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ZGef/ 2007 ckESpf?
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1989 ckESpf ygwDwGif; z±kdz&Jjzpfr_}uD; ay:ayguf+yD;aemuf A[kdaumfrwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tem;,l=u&ef A[kdu qHk;jzwfvkduf
&ygawmhonf? u|efawmftem;,lzkd@ xGufcGmcgeD;wGif ygwDA[kdukd qufvufOD;aqmif&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onfh A[kdacgif;aqmifxJrS
wOD;wnf;usef&pfol/ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if &JabmfxGef; (Akdvf=uifarmif) u “at;at;aq;aq; em;em;aeaeae&if; ukd,fa&;twÎKy`wWd
a&;ygvm;”[k wkdufwGef;cJhzl;ygonf?
jynfwGif;&Sd u|efawmfESifhacwf+ydKifrdwfaqGrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfukdifzufa[mif;rsm;uvnf; vl}uHKrsm;ESifh vSrf;wkdufwGef;cJh=u
ygonf?
okd@aomf u|efawmfu twÎKy`wWdqkdwm ukd,faorS wjcm;vlawG a&;=uvdrfhrnf[k oabmxm;um a&;zkd@pdwfrul;cJhyg?
2003 ckESpfa&mufawmh u|efawmf twÎKy`wWda&;csifvmygonf? xkdtcsdefwGif u|efawmfhtouf 80 ausmfaeyg+yD? tawmfarhavsmhp
jyKvmojzifh a&;zkd@rvG,fulawmhyg?
okd@aomf u|efawmfa&;rnfqkdv#if a&;Ekdifonfhtcsuftvufrsm; &Sdygonf?
1? u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZm (ukdjrarmif) rSm a&$vDwGif aexkdifae&mrS ArmjynfwGif;rS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; &oavmuf
&SmazGpkaqmif;ay;ojzifh u|efawmf,cifu a&;om;xkwfa0zl;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;r# jyefvnf&&Sd±Hkr#ru e0w acwf/
etz acwf xkwfor# orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &&Sdxm;ojzifh vkdtyfonfhtcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &wefoavmuf &Ekdifygonf?
2? ygwDrS &Jabmfrsm;onf ygwDhtmabmf “jynfol@tm%m” *sme,fukd tqufrjywf qufvufxkwfa0=u&m xkd*sme,ftwGuf
vkdtyfonfhorkdif;ta=umif;t&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd u|efawmfhxH r=umc% pma&;ar;jref;=u/ aqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;
awmif;cH=uvkyf=u&m/ u|efawmfhrSm xkdjyefpmrsm;. rdwWLrsm; &Sdaeojzifh tcsuftvufrsm; tawmftoifh pHkvifpGm&Sdaeygonf?
3? xkd@jyif ‘jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay’rS OD;atmifapmOD;onf ‘orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef ay:aygufa&;’ qkdaom aºu;a=umfoHjzifh
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; r=umc%xkwfwwf&m olu ol@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf u|efawmfhukd trSmpmrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm; awmif;avh&Sdygonf?
xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;rSmvnf; orkdif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;omjzpfojzifh u|efawmfhtwÎKy`wWda&;&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftul &apEkdifygonf?
4? 199& ckESpf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&r_ ESpfig;q,fjynfhtcsdefwGif BBC rS txl;tpDtpOfw&yftwGuf u|efawmfhukd
pmjzifhar;jref;qufoG,f+yD; awG@qHkar;jref;cef;vkyf&mwGif orkdif;0ifta=umif;t&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if+yD;/ xkdtar;tajzrsm;ukd
‘w&m;cHtppfb,fov l ’J qkad om acgi;f pOfjzifh pmtkyw
f tkyv f nf; xkwjf zpfcyhJ gonf? xkrd S tquf&um useo
f wif;Xmersm;uvnf; tcg}uD;/
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rdwWLrsm;&Sdojzifh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;+yD;ovkd jzpfaeygawmhonf?
5? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfukd,fwdkifvnf; rSwfrdor#awGukd t=urf;zsif;csa&;xm;/ ae@pOfrSwfwrf;rsm;xJwGif a&;xm;rd pwmrsm;vnf;
&Sdaeygonf? xkdrSvnf; tcsuftvufrsm; &ygonf?
xkd@a=umifh u|efawmf 2003 ckESpfrSpI ukd,fwkdifa&;twÎKy`wWdukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI a&;om;vm&m ,cktykdif; 5 +yD;oGm; yg+yD? 1976
ckESpf/ Zlvkdif 20 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfvGwfajrmufa'o ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&Sd&mokd@ a&muf&Sdonfhta=umif; azmfjy+yD; tykdif; 5 ukd
tqHk;owfvkdufygonf? TwGif u|efawmf. yk*~vdub0 +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD jzpfygonf?
u|efawmfygwDokd@ jyefa&muf+yD;aemuftykdif;rSm ygwDorkdif;ESifh qufpyfaeojzifh u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;tygt0if aemufrsdK;quf
&Jabmfrsm;u qufIwm0ef,l/ okawoejyK a&;om;oGm;=u&ef wkdufwGef;&ayonf? u|efawmf ,ck touf 88 ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfI u|efawmf
qufra&;Ekdifawmhyg? u|efawmf em;yg&apawmh?
TwGif pum;csyftjzpf ajymvkdwmwck &Sdygonf? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifa&; twÎKy`wWdpmtkyfwGif u|efawmf aemufqufwGJtjzpf
xyfxnfhcsifonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@ &Sdygonf?
yxrpmwrf;rSm u|efawmfygwDukd a&muf+yD;aemuf 1976 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufwGif “jynfol@toH” rSaeI toHv$ifhcJhaom
u|efawmf. ‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’jzpfygonf?
xkd@tjyif 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wGif touf 80 jynfhaom u|efawmfhtm; *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'fukd uAsmq&m (ukd)
0if;wifx h eG ;f u pyfay;cJzh ;l ygonf? u|eaf wmftouf 80 jynf+h yD;aemufae@ 1999 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm 4 &ufwiG f uG,vf eG cf ahJ om u|eaf wmfZh eD;onf
a':oef;pdefukd &nfn¸ef;+yD; xkduAsmq&muyif *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'f a&;ay;cJhzl;ygonf?
xkduAsmESpfyk'frSm u|efawmfhb0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefESifhtjzpftysuftrSwftom;tjzpf &Sdaeojzifh TpmtkyfwGif
aemufqufwGJ 'kwd,pmwrf;ESifh wwd,pmwrf;tjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufygonf? xkduAsmESpfyk'fukd pyfqkday;cJhonfh ukd0if;wifhxGef;
tm;vnf; aus;Zl;txl;wifa=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?
u|efawmfh Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJh=uonfh &Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;/ xkwfa0
ay;onfh ‘"l0Hpmay’ukdvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf?
AkdvfausmfaZm
24-4-07
1
 yOPrykdif;
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oGm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfpkaqmif;xm;wJh aiGav;u oHk;axmifausmfavmufyJ&Sdvkd@ tJ'Dtdrf0,fzkd@ vkdtyfwJhaiGukd u|efawmfhtpfukd}uD; OD;yku
xkwaf y;ygonf? aemifusrS u|eaf wmfah jruGuu f dk a&mif;+yD; qyfEidk yf gonf? u|eaf wmfZh eD;&J@ zcifvnf; uG,v f eG of mG ;+yDjzpf+yD;/ ol@rcd if a':wifu
u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pkeJ@twl vkdufaewmjzpfvkd@ olwkd@&J@ oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay: vliSm;wif+yD;/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*awGudkawmh u|efawmfwkd@
tckaer,fh prf;acsmif;tdfrfukd o,f,l+yD; oHk;pGJcJh&ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;ukdawmh tdrfeJ@eD;onfh pdef@zDvkdrDemuGefAifhausmif; (aemifprf;acsmif; txu 2) rSm xm;ygonf? rdef;uav;
ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf; a,musfm;av;rsm;ukd av;wef;txd vufcHojzifh armifESpfr ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd tJ'Dausmif;rSmyJ xm;vkdufygonf?
u|efawmfhESpfr0rf;uGJrsm;rSm xkdausmif;xGufrsm;jzpfojzifh xkdausmif;rS c&pf,mefr,foDv&ifq&mr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;ESD;ojzifh olwkd@wm0ef,l
ausmif;tyfay;cJh=uygonf? om;orD;rsm; ausmif;udpP+yD;wmeJ@ u|efawmf a&S@a&;udpPtwGuf pOf;pm;vkyfaqmif&ygawmhonf?
tJ'Dacwf (zqyv tpkd;&acwf) wkef;u 'Drkdua&pDvnf; toifhtwifh&SdaewJhumvjzpfvkd@ a&S@av#muf wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxk
twGuf EkdifiHa&;vkyfrnfqkdv#if vkyfEkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG &Sdaeygonf? 'DtwGuf jyifqifonfhtaejzifh u|efawmfwyfu rxGufrD trsdK;rsdK;
ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yfukd u|efawmfjyKvkyfcJhyg onf?
1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 6 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfaexkdif&m aetdrfwGifyif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ jyKvkyfchjJ cif; jzpfygonf? owif;pmwkduf
toD;oD;rS owif;axmuftawmfrsm;rsm; wufa&mufcJhygonf? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ t"duxm; ajymqkdcJhr_rsm;uawmh u|efawmfhtay:
pGyfpGJcsufrsm; rckdifvHkyHk/ oufaorjynfhpHkyHk/ txl;ojzifh u|efawmfhukd pepfwus w&m;r#wr_ &SdpGm ppfaq;jcif;/ xkacscGifhjyKjcif;rsm; r&SdyHkawGukd
u|efawmfajymqkd&Sif;vif;cJhygonf?
aemufae@owif;pmrsm;wGif u|eaf wmf. ajym=um;csut f jynft h pHu k dk xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy=u+yD; t,f'w D mtmabmf tcef;rsm;rSvnf;
u|efawmf. awmif;qkdcsufjzpfaom‘±Hk;wifppfaq;yg’qdkonfh tcsufukd txl;tav;ay;a&;om;=uygonf? txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf
,drf;onfh owif;pmrsm;/ *sme,frsm;u u|efawmf. wkdif;jynftay:pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tay: tus,fw0ifh a&;om;=uygonf?
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u|efawmf. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; pwmrsm;ukd tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;tjzpf a&;om;=uygonf?
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aeojzifh tpkd;&ukdwkdufckdufa0zefonfh t&Sdefjzifhvnf; a&maeygonf?
xkdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif owif;axmufwOD;u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd ar;jref;&m
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avhvm+yD;rS atmufwkdbm 27 &ufwGif ‘jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI u|efawmf. oabmxm;’qkdonfh pmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyef
vkdufygonf? xkdpmwrf;ukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI owif;pmrsm;u azmfjy=u+yD; aemufykdif;wGifvnf; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0cJhygonf?
xkdpmwrf;i,fwGif tykdif;av;ykdif; yg&Sdygonf?
1? yxrykdif;wGif jynfwGif;ppf 10 ESpfc&D;ukd t=urf;zsif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? 1948 ckESpfukefcgeD;rSpI wkdufcJh&aom autif'Dtkd
(KNDO) wkd@tygt0if tjcm;vufeufukdif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh tvHjzL/ tvHeD uGefjrLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ &ckdifolykefrsm;ponfh wjynfvHk;
twkdif;twmeJ@ tESH@tjym;jzpfcJhonfh wkdufyGJrsm;ta=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?
2? 'kw, d ykid ;f wGif ‚ 10 ESpcf &D;twGi;f tpk;d &ESio hf yl ek rf sm; ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf. vuf&t dS ajctaersm;ukd a0zefo;kH oyfxm;+yD;/ tu,fI
Ttwkdif; qufwkdufckdufygu tem*wf. tvm;tvmukd u|efawmfa0zefwifjyxm;ygonf?
Ttykdif;wGif u|efawmfu “EdkifiHa&;onf jynfwGif;ppftwuftus. ausm±kd;r¾dKifjzpfonf? ppfa&;onf taxmuftul
tykdif;om jzpfonf? olykefta&;edrhfaprnfh xl;jcm;onfh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ rygbJ ppfa&;oufoufjzifhom &ifqkdifaev#if olykefta&;rSm
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pwmrsm;ukd tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; xkwfjy/ &Sif;vif;jy+yD;/ ppfa&;oufoufjzifh aemufxyf 7 ESpfqufwkdufv#ifvnf;/ olykeftiftm;
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tus,fw0ifh a&;om;xm;ygonf?
txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ppfEkdifa&;twGufomru ppfukdrlv EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrS aoGzDroGm;atmifESifh
ppf+yD;aemuf +idrf;csrf;a&;umvwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sda=umif;pwmawG yg&Sdygonf? ppfonf jzpf&efvG,fulaomfvnf; t+yD;
owf&ef cufcJwwfa=umif;ESifh ppf.'%fukd jynfolvlxku t"du cH&a=umif;awG yg&Sdygonf?
4? pwkwÎykdif;wGifrl vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfukd rnfuJhokd@ tqHk;owfoifhonfukd a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf? xkdpOfu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek
ajym=um;onfh rdef@cGef;ukd ukd;um;+yD; jynfolvlxku ppftwGuf ay;&aomtzkd;tcrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; “jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;tay: Ekdiif Ha&;
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a&S@xm;rdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; rSm;cJh=uyHk/ b,fola=umifh/ b,f0gha=umifh[k qufvuftjiif;ryGm;oifhawmhbJ trSm;0efcH±HkrubJ?
trSm;ukd &J&J0Hh0Hhjyif=u&ef” wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf?
vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh vuf&Sdwkdif;jynftajctae/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf &yfwnfae&aom tajctaewkd@ukd wdwdusus
qef;ppf=unfh±SK+yD;/ jynfolvlxktem*wftusdK;ukd rqef@usifapbJ/ usdK;a=umif;r#wI ,xmblwusaom enf;vrf;jzifh &yfpJ=u&ef
wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf?
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w+cdrfh+cdrfhESifh wEkdifiHvHk; usif;yae=uygonf?)
u|efawmfxkdpmwrf;a&;om;&ef jynfwGif;ppfjy\emukd tao;pdwfavhvmavav jynfwGif;ppfa&&Snf+yD; jynfolwkd@. qif;&J'kuQ
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oabmaygufvmygonf? vuf&Sdjynfolvlxkwkd@. 'kuQrsdK;pHk qHkcsufjzpfaeonfh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ukd jynfolvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;jyK EkdifiHa&;
tajccHay:wGif &yfpJEkdifygu wkdif;jynftay:t}uD;rm;qHk; tusdK;jyKEkdifcsuf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfvmrdygonf?
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wkdifyif+yD; xkdtzGJ@ESifhyl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfygawmhonf?
okd@aomf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif yxrt}udrf Akdvfae0if;OD;pD;I ppftm%modrf;yGJ ay:aygufvm&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
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ay;onfqkdum tdrfapmifhtpkd;&wufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&uvnf; 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g &Dv 6 &ufae@wGif a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yay;cJhonf?
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(AdkvfcsKyftpfukd) wkd@ESifh ,SOf+ydKif&jcif; jzpfygonf?
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ajymqkdae=uonfh wjcm;trwfavmif;rsm;. a[majymcsufrsm;ukd oGm;a&mufem;axmif=u+yD; u|efawmfhukd jyefvnfajymjyum jyef&Sif;vif;
ajym=um;&ef wkdufwGef;=uygonf? okd@jzifh u|efawmfrSm aemufykdif;rJqG,f w&m;yGJrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t&a&m/ yk*~dKvfa&;t&yg ajymqkdr_rsm;
yg0ifvm&ygawmhonf? txl;ojzifh wnf+rJ zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) ta=umif; ajyma[mojzifh wcsdK@jynfolrsm; todenf;ao;aom
twGif;a&;rsm;ygojzifh vltrsm; tawmfoabmus=uygonf? rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefpnfum; }uD;us,fvmygonf?
u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJ ulnDa&;tzGJ@wGif u|efawmf. ,cifwyfrawmfxJwGif wm0eftwlxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfh &Jabmf
a[mif;rsm;/ wcsdK@rSm awmjyefvufeufcsrsm;/ xkd=unf@jrifwkdif awmifykdif;rJqENe,f &yfuGuftoD;oD;rS u|efawmfhtm; yk*~dKvft& av;pm;
=unfndKolrsm;/ wcsdK@u&ifwkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; pojzifh tv$maygif;pHkrS vlyk*~dKvftrsdK;rsdK; yg0ifcJh=uygonf? EkdifiHa&;e,fy,f
txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; vma&mufulnD=uygonf? vltm;eJ@ ulnDEkdifolu ulnD/ aiGtm;eJ@
ulnDEkdifolu aiGtm;ulnDeJ@ bufpHku 0kdif;0ef;ulnDol tawmfyifrsm;jym;cJhygonf? xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;ukd u|efawmf,cktxd owd&
aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdygonf?
okd@jzifh 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 6 &uf a&G;aumufyGJwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ycJh&m u|efawmf±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD; yxp
trwfavmif; ocifpHa0 EkdifoGm;ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfygonf? olwkd@.tjrifwGif wnf+rJ
zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) tay: tawmfjywfom;pGmjrifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? &&Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfwyfESifhaygif;+yD; ukd,fusdK;
pD;yGm;vkyfrnfholrsm;/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkukd eif;zdxm;rnfholrsm;tjzpf (vufawG@t&) odjrifxm;+yD; jzpfonf?
1958 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@u wnf+rJ zqyv u v$wfawmfwGif oef@&Sif; zqyv ukd t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;+yD;
rJccJG phJ Ofu oef@&iS ;f rsm;bufu tomrJ &Sprf aJ v;jzifoh m tEkid &f oGm;cJzh ;l ygonf? xkad e@u v$waf wmfwiG ;f tajctaersm;ukd a&'D,rdk S wku
d ±f u
dk f
toHv$ifhay;&m wEkdifiHvHk; &ifwrrjzifh aecJh&onfukd wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;u rarhEkdifao;yg? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGifvnf;
ppfAkdvfrsm;. rw&m;&rf;um;r_ukd trsdK;rsdK;cHcJh&onfh tjzpfoepfrsm;uvnf; &Sdaeygonf? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif; txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;
a'orsm;ESifh e,frsm;wGif ppfwyf.vkyf&yfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ jyLapmxD;/ vJAD;ponfh ppfwyf. vufukdifwkwfrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ukd
vnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufyGJjyifqifcsdefumvrsm;twGif; 'Drkdua&pDwpHkw&m zGifhay;xm;&csdefwGif jynfoltrsm;od&Sdatmif ajymqkdolrsm;/
a&;om;olrsm; ay:aygufcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif jynfolvlxku ppfwyf.axmufcHr_&aeonf[k xif&aom wnf+rJukd tjywfz,f&Sm;ypf
vkduf+yD;/ oef@&Sif;ukd yHkatm+yD; tonf;=um;u rJjym;rsm;ukd ay;ypfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? wEkdifiHvHk; 0gxdefoGm;ygawmhonf? (oef@&Sif;.
ta&mifrSm t0ga&mifjzpfygonf?)
u|efawmf a&G;aumufyGJ±_H;&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm Tjynfolvlxk. oef@&Sif; zqyv rsm;tay: tm;ukd;tm;xm;
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3
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rdrdwkd@ rEkdifEkdifawmhrSef;odvmwJh naeykdif;wGif oef@&Sif;trwfyHk;xJyJ xnfhay;vkdufr_/ oef@&Sif;rsm;bufu rJqG,fa[majymyGJrsm;wGif rdrdwkd@u
tpkd;&zGJ@zkd@om ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ rdrdwkd@tpkd;&jzpfvmv#if AkdvfausmfaZmudk ypfxm;rSm r[kwfa=umif;pojzifh a[majymr_rsm;/ u|efawmf.
rJykH;wGif u|efawmfppf0wfESifh ±kdufxm;aom "mwfyHkukd uyfxm;jcif; (wcsdK@u ppfqkdv#if a&awmif ppfraomufvkdyg[k ajymqkdaeaomtcsdef)
ponfrsm;jzpfygonf?
wu,fawmh xkad &G;aumufyrJG mS jynfov l x
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k “toHrxGuaf om awmfveS af &;w&yf”om jzpfcyhJ gawmhonf? xkad &G;aumufyjJG zifh
u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;u ppfwyfukd yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf EkdifiHa&;t& z,fcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?
oef@&iS ;f tpk;d & wufvm+yD;aemuf Akv d af e0if;onf xkvd x
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n¸ef=um;csufukd rvkdufem”[kqkdum a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; wnf+rJbufu yif;ay;cJhonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;ukd xkwfy,fypfvkdufygonf?
Akdvfae0if;. wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufrSm ol@tm;+ydKifqkdifEkdifonfh ppfbuf0gcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfaeonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;udk ol@&mxl; vHk+cHKa&;
twGuf z,f&Sm;&efom jzpfygonf? xkdz,f&Sm;cH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tkyfpkwGif ,ck NLD OuUÏjzpfaeonfh OD;atmifa&$ (xkdpOfu
ajrmufykdif;wkdif; - wkdif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf) vnf; yg0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdpOfu jyKwfoGm;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okd@ oHtrwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf
apv$wfcef@xm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzKwfcscH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;uvnf; auseyf=uygonf? jynfoltrsm;.tjrifwGifvnf; Akdvfae0if;rSm
awmfwnfhrSefuefol[k xifrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf?
Tenf;jzifh Akdvfae0if;onf rdrdtm;wifay;cJhonfh jynfolvlxk. pGef@ypfjcif;cHvkduf&+yDjzpfaom q&m&if;wnf+rJrsm;ESifh vrf;cGJ
vkdufygawmhonf? wyfwGif;wGifvnf; wpHkw&m =oZm&Sdaeonfh qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;ukdvnf; z,fxkwfvkdufEkdif+yDjzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;.
Tvkyf&yfonf ol@ukdf,fusdK;twGufawmh tvGefajymifajrmufonfhvkyf&yfwck jzpfygawmhonf? jynfolvlxktwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tay:
EkdifiHa&;t& tjrifaumif;rGefap+yD; ppfwyfwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tm;,SOf+ydKif Ekdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdonfh wyfrSL;tcsdK@ukd z,fxkwfvkduf
Ekdifygonf?
Ta&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&vmaom oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufvmaomtcg jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf touf0if
vmygonf? xkd@a=umifh 1959 ckESpfu ysufoGm;aom yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@tpm; 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ aqmif&Guf&ef
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@” ukd 22-5-60 ae@wGif u|efawmftyg yk*~dKvf
ajcmufOD;jzifh zGJ@cJhygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm 1? q&m}uD;ukdf,fwkdif OD;aqmifum 2? u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZmu t}uHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 3?
OD;baomf 4? OD;ausmf 5? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESif@ 6? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;) wkd@ jzpf=uygonf?
xkdtzGJ@rSm E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@om jzpfygonf? xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;rSm touf 80 ausmfae+yDjzpfojzifh tawmf
tiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmftygt0if vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmojzifh vnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif
uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csuftopfrsm; jyKvkyfvmojzifhvnf;aumif; tm;wuf&$ifvef;vmygonf? q&m}uD;tawmftwef
