=urf;zufusL;vGefolta&twGuf/ t=urf;zufusL;vGefolrsm;. yHkyef;o¿mefrsm;/
tjzpftysuftao;pdwf/ t=urf;zufcH&oltaejzifh ‚if;onf trsKd;orD;jzpfjcif;a=umifh odk@r[kwf
tjcm;vlrsKd;/ Zmwf/ rsKd;EG,f/ bmoma&;/ touft±G,f/ rpGrf;roefjzpfjcif; tp&Sdojzifh ta=umif;
wckcka=umifh xkduJhokd@ t=urf;zufcH&onf[k xifjrifjcif;&Sdr&Sd/ tu,fI xkduJhokd@xifjrifygu
rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifhxifjrifyHk/ xkduJhokd@t=urf;zufcH&jcif;udk oufqkdif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;xH
wkdifwef;cJhjcif;&Sdr&SdESifh tu,fI&SdcJhygu rnfol@xHESifh rnfonfhtcsdefu wkdif=um;cJhonf/ xkd tjzpf

29
 tysuf jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;rS ta&;,lr_rsm;/ rsufjrifoufao&Sdr&SdESifh ‚if;wkd@.trnf/
touf/ awmfpyfyHk/ qufoG,fEkdifrnfhvdyfpmrsm;?

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(aemufqufwGJ (c) udk=unfhyg)? tcsuftvufyHkpHukd qGpfZmvefEdkifiH *sDeDAm&Sd
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zufpfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ pmwkdufrSaeIaomfvnf;aumif; tcsdefra±G; ay;ykd@Ekdifygonf?

Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women

Center for Human Rights, United Nations
1211 GENEVA 10, SWITZERLAND,
zufpf- (4122) 917 9006
tD;ar;vf- urgent-action@ohchr.org

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wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf&efvkdtyfonfh b¾ma&;yHhydk;r_

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qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdiftzGJ@rS jyKpkxkwfa0ygonf? ,if;tpD&ifcHpmwGif &nf±G,fcsufESpfck yg&Sdygonf?
wpf tcsufrSm tm&Sypdzdwfa'otwGif; wae@wjcm;odomxif&Sm;vmaeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;
zufr_udpPrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvuf t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfapa&;/ ESpf tcsufrSm trsKd;orD;

30
rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_yaysmufa&;twGuf wEkdifiHcsif;tvkdufa&m EkdifiHwumtqifhwGifyg tpkd;&rsm;udk
zdtm;ay;v_yf&Sm;&eftwGuf pnf;±Hk;a&;vufeufwckjzpfapa&; wkd@jzpfygonf?

tpD&ifcHpmudk {+yDvwGifusif;yonfh ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHrwkdifrDwGif

yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh tjcm;trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;odk@ }udKwifjzef@a0ygonf? nDvmcHusif;yonfhtcgY
tjcm;aomukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; tpD&ifcHpmudk xyfrHjzef@a0ay;yg
onf? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmESifh trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf[pfwkdif
. wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ESihfywfoufonfhtpD&ifcHpm ESpf&yfaygif;onf EkdifiHwumtqifhY pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;ae
aom trsKd;orD;tzJG@rsm;twGuf toHk;0ifonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfayonf?

wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf+yD;aemufwGifvnf; trsKd;orD;a&;/ Oya'a&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;qkdif&m tm&Sypdzdwf

[pfwkdiftzGJ@onf wEkdifiHcsif;tm; EkdifiHwumtqifh pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh qufpyfaqmif±GufEkdifap&ef
twGuf qufvufulnDyHhykd;ay;ygonf? Tokd@ulnD&mwGif wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJYyg0ifcJhonfh pepfwusvkyf
aqmifEkdifaomtrsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;tm; ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;
Ekdifap&ef ulnDaqmif±Gufygonf? Ttpnf;ta0;rsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wkd@v_yf&Sm;
aqmif±GufaeonfhudpP&yfrsm;udk EkdifiHwumrStpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tjcm;aom txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm;od&Sd&ef aqG;aEG;wifjyEkdifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdEkdifayonf?