usef;rmvmaomtcg rsufpdwGif;rS wdrfukd cGJpdwfuko&ef ta&S@*smr%Dokd@ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@onf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tay: jynfolwkd@ jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm; wufºuvmap&ef E_d;aqmfjcif;/
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;atay: xm;&Sdonfh jynfolrsm;. oabmxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;ukd wD;acgufavhvmjcif;/
aemifzGJ@pnf;rnfh “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@”twGif; yg0ifrnfholrsm;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufwkdufvkyfukdfif=u&
ygawmhonf?
xdkuJhokd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf vHk;yef;aepOfrSmyif ArmjynfY trsdK;om;a&;jy\emwck ay:aygufvm
ygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif Armhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjzLwkdufa&; rJacgifppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; w±kwfjzLppfXmecsKyftwGif;rS
tar&duefvyk v f ufeufrsm; zrf;qD;rdjcif;/ tar&duefvyk f pufav;vH;k wyf w±kwjf zLav,mOf}uD;u w±kwjf zLwyfawGtay: &dumQ csay;aepOf
Armhwkdufav,mOfESifhwkdufyGJjzpf&m xkdav,mOf}uD;vnf; ysufus+yD;/ Armhwkdufav,mOfwpif;vnf; ysufusoGm;ygonf? xkdav,mOfrS
av,mOfrSL; AkdvfyDwm usqHk;oGm;&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmjynfwGif w±kwfjzLta&;tcif;}uD; xyfrHay:aygufvm+yD; vlxku tar&duefoH±kH;
a&S@ qENjyr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf?
xdk@a=umifh xkdta&;tcif;ukd vlxkod&Sdyg0ifvmap&ef pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&ef&nf&G,f+yD; &efukef+rdK@wGif;&Sd EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif pk±Hk;aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “Armjynf w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;
trsKd ;om;aumfrwD}uD;”ukd zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygonf? u|eaf wmft h m; OuUÏ wifajr‡muf=u+yD;/ 'kOuUÏrsm;tjzpfawmh Akv d t
f ek ;f wif/ Aef;armfwifatmif
polrsm; jzpfygonf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@xJwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jynfol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
xkdtcsdefu ao'%fu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &vmonfh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;vnf; ygvmygonf? xkdtzG@J wGif tv$mtoD;oD;rS yk*~dKvfpHk ygvm&m/
pma&;q&mrsm;/ *Dwpm qkdrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;pojzifh tawmfyifpHkvifygonf?
tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 29 zGJ@ESifh woD;yk*~v rsdK;cspfrsm; yg0if=uygonf? &efukef+rdK@ t&Siftm'dpP0Ho ausmif;wkdufwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfygonf?
xkdtpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif u|efawmfu w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_orkdif;ESifh e,fcsJ@pGufzufr_rsm;ukd twkdcsKyfI ajryHkESifhwuG &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; ,if;
tE W&m,frsm;ukd rnfuJhokd@ckcHumuG,f&ef/ qef@usif&efenf;vrf;rsm;ukdyg aqG;aEG;wifjycJhygonf?
xkdrdef@cGef;. ed*Hk;ykdif;wGif u|efawmfu atmufygtwkdif; wifjycJhygonf?
“,cktcg rJacgifppfqifa&;rSm qDwkd;.vuf&mjzpfa=umif; vufyl;vuf=uyf jynfolwkd@a&S@arSmufwGif rdxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? Arm
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4
jzpfa=umif; ajymcJhygw,f?”
“'Dawmh &efol&J@ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd tcktcg usaemfwkd@oJoJuGJuGJ od=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ”
“e,fcs@J orm;rsm;[m ArmjynfrmS ol&@J vufeufuidk zf Ed ydS af &;wyf w±kwjf zLwyfuo dk m csxm;wmr[kwb f ;l ? rdrwd @kd &@J trsKd ;om;a&;
rausreyf yËdyuQjzpfae=uwJh vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ wcsdK@aomtpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif+yD;/ olwkd@&J@ ppftiftm;ukd wkd;csJ@+yD;
wzufu jynfwGif;ppfeuf±_dif;atmif vkyfaew,f?”
“'Dr#eJ@yJ &efol&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m a&&SnfzdESdyfusL;ausmfa&;jzpfvkd@ tvGef}uD;rm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f? &efol[m wu,fvnf;
tiftm;}uD;wJh &efoljzpfw,f? 'Dvkdtiftm;}uD;wJh &efolu jywfom;wJh EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufeJ@ usL;ausmf pGufzufaewmukd ayghayghqq
,lq&if rSm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'Djy\em[m tE W&m,f}uD;rm;vSygw,f?”
“'D&efol&@J aemufrSm }uD;rm;wJh ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;&Sdaevkd@ 'D&efolukd ppfa&;wckwnf;eJ@ b,fvkd enf;eJ@rS t+yD;wkdif
ajz&Sif;Ekdfifr,fr[kwfyg? ppfa&;oufoufqkd&if &efolqDwkd;ppftkyfpk[m ppfa&;tiftm;}uD;oljzpfygw,f? a=umuf&GH@rnf r[kwfyg? aemuf+yD;
abmf'ge,fpyfrsm;rSm aemufqHk;EkdifiHa&;enf;rygbJ/ oHwrefa&;&m v$rf;rkd;r_rygbJ &efolukd tukefarmif;xkwfEkdifonfxm;OD;/ tiftm;}uD;wJh
&efol jyefr0ifEkdifatmif qufvufxdef;odrf; umuG,fxm;zkd@[m rvG,fygbl;? ”
“'ga=umifh ppfa&;oufoufomru wwkdif;jynfvHk; jynfolvlxk pnf;±Hk;tHkºuv_yf&Sm;r_rygbJ t+yD;wkdif armif;xkwfajz&Sif;Ekdifr,f
r[kwfyg? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m Twkdif;jynfay:rSm ol@&J@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;&SdwJhtwGuf jynfolawGu tHkºuv_yf&Sm;vmrSmukd ta=umufqHk;
jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; urBmt&yf&yfrS e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wrsdK;om;vHk; jynfoltrsm; pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;rSom atmifjrif=up+rJjzpfygw,f?
e,fcJs@orm;rsm;[m wjcm;t&mxuf jynfoltrsm; Ekd;=um;odjrif+yD; pnf;±Hk;qef@usifvmrSmukd tpkd;&drfqHk;jzpfw,f? ta=umuf&GH@qHk;
jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usL;ausmfvmol e,fcsJ@wkd@udk wkdufxkwfa&;rSm txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?”
“'Dvkd vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; 0ifrSom wzufu ppfqifa&;ESifh oHwrefa&;&mwkdufyGJrsm;rSm rsm;pGmtaxmuftul&apygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ppfrsufESm 3 &yf/ ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ vlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifrSom jywfom;pGm atmifjrifEkdifr,fjzpfyg w,f? ”
“'DtxJrSm vlxkwkdufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? usaemfhukd,fawG@t& jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m ppf
ajrjyifrSm rsm;pGm tusdK;&SdapcJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSm vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ eD;uyfpGmqufpyfr_eJ@ awG@}uHK&vkd@ ppfa&;rSm
rsm;pGm wyef;omcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awG[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aemufykdif;rSm 'Dwkef;uavmuf pdwf"mwfwufºur_ wcgr# r&SdcJhyg?”
“&efolqkd&if pdwf"mwfwkefv_yfygw,f? olrsm;EkdifiH usL;ausmfzkd@vmwJh&efol[m tdrf&SifwtdrfvHk;u qef@usif&if b,fvkd a&&Snf
aexkdif tjrwfxkwfzkd@ jzpfEkdifyghrvJ? tenf;qHk; 'DEkdifiHrSm olwkd@ukdvufcHr,fh opPmazmufenf;enf; &SdrS/ 'DopPmazmufawGuvnf; tdrfrSm
=oZm&SdOD;rSom jzpfEkdifwm? 'Dawmh 'Dvkdjynfolvlxku qef@usif&if ola&m ol@ukdvufcHcsifwJh opPmazmufa&m vuf&GH@aemufqkwf&rSm
"rRwmyg?”
“usaemf&J@ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSwfwrf; ed*Hk;csKyfrSm 'Dppfqifa&; atmifjrifjcif;&J@ tajccHta=umif;&if; (7) csufteuf
jynfolvlxkwkdufyGeJ @J ywfouf+yD; (3) csuf xnfhoGif;a&;om;rdwmukd zwfjyvkdygw,f? wcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfvlxk v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft0ga=umifh
wyfrawmftm;wufºu+yD; &JpGrf;owWda&m/ vHk@v0D&d,yg ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmforkdif;wGif r}uHKbl;avmufatmif wufwufºuºu&Sdjcif;’?
aemufwcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfv_yf&Sm;r_[m &efol@pdwf"mwfukdyg ,drf;,kdiftm;enf;apjcif;’(‚rSm ppfajrjyif&Sdwkdufaeaom w±kwfjzL&efolrsm;
ukdom t"duqkdvkdcJh[ef &Sdonf? ol@aemuf }udK;ukdife,fcsJhorm;tzkd@ xkdxufykdpdwfxdckdufrnfjzpfonf?) aemufwwd,tcsufrSm ‘rdrdwkd@u
xkd;ppf}uD;paomtcg wu,fhtm;xufykdrkdI tiftm;tvGef}uD;rm;av[ef owif;pmq&mrsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;rsm;’jzpfygonf?”
'gha=umifhyJ 'Djy\em&J@ t&if;cHtajzeJ@ t"dutiftm;[m vlxkwkdufyGJomjzpfa=umif;/ aemuf 'DwkdufyGJ[mvnf; a&&Snf
wkduf&rSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygonf?
'ghtjyif 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ b,fvkd yg0ifr,fqkdwJhta=umif; uwdopPmpum;eJ@twl tpkd;&ukdvnf;
wkdufwGef;yef=um;&mrSm atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhygao;onf?
“usaemfhtzkd@ t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tckvkde,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wyfOD;uae+yD; ppfom;}uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ wkdufckdufumuG,f
cJhygw,f? wkdif;jynfwm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? ,ckvJ EkdifiHom;wa,muftaeeJ@ usaemfEkdifiH&J@ e,fcJs@usL;ausmfr_
tE W&m,frsm;ukd b,fvkdumuG,fEkdifrvJqkd+yD; usaemfenf;vrf;&Smawmh txufuajymcJhwJh jynfolvlxku usL;ausmfqef@usifr_wkd@ukd
qef@usiftHkºuv_yf&Sm;wJhtcg vlxkwkdufyGJrSm usaemfyg0ifEkdifa=umif; jrifvmygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJ
xufyif v_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefckd;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyif
v_y&f mS ;Ekid &f if wefc;kd }uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifryd gw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvedk ,fcs@J usL;ausmrf &_ efudk umuG,q f ef@usizf @dk usaemf&@J ceG t f m;ukd
jynfolvlxkeJ@twl toHk;jyK+yD; qef@usifumuG,foGm;zkd@ 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm usaemfuwdjyKygw,f?”
“aemuf t pk d ; &uk d usaemf y ef = um;wk d uf wG e f ; vk d w muawmh - (u) ,ck w k d u f a ewJh ppf q if a &;eJ@ ppf a &;t& usef a o;wJh
w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd t+yD;tykdif wkdufxkwfa&; }udK;yrf;&ef? (c) EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh ‚wkd@tjrefqHk; vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;&ef ukvor*~wGif xdxd
a&mufa&muf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef? (*) tpkd;&[m tHkºuwkdufyGJ0ifvmaom jynfolvlxkESifhtwl AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwfuvkd
yl;aygif;vufwGJ+yD; usL;ausmfol&efolrsm;ukd qef@usif=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f?”vdk@ ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;cJhygonf?
TtrsdK;om;aumfrwDuyif 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 12 &ufwGif wkdif;jynfokd@ E_d;aqmfyef=um;v$mwapmif xkwfa0+yD; w±kwfjzL
usL;ausmfr_orkdif;tusOf;csKyfukd azmfjyum w±kwfjzL.aemufrS }udK;ukdifv_yf&Sm;aeol tar&duefe,fcsJ@. t}uHtpnfrsm;ukd azmfxkwf
&Sif;vif;+yD; wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh tHkºuqef@usif=u&ef E_d;aqmfcJhygonf?
5
 xkdtwGif; jynfol@v$wfawmfvnf; usif;yae&m rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku v$wfawmfwGif w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh
ywfoufI rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;wck ay;ygonf?
0ef}uD;csKyf. rdef@cGef;wGif xkdtcsdefu wjcm;e,fcJs@tusL;ausmfcH EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh uGef*kdESifh vmtkdEkdifiHrsm;ta=umif;om &Snfvsm;
pGm ajymqkdoGm;+yD; rdrdwkdif;jynf. tE W&m,f}uD;jzpfaeaom w±kwfjzLudpPukd 10 rdepfr#om ajymoGm;ay onf? ajymor#tykdif;uav;wGif
vnf; TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd omrefjy\emav;tjzpfom wifjyoGm;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;taejzifh rdrdwkd@EkdifiH tusL;ausmfcHae&r_tay:
rsdK;cspfpdwfaemufcHjzifhvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif EkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif; em=unf;cHcufpGm ajymaejcif;eJ@rwlbJ EkdifiHwEkdifiHtm;
awmif;yefaeonfhoabmom zHk;v$rf;aeayonf?
xkd@tjyif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd ,ciftcgrsm;u w±kwfjynfol@orRwEkdifiHukdom &nf&G,fa=umif; ajymcJhaomfvnf; T
rdef@cGef;wGifrl Armjynfukd &nf&G,fonf[k qkdvmygonf? okd@aomf tb,fa=umifh Todk@ usL;ausmf&onfqkd onfh&nf&G,fcsufukd tus,f
w0ifh aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg? Tokd@ ppfrufa&;wGif &efol. EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufukd rSefuefpGm roHk;oyfEkdifygv#if xkdjy\emukd atmifjrifpGm
rajz&Sif;Ekdif±Hkr#ru ykdIyiftE W&m,fusa&mufEkdifygonf?
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ trsdK;om;aumfrwDu rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif owif;pmrsm;okd@ xkwfjyefcsufwapmif xkwfjyef+yD; OD;Ek.
rdef@cGef;onf tE W&m,f&Sda=umif;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_. aemufuG,frS e,fcs@J orm;rsm;. olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf urBmt&yf&yf wkdif;jynf
trsm;tjym;wGif Tenf;rsm;twkdif; ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ aoG;cGJa&;enf;aygif;pHkjzifh aESmifh,SufzdESdyf+cdrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd
ppfa&;enf;jzifhomru EkdifiHa&;enf;jzpfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;=u&efvkda=umif;wkd@ukd wifjyvkdufygonf?
xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@onf &efukef+rdK@twGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;wGifvnf; tzGJ@cGJrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &yfuGufvkduf
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&m/ tif;pdefc±kdifonf twufºuqHk;jzpfcJhonf? aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJrsm;rprD *Dwpmqkdrsm;jzpfonfh
ukdjrwfav;/ pEN,m;cspfaqG polrsm; acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJ@u aw;oDcsif;rsm;/ oDqkdajzazsmf=uygonf? tvGefwufºuvef;qef;onfh
EkdifiHa&;ywf0ef;usifw&yfukd zefwD;EkdifcJhygonf?
Tw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD. ±Hk;ukdvnf; u|efawmf.aetdrf (prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 36 -
qDqHkvrf;) rSmyif owfrSwfxm;ygonf?
xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD rzGJ@rDav;rSmyif u|efawmfu yk*~dKvfa&;E_d;aqmfcsufpmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJhygao;onf? 1961 ckESpf/
Zefe0g&DvtwGif; rJacgifppfqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfygonf?
xkdpmwrf;wGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf e,fcsJ@tm;ukd;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd +cdfrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ wyfrawmfonf
jyif;xefpGm tm;rxkwfbJ atmifjrifxajrmufEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxktaygif;ESifh ygwDtzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;u TuJhodk@
cJ,Of;yifyef;pGm wkdufckdufay;aeonfh wyfrawmfukd 0kdif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;&ef yef=um;a=umif;/ oufqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;uvnf;
,cifppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;uJhokd@ owif;axmufrsm;ukd ppfajrjyifv$wfI jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif wifjyapvkda=umif; ponfwkd@
yg&Sdygonf?
xkd@tjyif wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrSL;wyfom;taygif;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yef=um;xm;ygao;onf?
“wyfrawmfESifh a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; uGefrif'grsm; trSL;jyK+yD; &Jabmfrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf?
ppfqkdonfrSm raumif;aomt&m/ aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&aomt&m/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; pGef@pm;&aomt&mjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@
rSm e,fcs@J pepfatmufrmS vljzpfvm&ojzifh rv$o J mI T&efou l dk toufay;wku d cf u
dk &f ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk bk;d ab;rsm;vnf; ol@acwfe@J ol
wku d cf &hJ ygonf? xk@d a=umifh &Jabmftaygi;f rSm tcuftcJrsm;ESihf &ifqidk &f rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xufoefaom rsKd ;csppf w d jf zifh aemufq;kH Te,fcs@J
&efolukd }udK;pm;+yD; wm0efausyGefpGm wkduf ckduf=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,Hk=unfonf?”
“Tokd@&J0HhpGm wkdufckduf=u&mwGif wzufwGif rvkdtyfaom xdckdufqHk;±_H;r_rsm; rjzpf&atmifESifh atmifyGJukd rdrdbufrS tustqHk;
enf;pGmjzifh &&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukef aphpyfaocsmr_ESifh }uD;rm;aom vHk@v0D&d,wkd@jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?”
“ppfOD;pD;Xme&Sd &JabmfnDaemif ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? u|efawmfrSm ,ck‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ ae&mrsm;ukd
1955 ckEpS u f yif ava=umif;uif;axmufrj_ zifh aphpyfpmG =unf±h a_ vhvm+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ w±kwjf zLwk@d . vky&f nfuidk &f nf tusi"hf avhrsm;
ukdvnf; ,cifwkdufyGJrsm;. tawG@t}uHKt& od+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ wpHkw&m od&Sdar;jref;vkdaomf tcsdefra&G;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdygonf?”
“EkdifiHom;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ulnD&ef rsm;pGmvkdvm;ygonf? 0wW&m;vnf;
&Sdonf[k ,lqygonf”[k a&;om;yef=um;xm;ygonf?
Ekid if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf umuG,af &;0ef}uD;jzpfaom OD;Ekxo
H @dk vnf;aumif;/ ppfO;D pD;csKyfAv
dk cf sKyfae0if;xHo@dk vnf;aumif; oD;oef@pm
rsm;vnf; a&;om;ay;ykd@cJhygonf? twGif;oabmuawmh txufygyef=um;v$mESifhtwlwlyif jzpfygonf?
xkdpmukd 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@pGJjzifh xkwfjyefcJhygonf?
xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;uyif OD;pD;+yD; 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9 &ufae@ uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif +rdK@vHk;u|wf qENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfukd
pnf;±Hk;usif;ycJh&m vlxkodef;csDwufa&mufcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@wGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif;/ &efukefywf0ef;usif&Sd +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;rS
vnf;aumif; vltiftm;trsm;tjym; wufa&muf&m owif;pmrsm;u vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;onfhumv 46-47 ckESpfrsm;aemuf t}uD;rm;
qHk;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;[k a&;om;=uygonf?
xkdqENjyyGJ}uD;wGif u|efawmfrdef@cGef;ajymqkd&m ta=umif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,cifwifjycsufxJrSyif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;
aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;onfhae@u u|efawmf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh rdef@cGef;ay:tajcwnf+yD; ajym=um;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf?
6
 xdkae@u u|efawmfwkd@ wifoGif;=uonfh aºu;a=umfoH 3 &yfrSm-
- w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ wkdufckduf=u/ wkdufckduf=u
- tar&duefe,fcsJ@pGufzufr_ qef@usif=u/ qef@usif=u
- trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf=u/ wnfaqmuf=u æ æ [lI jzpfygonf?
Te,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwD vkyfief;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD;/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;
a[majymae&ygonf? TonfrmS e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;tajccHjzpf+yD; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_twGuv f nf; taxmuftul jzpfaeygonf?
xkd@aemuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 9 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;r_dif;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 5 csrf;omvrf;wGif
zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?
xkdtzGJ@wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm OuUÏrSm q&m}uD;ukd,fwkdifjzpf+yD;/ 'kOuUÏtjzpf u|efawmfu aqmif&Gufonf? useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
1? OD;baomf (,cif &SpOf ;D aumfrwD0if) 2? OD;xGe;f wif (v$waf wmfa&S@ae}uD;/ tzG@J . taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;) 3? OD;ausmf (Ed;_ aqmfa&;tzG@J 0if)
4? OD;oef@Zif (awmfb&k m;av;/ aemif OD;atmifaZ[k trnfajymif;) 5? a':tdrpf ;dk (q&m awmf OD;OwWr. ESr) 6? ref;ausmt f ;kH (u&iftrsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmif) 7? OD;bausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) 8? OD;vSausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) wkd@ jzpfygonf?
xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm - 1? pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armf
wifatmif 2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;vSwif (uavmiftrnf armifarmifwif) 3? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) 4? OD;pkd;rif; (Avp) 5? apmausmfpkd;
(tif;pdefrS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 6? u|efawmf trnfrrSwfrdawmhaom wGHaw;rS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;wkd@jzpf=uonf?
xkdtwGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm0efrsm;rSm vkdtyfonfh tultnDrsm;jzifh tzGJ@ukd ulnDyHhykd;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd
bufpHku avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; tzGJ@ukd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;/ a'otoD;oD;Y +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@&mwGif vufvSrf;rDoavmuf ulnDzGJ@pnf;
ay;jcif;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl e,fvSnfha[m ajymyGJrsm;okd@ vkdufyga[majym&jcif;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@. tzGJ@ukd yifwkdiftultnD
ay;aeaom yk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; &Sd=uygao;onf? ‚wkd@rSm 1? ocifbarmif 2? ocifaxG;ESifh 3? usHKrai; ocifwifarmifwkd@ jzpfygonf?
wjynfvHk;&Sd EdkifiHa&;wufºuolrsm; tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yg0ifvm=u+yD; aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&vnf; tultnD tawmf&vkdufygao;onf?
e,fc±kdiftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmygonf?
wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@ T'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@a&;jyifqif&mwGif xifwmxuf tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;&if;rSm yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ysufoGm;onfukd pdwfysufoGm;aom xkdpOfu tiftm;t}uD;qkH; twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;
ygwD}uD;u awmfawmfESifh axmufcHr_ray;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd rv$Jra&Smifom zGJ@vkduf&
aomfvnf; tm;r&vSyg? okd@aomf u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtzGJ@zGJ+yD; pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;onfxuf vsifjrefpGmouf0if
v_yf&Sm; }uD;xGm;vmygawmhonf?
TwGif u|efawmf oifcef;pmwck &&SdchyJ gonf? TonfrSm jynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwaom vrf;pOfta=umif;w&m; rSefuefygv#if
vlxk}uD;u vsifjrefpGm v_yf&Sm;xºu+yD; axmufcHvmwwfonfqkdonfh tcsufyifjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh vlxku rdrdwkd@bufu &yfwnf
aeolrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;cH&olrsm;u OD;aqmifygu xkd,Hk=unfr_ESifhyif ykdrkdjrefqefpGm axmufcHvmEkdifygonf?
xkod ifcef;pm &rSyif e*ku d tm;r&w&jzpfaeaom u|eaf wmfw@dk wawGvnf; pdwo f ufom&m&+yD; wufºuv_y&f mS ;aeaom vlxEk iS hf
twl qufvuf}udK;pm; v_yf&Sm;&ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@. TtzGJ@ukd yxrqHk;pwif+yD; zdwfac:aom e,fc±kdifrSm ykodrf+rdK@ jzpfygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ arvukefykdif;wGif pwif
oGm;a&muf=uonf? ykodrfc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd pwifzGJ@pnf;+yD; zdwfac:olrSm OD;atmifrkd; jzpfygonf? yrnw rS acgif;aqmifwOD;
jzpfygonf? *syef BDA acwfu u|efawmfhwyfrS ppfAkdvfa[mif;wOD; (emrnfarhae) uvnf; wufºupGm OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemuf
ykodrfc±kdif/ omaygif;+rdK@e,fu zdwfvmI wqufwnf;oGm;&ygao;onf? u|efawmfESifhtwl OD;baomf/ OD;oef@Zifwkd@yg0ifygonf?
xkd@aemufwGifawmh atmufArmjynf/ txufArmjynf wcGifwjyif tESH@/ e,ftoD;oD;u zdwfac:vmojzifh u|efawmfESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifrsm;
oGm;a&mufa[majym pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? u|efawmfrSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDukdvnf;
OD;aqmifae&ojzifh wcgw&H xkdESpfzGJ@ (trsdK;om;aumfrwDESif@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;) ukdaygif;I zdwf=um;cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
tajccHvkyfief;csif;uvnf; ruGJjym;vSyg?
&efukefc±kdiftwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdrSmvnf; a[majympnf;±Hk;vm&m 1961 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefc±kdif/
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ wkdufe,fau'gaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;}uD; vkyfEkdifcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@ =unfhjrifwkdif&Sd pvif;ausmif;wkduftwGif;
jyKvkyfcJh+yD; wdyfacGESifhoGif;xm;aom q&m}uD;. rdef@cGef;ukdvnf; zGifhjy=uygonf? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rS twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifESifh &efukef
c±kdifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) u jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ay:ayguf&yHkta=umif;ESifh &efukefc±kdif
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJpnf;vm&yHkta=umif;rsm;ukd wifjyygonf?
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8
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9
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10
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11
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wcgw&H a&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifvnf; ygwwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf e,frsm;wGif nw&m;yGJrsm;usif;y±Hkru xkde,frsm;wGif jynfwGif;
+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@cGJav;rsm;ukdvnf; a'ocHEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd tajccHI zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh=uygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@wawG TuJhokd wkdif;jynfw0ef; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk; a[majymvkyfaqmif&mwGif jynfolvlxktrsm;pkrSm wcJeuf}udKqkd
axmufcHtm;ay;=uaomfvnf;/ renf;vSaom taESmifht,Suf/ tzsuftqD;rsm;ukdvnf; &ifqkdif}uHKawG@cJh=u&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@tm;
zdwfac:onfh tzGJ@xJwGifa&m/ }udKqkd{nfhcHonfh tzGJ@xJwGifa&m/ wufa&mufvmonfh vlxky&dowftwGif;wGifa&m/ vrf;c&D;wav#mufrSm
a&m txl;axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;/ pHkaxmufrsm;/ owif;ay;rsm; ygaewwfygonf?
xkdolrsm;u u|efawmfwkd@. c&D;pOfrsm; tqifrajy/ racsmarG@&ef/ tzktxpfrsm;jzpf&ef/ vlxku u|efawmfwkd@tm; jy\emrsm;
rwifjy&J&ef trsdK;pHkaESmifh,Suf=uygonf? wcgw&H vlxkw&m;a[majymyGJrsm;wGif wyfqifonfh pum;ajymcGufrsm; toHrxGufwxGuf
jzpfaeap&efrsdK;/ w&m;yGJteD;wGifuyfI t+idrfhuwmrsdK;/ w&m;yGJusif;y&efae&m us,fus,f0ef;0ef; r&atmif vkyfwmrsdK;/ taqmufttHk
(Oyrm-±kyf&Sif±Hkrsm;) rsm; riSm;&rf;&Jatmif ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufwmrsdK;pojzifh enf;vrf;aygif;pHkESifh aESmifh,Suf=uygonf?
okd@aomf jynfolrsm;u 'gawGtm;vHk;ukd tefwk&Jygonf? u|efawmfonf Tc&D;rsm; oGm;aepOftwGif; u|efawmf rodaom
jynfoltrsm;tjym;. tultnD/ axmufcHr_rsm;ukd ra&rwGufEkdifatmif &&SdcJhygonf? wcsdK@olrsm;onf u|efawmf em;uyfI “b,fol[m
pHkaxmuf/ ol@ukd owdxm;yg”qkdonfhpum;rsdK;? “aemufwGJrSm ppfpHkaxmufESpfa,muf ygw,f” qkdonfhowif;rsdK;? “b,foluawmh
b,fwkef;u opPmazmufzl;w,f”qkdwmrsdK; ajym=uygonf? wcsdK@pmvdyfuav;rsm; tdwfxJxnfhay;vkdufygonf? u|efawmhfem; wkduf±kduf
ruyfEkdifaomfvnf; u|efawmfhem;ygonfh wOD;OD;ukd ajymqkdwwf=uygonf? Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@onf axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;. tE W&m,f/
rdrdwkd@twGif;0ifI v_yf&Sm;aeaom olrsm;.tE W&m,frS tawmftwef vGwfuif;cJh=u&ygonf? aemufykdif;wGifvnf; TtjzpftysufrsdK;
trsm;tjym; }uHKcJh&ygonf?
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rsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&if; “wcsdK@vlrsm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfu odyfvluJcwfawmfw,f? wcsdK@axmufvSrf;a&;awG/ olv#dKawGqdk&if
olt&ifow d wfw,f” vk@d ajym=uygonf? TwGif u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;rdonfrmS ol@ukd vnf; u|eaf wmfu h dk jynfoal wGu tem;uyf ajym=uovkd
ajymwmvnf; ygEkdifa=umif; xifjrifrdygonf? aemufwa=umif; u|efawmf pOf;pm;rdonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ v_yf&Sm;vkyfukdifaeaom EkdifiHa&;rSm
jynfolvlxktwGuf/ vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfav&m vlxkukd qef@usifaom/ vlxkukd &efolvkdoabmxm;aomolrsm; (Oyrm-
axmufvSrf;a&;/ olv#dK/ owif;ay;rsm;) . tajymtqkd/ tjyKtrlrsm;rSm b,favmufyif [efaqmifaumif;apumrl/ wuGufr[kwf
wuGurf mS ay:vmwwfygonf? u|eaf wmfh tawG@t}uHKt&awmh txl;ojzifh vlx. k 'kuaQ 0'emukd rcHpm;Ekid /f rpmemEkid Ef iS hf vufvw G pf y,f
ajymwwf q k d w wf / vk y f w wf u k d i f w wf o l r sm;onf vuf & S d a xmuf v S r f ; a&;aomf v nf ; aumif ; / aemif w ae@ azmuf j yef o G m ;ol r sm;
aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfaewwfygonf? Armjynf EkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif;uvnf; tvGefjyif;xefav&m tajccHpdwfrsm; wauG@r[kwfwauG@
zswfceJzswfceJ ay:vmwwf+yD; tqifhwqifha&mufonfhtcg opPmazmufrsm; jzpfoGm;=uygawmhonf? EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsuf jywfom;jyif;xef
ygu/ owdtvGefxm;ygu tawmfapmapmuyif vlwa,muf. pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd tuJjzwfEkdifygonf? okd@aomfvnf; u|efawmf.
tuJjzwfcsufrsm; wcgw&H rSm;,Gif;wwfonfvnf; &Sdygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@. naqG;aEG;yGJrsm;uvnf; tvGefpnfum;ygonf? txl;ojzifh aus;vufawm&Gmu wufvmonfh vlxkrsm;u
olwkd@a'orsm;wGif eHrnftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh vufeufukdifwyfrsm; (jyLapmxD;rsm;/ umuG,fa&;rsm;) . tEkdifusifhr_trsdK;rsdK;/
'kuQtzHkzHkwkd@ukd ajymjywwfygonf? txl;ojzifh tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxuf ppfwyf.trdef@jzifh xkwfcJhonfhtrdef@trsdK;rsdK;/ vlxktm;
twif;tusyf vkyfaqmifapckdif;onfh tr_rsm;pwmawG ygwwfygonf? wcgw&H trdef@xkwfonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;. uav;uvm; pOf;pm;
enf;rsm;/ a&S@aemufrnDonfh trdef@rsm;pwmawG ajymqkd=u&if; ikdtm;xuf&,ftm;&onfh tjzpfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? jynfolrsm;. 'kuQ
qif;&Jrsm;ukd =um;&onfrSm tvGef&ifarmzG,f&m/ &ifemzG,f jzpfygawmhonf? tvGef=uifemzG,f jzpfygonf?
u|efawmf ykodrf+rdK@ukd a&mufpOfu xkduJhokd@aom naqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif ykodrfu vlwcsdK@u tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxuf olwkd@
ykodrf+rdK@rS tdrfwkdif;&Sd tdrfomrsm;ukd oef@&Sif;a&;twGufqkdum acsmif;rsm;/ jrpfrsm;buf vSnfhaqmufckdif;ojzifh acsmif;a&/ jrpfa&rsm;
tnpfta=u;rsm;jzifh a&maESmoGm;um oHk;r&jzpfoGm;&yHkrsm;ta=umif;ajym+yD; xkdtrdef@xkwfonfh taemufawmifwkdif;rSL; (xkdpOfu
AkdvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmif jzpfygonf) ta=umif; jy\emrsm;ukd aoaocsmcsm ravhvmbJ trdef@csvkyfaqmifyHkawGta=umif;ajym+yD;
waomaom &,farm=u&ygonf?
12
 aemif AkdvfrSL;}uD; =unfarmif wyfuxGuf&+yD;aemuf u|efawmfhqD r=umc% vmvnf&m wae@pum;pyfrdI xkdta=umif;rsm;ukd
u|efawmfu ol@ukdajym&mwGif olu bmrSjyefrajymbJ &,fusJusJyJ vkyfaeygonf?
wu,fawmh AkdvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmifrSm wkdif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf jyif;xefol jzpfygonf? okd@aomf ppfom;omjzpfojzifh wkdif;jynf
wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;/ wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; rvkyfwwf/ ru|rf;usifyg? xkd@tjyif 'Drkdua&pDvkyf[efvnf; r&Sdyg? xkd@a=umifh
rdrdapwemESifh vkyfwmyJ[k oabmxm;um tusdK;qufb,fvkd&Sdr&Sd/ vlxkukdvnf; rar;/ rpOf;pm; pGwfvkyfrdjcif;jzpfygonf? wu,fvnf;
}udK;pm;yef;pm; olwwfor#/ rSwfor# vkyf&Smygonf?
okd@aomf TuJhokd@aom ppfom;vl±kd;}uD;rsdK;ukdyif Akdvfae0if;ppftm%m&Sifpepfu r}udKufEkdifcJhyg? ukd=unfarmifonf ESpfraphcifyif
yifpif,lcJh&+yD; yifpifvpmav;jzifh tawmfcsdK@csdK@wJhwJh ae&Smygonf? rdom;pk tokdif;t0kdif;awmifhwif;Iom tay:,H [efrysufaeEkdifjcif;
jzpfygonf?
olyifpif,l+yD;aemuf u|efawmfh prf;acsmif;/ qDqHkvrf;tdrfukdvnf; r=umc% vmvnfwwfygonf? wcgw&H ol@ZeD; =unf=unf
a&m om;orD;rsm;yg ygvmwwfygonf? wcgawmh ola&mufvm+yD; “AkdvfcsKyf u|efawmf 'Dae@ bmeJ@vmcJhovJ odvm;” [k ar;ygonf?
u|efawmfu “bmeJ@vmcJhovJAs”[k jyefar;awmh/ olu “u|efawmf tdrfuxGufawmh MI ESpfaumif tdrfa&S@rSm um;eJ@xkdifapmifhaewm
awG@w,f? 'ge@J u|eaf wmfvnf; tJ'u D m;ay:wuf+yD; uJ - rif;wk@d vnf; igomG ;r,fah e&mukd vku d rf mS yJ/ 'Dawmh igu
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ajym+yD; u|efawmf AkdvfcsKyftdrfvkdufykd@ckdif;vkdufwm”[k ajym+yD; w[m;[m; &,faeygawmhonf?
olu tJovkd vlrsdK;jzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;ukdvnf; r}udKuf/ r=unfndK/ Akdvfae0if;vkyfaeonfh rqv qkdwmukdvnf; r}udKuf?
ol@wkdif;rSm Akdvfae0if;wkd@u vmusif;yonfh v,form;aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;rsm;udkvnf; rwufa&muf/ a&SmifaewwfwmawGukd Akdvfae0if;u
+idK;xm;+yD; ol@ukd wyfu xkwfypfcJhwmjzpfygonf?
ukd=unfarmif taeESifh uGefjrLepfukd qef@usifwmvnf; uGefjrLepfawGrSm 'Drkdua&pDr&Sd[k xifjrifaewma=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf?
xkd@jyifolu tar&duef'Drkdua&pDukdvnf; tawmftxif}uD;ygonf? ol. t"dutm;enf;csufrSm ArmjynfolawG EkdifiHa&;t& wkd;wuf
vSnfhajymif;oGm;onfhacwf 1942 - 45 twGif; ol Armjynfr&Sdb/J *syefwGif ppfynmoif oGm;ae&onfhtwGuf Armjynfolrsm;. EkdifiHa&;ESifh
olru|rf;0if/ r&if;ESD;jzpfoGm;&jcif; jzpfygonf? okd@aomfvnf; jynfolvlxktay: ol.apwemukdrl uG,fvGefoGm;csdeftxd wwfpGrf;Ekdifor#/
pGr;f tm;&So
d r# azmfjyoGm;cJyh gonf? 1990 a&G;aumufyw JG iG f trsKd ;om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf. ,m,DOuUÏtjzpfEiS hf tjywftowf tEkid &f atmif
pGrf;aqmifay;oGm;cJhygonf? xkdtcsdefu 'DcsKyf. usefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk; tusOf;usaeygonf?
xkdtcsdefu AkdvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmifvkdyif u|efawmf@qDukd r=umc%vmwwfonhf wyfrSL;}uD;wOD;rSm AkdvfrSL;}uD;wifarmif
(pma&;q&m jrwfxef) jzpfygonf? olu &Srf;jynfawmif}uD;wGif wyfrif;vkyfaepOf Akdvfp=uma&mufvm+yD; acwWwnf;ckdum ol@tdrfrSwqifh
xkdif;oGm;+yD; OD;Ekwkd@ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;ojzifh Akdvfae0if; t}uD;tus,f pdwfqkd;um zrf;/ jzKwf/ axmifcs+yD;rS t+idrf;pm;ay;jcif;cH&ol jzpfonf?
wu,fawmh Akdvfp=um. t}uHtpnfukd olbmrS odwmr[kwf? olwkd@wawG *syefppfwuUokdvfwufaepOf ArmjynfrSm *syefawmfvSefa&;
ay:ayguf+yD; *syefppf±_H;um vufeufcs&onf? xkdpOf *syefwGif aomifwifaeaom olwkd@tm;vHk;ukd xkdpOfu *syefjynf&Sd Armjynf. ppfoHrSL;
Akdvfp=umu u,fxkwfac:vmI &efukefokd@ jyefa&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf? Taus;Zl;rsufESmjzifh ol@qD0ifvmaom Akdvfp=umukd olu
{nfhcHvkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf?
Akv
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uwnf;u &if;ES;D od&+dS yD; jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk uENpD mcsKyft+yD; zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh trSwf 3 Armhaoewfuidk f wyf&if;rSm u|eaf wmf 'k&if;rSL;jzpfpOf
olu 'kwyfcrJG LS ;jzpfc+hJ yD;/ u|eaf wmfw@dk twlwyl if ar+rdK@Y zGiv hf pS af om txl;ppfoifwef;ukd wufc=hJ u&ygonf? (Tta=umif;t&m awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;ukd ol. ‘wkdif;jynfu EkEk/ rkefwkdif;u xefxef’pmtkyfwGif a&;om;+yD; jzpfygonf?)
xkdpOfu u|efawmfwOD;wnf; tdrfaxmifusao;+yD; useft&m&Sdrsm;rSm vlysdKvlvGwfrsm;jzpfonf? xkdpOfu ukdwifarmif (ol@
yxrZeD;) ary,fvfESifh arwWm&Sdae=uaomfvnf; rdef;uav;rdbrsm;u oabmrwlojzifh vufrxyf&ao;bJ &Sdaeygonf? xkdpOfu
cspf'kuQa&mufaeol aemufwOD;uawmh ukdvSaz (aemufykdif; awmckdoGm;ol) yg? ukdvSazuvnf; wifwif (vlxk a':trm nDr) ESifh
rdbrsm;u cGifhrjyKojzifh vufrxyfEkdif jzpfae&ygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;rSm olwkd@. ykÀm;wkdif jzpfae+yD;/ wae@wrsdK; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh r±kd;Ekdifatmif
olwkd@. aomutwuftusukd em;axmifae&ygonf? aemif awmhvnf; olwkd@ESpfwGpJ vHk; ab;bDtultnDjzifh vufxyfjzpfoGm;=uygonf?
okd@aomf ary,fvfrSm oufqkd;r&Snfyg? ol. aemufZeD;rSm &Srf;trsdK;orD; jzpfygonf?
u|efawmf@tdrfwGif ukd=unfarmif/ ukdwifarmifESifh aemufwOD; ukdwifxGef; (AdkdvfrSL;}uD; wifxGef;) wkd@qHkrd=uv#if a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfomru Adkvfae0if;ta=umif;/ ol@ZeD;cifaroef;ta=umif; olwkd@odvmor# =um;vor# aumvm[v tpHkajym+yD; wa0ga0gESifh
yGJusaewwf=uygonf? Akdvfpdef0if; 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmawmh zGwf - rdausmif;jzpf/ jrpfrcsrf;omqkd+yD; Akdvfpdef0if; ukd@±kd;um;,m; vkyfor#awGukd
ajym+yD; &,faewwf=uygonf? xkdjyif xkdpOfu Akdvfae0if;teD; tem;jym vkyfaeaom Akdvfpef;,k ta=umif;vnf; ygwwfygonf?
xkdumvrsdK;wGif u|efawmfhtdrfywfvnf&Sd axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; tvGeftvkyf±_yfoGm;wwf=uygonf?
u|efawmf TumvtwGif;u &if;ESD;cJhonfh tjcm;&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;ukdvnf; Tae&mwGif rSwfwrf;wif a&;om;vkdygonf?
olwkd@tm; u|efawmf txl;yif owd&vGrf;qGwfrdygonf?
1? Aef;armfwifatmif? ? u|efawmf ol@ukd jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifaepOfumvrSm pwifod od&Sd&jcif;
jzpfygonf? u|efawmf wyfuxGufcgeD;ESifh xGufcgpumvrsm;wGif ol. vif;,kef*sme,fu u|efawmfhta=umif; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
a&;om;cJhwmawGukd owdxm;rdonf? u|efawmfu ol@ukd ‘OD;wifatmif’vkd@yJ ac:ygonf?
13
 olonf u|eaf wmf OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G af om w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf E_ iS hf e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;trsKd ;om;aumfrwDwiG f 'kOuUwOD;tjzpf
ESifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif twGif;a&;rSL;rsm; tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&m u|efawmfwkd@ twlwuG
tpnf;ta0;rsm;xkdifjcif;/ e,frsm;odk@ c&D;xGufa[majym pnf;±Hk;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif=u&ojzifh &if;ESD;cifrifvmrd=uygonf?
u|efawmf ol@tay: owdjyKcsufrSm wkdif;jynfESifh jynfoltay: rsm;pGmcspfjrwfEkd;+yD; ol@aqmifyk'fjzpfaom rdrdacwfrSm rdrdyckH;ay:
usvmwJhwm0efawGukd ausyGefatmifvkyfaqmifa&;udk rsm;pGmtav;xm;+yD;/ tr_udpPwm0efawGukd }udK;}udK;pm;pm;aqmif&GufyHkukd awG@&
onf? yifukd,fpdwfaepdwfxm;uvnf; tvGefaumif;rGef+yD; u|efawmfhtay: tvGefn‡mwmav;pm; OD;pm;ay;qufqHwmawGukd c&D;oGm;pOf
wav#mufvHk; awG@cJh&onf?
tvGefausmf=um;onfh pma&;q&m}uD; jzpfaomfvnf; pmaya&;om;jcif;xuf EkdifiHa&;wm0efawGukd rysufruGuf OD;vnfrokef
aqmif&GufcJhonfh olwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkdEkdifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsufjzifh jynfol@bufu &yfwnf+yD; a&;om;r_rsm;a=umifh t}udrf}udrf zrf;qD;
axmifcs/ aemufqHk; ukdukd;u|ef;okd@yif ykd@/ tusOf;csjcif; cH&ayonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; cufcJusyfwnf;yHk&ygonf? Tonfukd =unfhjcif;
tm;jzifh olonfvkyfoifhvkyfxkdufonfh EkdifiHa&;wm0ef/ awmfvSefa&;wm 0efrSefor#ukd rwGef@rqkwf/ ZGJowWd}uD;rm;pGm rqkwfrepf vHk;yef;
tm;xkwf vkyfaqmifoGm;cJholjzpfa=umif; odEkdifygonf? aemufqHk; ukdukd;u|ef;u vGwfvmcsdefwGif ol@usef;rm;a&; ododomom qkd;0g;
usqif;aeonfukd awG@&ygonf?
ol@wGif wm0efodpdwfvnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? u|efawmfESifhtwl a&eHacsmif;bufwGif nw&m;yGJa[maepOftwGif; vlwpku
ppf0wfppfpm;rsm;ESifh w&m;yGJtm; aESmifh,Suf&ef a&mufvmcJh=uygonf? OD;wifatmif a[m+yD;I u|efawmfa[maepOf jzpfygonf?
OD;wifatmifonf w&m;a[mpifjrifhay:rS rodrom qif;csoGm;+yD; w&m;yGJ}uD;=uyfolrsm;ESifhtwl xkdvlpkukd wae&modk@ac:oGm;um tusdK;
ta=umif; ar;jref;ajz&Sif;+yD; olwkd@ukd jyefoGm;apcJhygonf? u|efawmfonfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;yGJvm y&dowfonfvnf;aumif; wpHkw&m
od&jdS cif;vnf;r&S/d xdcu dk jf cif;vnf;r&Sb d J w&m;yGaJ csmarmpGm +yD;qH;k oGm;cJyh gonf? aemufae@usrS u|eaf wmfojd cif; jzpfygonf? xkad ESmif, h u S o
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ol@wGif onf;cHpdwfvnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? ol. “ukdvkdeDacwf jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;”pmtkyfukd wcsdK@olrsm;u TudpPrSm orkdif;udpP
jzpfonf? pmaye,fy,fudpPr[kwfbJ ru|rf;usifonfh orkdif;udpPukd 0ifa&;&rvm;[k jypfwifa0zef=uygonf? olu jyefacsyjcif; rjyK
aomfvnf; pdwfaumif;yHkr&yg? u|efawmfhtjrift&awmh OD;wifatmifrSm vuf0JEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;wOD;jzpfojzifh xl;jcm;onfhEkdifiHa&;
tjrifrsm;ygEidk +f yD;/ orkid ;f ynmtaeESihf ykrd ºdk u,f0vmEkid o f nf[k u|eaf wmft h jrifukd wif jyajymqkad y;onft h cgwiG af wmh olpw d o f ufom&m&/
auseyfoGm;yHk&ygonf?
u|eaf wmfo. l xl;jcm;csu}f uD;wck xyfraH wG@&&dS onfrmS olonf jynfov l x
l . k &efo&l efbufrsm;ukd jywfjywfom; om; wif;wif;
rmrm oabmxm;+yD; a0zefwkdufckdufwwfaomfvnf; wjcm;jynfoljynfom;rsm;/ rdrdESifh vkyfazmfukdifzuf/ &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tay:wGifrl
vGefpGmpdwf&Snf+yD; El;nHhaysmhaysmif;pGm qufqHwwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ e,fc&D;rsm;wGif ol.pmzwfy&dowfuvnf; wwyfwtm;
yg0ifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
1978 ckESpf oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif u|efawmf awmwGif;a&mufaeyg+yD? &efukefwGif usefcJhaom u|efawmhfZeD;u ol@psmye tvGef
pnfum;a=umif; ajymjyI aemufrS u|efawmfod&ygonf? tcsdefrwefrD uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&onfh ol@tm; u|efawmf ESajrmrdygonf?
2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wif? ? OD;xGef;wifrSm tawmfapmpGmuyif pwifI q&m}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeol jzpfygonf? u|efawmf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifavhvmonfhtcsdefwGifrS olESifhod&Sdvmjcif; jzpfygonf?
pwifod&SdcsdefupI (oltusOf;uscHoGm;onfh tcsdefrsm;uvGv J kd@ ) awmufav#muf u|efawmfESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHaecJh=uonfrSm u|efawmf
awmckdcJhonfh 1976 ckESpftcsdefxdyif jzpfygonf?
u|eaf wmfEiS hf OD;xGe;f wifw@dk EpS Of ;D Tr#&if;ES;D cspcf if=u&jcif;rSm u|eaf wmfw@dk . Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csucf si;f wlno D nf@tjyif u|eaf wmfw@dk
ESpfOD;. tdrfcsif;eD;onfhta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ol. tdrfrSm prf;acsmif;vrf;wGif&Sd+yD; u|efawmfh qDqHkvrf;tdrfESifh [kdbufvrf;
onfbufvrf;om jzpfygonf? xkd@jyif ol@wGif ukd,fykdifum;vnf;&Sd&m u|efawmfwkd@ oGm;p&m vmp&m&Sdwkdif; olESifhyif oGm;&vm&ygonf?
OD;xGef;wifonf w±kwfaoG;yg&Sd+yD;/ zcifrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;onfh a&S@aewOD;vnf; jzpfygonf? olwkd@nDtpfukd tm;vHk;vnf;
ynmwwf}uD;rsm; jzpf=uum u|efawmfwkd@t=um; pD;yGm;a&;t& olu tacsmifvnfqHk; jzpfygonf? ol@ ZeD;jzpfolrSmvnf; ynmwwfwOD;
jzpfum t&m&Sd}uD;wOD;vnf; jzpfygonf?
OD;xGef;wifrSm ol. a&S@aevkyfief; vkyfaqmif&mwGifvnf; aiGa&;a=u;a&;udkd y"merxm;bJ aiGa=u;rwwfEkdifonfh EkdifiHa&;
orm;rsm;/ jynforl sm;bufrS vku d yf gay;avh &Syd gonf? Tae&mwGif taumif;qH;k om"urSm olu, G v f eG cf sed rf mS yif a':atmifqef;pk=unftrd f
tarGtr_ukd vkdfufygaqmif&GufaeqJjzpfa=umif; awG@&jcif; jzpfygonf? acwftqufquf tpkd;&rsm;. rw&m;pGJqkd/ tr_qifjcif;cH&onfh
tr_rsm;bufrS xm0pOfvkdufyg aqmif&Gufay;wwf+yD; wcgw&H a&S@aecyif r&&Smyg? olu tddwfpkdufyif vkyf&ygao;onf?
TtwGuaf =umifyh if tdraf pmift h pk;d &acwf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwfrsm;wGif zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;cH&+yD; uku d ;dk u|e;f ok@d yif yk@d aqmif
tusOf;cs cH&zl;ygonf? aemufykdif; trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwGifvnf; wufwufºuºuyg0ifvkyfaqmifay;r_rsm;ukd =um;od&ygonf?
3? awmfb&k m;av; (ok@d r[kw)f rif;om;}uD;? ? aemufyidk ;f OD;atmifaZ[k trnfajymif;cJah om oDaygrif;.ajr;awmf/ awmfb&k m;
av;rSm u|efawmfESifhpwifod&Sdcsdef 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif;u OD;oef@Zif[k ac:ygonf? u|efawmfu olESifh pwifod&Sduwnf;u ‘rif;om;}uD;’
[kac:&m TtrnfwGifoGm;+yD; tm;vHk;u Ttwkdif;yif vkdufac:+yD; oluvnf; auseyfyHk&ygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@wawG jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfouf+yD; q&m}uD;r_dif;tdrfrSm tpnf;ta0;rsm; xkdif=uonfh
14
tcgrsm;wGif q&m}uD;u olwkd@ ‘wkd@Armtpnf;t±Hk;’twGuf e,frsm;ukd vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;&mrSm ocifxdyfwifukd,fawmf}uD;ukd xdyfqHk;u