tcef; 7 txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh qufpyfaqmif±GufEkdifrnfh tjcm;aom enf;AsL[mrsm;

trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;onf trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;udpPrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;v_yf&Sm;&eftwGuf enf;vrf;

toG,foG,fudk txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifhwuG‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh qufpyfESD;EG,fum vkyfaqmifcJh=uay
onf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh enf;AsL[mrsm;udk tjcm;aom txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh qufpyfaqmif
±Guf&mYvnf; toHk;jyKEkdifygonf?

pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfv_yf&Sm;r_ (Advocacy)

EkdifiHwumtqifh

• oD;jcm;wOD;csif;.tr_udpPrsm;tay: tjcm;tJifef*st D kdtzGJ@rsm;tygt0if EkdifiHwumt0ef;t0dkif;rS

tm±HkjyKrdvmEkdifap&ef aqmif±Gufjcif;?
• EkdifiHwumpHESifhtnDwm0ef&Sdonfhtwkdif;vkyfaqmif=u&ef tpdk;&rsm;tm;ta&;qkd&mY txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fwkd@. awG@&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh t}uHjyKcsufrsm;udk taxmuftultjzpf toHk;csjcif;?
• trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;udpPrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;r_&Sdvmap&eftwGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;.
awG@&Sdcsuf/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm;ta&;ygaomaqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk EkdifiHwumwGif vlod&Sif=um;
xkwfjyefa=ujimjcif;?

wEkdifiHcsif;tqifh

31
 • owif;Xmersm;/ wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;/ tjcm;tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;odk@ owif;ay;ykd@jcif;jzifh vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufaer_rsm;ESifhywfoufI txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,fwkd@. awG@&Sdcsuf/ t}uHjyKcsufrsm;/
ta&;,laqmif±Guf&rnfhudpPrsm;ukd vlod&Sif=um;xkwfjyefa=ujimjcif;?
• pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfv_yf&Sm;r_pDrHcsufrsm; jzpfajrmufvmapa&;twGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rS
azmfxkwf wifjyxm;onfh t}uHjyKcsuf/ avhvmpdppfcsufrsm;udktoHk;jyKum a'owGif;ESifh
EkdifiHwGif;rS wm0ef &Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;tm; EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhpyfvsO;f I Oya'opf rl0g'opfrsm;
jyifqifcsufrsm; jyXmef;&ef pnf;±Hk;aqG;aEG;jcif;?
• trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;udpPtay: tm±HkjyKrdvmapa&;twGuf txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,frsm;. tpD&ifcH
pmESifh ‚if;wkd@.ta&;ygaomaqmif±Gufcsufrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;?
• txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,frsm;.uGif;qif;c&D;pOfrsm;twGif; ‚if;wkd@ESifhawG@qHk+yD;aemuf t=urf;zufcH&ol
rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rS vGwfajrmufvmolrsm;ESifh wkduf±kdufcsdwfqufay;&ef?
• txl;udkf,fpm;vS,f azmfxkwfwifjyxm;onfhudpP&yfrsm;tay: tpkd;&.wkef@jyefcsufrsm;eSifh ywf
oufaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;/ aemufqufwGJaqmif±Gufr_rsm;vkyfaqmifjcif;?

okawoe
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif toHk;jyKEkdifrnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; (udef;*%ef;
pm&if;Z,m;/ Oya'ESifh rlrsm;/ enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh taumif;qHk;vufawG@aqmif±Gufcsufrsm;/ twnf
jyK+yD;aom rSefuefwdusr_&Sdonfhtr_rsm;)?

oifwef;rsm;

• &JwyfzGJ@/ ppfwyf/ 0ef}uD;Xmet&m&Sdrsm;/ w&m;±Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;/ usef;rma&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh owif;

rD'D,me,fy,frS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;ESifh taumif
txnfazmfjcif;?

qufoG,faqmif±Gufv_yf&Sm;r_ (Networking)

• tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGifazmfxkwfwifjyxm;onfh udpP&yfrsm;udk tJifef*sDtkdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;jzifh wkd;jr‡ifh

aqmif±Gufjcif;?
• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdae+yD; vdiftajcjyK (Gender) ±_axmifhrSavhvmpdppf&ef
vkdtyfae onfh udpP&yfrsm;wGif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;eSifh twlwuG vkyfaqmifjcif;?
• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufzvS,fEkdifrnfhenf;emrsm; &SmazGazmfxkwf&ef
twGuf tjcm;aomtJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;ESifh csdwfqufjcif;?

tm±Hkpl;pkdufr_&&Sdvmatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;

• txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk a'ooHk;bmompum;rsm;okd@ jyefqkdjcif; ESifh

• trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;udpPESihfywfoufonfh ukvor*~aqmif±Gufr_vkyfief;pOfrsm;Y tpkd;&rsm;
enf;wl tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;.ta&;ygr_udkyg xif[yfapEkdifa&;twGuf txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,ftm; tcGihf

32
 tvrf;&&Sdapjcif;? Tokd@vkyfaqmifEkdifap&efqkdygu txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,f.vkyfykdifcGihfESifh ywfouf
onhf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;t=um;wGif wGifus,fpGm xkwfjyefa=ujim
ay;&ayrnf?

tESpfcsKyftm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftygt0if tjcm;

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;xHokd@ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;
jr‡ihfwif&efv_yf&Sm;aqmif±Guf&mY trsKd;orD;tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;onf t"dutcef;u¾rSyg0ifaqmif±GufEkdif
pGrf;&Sdayonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh trsKd;orD;vl@tcGihfta&;udpPrsm;tay: EkdifiHwumtm±Hkpl;pkdufr_&&Sdvm
a&;twGuf Tukvor*~ oD;jcm;udpP,EW&m;rsm;.vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf a'owGif;eSifh wEkdifiHcsif;tqifh
wGif tJifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm;.tvkyfudk taxmuftuljyKEkdifayonf?

tcef; 8 ed*Hk;csKyf
tm&Sypdzdwfa'otrsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf tajctaeaumif;rGefaom/ wkd;wufr_&Sdaom/ rdrdukd,fudk a0zef
qef;ppfEkdifaom taetxm;tqifhwckodk@ a&muf&SdaeonfhtcsdefrsKd;wGif &m"du ukrRm&qGmrD. txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,foufwrf;onfvnf; ukefqHk;onfhtcsdefjzpfaeayonf?

rpP ukrRm&qGmrD.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_jy\emudk trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;

qkdif&mudpP&yfwcktjzpftodtrSwfjyKvmap&ef pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhygonf? rdom;pktwGif;/ vlr_t0ef;t0kdif;
twGif;ESifh EkdifiHwGif;tqihfrsm;Y wOD;csif;tvkduf/ pepfwustkyfpkvkduf usL;vGefaeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufr_udpPrsm;tm; w&m;ojzihfjzpfatmif tpkd;&rsm;rSta&;,laqmif±Gufay;&rnhfwm0efrsm;udk ‚if;
. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif tav;xm;azmfjycJhygonf? ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf EkdifiHwumtqifh w&m;0if
tajccHrlabmifrsm;jzifh udkfifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;ESifh tpkd;&rsm;rSvkyfaqmifoifhonfh}udK;yrf;tm;xkwfr_uJhokd@aom
ta&;ygonfhoabmxm;tjrifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyEkdifcJhygonf? xkd@jyif trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;onf
cGJjcm;Ir&Ekdifaom vl@tcGifhta&;oGifjyifvuQ%mjzpfa=umif;udk tcsufusus &Sif;vif;xkwfazmfxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh acwf+ydKiftrsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_a&pD;a=umif;udkvnf; ulnDEkdifcJhygonf? ‚if;.tpD&ifcHpm
rsm;onf tvGefta&;ygonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyazmfxkwfEkdif±Hkwifr#ru/ avhvmpdppfa&;
tajccHrlabmifw&yfudkyg csrSwfEkdifcJhygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifh tjcm;aom trsKd;orD;
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_udpP&yfrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif EkdifiHwum/ wEkdifiHcsif;ESifh a'otqifh&Sd vlr_
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf TtpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk tusKd;&SdpGmtoHk;cscJh=uygonf?