ae&may;I vlxkukdpnf;±Hk;&yHk/ txl;ojzifh aus;vufvlxkrsm;u rif;om;ygvmw,fqkdI 0rf;omtm;& vma&mufE_wfquf uefawmh=uyHk
rsm;ukd jyefvnfpm;+rHK@jyef ajymjywwfygonf? wqufwnf; q&m}uD;u “at;-rif;wkd@vnf; *±kpkduf=u/ awmfbk&m;av;ukd a&S@wif+yD;
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;=uuGm”vkd@ &,f&$ef;zwf&$ef;ESifh awmfbk&m;av;ukd pwwfaemufwwfygonf? wu,fvnf; u|efawmfwkd@e,fbuf pnf;±Hk;a&;
qif;&mwGif oDaygrif;.ajr;awmf ygvmonf[laom owif;ysH@ESH@a&muf&Sdonfh aus;vufrsm;u vlxkrsm; wckwfw& +rdK@ay:wufvm+yD;
w&m;yGJ wuf=uygonf?
rif;om;}uD;rSm vlyHkyef;uav;u EJG@EGJaemif;aemif; ykykysyfysyfuav;om jzpfonf? pum;ajym tvGefcsdKomat;aq;+yD; ±kd;om;
yGifhvif;olvnf; jzpfygonf? tvGefcspfp&maumif;ol jzpfygonf? vlyHku at;at;aysmhaysmif;aomfvnf;/ pdwf"mwfuawmh tvGefrma=um
ckdifrmoljzpf+yD; ol@woufwmvHk; jynfolrsm;bufu wpkdufrwfrwf &yfcHoGm;olom jzpfygonf? zrf;qD;axmifcs/ n‡Of;yef;r_rsm;vnf;
cHcJh&ol jzpfygonf?
4? a'gufwmqifzkd;? ? u|efawmfwkd@t=um;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfbJ t+rJwef;uef@vef@uef@vef@ ygaeolwOD; &Sdygao;onf?
oluawmh a'guw f mqifz;dk jzpfygonf? olonf q&m}uD;r_id ;f tm; yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& tvGeaf v;pm;=unfnKd olwOD;jzpfum/ q&m}uD;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;
q&m0ef}uD;tjzpf arwWmjzifh olbmomol owfrSwf+yD; vma&mufapmifha&Smufukoay;aeol jzpfygonf?
olonf vef'efokd@ ynmawmfoif apv$wfjcif;cH&aomfvnf; vef'ef&Sd “um;vfrmhufpf” .tkwf*lukd oGm;a&muftav;jyKrdojzihf
bG@J r&&SdbJ jyefvm&oljzpfygonf? aemufykdif; ukd,fykdifaq;cef;av; zGifhxm;&m EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ awmjyefrsm;ESifh olwkd@rdom;pkrsm;rsm;ponfh
aiGa&;a=u;a&;racsmifvnfolrsm; tm;vHk;. tm;xm;rSDckd&m aq;cef;av;jzpfvm ygawmhonf? olu aq;tvum; ukoay;±Hkomru
wcsdK@vlemrsm;ukd qkdufum;cyif qD;ay;&onfhtjzpfrsdK; r=umc%}uHK&ygonf? tvGefapwem}uD;onfh q&m0efwOD;jzpfygonf?
q&m}uD;r_dif;tm; yHkrSefvma&muf =unfh±_ppfaq;+yD; tcsdefrSefrSef tm;aq;xkd;/ tm;aq;oGif;ESifh vkyfukdifukoay;ygonf? q&m}uD;
Tr#txd touf&SnfI temrJhpGm aexkdifoGm;Ekdifr_rSm a'gufwmqifzkd;.aus;Zl;yif jzpfygonf? q&m}uD;. EkdifiHjcm;c&D;rsm;wGifvnf;
olu vkdufygapmifha&Smufay;ygonf?
ol r=umc% ajymwwfonhf pum;wcGef; &Sdygonf? “avmurSm a&rcsdK;vkd@aowJhrom r&Sdbl;? a&csdK;rSm;vkd@ aowJhromyJ
&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmf vef'efrSm aecJhwJhumvwav#muf wcgrS a&rcsdK;cJhbl;” qdkaompum; jzpfygonf? u|efawmf r=umc%
owd&aerdygonf?
u|efawmf ,ckae&aomt&yfrSm aqmif;wGif;rSm tvGefat;wwfojzifh ('gawmif w±kwfjynfwGif tawmfaEG;aom t&yf
jzpfonf?) u|efawmf a&csKd;a=umufaoma=umifh a&csdK;cgeD;wkdif; ol@pum;ukd owd&aewwfrdjcif; jzpfygonf?
5? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm)? ? ukdwifa&$ukd u|efawmf +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef pwifavhvm csdefupI
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;wa,muftjzpf od&SdcJh&ygonf? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESifhawmh tapmuwnf;u od&Sd&if;ESD;+yD;
jzpf[efwlygonf? aemifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;&mrSmvnf; xkdtzGJ@}uD;ukd xdxda&mufa&muf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ tultnD
ay;aqmif&u G Ef idk &f eftwGuf &nf&, G +f yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J w&yfudk zG@J pnf;&m xkt
d zG@J wiG f ukw
d ifa&$ yg0ifvmygonf? xkt d zG@J xw J iG f xli,frsm;
jzpf=uaom udkwifa&$ESifhOD;pkd;rif; (Avp) wkd@rSm toGufvufqHk;/ tvkyftrsm;qHk;jzpfum taxGaxGwm0efrsm;ukd tao;tr$m;txd
tm;vHk;odrf;usHK; vkyfaqmif=uolrsm; jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk; tawmfyiftm;xm;&ol jzpfygonf?
u|efawmf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif 0ifv_yf&Sm;aomtcsdefwGif q&m}uD;r_dif;rSm usef;rma&;t& tawmfusqif;p jyKvm+yD
jzpfojzifh tzGJ@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd u|efawmf. prf;acsmif;/ qDqHkvrf;tdrfwGifom jyKvkyfwmrsm;vmygawmhonf? wcgw&H u|efawmfwkd@
e,frsm;rS jyefvmonfhtcg (okd@r[kwf) q&m}uD; pdwf&$ifvef;apcsifonfh tcgrsm;wGifom q&m}uD;. csrf;omvrf;tdrf/ q&m}uD;. tdyf&m
ab;wGif jyKvkyf=u+yD; ta=umif;t&mtm;jzifhvnf; ayghayghyg;yg; ta=umif;t&mrsm;om aqG;aEG;=uygonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh e,frsm;rS
vlxkrsm;u q&m}uD;tm; qkawmif;arwWmykd@onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;/ vrf;c&D;twGif;}uHK&onfh &,fp&m/
armp&mrsm;om ajymqkd=uygonf?
Tokd@jzifh ukdwifa&$onf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ r=umc% 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mrS u|efawmfhrdom;pkrsm;ESifhyg odu|rf;cif rif&if;ESD;vm
ygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;u wcgw&H aemufajymif+yD; ol@ukd ‘vlysdK}uD;’[k ac:vmygonf? OD;xGef;wifuvnf; wcgw&H ac:a0:aemufajymif
wwfygonf? Tvkd aemufzefrsm;vmawmh olu u|efawmfhrSm vufxyfr,fh ZeD;avmif; &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfwk@d +idrf;csrf;a&;&+yD;rS
vufxyfr,fvkd@ pDpOfxm;ygw,f’ vkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ukd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymjyygonf?
xkdpOfu ukdwifa&$onf &efukef&Sd qkdAD,ufoH±Hk;wGif bmomjyefwOD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifaeygonf? okd@&mwGif xkdtcsdefu
qkdAD,uf±k&Sm;rSm jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;[k emrnfqkd;ESifh ausmf=um;aeojzifh urBmhvuf0Javmu. a0zef±_wfcsjcif;udk cHae&&m
ukw d ifa&$rmS jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm; vufatmufwiG f raevk/d tvkyrf vkyv f o
dk jzifh &awmif&h cJ xkt d vkyrf S Ekwx
f uG v
f u dk yf gawmhonf?
xkdqkdAD,ufoH±Hk;tvkyfrS EkwfxGuf+yD;v#if+yD;csif; u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ a&mufvmum tvkyfxGufvm+yDjzpfa=umif; tm;&yg;&
ajymjyygonf? u|efawmfvnf; Tvkyf&yfrSm csD;usL;zG,fjzpfaomfvnf; ol@pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ylyefrd&m cifAsm;bmvkyfpm;rvJ[k ar;rd&m
olu a&S@aevkdufrnf[k qkdygonf?
ola&S@aevkduf&mwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm; tr_onfrsm;/ aiGa=u;rwwfEkdifolrsm;xHrS tca=u;aiGr,l±Hkru xkdolrsm; twGuf
pm;zG,faomufzG,frsm;yif 0,fjcrf;ay;wwfao;onf[k =um;od&ygonf? olu wzufu a&S@aevkduf&if;/ wzufu pmaypmwrf;/ bmom
jyefrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0&m tawmfatmifjrifwmukd awG@&ygonf?
15
 olESifhu|efawmf &efukefc±kdiftwGif;a&m e,f+rdK@rsm;okd@yg twlwl c&D;xGuf pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&zl;ojzifh ykdrkd&if;ESD;vmygonf?
olESifh ol.ZeD;avmif; rjrolwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&rS vufxyf=urnf[k pDpOfxm;aomfvnf; 1963 ckESpf/ Akdvfae0if;. +idrf;csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuo f mG ;aomtcgwiG rf l vufxyfvu dk =f u&ygawmhonf? olw@dk vufxyf+yD;aemuf olw@dk ZeD;armifEHS u|eaf wmfw@dk trd o f @dk vma&muf
vnfywf=uygonf? u|efawmfhorD;rsm;u ukdwifa&$.ZeD;ukd ‘rr-rr’ [k ac:a0: E_wfquf&m ukdwifa&$u u|efawmfhorD;rsm;ukd rif;wkd@u
ighukdawmh OD;av;ac:+yD; ol@ukdawmh ‘rr-rr’eJ@ac:aewm rw&m;bl;[kajym&m u|efawmhforD;rsm;u 'guawmh rru vSwmukd; æ vkd@
jyefajymygonf? 'gukdawmh olu oabmusyHk &ygonf? w[J[J &,faewm awG@&ygonf?
u|efawmf awmckdvm+yD;aemuf olESifha0;uGmoGm;&m 1990 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ukdwifa&$ tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf axmifxJrSmyif
uG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; =um;od&ygonf? jynfol@bufu xm0pOf&yfwnfcJh+yD; pum;ajymqkd&mwGif +yHK;+yHK;+yHK;+yHK;ESifh tvGefoabmoum,
aumif;vSonfh ol@ukd u|efawmft+rJtrSwf&aerdygonf?
u|efawmf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk trSwf&aerdygawmhonf??
xkdtawmtwGif;u u|efawmfESifh e,fc&D;vkdufolrsm;vnf; rsm;ygonf? usKHrai; ocifwifarmif/ a';'&JrS OD;cifarmifjrifh/ jynfol@
&Jabmfacgi;f aqmifa[mif;rsm; pojzifh tawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if&m/ u|eaf wmfvnf; xkv d y_ &f mS ;r_udk tawmf yif tm;&auseyfcyhJ gonf? e,frsm;u
w&m;yGJrsm;omru &efukef+rdK@wGif; w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf; =umav t&Sdefaumif;av jzpfvmygonf? 'D=um;xJwGif wuUodkvfwGif wuo
rS }uD;rSL;Iusif;yonfh a[majymyGJrsm;wGifvnf; u|efawmfhukd zdwf=um;wwfojzifh r=umc%oGm;a&muf a[majymcJh&ygonf? Tokd@
pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;vmcJ&h m yxrt}udrf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J (q&m}uD;r_id ;f OD;pD;cJah om 1954 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f rsm;umv v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;) . t&Sed t f 0grsKd ;
v_yf&Sm;tHkºuvm+yD;/ &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; vkyf&efwmplaepOf 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Akdvfae0if;.
'kwd, t}udrfppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf?
1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 1 &ufae@nu u|efawmfwkd@wawG urm&Gwf+rdK@e,ftwGif; a[majymyGJvkyfaewJh ae&mukd urm&Gwf&Jpcef;u
&JtzGJ@0if tcsdK@a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ a[majymyGJukd apmapmodrf;&ef ajymcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; a[majymyGJ+yD;v#if vkyfaeus
aqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;yGJukd±kyfodrf;+yD; tdrfjyefvmcJh=uygonf? u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;atmiftdrfrSa&m/ Akdvfrif;acgif
qDrSa&m v$wfvkdufonfhvlrsm; a&muf&Sdae+yD; u|efawmfhukd apmifhae=uygonf? +yD;aemuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;
tm;vHk;ukd zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 0if'grD,mukdvnf; ppfwyfeJ@ 0kdif;xm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf?
1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; OD;Ek&J@ yxp tpkd;& wufvmonfhtcg OD;EktaeESifh 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd tm%mv$J
ay;&onfh jzpf&yftay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfnDnGwfzkd@ tm;xkwfr_rsm; vkyfvmygonf? jynfwGif;ppf
&Sdaeojzifh ppfwyftaeESifh tiftm;}uD;aewmukdvnf; oabmaygufyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh awmwGif;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aphpyf&eftm;xkwfr_
rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf OD;EkESifh ol. yxp tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGifom
tm±Hpk u dk v
f yk af qmifra_ =umifh olw@dk tcsi;f csi;f t=um; tuGt J +yJrsm;uvnf; rxde;f Ekid rf odr;f Ekid jf zpfum tjyeftvSef tykycf srr_ sm;a=umifv h nf;
xkdacwf zqyv/ yxp EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; *k%foduQm t}uD;tus,f usqif;cJh&ygonf? uG&J +yJ&onfh tajccHrsm;rSmvnf; pm;cGufvkr_rsm;u
pygonf?
ppfwyftaeESifhuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfr_a=umifha&m/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufay;ae&r_a=umifhyg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;
avmuwGif EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm&ygonf? xkd@tjyif ppfwyfukd 1950 ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u tkyfpD;oGm;
ygonf? ppfwyfxJu ae&maumif;[lor#udk qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u &,loGm;ygonf?
ppfwyftaeESifh jynfwGif;ppfukdwkduf&if; ppfwyfukd oufomacsmifcsda&;qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyum D.S.I vkyfief; rsm;/ B.E.D.C
vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvm=uygonf? TwGif ppfwyftm%mESifhaygif;+yD; ppfAkdvfrsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvmum ppfAsL±kdua&pDpepf
tpkd@tan‡mufrsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ppfwyfu txufv$mrsm; Tvkyf&yf. t&omukd
+rKd;+rKd;jrufjruf cHpm;rdoGm;ygawmhonf?
zqyv/ yxp acwfrsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDt& vkdifpifolaÏ;rsm;ESifhaygif;I EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&if;tESD;
pkaqmif;}uD;xGm;vm&m ppfwyf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf? TwGif ppfwyfu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvm+yD; pD;yGm;a&;
vnf; vkyfvkd@&/ ppfwyftm%mvnf; vufv$wfp&mrvkdwJh ppftm%modrf;r_awG jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?
EkdifiHwumh tajctaet&uvnf; tm&SwkdufwGif uGefjrLepf'Dv_dif;}uD; (xkdacwfu AD,uferfppfyJG +cdrfh+cdrfhoo J J jzpfaeonfhumv)
ukd wm;qD;Ekdifonfh/ uGefjrLepfukd tjywftowfrkef;+yD; wkdufaeonfh jynfwGif;u azmufjyefa&;tif tm;pkrsm; tm%m&r_ukd azmufjyefonfh
tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;aeonfhtajctae jzpfygonf? xkduJhokd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd 0kdif;IyHkI tm;ay;aecsdefESifhvnf; wkdufqkdifae
ygonf?
Armjynf jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawmfEkd;=um;wufºuae+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;
vm=u&m pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; bufpHk c|wf+cHKusvmojzifh ykdrkdrwnfr+idrf jzpfaeygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf e,fcsJ@tvkdus vuf,morm;}uD;
wOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; Twufºuvmaeaom jynfolvlxk}uD;ukd jywfjywfom;om; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;zkd@qkdwmukdawmh vkyfEkdifr,f
rxifyg? ypfowfzkd@ qkdwmawmh ykdIyif rjzpfEkdifyg?
TumvwGif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdaeonfh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkduf+yD; jynfol
vlxkukd ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tjywfESdrfeif; zdESdyfypfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? ukd,fa&;}uD;yGm;vkdpdwf jyif;xefvSonfh Akdvfae0if;onf
ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifvkdufygawmhonf? 1956 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t+yD;/ twkduftcH yrnwtrwfrsm;/ tawmfrsm;rsm;
16
ta&G;cHvm&aom tcsdefu Akdvfae0if;ukd,fwkdif u|efawmfhukdajymonfrSm “'Dtwkdif; qufoGm;&ifawmh 'DaumifawG (yrnw rsm;ukd
qkdvkdonf) aemufa&G;aumufyGJ ESpf}udrfavmufqkd&if tpkd;&zGJ@oGm;EkdifawmhrSm”[k jzpfygonf? Akdvfae0if;. tajccHpdwfaepdwfxm;rSm
TuJhokd@yif jzpfygonf? ol. tusihfoDv pm&dwWrSm vnf; 'Drkdua&pDtvif;a&mifatmufwGif aeEkdifolwOD; r[kwfojzifh TuJhokd@aom
'Drkdua&pDpepfukdvnf; r}udKufEkdif jzpfyHk&ygonf?
awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pk;d &onf ‘pxGuu f wnf;u ,Ofouk’d qko d vkyd if wufvmvmjcif;yif tm%m& yxp acgi;f aqmifrsm;ukd
omru vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;ukdyg zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufygonf? xkd@jyif ppfwyf
tm%modrf;wufvmjcif;ukd uef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhonfh ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zdzdpD;pD;zdESdyfzkd@ }udK;yrf;
vmygonf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; =oZm}uD;aer_rsm;udv k nf; xde;f odr;f wm;qD;vk=d uygonf? xk@d a=umifyh if taqmifpnf;urf; trsKd ;rsKd ;
xkwfjyefvm+yD; &efpvmygawmhonf?
xkd@a=umifh wzufowfxkwfjyefonfh taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;&ef qENjyyGJrsm;ukd ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Auo/
wuo/ &uo) OD;pD;I 1962 ckESpf Zlvkdif 6 &ufae@ &efukefwuUokdvfwGif; ay:xGufvm&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;tay: &ef+idK;}uD;pGm xm;&Sd
aeonfh Akdvfae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;onf Armjynforkdif;wGif xkdtcsdeftxd ray:zl;ao;onfh =urf;wrf;&ufpufvSaom
“Zlvkdif 7 &uf ypfowfr_}uD;” ukd usL;vGefvkduf=uygawmhonf? xkd@jyif aemufae@ Zlvkdif 8 &ufae@ reufvif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;
trsm;tjym; ykef;atmif;ckdv_Haeonf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh wuUodkvfor*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukdvnf; 'kdif;erkdufrsm;jzifh azmufcGJ
zsufqD;vkdufygawmhonf?
ppftpkd;&u ol@bDvl;±kyfukd txift&Sm; azmfjyvkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? okd@aomf Ttjzpftysuf}uD;rSm tvGeft±kyfqkd;
tusnf;wefvSojzifh xkdtcsdefu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ol@wm0ef/ ukd,fhwm0efyHkcs ajymqkdaer_rsm;ukd T
ta&;tcif;}uD;+yD;aemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufay:xGufaeonfukd awG@&SdEkdifayonf? (1988 ckESpf rwkdifcif AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;
atmif}uD;. tdwfzGifhay;pmrsm;ukd =unfhyg? OD;ae0if;. v$wfawmfwGif; ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukdvnf; =unfhyg?)
TZlvkdif 7 &uf vlowfyGJ}uD;ESifh or*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukd AHk;cGJzsufqD;vkdufr_rsm;+yKvkyf+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
tpk;d &onf rdrw d @dk . qk;d 0g;vSaomyH&k yd u
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tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf Akdvfae0if; ppftkyfpk. aumufuspf vSnfhzsm;wwfaom trltusifhukd owd&Sd/ owdxm;rd=uojzifh &J&J}uD;a&S@xGuf
zdwfac: jcif;rjyKbJ/ cyfrSefrSefyif &yfwnfcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG vufeufukdifawmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd Akdvfae0if;vufokd@ 0uGufay;tyf
vkdufovkdjzpfrSm/ orkdif;aºu;wifcH&rSmukd tvGefpkd;&drf=uygonf?
TumvtwGif;rSmyif Zlvkdif 7 &uf wESpfjynfh tcrf;tem; a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ausmif;om;tcsdK@u +zdKcszsufqD;jcif;cHxm;
vkduf&aom or*~taqmufttHkae&mwGif ausmufwkdifi,fav; wwkdifxlvkduf+yD; "mwfyHkjyyGJrsm;/ txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;rsm; vkyfvm
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wif;rmr_rsm; jrifhrm;vmygonf?
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‘jrefrmhtoH’a&S@a&mufonfhtcsdefwGifrl rnfonfhum;ukdrS qufoGm;cGifhrjyKbJ ppfwyfu wm;qD;ydwfqkd@xm;wm awG@&ygonf?
u|efawmfu uif;wm0efcHukd u|efawmfb,folb,f0gjzpfa=umif;/ q&m}uD;r_dif;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;xH oGm;a&muf+yD;
wHcg;rsm;zGifhay;&ef arwWm&yfcHzkd@oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymjyvkdufygonf? uif;wm0efcH ppfAkdvfav;vnf; uysmu,m jrefrmhtoH
taqmufttHktwGif; ajy;0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdtxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftcsdK@ &Sdae+yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkd@
aqG;aEG;yGJxkdifaea=umif; aemufrS u|efawmfod&ygonf?
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wHcg;r}uD;a&S@ a&mufaomtcg wHcg;}uD;udk ydwfxm;+yD; ausmif;om; 14 - 5 a,muf uif;apmifhaewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfu
OD;xGef;wif. arm&pfrkdif;em;um;uav;ay:wufum u|efawmfwkd@ um;a&mufvmoH=um;I taqmiftoD;oD;rS pka0;xGufvm=uaom
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd u|eaf wmfw@dk vma&muf&onfh ta=umif;&if;ukd ajymjy+yD; olw@dk . acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;vkad =umif; ajymaomfvnf;
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wHcg;zGifhqkdv#if zGifhay;rnfjzpfa=umif; okd@aomf olwkd@wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;v#if ausmif;0if;xJodk@ ppfom;rsm; 0ifrvmzkd@vkda=umif;/ ausmif;om;
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csufukd u|efawmhftm;xGufawG@onfh ppfAkdvf (Akdvf}uD;wOD;) tm; ajymjyvkdufygonf? r=umrDyif xkdppfAkdvf jyefxGufvm +yD; ausmif;om;awG
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17
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um;aemufcef;wGif 0SufI ac:vmcJh&ygonf?
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u|eaf wmfw@dk um;ukd &yfay;aomtcg xko d o
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ppfwyfu um;rsm;ESifhydwfI apmifhaea=umif;/ qD;zrf;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymqkdum tarSmifxJ 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;ygonf? tcsdefuvnf;
vif;tm;}uD;tcsdefeD;ae+yDjzpfojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfrjyef=uawmhbJ/ q&m}uD;tdrf&Sd&m csrf;omvrf;okd@ oGm;vkdufum eHeufrkd;pifpifvif;rS
u|efawmfwkd@tdrfrsm;okd@ jyefvmEkdifygawmhonf? xkdppfum;rsm; rkd;rvif;cifyif jyefodrf;oGm;a=umif; owif;&+yD;rS u|efawmfwkd@ tdrfjyefEkdifjcif;
jzpfygonf? aemifrS u|efawmfwkd@od&onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@um;xJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsdK@ygoGm;a=umif; owif;tpte &oGm;ojzifh
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ac:,loGm;ygonf? aemifwGif trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS c&rf;trwf OD;wifarmif0if;jzpfvmolrSm xkdolyif jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? u|efawmf
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vmygonf? &JabmfaX; OD;aqmif+yD; AkdvfaZ,svnf; ygvmygonf? =o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;tm; vma&muf*g&0jyKrnf[k
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q&m}uD;tm; OD;oHk;}udrfcs uefawmh=u+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@wawG a&S;jzpfaESmif;jzpfawG ajymqkdrd=uygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ESifh awG@qHkpOfu txl;ojzifh AkdvfaZ,sESifhawG@qHk+yD; wOD;ESihfwOD;zuf+yD; ESpfa,mufpvHk; rsuf&nf
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ay;xm;&ojzifh EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;u (ppftm%m&Sifpepf tE W&m,fukd jrifvmojzifh) jynfolvlxkukd pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf vmEkdif+yD;/
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awmwGi;f rS vma&mufaqG;aEG;onfh uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; jyefomG ;+yD;aemuf xku d mvtwGi;f wufwufºuºu v_y&f mS ;cJo h nfh Ekid if aH &;
orm;rsm;tm;vHk;ukd ykdufpdyfwkduf &SmazGzrf;qD;cJhygonf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J vnf; vkyif ef;tm;vH;k &yfqidk ;f oGm;ygawmhonf? q&m}uD;vnf; pdwt f awmfxcd u dk f oGm;+yD; tdy&f mxJ
vJoGm;ygawmhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI q&m}uD;onf xlxlaxmifaxmif jzpfrvmawmhbJ wa&Smifa&Smif jzpfae&mrS 1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23
&ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;ygawmhonf? Ttjzpftysuf tao;pdwfrsm;ukd u|ef awmfu “q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@ &ufrsm;”
ae@&uf ;”[laom
acgif;pOfESifh aqmif;yg;wapmif r=umrDuyif a&;om;xm;&m xkdaqmif;yg;ukdyif jyefvnfazmfjyvkduf&ygawmhonf?