Tonfwkd@rSm trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_yaysmufa&;twGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftaejzifh wdus jywf

om;aom aqmif±Gufr_rsm;vkkyfaqmifcJhyHkrsm;rS tcsKd@omjzpfygonf? okd@aomfvnf; ‚if;. 2003 ckESpf aemuf
qHk;tpD&ifcHpmwGif &Sif;vif;ajym=um;xm;ouJhodk@yif Tvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef ta&;w}uD;
vkdtyfaeygao;onf? t}uHjyKcsufrsm;pGmwkd@onff taumiftxnfrazmfEkdifao;bJ usefaeqJjzpf+yD;
EdkifiHrsm;pGmwkd@wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yftrsKd;rsKd;onf ta&;,ltjypfay;r_rsm;rS uif;vGwf
um qufvufjzpfyGm;aeygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
vkyfief;,EW&m;. vkyfykdifcGifhqufvufwnf&Sdaea&;onf tvGefyifta&;}uD;vSayonf?

odomxif&Sm;vmaeonfhtajctaersm;ESifh ta&;ygonfhudpP&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufI txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh

tm&Sypdzdwfa'otwGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;t=um; owif;tcsufrsm;zvS,f&eftcGifhtvrf;twGuf

33
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf tusKd;&Sdaom aqG;aEG;awG@qHkr_wckjzpfcJhygonf? wdkifyif
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;t=um; qufoG,fv_yf&Sm;aqmif±Gufa&;twGuf tzkd;wefonfh t&if;
tjrpfwckvnf; jzpfcJhygonf? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifh qufpyfaqmif±Gufjcif;.tusKd;quftjzpf trsKd;orD;
tzGJ@rsm;&,lEkdifcJhaom xif&Sm;onfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;vnf;&SdcJhygonf? Oyrm tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh ygupPwef
EkdifiHrsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpPrsm;tay: txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftaeESifh oD;jcm;wEkdifiHcsif;
tqifh wkef@jyefaqmif±Gufr_rsm;&SdcJh+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ESifhywfoufonfh aqmif±Gufr_tpD
tpOfrsm;twGuf EkdifiHawmfbwf*sufrSaeI bwf*sufaiGcsrSwfay;&ef tpdk;&rsm;tm; awmif;qkdt}uHjyK
csufrsm; tckdiftrmxkwfjyefEkdifcJhayonf?

ed*Hk;csKyf&rnfqkdygu/ Tvrf;!$efcsufrsm;onf 1995 ckESpfuwnf;u txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESihf wdkifyif

aqG;aEG;yGJ rsm;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf pDpOfvkyfaqmif&mrS &&SdcJhonfh vkyfief;tawG@t}uHKtrsm;tjym;udk tajccH
xm;ayonf? TaqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;yGJrsm;udk aemuftxl;ukd,fpm;vS,fESifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qufvufvkyfaqmifEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? T vrf;!$efcsuftajccH
rsm;onf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_qkdif&m ukvor*~txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fESifha&m tjcm;aomtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhyg tem*wfumvwGif xdxda&mufa&muf
qufpyfaqmif±GufoGm;apEkdifrnf[lIvn;f ar#mfvifhygonf?