q&m}uD;r_dif;. aemufqHk;ae@&ufrsm;
q&m}uD; oufawmf 130 jynfh pmapmif xkwfa0zkd@ jyifqifaeonfh &Jabmfrsm;u u|efawmfhukd q&m}uD;ESifhywfoufI aqmif;yg;
wkdav; wapmif a&;om;ay;yg&ef awmif;qkdvmygonf?
1964 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &ufae@ eHeuf 1 em&D (oef;acgifausmfcsdef) wGif uG,fvGefoGm;aom q&m}uD;onf u|efawmf.vufay:
18
u|efawmfhrsufpdatmufwGifyifjzpfojzifh xkdrarhEkdifzG,f ta=umif;ukdom u|efawmf a&;&ygawmhrnf?
q&m}uD;onf woufwmywfvHk; oltifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aom Armjynfolrsm;.ta&; pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&GufcJh&mwGif ol.
aemufqHk;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&; jzpfygonf?
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif q&m}uD;onf 1956 ckESpfrSpI yxr (8) OD; aumfrwDzGJ@+yD; aqmif &Gufygonf?
xkdtzGJ@ ysuf+yD;aomtcg 1961 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd xyfrHzGJ@pnf;+yD; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif q&m}uD;u
OuUÏ jzpfygonf? u|efawmfonf xkdpOfu wyfrawmfrS yifpiftem;ay;cHxm;&+yD;jzpfojzifh xkdtzG@J wGif 'kOuUÏtjzpf yg0ifchyJ gonf? r=umrDu
uG,fvGefoGm;ol v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;OD;xGef;wifrSm xkdtzGJ@. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfygonf? OD;xGef;wifrSm yxr (8) OD;aumfrwD
wGifvnf; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhojzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tawG@t}uHKtawmf&Sdaeol jzpfygonf? wjcm;olrsm;vnf; trsm;
tjym; yg0if&m pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armfwifatmif/ awmfbk&m;av;/ rHk&Gm OD;wifa&$/ OD;pkd;rif; (Avp)/ OD;vSausmf/ OD;bausmf/ OD;vSwifponfh
v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ref;ausmftHk;/ apmausmfpdefwkd@vnf; yg0ifygonf?
xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@}uD;ukd vltiftm;rsm;rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;+yD; wjynfvHk;wGif vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfEkdifojzifh
e,fc±kdifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@cGJrsm; wnfaxmifEkdif+yD; &efukefc±kdifwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdwGif tzGJ@cGJrsm; zGJ@pnf;
wnfaxmifvmEkdifygonf? TuJhokd@ t&Sdefaumif;aumif;ESifh v_yf&Sm;aepOfrSmyif 1962 ck/ rwfv 2 &uf Akdvfae0if; tm%modrf;r_ ay:ayguf
um awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;& wufvmygawmhonf? jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;vnf; wkH@aES;oGm;&ygawmhonf?
Akdvfae0if;. awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu 1963 ckESpfwGif awmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh [efjyaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; vkyf+yD; 1963 Ekd0ifbmwGif
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ysufum/ r=umrDrSmyif tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;onfh trdef@xkwfjyefvkdufojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
tzGJ@vnf; v_yf&Sm;r_ &yfvkduf&ygawmhonf?
q&m}uD;rSm xku d mvwGif tawmftiftm; csnehf @J ae+yDjzpfojzifh u|eaf wmfw@dk u xkt d zG@J tpnf;rsm; zsuo
f rd ;f onft
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wvHk;wyg'r# rajymbJ zHk;zdxm;=uygonf? q&m}uD;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ csrf;omvrf;okd@ u|efawmfwkd@wawG oGm;+rJoGm;um aqG;aEG;=u/
wkdifyif=uawG vkyfaeygonf?
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yxr wOD;rSm q&m}uD;. usef;rma&;ukd teD;uyfapmifha&Smuf jyKpkaeaom a'gufwmqifzkd; jzpfygonf? a'gufwmqifzkd;rSm
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&efukefrSmyJ xm;ay;cJhygonf? AkdvfvS[efrSm u|efawmfwyf&if; 4 wyf&if;rSL; jzpfpOfu aq;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhzl;ojzifh u|efawmfESifh wpHkw&m
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prf;acsmif;&yfuGufxJrSmom aeolrsm;jzpfojzifhwa=umif;/ usefvltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ ysufoGm;+yD;aemuf tzrf;
tqD;rsm;cH=u&ojzifhwa=umif; jzpfygonf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk oH;k OD;onf q&m}uD;qD t+rJqo dk vkd oGm;a&muf=u+yD;/ q&m}uD;ESihf pum;pjrnfajymqk=d u/ aqG;aEG;=u vky=f uygonf?
q&m}uD;uvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;OD; tzrf;tqD;cH&rSm tvGefpdwfylojzifh owd0dD&d,ESifhae&ef rjywfowday;wwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@
w&ufEpS &f uf ol@trd rf a&mufv#if ol@orD;ajr;rsm;ukv d w $ I
f u|eaf wmfw@kd tajctaeukd ar;avh&ydS gonf? xk@d a=umifyh if u|eaf wmfw@dk uvnf;
rjywfoGm;a&mufae&ygonf?
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tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;onfhta=umif; rajymjyjcif; jzpfygonf? okd@aomf wae@ q&m}uD;twGuf uGrf;oD;0,f&m wGif uGrf;oD;xkwfvmonfh
owif;pm&GufwGif xkdowif;yg&Sd&mrS q&m}uD; od&SdoGm;ygawmhonf?
q&m}uD;u wkdif;jynfawmh ykdqdk;awmhrSmyJ[kqkdum tdyf&mwGif vJoGm;ygawmhonf? xkdtcsdefupI q&m}uD; xlxlaxmifaxmif
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q&m}uD;tm; pdwfoufom&m oufoma=umif; ayghayghyg;yg;udpPrsm;om ajymqkdaqG;aEG;=u&ygonf?
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[k ajymygonf? u|efawmfu u|efawmfwcgrS vufpGyfr0wfzl;a=umif;ajym&m olu at;-igvnf; r0wfzl;bl;uG[k jyefajymygonf?
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“b,focifwifvJ q&m}uD;”[k jyefar;&m/ olu &,f&$ef;zwf&$ef;jzifh “b,focifwif jzpf&rvJuG? rD;cGufr_wf ocifwifaygh” [k qdkvkduf
ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; 0kdif;0ef &,farm=u&ygonf?
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tdrfrSmyif ae&+yD; ntawmfrkd;csKyfrS tdrfjyef=u&ygonf? tajctaeraumif;aomae@rsm;wGif nawmif tdrfrjyefjzpf=uyg?
a'gufwmqifzkd;rSmvnf; ae@a&mnyg q&m}uD;em;wGifaeI jyKpkygonf? tmZmenfae@ESifhvnf; eD;aeojzifh &ufrxyfatmif
19
txl;}udK;pm;+yD; aq;0g;rsm;oGif;um qGJEkdifor# tcsdefukdqGJygonf?
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zdukdifxm;ap+yD;/ tajctaexl;jcm;&ifajymzkd@ ajymxm;ygonf? olvnf; toufu,faq;trsdK;rsdK; xkd;ay;aeygonf? q&m}uD;.
ywfvnfwGif q&m}uD;. rdom;pkrsm;tjyif u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD; &Sdaeygonf?
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20
jzpfae=uygonf? xdo k rl sm;tm;vH;k Tq&m}uD; psmyeudpaP wG 0kid ;f &Hyg0ifvmatmif vlxOk ;D vSu pnf;±H;k vkyaf qmifEidk cf ahJ yonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk
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21
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22
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ESpfem&D=um; jzwfav#muf+yD; apmifh=unfhaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? u|efawmf tdrfuxGufwmESifhw+ydKifeuf t&dyfvkdaemufu ygvm
wwfygonf? aemufykdif;usavqkd;av jzpfvmygonf? rqv acwfwGif pD;yGm;a&;tuGuftuGif;[lor# rqv u ukdifxm;&m rnfolr#
rqv ukd rvGefqefEkdif jzpfvm&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ tawmf&if;ESD;onfh &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsdK;rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm; rqv
owif;ay;rsm; jzpfoGm;=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf ukd,fhrdom;pk0ifrsm;rSvGJI b,fol@rS r,Hk&Jawmhyg?
u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&+yD; xkdtdrfav;okd@ ajymif;a&mufvmpu u|efawmfhZeD;u tdrfazmfav;wa,mufawmh&SdrS jzpfrnf[k
ajymvmygonf? u|efawmfhtaeESifh tdrfvHk+cHKa&;twGuf vlykdxm;vkd@ rjzpfa=umif;ESifh tdrftvkyfawGukd u|efawmf ulvkyfyghrnf[kqkdum
ESpfodrfh+yD; wm;jrpf&ygonf? olu TudpP wcgyJajymzl;+yD; aemufxyf b,fawmhrS xyfajymqkdjcif;vnf; r&SdawmhbJh tdrftvkyf[lor#
wa,mufwnf; usHK;vkyfcJhygonf? ol@rdcif a':wif usef;rmpOfuawmh ol@ukd tawmftwef ulnDEkdifcJhygonf? &efukefwGif ausmif;vm
ae=uaom aqGrsdK;eD;pyfuav;rrsm;vnf; 0kdif;0ef;ulnDEkdifor# ulnD=uygonf?
u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&onfh 1957 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfhorD;t}uD;qHk; vSvSu ig;wef;r#om &Sdao;+yD; ti,fqHk; om;av;
wGwfwGwfrSm xkdESpfurS ausmif;paejcif; jzpfygonf? om;orD; ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd omoemjyKausmif;jzpfonfh jynfvrf;&Sd pdef@zDvkdrDemwGif
xm;&m ausmif;p&dwf/ ausmif;um;cuyif u|efawmf&onfh yifpifvpm. xuf0ufcef@ &Sdygonf? ausmif;zGifhp&ufrsm;qkdv#if ESpfpOfa=u;/
23
t0wftpm;zk;d / pmtkyzf ;dk / tm;upm;zk;d pojzifh eifah eatmifay;&&m u|eaf wmhZf eD;u 'Dvawmh qife@J q&JG rf;ovkyd [ J k nnf;wGm;wwfygonf?
u|efawmf wyfxJrSm &SdpOfuwnf;u wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ajrrsm;cGJa0ay;xm;&m/ u|efawmfhwGif ajrESpfuGuf &Sdaeygonf?
u|efawmfhemrnfESifh *&efxGufxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? wuGufrSm ewfarmufvrf;oG,frS jzpf+yD; wuGufrSm csif;acsmif;&dyfomwGif;rSm jzpfygonf?
u|efawmfu ewfarmufvrf;oG,fu ajruGufukd a&mif;cs+yD; qDqHkvrf;tdrf0,fpOfu wifcJhonfh aºu;ukdqyfum/ usefaiGrsm;ukd b%fxJ
oGif;xm;+yD; vpOfvkdtyfor#ukd zJhxkwf&ygonf? xkdaiGukefoGm;aomtcg csif;acsmif;+cHukd wjcrf;zJh a&mif;&ygawmhonf?
1970 ckwGif u|efawmfhorD;t}uD; aq;wuUokdvfrS bGJ@&+yD; orD;ti,fpef;u pD;yGm;a&;wuUokdfvfrSbGJ@&+yD; enf;jyq&mr tvkyfyg
&&Sdum qufwkdufom;orD;rsm; ausmif;+yD;oGm;ojzifh usefajrwjcrf;ukd a&mif;csp&mrvkdbJ jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? (e0w acwfwGif xkd
usefajrukd EkdifiHykdiftjzpf odrf;oGm;ygonf?)
TumvtwGif; u|efawmfhtwGuf tyifyef;qHk; tvkyfrSm om;orD;rsm; pmjyay;&aom udpP jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynf.
ynma&;pepfrsm tvGecf sKd @wahJ y&m ausmif;om;rsm;ukd usL&Siaf y;Ekid &f ifay;/ ray;Ekid &f if ynmjzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmufwwfz@dk rvG,yf g? xk@d a=umifh
u|efawmfhrSm tykdusL&Sifcvnf; rwwfEkdifojzifh ukd,fwkdifukd,fus oifay;&ygawmhonf? xkdacwfuawmif ynmwwfjzpfzkd@ tvGefyif
rvG,ful&m ,ckumvwGifawmh qkdzG,f&m r&Sdawmhyg?
aemufyidk ;f usawmh olw@dk udk pmomru Ekid if aH &;pmayrsm; zwfvmatmifvnf; enf;ay;vrf;jy vkyaf y;&ygonf? wvw}udrv f nf;
olwkd@ESifh tpnf;ta0;oabmrsdK;xkdifum olwkd@.csdK@,Gif;csuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; jyKjyifay;cJh&ygonf? wuUokdvfa&mufukef
onfESifh u|efawmfu om;orD;rsm;ukd rdrdwkd@wae@wm awG@}uHKcJh&onfh tjzpftysufrsm;/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd jyefajymjyckdif;ygonf?
txl;ojzifh olwkd@bmomolwkd@ rajz&Sif;Ekdifonfh udpPrsm;ukd bmrqkd jyefwkdifyif&ef tm;ay;&ygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;armifESHESpfa,mufpvHk; om;orD;rsm; ynmwwfajrmufa&;/ vdrfrma&;jcm;&Sda&;twGuf tm;pkdufvHk;yef;=u
&aoma=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ rdciftkd}uD;rsm;tay:rSmawmh wm0efvpf[if;cJh=uygonf? u|efawmfha,muQr a': wifrSm ol@oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay:
vliSm;wifI xkdtdrfvcav;ESifhyif aexkdifoGm;&&Smygonf/ u|efawmfhrdcif a':wifhrSmrl qkdif;pk&Gm&Sd tdrfESifh+cHukda&mif;um &efukef &Spfrkdif&Sd
^m%pm*Dausmif;wkdufwGif Z&yfuav;waqmifaqmuf+yD; aexkdifoGm;&Smygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf uav;rsm; ausmif;ydwfcsdef/ tcg}uD;/
&uf}uD;rsm;wGif olwkd@ (a':wifESifha':wifhwkd@ ESpfa,muf/ xkd&SpfrkdifZ&yfwGif twlae=uwmrsm;onf?) qD oGm;a&mufuefawmhonfhtcg
rsdK;awmh &Sdwwfygonf? olwkd@ aexkdifraumif;v#ifawmh u|efawmfhorD;u oGm;ac:vm+yD; tdrfrSmxm; ukoay;&ygonf? useftcsdefrsm;
wGifawmh u|efawmfwkd@ odyftm±HkrjyKEkdifyg?
1963 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfyifpifESifh ywfoufI Oya'opfwck ay:vm&m/ u|efawmhf yifpifvpmwkd;aiG aemufjyefa=u; (Back
pay) usyfaiG oHk;axmifausmf &vkdufygonf? u|efawmfu xkdta=umif;ukd bmrSrodyg? wyfrawmf rSwfwrf;±Hk;u pma&;rsm;u olwkd@bmom
olwkd@wGufcsuf av#mufv$mwif/ aiGxkwfvm+yD;rS vmykd@ygonf? u|efawmfvnf; xkdaiGESifhyif om;oHk;a,mufukd prf;acsmif; jrodef;wef
"rRm±HkrSm &SifjyKay;cJhygonf?
1970 ckESpfrSmawmh u|efawmhfa,muQr a':wif vl}uD;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;+yD; 1972 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvxJrSmawmh u|efawmfhom;
ti,fqHk; wGwfwGwf (xGef;at;ausmfaZm) tdyfaq;rsm; tvGeftu|HaomufI owfaooGm;ygonf?
xdEk pS u
f wGww f wG o f nf &efuek 0f Zd m… ESio
hf yd w
H` uUov
dk /f "mwkaA't"du 'kw, d ESppf mar;yGaJ jzt+yD; oltawmf ajzEkid o
f jzifh *k%xf ;l
xGufvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ trSwfaumif;v#if pufr_wuUokdfvfokd@ ajymif;vkd@&a=umif; u|efawmfhukd ajymjyxm;ygonf? atmifpm&if;
xGuv f maomtcg ol@*% k x f ;l ygrvmyg? TwGif ol@pw d "f mwf tawmfxcd u dk o
f mG ;+yD;/ ol@tpfudk atmifausmaf Zm tdy&f matmufwiG x f m;onfh
tdyfaq;rsm;ukd ,laomuf+yD; aoa=umif;}uHpnfoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xkdpOfu ol@touf 20 yif rjynfhao;yg?
u|efawmfwkd@vnf; b,fvkd ajz&rSef;yifrod jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? u|efawmfhZeD;vnf; ±l;rwwf yHkusoGm;ygawmhonf? tawmf
jyif;xefvSonfh avmu"Hw&m;udk u|efawmfwkd@ tvl;tvdrfh cHvkduf&ygonf?
u|efawmfhrdcif}uD;uawmh u|efawmfwkd@wawG awmwGif;a&mufaerS 1983 ckESpfwGif ol@touf 93 ESpf t&G,frSm uG,fvGef
tedpPa&mufa=umif; owif;pmxJu ema&;a=umfjimukd awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfhrdcif}uD;rSm bma&m*grS }uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&SdcJhzl;yg? u|efawmfh
orD;i,fpef; jyefajymI od&oavmufrSmvnf; acsmif;enf;enf;qkd;+yD; tpm;taomuf ysufoGm;&mrS wntdyf&mxJwGifyif tdyfaysmf&if;
uG,fvGefoGm;onf[k qkdygonf? rD;ZmukefqDcef; jzpfoGm;yHk&ygonf?

AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a': cif=unf

a':cif
u|efawmfwkd@onf tapmykdif;u tpfr}uD; a':cif=unfESifh odyf&if;ESD;jcif; r&Sdyg? u|efawmf wyfxJaepOf u|efawmfhZeD;uvnf;
rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;/ wyfrawmf trsdK;orD;rsm;toif; pwmrsm;rSm 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&&if; tpfr}uD;ESifh vkyfief;t&/
awG@qHkcifrifr_awmh &SdcJhygonf? xkdpOfuwnf;u u|efawmfhZeD;u ajymzl;onfrSm tpfr}uD;tm; vltawmfrsm;rsm;u 0kdif;=unfndK
av;pm;jcif;a=umifh zqyv 0ef}uD;uawmfrsm;u tawmfr±_pdrfhjzpfa=umif; od&ygonf? aemufykdif; oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;
t+idrf;pm;,ljyefvmonfhtcgusrS u|efawmfwkd@ESifh ykdrkd&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
tpfr}uD;u wuUokdvf &dyfomvrf;wGif rdef;uav;tazmf ESpfOD;oHk;OD;ESifh aexkdifum/ yef;pkduftvGef0goemygojzifh +cHxJwGif
yef;trsdK;rsdK; pkdufum/ yef;rsm;ukdvnf; tvSw=unfh=unfhESifh aewwfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ rdom;pkawGukdvnf; rvmwm=umv#if zkef;quf
ac:wwfygonf? txl;ojzifh Zlvkdif 19 &ufteD;ywf0ef;usifwGif olt&if;ESD;qHk; rdom;pkrdwfaqGrsm;ukd w&ufpDcGJI rdom;pkvkdufzdwf
xrif;au|;wwfygonf? wcgw&H =o*kwfvtxd rjywfqufwkduf xrif;au|;&onfhtcgrsm; &Sdwwfygonf?
24
 tpfr}uD;tdrfwGif EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;/ oHwrefa[mif;rsm;/ wyfrawmfrS yifpif,loGm;olrsm;/ awmjyefrsm;/ vlpHk0ifxGuf
oGm;vm&m/ owif;pHk &wwfygonf? txl;ojzifh rqv acwf tpkd;&. rawmfrwnfh jyKrlcsufrsm;tm;vHk;ukd ol@a&S@wGif vlrsm;uvmI
&ifzGifhajymqkdwwf&m u|efawmfwkd@ ol@tdrfoGm;vnfv#if owif;pHk=um;&wwfygonf? ol@tdrfonfab;rJhawmuJhokd@ jzpfae+yD; tpkd;&
qef@usifonfhavoHrsm;/ ajymqkdr_rsm;/ ol@tdrfwGif vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqkdEkdifouJhokd@ jzpfaeygonf?
rqv tpk;d &uvnf; 'gudk ody&kH ygonf? wcgawmh a':cif=unftrd f olc;dk ck;d cH&onf[k owif;xGuv f m&m/ u|eaf wmfEiS uhf |eaf wmfh
ZeD;wk@d uref;uwef; oGm;a&mufowif;ar;&ygonf? ol@trd w f iG f tjyifvql I dk O,smOfapmifh (rmvD) wOd;D om &So
d nf? olc;dk u tdrt
f ay:xyf
ukd 0&efwmrS ckdIwuf+yD; tdyfcef;bD±kdav;xJwGif xnfhxm;onfh trSwfw&ypPnf;av;rsm;ukdom ,loGm;ygonf? xkdypPnf;av;rsm;rSm
tpfr}uD;oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfua&m/ aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGifa&m/ EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;u trSwfw&ay;onfh
vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;om jzpfygonf? tzdk;wefypPnf; rygyg?
u|efawmfhtjrifuawmh TudpPukd ppfwyfaxmufvSrf;a&;uyJ vkyf[ef&Sdonf? a':cif=unftm; tpkd;&qef@usifa&;rsm;
rjyKvkyf&ef/ rajymqkd&ef/ [ef@wm;jcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? O,smOfapmifhu vufaxmufcsyHk &ygonf? a':cif=unfukd,fwkdif
uvnf; TuJhokd@yif xifcJhygonf?
u|efawmfonf a':cif=unfESifh aemufykdif; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHvm&if; olr. rsdK;cspfpdwf&Sdr_/ wnfwnf=unf=unfESifh ÁajENoduQm
&Spd mG ae&if; olrtm; vma&muf=unf±h =_ uonfh Akv d cf sKyf. wynfo h m;ajr;tm;vH;k tay: pdwaf umif;/ ap wemaumif; jynf0h pGmESihf ay;wefay;/
au|;wefau|;/ t}uHay;p&may;ESifh em,u*k%f jynfh0pGm aexkdifaer_/ vma&mufor# vltm;vHk;uvnf; olrtm; av;pm;=unfndKr_
pwmrsm;ukd jrifawG@vm&ygonf? TuJhokd@ jrif&awG@&onfh tcgrsm;wGif a=omf æ AkdvfcsKyfrsm;/ 'gawGukd jrifawG@&&if b,favmufrsm;
0rf;om&SmavrvJ [k AkdvfcsKyftm; wrf;wrdygawmhonf?
1991 ckEpS /f a':atmifqef;pk=unf EkAd ,fq&k a=umif; a&'D,o dk wif; a=unmpOfrmS vnf; u|eaf wmfonf a=omfæ tpfr}uD;rsm;&S&d if
b,favmufrsm; 0rf;om&SmavrvJ[k tpfr}uD; a':cif=unftm; wrf;wrdjyefygonf?
xkdwuUokdvf&dyfom0if;xJwGif u|efawmfwkd@oGm;wkdif; aemufwtdrf 0ifa&mufvnfywf&ygao;onf? xkd0if;xJwGif wxyftdrf
uav;aqmufI rDSckdaeaeaom a':cif=unf.tpfr a':cif}uD; (ocifoef;xGef;.ZeD;) . tdrfjzpfygonf? a':cif}uD;rSm odyfusef;rma&;
raumif;vSbJ om;orD;av;rsm;ESifh xkdtdrf0if;twGif;rSmyif aecJhygonf? a':cif=unf. usefnDrrsm;vnf; xkd0kdif;xJwGifyif oD;jcm;tdrf
uav;rsm;aqmufI ae=uygonf?
u|efawmf awmxJa&muf+yD;aemuf u|efawmfhZeD;vnf; yHkrSefrysuf oGm;a&mufvnfywfa=umif; u|efawmfhZeD;u jyefajymjy
zl;ygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@onf awmwGif;rSzrf;rd axmifus+yD; vGwfvm=uonfh awmjyefrdom;pkrsm;ESifhvnf; &if;&if;ESD;EDS;cifcifrifrif
aecJh=u&ygonf? xkdolrsm;xJwGif u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pkESifh aqGrsdK;om;csif;uJhokd@ awmufav#mufcifrif&if;ESD;cJhonfh rdom;pkwck &Sdygonf?
xkdolrsm;rSm AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;.ZeD; a':cifrsdK;nGef@ESifh om;orD;oHk;OD;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf?
u|efawmfESifh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;rSm bD'Datuwnf;u od&SdcJh=uaomfvnf; odyf&if;ESD;jcif; r&Sdyg? olaxmifu vGwfvmpOfu
u|efawmfwkd@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ w±kwfjzLqef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDzGJ@onfhumvESifhwkd;ojzifh vma&mufyg0ifcJhzl;aomfvnf;
r=umrDrSmyif awmjyefckdoGm;+yD; awmwGif;wkdufyGJwae&mwGif usqHk;oGm;cJh&Smygonf?
ol@ZeD;onf a':cifrsdK;nGef@rSm om;orD;oHk;a,mufESifhtwl tawmfqif;&Jyifyef;pGm vkyfukdifpm;aomuf&ygonf? u|efawmf
omru u|efawmfwkd@ wrdom;pkvHk;u olwkd@tay: tvGef=uifempGm apmifha&SmufcJh=uygonf?
u|efawmfh om;ESpfa,mufzGifhonfh ajreDukef;u pmtkyfqkdifwGif olwkd@.om;av;ukdac:I tvkyfay;xm;+yD; u|efawmfhorD;}uD;
tvkyfvkyfonfh ta&S@ykdif;aq;±HkrS q&m0efrsm;twGufay;onfh tdrfcef;wGifrl a':cifrsdK;nGef@ESifh orD;ESpfa,mufukd ac:xm;ygonf? u|efawmf
awmckdvmpOf u|efawmfhZeD;wa,mufwnf; xm;cJh&pOfu olrusef;rrmjzpfaewkef; a':cifrsdK;nGef@u orD;}uD;cifrat;ESifhtwl u|efawmfh
ZeD;tm; vma&mufapmifha&SmufaexkdifcJha=umif; u|efawmfhZeD;u u|efawmhfukd jyefajymjyygonf?
a':cifrsdK;nGef@rSm tvGefpdwf"mwfckdifrm aumif;rGefoljzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufvnf; jywfom;ygonf? olwkd@rdom;pk csdK@wJhrSef;
odojzifh xkdpOfu vkyfom;jynfolowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfudkvS+rdKifu ol@ukdowif;pmukd,fpm;vS,f ay;ygonf? olu vufrcHyg? Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDukd tykwfcwfqHk;a&;om;aeonfh owif;pmu au|;onfhxrif; rpm;csifyg[k qkdcJhygonf? ol@vkyftm;ESifhyif yifyifyef;yef;
vkyfukdifpm;aomuf&Smygonf?

avxD;Akdvftkef;armif
avxD;Akdvftkef;armifrSm axmifouf&Snf±Hkru u|ef;vnf;ESpfu|ef;oHk;u|ef;jyefjzpfum aemufqHk;rS axmifuvGwfvmol
jzpfygonf? olaxmifu vGwv f mawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk wawG bmEkid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rS vkyI
f r&awmhyg? wcgwcg u|eaf wmft
h rd w
f iG f qHw
k wf=u+yD;
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;om ajymjzpf=uygonf?
ol@ZeD;vnf; tawmfawmfonfh trsdK;orD; jzpfonf? ukdtkef;armifrSm axmifuvGwfvm+yD;vnf; bmrSrvkyfbJ ZeD;u aps;a&mif;
au|;wmyJ &Sdonf? olwkd@wGif orD;av;wa,mufvnf; &Sdygonf?
ukdtkef;armifrSm tvGefoabmoum, aumif;+yD;/ pdwfESvHk;ESdrfhcsoljzpfum pum;vnf; rsm;rsm;rajymwwfyg? u|efawmfonf
1973 - 74 ckESpfavmufu ol@tm; u|efawmfhtwGuf uGefjrLepfygwDESifh qufay;&ef ajymqkd&m olu}udK; pm;ay;rnfqkd+yD; txufArmjynf
25
wufoGm;ygawmhonf? wvausmfausmf t=umwGifrS jyefa&mufvm+yD; b,fvkdrS tqufr&[k qkdvmojzifh u|efawmfvufav#mh
vkduf&ygonf?
u|efawmf ygwDxJa&mufrS od&onfrSm xkdumvu yJcl;±kd;r jyKwfoGm;+yDjzpfojzifh ygwD. ajratmufvkyfief;ukd ta&S@ajrmuf
a'ou pkpnf;vkduf+yD; topfjyefzGJ@pnf;jyKjyifae&m vla[mif;rsm;ukd b,fol@ukdrS rqufoG,fawmhbJ vlopfrsm;ESifhom pwifv_yf&Sm;
aeojzifh ukdtkef;armiftaeESifh b,fvkdrS tquf&Smr&jzpf[ef &Sdygonf?
u|efawmf ol@ta=umif;a&;aepOfrSmyif ola&;cJhonfh “tESpf 50 =um+yD;aomtcg” aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pkpnf;I pmtkyfxkwfrnfh
olrsm;u u|efawmfhtm; trSmpma&;ckdif;&m u|efawmfa&;ay;&ojzifh Tae&mwGif ukdtkef;armifukd *k%fjyKaomtm;jzifh xkdtrSmpmukd
xnfhoGif; azmfjyvkdufygonf?

AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. trSmpm

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ausmfaZm
(AkdvfausmfaZm)
16-3-07

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26
avSum;xpfwGif xkdifcs+yD; “AkdvfausmfaZm usKyfukd ESifxkwfw,f[kwfvm;/ cifAsm; u|efawmfhukd ESifxkwfw,faemf”[k xyfcsnf;wvJvJ
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» » » »
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pHkvifaomtcg ol Akdvfae0if;ukd tdrfay:wufac:a=umif;/ Akdvfae0if;u AkdvfausmfaZma&m vmovm;[k ol@ukdar;a=umif;/ olu
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t,HkoGif;xm;vJ rodyg?)
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xkd@jyif u|efawmfwkd@ wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;twGuf ay;xm;onfh ajruGufrsm;wGif tdrfaqmufrnfqkdu vkdtyfonfh tdrfaqmufypPnf;rsm; tpkd;&
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xGuf&onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd +idrfatmif olvkyfxm;EkdifcJhygonf?
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jznfh&ygonf?
27
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vnf; tawmfowdxm; aexkdif+yD; tajymtqkdvnf; qifjcifygonf? xkdae@uawmh pdwfaygufvm+yD; ajymcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?
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r&Sdoifhawmhyg?
xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;armifESHu ukd,fhom;orD;rsm; r*Fvmaqmifawmh r*FvmzdwfpmwGif “vufzGJ@jcif; onf;cHyg”[laom
pmwef; xnfh±kdufcJhygonf? orD;pef;pef;wkef;uawmh bmrSjy\emray:yg? u|efawmfwkd@yJOD;pD;/ u|efawmfwkd@pdwf}udKufyJ vkyf&ojzifh
tqifacsmcJhygonf? tdrfrSm tusOf;±Hk;vufxyfvkd@vnf; jzpfonf?
okd@aomf u|efawmfhom; r*FvmyGJusawmh rdef;uav;bufu ajymp&mawG jzpfvmygonf? pDpDh }uD;a': }uD;rSm ol@orD;wOD;vnf;
r*Fvmaqmif+yD;+yDjzpf&m a[mfw,f}uD;wckckwGif aqmif&rnf[k qkdvmygonf? }uD;a': }uD;bufu =unfhawmhvnf;orD;us wcrf;wem;
vkyfay;cJh+yD; wlrusrS jzpfuwwfqef; vkyfay;onf[k tajymcH&rSmpkd;[ef &Sdygonf?
pDpDrSm u|efawmfwkd@ vl}uD;rsm;t=um; tawmfAsmrsm;oGm;ygawmhonf? aemufawmh a':odef; (pDpDh }uD;a': }uD;) u a[mfw,frSm
tcrf;tem;usif;ya&;ukd tav#mhay;+yD; u|efawmfwkd@u “vufzGJ@jcif; onf;cHyg”ukd u|efawmfwkd@ a,mufsm;av;bufu zdwfonfhzdwfpm
w0ufwGifyif ±kdufESdyf&ef tav#mhay;vkduf&ygonf? r*Fvmaqmifukd pDpDwkd@tdrf ausmufajrmif;tdrfwGifyif usif;yjzpfcJhygonf?
1974 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm; tukefbGJ@&ukef+yD;/ tvkyftukdifrsm;ESifhjzpfum/ tdrfaxmifusolrsm;vnf; usoGm;ukef+yD
jzpfygonf? u|efawmfh qDqHkvrf;tdrfrSmvnf; tdrfuav;u ao;i,f+yD; ab;ywfvnf axmufvSrf;a&;0kdif;aeojzifh tdrfrS u|efawmf
w&ufaysmufr&yg? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmftdrf}uD;}uD;wvHk;0,f&ef pOf;pm;+yD; u|efawmftdrf&Sm&m prf;acsmif;/ ajrmif;jrvrf;xJwGifyif
tdrft}uD;}uD;wvHk; &SmawG@ygonf? ay 50 ywfvnf ajruGufwGif [kdbuf'Dbuf 10 aypDcsefum tjynfhaqmufxm;onfh ESpfxyftdrf}uD;
jzpfonf? a&S;u|e;f ukr% ` u D refae*smwOD;u aqmufco hJ jzifh opfrsm;u taumif;pm;rsm;jzpfayonf? u|eaf wmfq h q D vkH rf; tdraf v;udak &mif;/
tdrfrSm&Sdor# ypPnf;tm;vHk;csa&mif;um u|efawmf xkdtdrf}uD;ukd aiGwodef;eJ@ 0,fvkdufygawmhonf? u|efawmf vufaqmif&xm;onfh
ypPnf;rsm;/ wHqdyfrsm;/ bGJ@rsm;/ EdkdifiHjcm;uygvmaom vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;pojzifh tdrfwGif&Sdor# tukefcsa&mif;&ygonf?
1974 ckEpS /f ESpv f nfyidk ;f avmufwiG f u|eaf wmfw@dk ro d m;pk xkt d rd }f uD;ok@d ajymif;a&$@c=hJ uygawmhonf? xkt d rd .
f um;*kad 'giw f iG &f adS om
tdrfiSm;rsm;u awmfawmfESifhz,fray;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ tawmf'kuQ a&mufvkdufygao;onf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk xkt d rd af jymif;+yD;aemuf ArmjynfEidk if aH &;rkew
f idk ;f ykrd jdk yif;xefvmygawmhonf? u|eaf wmfonf q &m}uD;r_id ;f psmyeudpP/
*lAdrmefudpP +yD;uwnf;u bmEkdifiHa&;pum;rS rajymawmhbJ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGifvnf; ab;a&Smifaeygonf? u|efawmfhtwGuf vufeufukdif
28
awmfvSefa&;rSvGJI bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdqkdwm u|efawmfod+yD; jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfygwDESifh tquf&atmif }udK;pm;aomfvnf;
tqufr&yg? u|eaf wmft h aeESihf ygwED iS hf tquf&zk@d upd rP mS tvGev
f #Kd @0u
S I
f vkyu f ikd &f ojzifh rvG,u
f v
l yS g? t}udrt f csKd @ }udK;pm;cJah omfvnf;
ratmifjrifcJhyg? u|efawmfhyHk owif;pmxJ rygatmifvnf; tawmf}udK;pm;aeygonf? tdrfrSmvnf; r=umc% tjyifxGufxGuf=unfh+yD;/
w&ufEpS &f ufaysmuf+yD;rS jyefvmwmrsKd ;vnf; vkyyf gonf? xkpd Ofu u|eaf wmfo h rD;t}uD;vSvrS mS &efuek t f a&S@yidk ;f aq;±H}k uD;wGif vufaxmuf
q&m0ef vkyfae&m/ ol@twGuf aq;±Hku ay;xm;aom tdrfcef;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ZeD;armifESH vkdufaewwfygonf? u|efawmf tdrfrSm r&Sdwm
yHkrSefjzpfaeatmif vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfygonf?
u|efawmfhtdrfu zkef;ukdvnf; apmifhem;axmifrSef;odojzifh bmudpPrS zkef;ESifhrajymrdzkd@ owdxm;&ygonf? u|efawmf u b,fvkdyif
EkdifiHa&;ESifh a0;atmifaeaomfvnf; xkdumvEkdifiHa&; rkefwkdif;jyif;xefvmaomtcg u|efawmftaeESifh wa=umif;r[kwfwa=umif; ywfouf
vm&ygawmhonf?
1974 ESpfukefykdif; OD;oef@ta&;tcif; ay:vmawmh 'Dta&;tcif;ukd OD;aqmifaeonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u bG@J ESif;obif
cef;rrSaeI u|efawmfhqD zkef;quf+yD; t}uH^m%frsm; awmif;ygonf?
1976 ckESpf/ r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif; t+yD;rSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH (rsufrSef) AkdvfwifOD;u tac:ckdif;Iygqkd+yD;
axmufvSrf;a&;u AkdvfrlS;&Jaq$ESifh txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme n¸ef=um;a&;rSL;OD;oef;wifwkd@ u|efawmfhukd vmac:ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
u|efawmf tquftoG,f &Sdonf[k owif;&ojzifh ar;jref;vkdaoma=umifh[k qkdygonf? u|efawmf xkdae@u AkdvfwifOD;ESifh awG@&ygonf?
rif;wkd@ ig w,fvDzkef; ajymor#awGukd wdwfeJ@zrf;xm;w,fvkd@ =um;w,f? tJ'DrSm tukef&SdwmyJ[k u|efawmfuajymawmh AkdvfwifOD;u
[m - u|efawmfwkd@ twwfynmu ajymoavmuf r[kwfygbl;vkd@ ajymygonf? olwkd@ xkdae@ ae@vnfavmufwGif u|efawmfhukd tdrfjyefykd@
ygonf?
xdkuJhokd@ EkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif;rsm; jyif;xefaepOfumvrSmyif 1976 ckESpfZGefvqef;/ we*FaEGae@ wnaewGif u|efawmfh om;ti,f
ausmfaZmOD;u “azaz u|efawmhfukd ygwDA[kdu qkwfckdif;vkd@ u|efawmf oGm;awmhr,f”[k E_wfqufvmygonf?
xkdpOfu ausmfaZmOD;rSm vufxyf+yD; om;OD;ol&defausmfaZm (,ck vef'ef bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfae) ukd arG;+yD; wESpfrjynfhwjynfh
tcsdef jzpfonf? olonf vufxyf+yD;aemuf pDpDwkd@tdrfwGif vkdufaeaomfvnf; aoma=umae@nae ±Hk;qif;wmESifh ol@ZeD;ESifhtwl
u|efawmfwkdf@tdrf jyefa&mufvm+yD; wevFmae@reufrS ±Hk;wuf&if; tdrfjyefoGm;wwf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ajrmif;jrvrf;tdrfwGif olwkd@
twGuf tcef;wcef; xm;ay;ygonf? olEiS o hf @l tpfudk atmifausmaf Zmwk@d ESpaf ,muf }udw}f udw}f udw}f udwEf iS hf Ekid if aH &;vkyaf erSe;f u|eaf wmf
&dyfrdaomfvnf; u|efawmfwcgr# ar;r=unfhyg? u|efawmfhorD;}uD; vSvSukdvnf; olwkd@ESifh EkdifiHa&;pum;rajym&ef u|efawmfESifhyJ ajymp&m&Sd
ajym&ef rSm=um;xm;ygonf?
olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;vkyfief;awG vkyfaea=umif; owif;awGxGufaewm tawmf=um+yD jzpfonf?
OD;oef@ta&;tcif; +yD;uwnf;u ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd vuf0Jvuf,m ESpfbufpvHk;u v_H@aqmfaea=umif; rqv ygwD0ifrsm;
t=um; cscsaqG;aEG;ae=u+yD; vuf,mbufuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;om;rsm;u OD;aqmif+yD;/ vuf0Jbufuawmh AkdvfausmfaZmom;rsm;u
OD;pD;a=umif; ajymqkdae=uoH u|efawmfwkd@ jyef=um;xm;+yD; jzpfygonf?
r_dif;&mjynfhyGJwGifvnf; olwkd@ESpfa,muf ygyHk&onf? olwkd@ukd,fwkdif yg±Hkru u|efawmfhtdrfwGif vmausmif;wufaeonfh u|efawmfh
wlav; (u|efawmfhnDti,fqHk; ukdodef;a&$-om;) armifjrwfausmfukdvnf; [kdckdif;'Dckdif; ckdif;wwf&m/ u|efawmfhZeD;u wqlqlwylyleJ@ wm;qD;
uef@uGufwwfygonf? (u|efawmfhwl armifjrwfausmfrSm EkdifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;yHk &onf? yxrykdif; ol@tpfukdrsm; ckdif;or#ukd vkyfukdif+yD;/
aemufykdif;olukd,fwkdif wufwufºuºu yg0ifvkyfaqmifvm&mrS r_dif;&mjynfh ta&;tcif;t+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; vkdufvHzrf;qD;&mwGif
tzrf;tqD;cHoGm;&ygonf?)
xkdtxJwGif vuf0Jpma&;q&m}uD; ocifjroef; uG,fvGef&mwGif olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf psmyeaumfrwDxJyg+yD; 0ifa&muf
v_yf&Sm;=u&mu psmyeudpPrsm;+yD;aomtcg xkdpsmyeaumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; zrf;r,fqD;r,f jzpfvmojzifh olwkd@ESpfa,muf ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwD ajratmufuvmyfpnf;u awmckdckdif;jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?
u|efawmfonf ausmfaZmOD;. E_wfqufpum;ukd =um;wmeJ@ &ifxw J Gif 'dwfceJjzpfoGm;um ol@vufukdvnf; zrf;qGx J m;+yD; “rif;ukd
ygwDA[kdu b,folrSef; taotcsm odovm;” [k u|efawmfuar;&m olu “odygw,fazaz? u|efawmfhukd azazhom;rSef; od=uygw,f”[k
jyefajzygonf? xkdtcg u|efawmfu “'gqkdæighac:wm jzpfrSm? igqufaewm =um+yD? igvnf; vkdufr,f”[k qkdvkdufygonf?
ausmfaZmOD;u ol@qDvmwJh ta=umif;=um;pmrSm azazta=umif;rygyg? 'ga=umifh u|efawmft&ifoGm;+yD; ygwDA[kdukd azaz
vmcsifa=umif; tpD&ifcHr,f? +yD;rS vlv$wf+yD; azazhvmac:r,f[kqkdum u|efawmfwkd@om;tz tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfa&;qGJ=uygonf?
yxr olwkd@tpDtpOfrSm nDtpfukdESpfa,mufvHk; twlxGuf=u&ef jzpfaomfvnf; tckESpfa,mufpvHk; aysmufoGm;v#if axmuf
vSrf;a&;u tdrfukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unhfrSmjzpfojzifh aemif u|efawmfxGuf&ef vG,fawmhrnf r[kwfyg? xkd@a=umifh zrf;umrS zrf;qkd+yD;
atmifausmfaZmukd yHkrysufxm;cJh+yD; ausmfaZmOD;wa,mufwnf; xGufoGm;ygawmhonf? axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uvnf; awmckdv#if nDtpfukd
ESpfa,mufpvHk; oGm;vdrfhrnf[k wGufxm;ojzifh wa,mufu v_yf&Sm;aewmukd apmifh=unfhaeygonf?
'D=um;xJ ol&def@ wESpfjynfh arG;ae@ukd usif;y&ef u|efawmfhZeD;ESifh pDpDtdrfom;rsm; wv_dif;v_dif; jyifae=uygawmhonf?
u|eaf wmf ausmaf ZmOD;ESihf aqG;aEG;onfah e@rmS yif u|eaf wmfo h rD;}uD;vSvt S m; ajymjy&m orD;u azazoGm;&if olvnf;vku d rf nf[k
qkdvmygonf? xkdpOfu vSvSrSm &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;Y bGJ@vGefoifwef;wufaeygonf? u|efawmfu azazu tpuwnf;u azazoGm;&if
orD;ukdyg ac:oGm;zkd@ pOf;pm;+yD;om;ygvkd@ajym+yD; vSvSaq;±HkrS cGifh&&Sda&;/ rSwfyHkwiftwkrsm; jyKvkyfa&;udpPrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;=uygonf?
29
 u|efawmfwkd@onf atmifausmfaZmtm; zrf;rsm;zrf;rvm;[k &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh ae=uygonf? xkdtcsdefu atmifausmfaZmrSm
ajreDukef;Y pmtkyfqkdifav; zGifhxm;&m olvnf;t&Sdrysuf pmtkyfta&mif;t0,f vkyfaeygonf?
ausmfaZmOD;xGufoGm;+yD; wvrjynfhwjynfh tcsdefrSmyif u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZmu wnaewGif “azaz qufom;
a&mufvm+yD”[k owif;ykd@ygonf? u|efawmfu xkdqufom;ukd u|efawmfhtdrfab;um;*kda'gifwGif zGifhxm;aom u|efawmhfom;ruf a'gufwm
0if;vGif. oGm;aq;cef;rSwqifh tdrfay:ac:wifoGm;&ef ajymvkdfufygonf?
Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@tdrfokd@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS qufom;wOD; u|efawmfwkd@ukdac:&ef a&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf?

u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa'ookd@ xGufcGmjcif;

Akdvfae0if;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGeftuif;yg;ol jzpfygonf? ol@wukd,fa& }uD;yGm;r_twGufqkdv#if b,fol@ukdrqdk bmrqdk
vkyfoljzpfonf? b,ftcsdefwGif b,fol@ukd cGmI b,ftcsdefwGif b,fol@ukd uyf&rnfukd aumif;aumif; wGufcsufwwfolvnf; jzpfonf?
ol@tm;qef@usifol rSefor#ukda&m axmufcHolrsm;ukdyg bmawGpOf;pm;aeonf? bmawGvkyfaqmifaeonfukd t+rJapmifh=unfh+yD; tpOfrjywf
od&Sdae&rS auseyfol jzpfonf? axmufvSrf;a&;bufwGif tvGeftuGufaphol jzpfygonf?
u|efawmf wyfuxGuf&uwnf;u u|efawmfhukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unfh+yD;aeonfukd u|efawmfukd,fwkdifvnf; odonf?
u|efawmfhqD 0ifxGufoGm;vmae=uolrsm;vnf; od=uygonf? odatmifvnf; wrifvkyfonfhtcgrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? +cdrf;ajcmufonfh
oabmvnf; jzpfygonf?
TuJo h @kd vloxd if&mS ; rsujf cnfrjywf apmif=h uyf=unf±h a_ eonf=h um;u u|eaf wmf uGejf rLepfygwo D @dk vGwaf jrmuf xGuaf jy;Edik o
f nfh
tcg vltawmfrsm;rsm;u tawmfyif tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif taemufEkdifiHom; pma&;q&mwcsdK@u u|efawmfhukd
Akdvfae0if;u wrifv$wfay;vkduf[ef &Sdonf[kyif a&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygonf?
wu,fawmh u|efawmf TuJhokd@ vGwfajrmufvmEkdifonfh tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm; &Sdygonf? xkdta=umif;rsm; rSmæ
1? u|efawmf tdrf}uD;wvHk; 0,fvkdufonfhudpP? ? 1974 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfu tdrf}uD;wvHk; 0,fvkdufjcif;onf u|efawmf
vGwfajrmufvkduf&onfh tajccHta=umif;&if;}uD; w&yfjzpfayonf? Ttdrf}uD; u|efawmf0,fvkdufonfhtwGuf vltawmfrsm;rsm;.
pdwfxJwGif u|efawmf EkdifiHa&;qufvkyfawmhrSm r[kwfbJ om;orD;rsm;/ ajr;rsm;ESifh at;at;aq;aq;yJ aexkdifawmhrnf[k xifrSwfrSm;
oGm;apygonf?
xdktcsdefu u|efawmfhorD;i,f pef;pef;. orD;}uD; u|efawmfwkd@. ajr;OD;cifav;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ZeD;armifESH xdef;ae&ygonf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk vlyrdk xm;yg? tdraf zmfvnf; riSm;yg? orD;pef; tvkyo f mG ;v#if u|eaf wmfw@dk EpS af ,muf wvSnphf D xde;f =u&ygonf? u|eaf wmfZh eD;
csufjyKwfcsdefwGif u|efawmfu xdef;&ygonf? u|efawmf ajr;yJ xdef;ae&onf[k tjyifwGif owif;xGufaeygonf?
1975 - 76 wGif pkpk (a':atmifqef;pk=unf) &efukefokd@ acwWjyefvmpOf u|efawmfESifhawG@&m olu “OD;av;u ajr;yJ xdfef;aew,f
=um;ygvm;? Armjynf}uD;twGuf OD;av;wm0efaus+yDvkd@rsm; OD;av;xifaeovm;”[k u|efawmfhukd &efawG@ygonf? u|efawmfu “rif;pdwfcs
yg? OD;av;wm0ef OD;av;ausyGef&ygaphr,f? rif;wkd@vnf; ukd,fhtvSnfhus rEJG@=ueJ@aygh”[k jyefajymcJhzl;ygonf?
xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfESifh enf;enf;a0;aeolrsm;u u|efawmf EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeawmhrnf[k xif=uygonf? u|efawmf
touft&G,ft&vnf; &vm+yDjzpfI pGef@pGef@pm;pm; vkyf&rnfhtvkyfukd vkyfawmhrnf r[kwf[k xif[ef&Sdygonf? Akdvfae0if;ukd,fwkdif
uvnf; u|efawmf uGefjrLepfygwDtay:wGif pdwfempdwfckaeonf[k xifae[ef &Sdonf? u|efawmfuvnf; tJovkd xifaeatmif
ol@em;a&mufEkdifonfh ae&mrS xkdtmabmfrsdK; v$ifhxm;zl;ygonf?
Ttcsufa=umifhyif u|efawmfhukd apmifh=unhfonfh tvkyfwGif 0D&d, ayghvm=u[ef &Sdygonf?
yuwdbm0t&vnf; tdrf}uD;rSm ESpfxyfjzpfojzifh atmufxyfwGif pef;pef;wkd@ rdom;pkomae+yD; usefvlrsm;u tay:xyfwGif
ae=u&m vrf;ru=unfI h rjrifEidk rf odEidk f &Syd gonf? qDqv kH rf; tdraf v;wke;f url u|eaf wmfrmS tdru f usO;f vnf;usO;f / arSmifvnf;arSmifojzifh
tdrfujyifav;rSmyif yufvufukvm;xkdifwvHk;ESifh pmzwfae&&m vrf;ay:u t+rJapmifh=unfhaeolrsm;u jrifae&+yD; enf;enf;aysmufoGm;
wmESifh ysmysmovJjzpf+yD; &SmazG=uygonf? ,ckawmh olwkd@taeESifh u|efawmf&Sdr&Sd b,fvkdrS tuJjzwfr& &Sdwwfygonf?
xkd@jyif u|efawmfwkd@u Ttdrf}uD;ukd ajymif;cgpyif jzpfao;ojzifh u|efawmfhudk axmufvSrf;a&;xm;onfh olwkd@. axmufvSrf;a&;
uGef,uf pepfwus tjynfht0 wnfaqmufr&ao; &Sdygonf? Tonfuvnf; u|efawmfwkd@twGuf tcGifhaumif;w&yf jzpfygonf?
2? 'kwd,ta=umif;uawmh vwfwavm tvGeftusdK;&Sdapvkdufonfh udpPw&yf jzpfygonf? xkdudpPrSm Akdvftkef;ausmfjrifhwkd@
tr_ay:aygufvkdufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? xkdudpPESifh axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;w&yfvHk; ±_yf,Sufcwf tvkyfrsm;oGm;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ukd
apmifh=uyfaer_rsm;vnf; vpf[if;oGm;[ef &Sdygonf?
xkdpOfwkef;uawmh bmudpPrSef; rodyg? u|efawmfwkd@ oGm;zkd@vmzkd@jyifqifaepOfrSmyif wae@ vSvS naejyefvm+yD; ajymjyonfrSm
olESifhtvkyfvkyfzuf q&m0efrwOD;&Sda=umif;/ xkdq&m0efrrSm avwyfrS ykdif;avmhAkdvf}uD;wOD;.ZeD;jzpf+yD; e0&wf&dyfomwGifaea=umif;/
'Dae@aq;±Hk a&mufvmcsed f aemufusojzifh bmjzpfovJ[k ar;=unf&h m bmudprP eS ;f rod/ olw@dk aeonfh e0&wf&yd o f mukd reufvif;tm;}uD;wGif
ppfwyfESifh0kdif;I olwkd@. tdrfatmufwGif aexkdifonfh AkdvfcsKyfausmfxif. ukd,fa&;twGif;a&;rSL; (P.A) ukd zrf;oGm;a=umif; ajymjyonf[k
od&onf? xkd@aemuf vSvSuyJ qufajymjyonfrSm olwkd@vlemcef;rS ol@q&mwa,mufu ajymjyonfrSm “[-nu bmjzpfovJ
rodb;l a[h? wk@d vrf;xJu M.I XmcsKyfxJ um;awG 0ifvu dk x f uG v
f u dk ef @J wnvH;k tvky±f y_ af e=uwm? udp}P uD;wckcak wmh jzpfay:+yD xifw,f”
[k qkdyg onf? xkdq&mrSm [Jvfyifvrf;xJwGif aexkdifol[k od&ygonf?
30
 u|efawmfu xkdudpPudk odaomtcg TonfrSm u|efawmfwkd@twGuf tcGifhaumif;jzpfEkdifonf[k wGufrdygonf? (u|efawmf
awmxJa&muf+yD; tawmf=umrS Akdvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrifhwkd@ tr_qkdwm od&ygonf?)
3? wwd,ta=umif;uawmh u|efawmfwkd@ c&D;pOftwGif; jyifqif&mwGif tcsdefa&G;cs,fr_utp tvGeftao;pdwf+yD; pepfwus
aphaphpyfpyf bufpHkjyifqifcJhr_a=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? tcsdefwkdtwGif; uGufwdusatmif pDpOfEkdifI jzpfygonf?
xkdESpfu tmZmenfae@ Zlvkdif 19 &ufonf ±Hk;ydwf&uf pae/ we*FaEGESifhqufae+yD; ±Hk;qufwkdufydwfcsdef jzpfygonf? T±Hk;ydwf&uf
twGif; u|efawmfwkd@ &efukefrS xGufcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wGif rSwfyHkwif twkrsm;tjyif vSvS. tvkyfa&$@ajymif;v$mtwkvnf;
ygvmygonf? vSvSrSm erfhcrf;aq;±Hkokd@ ajymif;&onfh q&m0efwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfu ol@ukd apmifha&SmufvkdufvHykd@aqmif
ay;onfh OD;av;tjzpfvnf;aumif; [efaqmifcJh=uygonf?
vSvSrSm xkdc&D;rxGufcif wywftvkdwGif ol@bmomol rouFmI aq;ppf=unfh&mrS nmzuftqkyfxdyfwGif wDbDa&m*g jzpfyGm;
aea=umif; odvkduf&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh olu xkd"mwfrSefjyI ol@tcef;tkyfq&mxHrS vkyfoufcGifh 10 &uf,l+yD;/ wDbDaomufaq;ESpfrsdK;
ukdvnf; oHk;av;vpm awmif;vmcJhygonf? xkdudpPa=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ wtdrfom;vHk; aq;±Hkajy;aq;ppf&/ "mwfrSef±kduf&ESifh tvkyf±_yf
oGm;=u&ygonf? TudpPukdvnf; w,fvDzkef;rSwqifh a&;}uD;cGifus,fvkyf+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ [kdvlajym/ 'Dvlajym ajymqkd=uygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@udk apmifhaeonfh axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; rsufpdvnfap&ef jzpfygonf? u|efawmfu wcsdK@rdwfaqGawGaqGrsdK;awGukd orD;pdwf"mwf
xdckdufaea=umif; wae&m&moGm; tem;,laecsifaea=umif;/ u|efawmfvnf; vkdufoGm;r,fvkd@ pOf;pm;xm;a=umif;pwmawG zkef;ESifhajymqkd
owif;v$ifhwmvnf; vkyfygonf?
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u|efawmfwkd@ paeae@reufykdif;wGif u|efawmfhZeD;ukd zGifhajymjy=uygonf? om;i,fukdausmf (ausmfaZmOD;) awmckdoGm;&mwGif
vrf;c&D;Y zsm;aea=umif;=um;&ojzifh vkdufac: =urnf[k ajymjyygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ om;tzwawG ajryHkwcsyfESifh nnrSm }udwf}udwf
}udwf}udwf vkyfaeonfukd wnolxtvm awG@xm;ojzifh olr,Hkyg? olygvkdufrnf[k qkdygonf? vSvSu ararygvkduf&if tm;vHk;rdukefrSm?
tm;vHk;aysmufv@kd rjzpfbl;? araru tdrfrSm [efrysufaecJhyg? oHk;av;&uf=umatmif olwkd@ukd vSnfhjzm;xm;EkdifrS tm;vHk;vGwfrSmvkd@
azsmif;zsygonf? xkd@aemuf ukdatmifonf tdrfwGif a&mufaeonfh ygwDrSqufom;ESifh t&ifxGufoGm;ygonf? vSvSu tdrfrSzkef;ESifhyif
ol@vlemcef;rS wm0efusaeaom tvkyfoifq&m0efav;tm; olwDbDjzpf+yD; aoG;tm;enf;vGef;aoma=umifh rdk&mrif tm;aq;oGif;&ef
aq;±HkvmcJhrnf[k csdef;ygonf?
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vkdufygonf? pef;uawmh u|efawmfwkd@ ajymwm,Hkygonf?
xdktcsdefwGifyif u|efawmfhatmufnD ukdoef;xGef; oHk;q,frS uysmu,m a&mufvmygonf? armifjrwfausmfukd nuyif
axmufvSrf;a&;u oHk;q,ftdrfwGif vmzrf;oGm;+yD; 'Dae@reufapmapm &efukefykd@vkduf+yD[k=um;a=umif; armifjrwfausmfzcif (u|efawmfh
nDti,fqHk;) ukdodef;a&$u &efukefu [kdaumifESpfaumif (u|efawmfhom;ESpfa,muf) vnf; b,fvkdaer,frod/ tukdoGm;ajymacsyg?
a&Smifcsdef&&ifvnf; aumif;wmayghqkd+yD; v$wfvdkufvkd@ vm&onf[k qkdygonf? (trSefrSm u|efawmfwkd@ awmckdzkd@ jyifqifpOf vSvSu
armifjrwfausmyf g wygwnf; ac:oGm;rnf[k qkyd gonf? u|eaf wmfu vlawGrsm;aev#if tE &W m,f &So d nf? xk@d a=umifah emufrS vmac:wmayg?h
tckawmh vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf jzpfatmif ol@ukd oHk;q,f jyefckdif;xm;&atmif[k ajymxm;+yD; ausmif;rsm;vnf; ydwfxm;ojzifh oHk;q,f
ol@rdbrsm;qD jyefckdif;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? armifjrwfausmfonf r_dif;&mjynfh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifr_jzifh axmifusoGm;+yD; vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhESifh
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dk m ol@tm;vnf;
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axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;onf aq;±Hk}uD;a&S@aygufrS u|efawmfwkd@ om;tz oHk;bD;um;ay:rSqif;+yD; aq;±Hkay:wufoGm;onftxd u|efawmfwkd@
aemufu ygvmcJhygonf? aq;±Hk}uD;. a&S@ay:wDukdatmufwGif olwkd@ &yfapmifhaeonfukd u|efawmfwkd@ aq;±Hkay:u jrif&ygonf?
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cs&m wHcg;ayguf) rS xGufvmcJh=uygonf?
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ta&mufykd@&ef/ rE Wav;rS naewGif jyefxGufvmrnf[kajym+yD; toGm;tjyefiSm;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf?
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c&D;quf&mwGif vrf;wGif w&ufESpf&ufavmuf =umEkdifao;&m xkdumvtwGif; um;q&mudk rsufjcnfrjywfapmifh=unfhzkd@ vlvkdojzifh
ac:vm&jcif; jzpfygonf? um;armif;&efvnf; vkdtyfaumif;vkdtyfEkdifojzifh um;armif;wwfol armif&J0if;ukd ac:vm&jcif; jzpfygonf?
u|eaf wmfw@dk tr_EiS yhf wfouf+yD; armif&0J if;crsm tzrf;cH&+yD; axmif ESpf t&Sn}f uD; usomG ;a=umif; aemufyidk ;f wGif u|eaf wmfw@dk =um;&ygonf?
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xGufvm&jcif; jzpfonf? um;ujrifhojzifh tawmftqifajyygonf? wckqkd;onfrSm um;a&S@cef;u rSefay:wGif ±kyf&Sifa=umfjimwck
31
a&;uyfxm;ojzifh jzwfoGm;jzwfvmrsm;u a=umfjimomru um;xJukdyg pdwf0ifwpm; =unfh=unfhae=uygonf?
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awmhyg? um;ay:wGif um;py,f&mwOD;vnf; ygygonf?
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awmifajcrS apmifhaernf[kqkdojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ &efukefu iSm;vmaomum;ukd rE Wav;awmifajc wae&mwGif &yfckdif;+yD; u|efawmf/
vSvS/ ukdatmifESifh ygwDrS yxrqufom;&Jabmfwkd@ um;ay:rSqif;um u|efawmfwkd@ udpP&SdI c%oGm;OD;rnf/ naejyefqHkrnf[k armif&0J if;ukd
E_wfquf+yD; xGufcJhygonf? (armif&J0if;u xkdum;q&mESifh rcGJrcGmae+yD; naeusrS w,fvDzkef; wae&mrSqufum u|efawmfwkd@wawG
rvmEkdifawmha=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh olyJ &efukefjyef&rSm jzpfa=umif;ajymum um;q&mESifhtwl &efukefjyef&ef pDpOfxm;ygonf?)
u|efawmfwkd@ xkdum;ay:rS qif;+yD;/ enf;enf;av;av#mufoGm;awmh xkd-aemufqufom;ukdawG@um oliSm;xm;aom *spfum;jzifh
u|efawmfwkd@awmufav#muf vm±_d;okd@ qufwufcJhygonf? ar+rdK@okd@ reuf 10 em&Davmufa&muf&m/ um;q&mrSm um;ukd ar+rdK@em&Dpif}uD;
teD;wGif &yf+yD;ae&m u|efawmfwkd@rSm &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh ae&ygonf? u|efawmfonf ar+rdK@wGif wkdif;rSL;tawmf=umvkyfcJh&m ar+rdK@wGif
todrdwfaqGrsm;ojzifh todESifhwkd;rSm pkd;ae&jcif; jzpfonf? ±kwfw&uf rsufESmodESifhwkd;u olwkd@vmE_wfqufv#if rod[efaqmifI
jiif;v$wf&ef u|efawmfu udkatmifESifhvSvSukd oif=um;xm;ygonf? rxifrSwfonfh ae&mwGif rxifrSwfolESifh qHkawG@ygu xifa,mifxifrSm;
jzpfwwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh ukd,fuZGwfjiif;v#if olwkd@b,fvkdrS wwfEkdifrSmr[kwfa=umif; ajymjyxm;&ygonf? vrf;wGif wa,mufa,muf
ukd rdoGm;v#if usefolu ukd,fhvrf;ukd,f qufav#mufzkd@/ zrf;rdolukd *±krpkdufzkd@ukdvnf; rSmxm;&ygonf?
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u|efawmfwkd@ }uHKwJhum; wm;pD;+yD; c&D;quf&ef '±kdifbmu ajymvmygawmhonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@onf ESpfokwfcGJvkdufygonf?
u|efawmf/ vSvSESifh 'kwd,qufom;av;u wokwf/ ukdatmifESifh yxrqufom;u wokwfcGJ+yD; vm±_d;rSm qHkrnhfae&m
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&nfrGefoljzpf+yD; um;ykdif&Sifukdf,fwkdifyif jzpf[efwlonf? um;aemufwGifvnf; vlvwfykdif;wOD; tdyfvkdufvm&m oluxxkdif+yD; u|efawmfwkd@
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qif;+yD;av#mufoGm;&if *dwfawG@vdrfhr,fqkdum u|efawmfwkd@tm; csxm;cJhygonf? (aemifrS u|efawmfwkd@ od&onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@
aysmufqHk;aea=umif;/ awG@&Sdolrsm;u ta=umif;=um;&ef tpkd;&u "mwfyHkrsm;ESifhwuG owif;pmrsm;u a=unmaomtcg u|efawmfwkd@
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=um;&ygonf?)
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vSvS om;tzESpfa,muf wnf;ckd+yD;/ u|efawmfwkd@ESifh ygvmaom qufom;av;u tjyifxGuf penf;em&efESifh tpm;taomufrsm;0,f&ef
xGufoGm;ygonf? oljyefvmawmh nwkdif;wnf;ckdcef;rsm;ukd ppfaq;wwfa=umif;/ rae@nuwif xkdwnf;ckdcef;ukd ppfaq;a&;0ifao;a=umif;/
olEiS rhf suEf mS odwa,muf wk;d aeojzifh ol u|eaf wmfw@dk EiS hf twlrwnf;ckb d J wae&moGm;wnf;rSmjzpfa=umif;/ ol reuf 8 em&DrS ay:rvmv#if
rdrdwdk@bmom erfhcrf;um;*dwfokd@oGm;&ef rSm=um;ygonf? olajymjyI od&ao;onfrSm u|efawmfwkd@aemufrSm usefcJhonfh ukdatmifESifh
qufom;wOD;rSm &Jum;wpD;ukd wm;pD;vma=umif;/ olwkd@vnf; +rdK@t0if bmrStppftaq; r&Sda=umif;/ acsmarma=umif;/ tckvnf; wjcm;
wnf;ckdcef;wckwGif wnf;aea=umif;/ reuf 8 em&DwGif um;*dwfwGifqHk&ef csdef;xm;a=umif;ajym+yD; xGufoGm;ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ om;tz wnvHk; =uuftdyf/ =uufEkd; tdyf=uygonf? reuf 7 em&DcGJavmufwGif xkdqufom;av; a&mufvm&m
u|efawmfwkd@ tawmf0rf;omoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD; a[mfw,fteD;&Sd qkdifwqkdifwGif reufpmpm;=u+yD; wuUpDjzifhyif erfhcrf;
um;qdyfokd@ oGm;a&muf=uygonf? um;qdyfwGif ukdatmifwkd@ a&mufESifhae+yD; jzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ um;vufrSwf0,f+yD;
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orm;rsm;onf xkduav;rav;rsm; ESifhom w&if;wESD;E_wfqufa&maESm ajymqkdaeojzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawGtawmf uHaumif;cJhygonf?
usefc&D;onfrsm;udk rnfol@udkr# *±krpkdufvSawmhbJ 0wfauswef;ausom ppfaq;wmawG@&ygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ vm;±_d;u txGuf emrnf}uD;vSonfh at'D (A.D) *dwfwGif um;ay:rS c&D;onftm;vHk; qif;&+yD; ppfaq;a&;*dwfwGif
tppfaq;cH&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ om;tzESpfa,muf ppfaq;ola&S@a&mufaomtcg vSvSu ol@vufukdiftdwfx JrS rSwfyHkwif
txkwfvkdufwGif tdwfxJwGifygonfh q&m0efoHk;em;=uyf xGufusvm&m ppfaq;aeolpma&;u armh=unfhvkduf+yD; a=omf- tpfr}uD;u
32
tpkd;&tr_xrf;vm;[k ar;ygonf? vSvSu [kwfuJh? u|efr erfhcrf;jynfol@aq;±Hk}uD;ajymif;vmwJh (A.S) vufaxmufq&m0efyg? u|efrrSm
(Transfer Order) a&$@ajymif;trdef@vnf; ygygw,f? 'DrSm =unfhOD;rvm;[k qkdaomtcg xkdpma&;u ysmysmovJESifh [m-rvkdygbl;/ rvkdygbl;?
oGm;yg tpfr}uD; &ygw,f[k qkdygonf? vSvSu u|efawmfhvufqG+J yD; 'guawmh u|efrukdvkdufykd@wJh u|efrOD;av;/ u|efrwdk@ oGm;awmhr,faemf/
aus;Zl;wifygw,f[k E_wfquf&m xkdpma&;uav;u tpfr}uD; a&S@uuif;awGrSmvnf; (Government service) tpkd;&tr_xrf;vkd@om
ajymyg? bmrS ppfaq;rSm r[kwfygbl;[k rSmvkduf&Smygao;onf?
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'DuvGwfxGufoGm;wmav? *dwfw*dwfvHk;vnf; tvkyfjyKwfxGufoGm;wmyJ? olwkd@ezl;rSm pmuyfxm;wmrS r[kwfwm/ u|efawmfwkd@u
b,fvkdvkyf odEkdifrSmvJ? cifAsm;wkd@vkd aumif;a&mif;aumif;0,form;awGqkd&ifawmh bmylp&m&SdovJAsm? u|efawmfwkd@u v$wfay;ygw,f[k
ajymv$wfvkdufonf[k qkdygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; aq;±Hkokd@ tvkyfajymif;vmonfh q&m0ef[k qkdvkdufojzifh apwemAvyGjzifh ewfvrf;
n¸efvkdufaom xkdpma&;av;tm; owd&oem;aerdygonf?)
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ygonf? (aemifrS od&onfrmS ukad tmifh oli,fcsi;f D.S.A qif;wa,muf jzpf+yD; ukad tmifu h adk wG@ojzifh 0rf;omtm;&ac:oGm;+yD; pum;pjrnf
ajymwmomjzpfa=umif;/ ukdatmifu tvkyfjyKwfoGm;ojzifh pdwfnpf+yD; xGufvnfaea=umif; ajymjy+yD; jyefqif;vmcJha=umif; od&ygonf?
ukdatmifrSm bG@J &+yD;cgpu urm&Gwf pD;u&ufpuf±Hkw±HkwGif tvkyfoift&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyfvkyfaecJh+yD; 1974 - 75 tvkyform; ta&;tcif;
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tcg um;py,f,mu a=omf æ cifAsm;wkd@u 'Dvkdukd;vkd@ qkdvkdfufygonf? xkdae&mrSm u|efawmfwkd@ ajratmuf&Jabmfrsm; oHk;aeusvrf;
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pyg;cif;}uD;wckab; v,fuefoif;ay:wufav#mufvkdufpOf “azaza&/ azaza&”[k atmf+yD; vuf}uD;ajr‡muf a0S@,rf;+yD; ajy;vmonfh
u|efawmfhom;ti,f ausmfaZmOD;ukd awG@vkduf&ygawmhonf? olu u|efawmfwkd@xuf wvcef@apmI ygwDokd@ xGufcGmoGm;oljzpf&m ol@ukd
awG@vkduf&aomtcg u|efawmfwkd@ ygwDokd@ acsmacsmarmarm vHk+cHKpGmqkdufa&muf+yDqkdwmukd odvkduf&ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ESifh ausmfaZmOD;/ olESifhtwlygvm+yD; }udKapmifhaeaom ygwDajratmufXme au'gwOD;jzpfonfh &JabmfaZmf0if;wkd@
tusdK;ta=umif; ajymaepOfrSmyif u|efawmfhom;t}uD; ukdatmifESifh qufom;&Jabmfwkd@ a&mufcsvmygonf? xkdae&monf Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD. a&S@wef;pcef;axmuf&Sd&m ref[kdif;&Gmav; jzpfygonf?
xdkae@onf 1976 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 20 &ufae@ jzpfygawmhonf?
u|efawmfonf tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;/ tauG@taumuftrsdK;rsdK;ukd jzwfausmf+yD; ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJh&onfh “tdrf” (ygwD) okd@
jyefvnfa&muf&SdcJhygawmhonf? ?

33
ukd;um;onfhpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

1? pma&;olukd,fwkdif a&;om;cJhonfh pmtkyfrsm;

1-1? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
2? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm; jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay
3? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;oabmxm;ESifh vufa&G;pifrdef@cGef;rsm;
4? urBmppfESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;
5? orkdif;rSefuluGufrsm; jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay
6? w&m;cHtppfb,folvJ ‚
7? rD'D,mavmuESifh tifwmAsL;rsm; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xme

2? wjcm;pmtkyfrsm;
2-1? vGwfvyfa&;a&$&wk (jynfwGif;ppfESpfig;q,f) atmifapmOD;
2? wkdif;jynfuEkEk rkefwkdif;u xefxef AkdvfrSL;}uD;a[mif;wifarmif
3? rkefwkdif;vGefaomf ‚
4? rkefwkdif;ukdvGefI tefwkavaomf rkd;rkd;wma&mpH
5? wyfrawmforkdif; (yxrwGJ rS pwkwÎwGJtxd) wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf
6? jynfwGif;qlylaomif;usef;r_orkdif; (tykdif; 4 ykdif;) ‚
7? q&m}uD;ocifukdawmfr_dif; vlxka':trm
*? owif;pmrsm;ajymwJhppftwGif;Armjynf vlxkOD;vS
9? wmawpaeom; OD;Ek
10? orkdif;rSefuluGuf 2 jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay
11? q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; ESpf 130 jynfh (txl;xkwf) "l0Hpmay
12? bHkb0rSmjzifh ocifwifjr
13? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif wkdif;}uD; 10 wkdif; ocifwifjr
14? Burma in Revolt Bertil Litner

34
aemufqufwGJ (1)
AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf
(10-8-76)

cspfvSpGmaom tzdESdyfcH vkyfom;jynfolrsm;jzpfwJh vlrsdK;aygif;pHkyg0ifwJh tvkyform;/ v,form;/ +rdK@aevkyfpm;ukdifpm;

qif;&Jom;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;aom tvwfwef;v$mrsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;aom vkyfief;ukdifief;&Sifrsm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmrsm;cifAsm;-
aemufrsdK;qufwckvHk; vlnGef@wkH;atmif tnGef@csdK;cHae&wJh ausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;cifAsm;?
aemuf ae0if;-pef;,kk ppfwyftwGif;&Sd trsdK;rsdK;aomvufeufukdiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS t&m&Sdt&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;rsm;cifAsm;
u|efawmf[m ae0if; tkyfpkd;r_ukd awmfvSefwkdufckdufzkd@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwJh vGwfajrmufwJhe,fajrukd tcuftcJ
trsdK;rsdK;ukd jynfolrsm;tultnDjzifh ausmfjzwf+yD; a&muf&Sdaeyg+yD?
tb,fa=umifh u|efawmf[m vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;vkyfzkd@ xGufvm&ovJqkdwm u|efawmfhtaeESifh wkdif;jynfukd &Sif;jyzkd@
wm0ef&Sdygw,f?
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=unfhraeEkdifvkd@ygyJ?
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tpazsmufvkdufw,f? tenf;qHk; 100 rS 200 =um; towfcH&w,f? aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhw,f?
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aemufae0if;uxyf+yD; t±l;trl; aoG;±l;aoG;wef; jynfolawGukd qef@usifjyvkdufyHku aemifvnf; "m;"m;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif; acsr_ef;ypfr,fvkd@
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xcscJhwJhjynfol/ ae0if;wkd@&J@ocif e,fcsJ@awGukd armif;xkwfcJhwJh jynfolawGqkdwm ae0if;wkd@arhaeyHk&w,f?
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35
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w[kefxkd;wufcJhw,f? jynfolawG ykdusyfwnf;vmcJhw,f?
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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(14-12-99)
(4-12-99) ae@rSm uG,fvGefoGm;&SmwJh a':a': - a':oef;pdefokd@ æ æ

45