34
aemufqufwGJ u? ukvor*~txl;udkf,fpm;vS,frsm;pm&if;/ 2002 ckESp9f

txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fwm0ef trnf
tmz*efepPwefEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;udkf,fpm;vS,f Mr. Kamal Hossain

bm*ef'DEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Ms. Marie-Thérèse A. Keita-

Bocoum
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;qufqHr_/ vlrsKd;jcm;a=umuf±GH@jcif; Mr. Duodou Diene
ESifh vlrsKd;a&;csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_ rsufarSmufacwf yHko¿mef
rsm;qkdif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,f
uGef*kd 'Drkdu&ufwpf&DywfbvpfEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;udkf,fpm; Ms. Iulia-Antoanella Motoc
vS,f
tjrifoabmxm;ESihf xkwfazmfr_vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m txl; Mr. Ambeyi Ligabo
ukd,fpm;vS,f
bmoma&;okd@r[kwf ukd;uG,f,Hk=unfr_vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m Mr. Abdelfattah Amor
txl;ukdf,fpm;vS,f
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh a&S@aersm;vGwfvyfr_qkdif&m txl; Mr. Param Cumaraswamy
udk,fpm;vS,f
tD&wfEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Mr. Andreas Mavrommatis

jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,f Mr. Paulo Sergio Pinheiro

1967 ckESpfrSpI tajccsxm;onfh ygvufpwkdif;e,fajr Mr. John Dugard

qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
vlrsKd;cGJjcm;qufqHr_qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Mr. Maurice Glèlè-Ahanhanzo

ql'efEkdifiHqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Mr. Gerhart Baum

w&m;vufvGwf/ tusOf;±Hk; okd@r[kwf wzufowfpD&if Ms. Asma Jahangir

uGufrsufr_rsm;qkdif&m txl;udkf,fpm;vS,f
a±$@ajymif;aexkdifolrsm;. vl@tcGihfta&;qkdif&m txl; Ms. Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro
ukd,fpm;vS,f
tkd;tdrfae&mxkdifcif; tvHktavmuf&&SdcGifhqkdif&m txl; Mr. Miloon Kothari
ukd,fpm;vS,f
ynmoif=um;r_tcGifhta&;qkfid f&m txl; ukd,fpm;vS,f Ms. Katarina Tomasevski

tqifhtwef;rDSaom ±kyfykdif;pdwfykdif;usef;rma&; vlwkdif;aph Mr. Paul Hunt

tjynfht0 &,lEkdifcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
tpm;tpm&&Sdr_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Mr. Jean Ziegler

uav;oli,frsm;tm;a&mif;csr_/ uav;jynfhwefqm ckdif;ap Mr. Juan Miguel Petit

r_ESifh npfnrf;±kyf&Sifpmtkyfwkd@wGif uav;oli,frsm;tm;
toHk;csr_qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
wkdif;&if;om;a'ocHrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccH Mr. Rodolfo Stavenhagen
vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f

35
 txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fwm0ef trnf
n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh tjcm; &ufpufaom/ vlrqefaom Mr. Theo C. van Boren
odk@r[kwf ESdrfhcsaom qufqHr_rsm;/ okd@r[kwf tjypfay;r_rsm;
qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
tqdyfjzpfapaompGef@ypfypPnf;rsm; w&m;r0ifa±G@ajymif;jcif; Ms. Fatma Zohra Ouhachi
ESifh pGef@ypfjcif;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Vesley

a=u;pm;ppfom; toHk;jyKr_qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Mr. Enrique Bernales

Ballesteros
trsKd;orD;rms;tm; t=urf;zufr_/ ,if;. ta=umif;&if;rsm; Ms. Radhika
ESifh tusKd;qufrsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f Coomaraswamy

36
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atmufygvdyfpmtwkdif; jyefvnfay;ykd@&ef
THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, CENTRE FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS, UNITED NATIONS, 1211 GENEVA 10, SWITZERLAND,
(FAX: (4122) 917 9006) Email: urgent-action@ohchr.org

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Tradition in Sri Lanka; and Ideology and The Constitution: - Essays on Constitutional
Jurisprudence ponfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf? The Ethical Dilemmas of Development; The Judiciary in
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40