bghUslf

t.v

gf
ca

1.

ku gzhkK

2.

nehjilfh kly

15

3.

kj cl cW klyf mik
braghLfS

35

4.

jhtuf d bgUf

53

5.

ghof

77

6.

thif af braf

91

7.

RW NH ghJfh

111

8.

f nkyhik

129

nta

9.

fiurf

143

10.

mQfS _yTWfS

153

11.

nt idf

165

12.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

189

13.

fhgD mj nrkfS

211

aa

14.

msL fUf

229

15.

ir af fS

235

16.

ndhlaY MwY

251

17.

ndhl fhj is xaY

275

ghll

309

brKiw

316

ca

myF

ku gzhkK

1. ku gzhkK
ghugaK ntWghLfS

flJj
Kiwf
zwJ.

xU gR fiw <DwJ. jhgR,

fW clyik, cl braa
ff jf dF Vw
xU bghJthd gig bgWsd.
cW
nehdh
mfW
j
bgnwhf
gf
jhgR
kW fhisUJ njh w
nghw gf ntWgoUgij
fhzyh.

jiyKiw jiyKiwahf fG
gf flJjiy ghuga
vdyh. flJj, njhwij, cl
csikig, cl braaiy
kW dbgUf braiy rhJ
UwJ.
jh, jij UtU jf ku
bghUshd o.v.V (DNA) _y g
flJj r gid bfht
_y Ka gfwd.

jiyKiwf,
bgnwhf
gfis
kLnk
xUfhk,
mj Kija jiyKiw gfis
fhzyh.
jifa
fljgL
gf khwfns ntWghLf
(Variation)
vdgL.
kjfY
jifa
ntWghLf
gytiw
fhzyh.

f n#hf bkl (1822 -1884)

jifa ghuga flJjiy Kj
Kjyhf btlh. Ma ehL
Jwahd bkl, j kl
cs njhl tsj, njhl
glh, glh bro
(igr rilt) gy ntWghLfis
cila
gfis
fljh.
gfis fy brJ fhQt
Mt bfhlh. bkl, njhl
glh bro flj ntWghLf.

1.1. ghuga
d
bgUf
bradh
cUthfgl jiyKiw, j cl
mik kW braa ff
bgnwhiu
xUF.
ghuga

bra 1.1

ca

tiw

c
tF
khztf
ehid th, cUs
brhYf. thW cUsbra
ayhj khztfis aghf
cUS ehid cilatfis
flJ g br.
nj nghW f w
ntWghLfis g bra.

ij tot

: cUil/
RUf

ij w

: kr / gir

ky w

: Cjh / btis

f tot

: K G i k a h d J /
RUaJ

f w

: gir / kr

ky
mikl

: nfhz / E

jo cau : beil / Fil

ku gzhkK
g XF g

xLF g

ijtot cUil

1.1.1. bkl xU g fy
bkl j MF glh
bro
(igr
rilt)
cau
gfshd, beil/Fil brofis
aifahd Kiw tsu brjh.

RUf

ij w kr

gir

ky w Cjh

btis

f tot
KGikahdJ

RUaJ

j kfuj nrif _y ijf

mjDila bgnwh gfshd beil/
Fil tonyna Ujd. it a
gfshf bfhsgld.
a d bgnwhfshd beil/
Fil
brofis
fy
brJ
mt _y bgwgl ijfis
fzlh.
bgnwh
X

beil

f w gir

Fil

kr
F1 jiyKiw

beil
jfy

beil

ky mikl
nfhz

F2 jiyKiw

bgnwh jiyKiwfshd (P1) a

beil, a Fil gfSl Toa
bgnwhfis fy _y bgwgl
Kj jiyKiw (F1) ilgl cau
gfis juhk, bgnwh gf
xwhd beil gid kLnk
bfhoUjd.

jo
cau
beil

Fil

gl.1.1 bkl njbjLj VG n#ho

ntWgl g iyf

myF-1

cau cau cau Fil

gl. 1.2 xU g fy

jid jfy brJ, ulh

jiyKiw (F2) bgwglJ, Kj
jiyKiw btglhj Fil g
btglJ. jiyKiw bgwgl
beil : Fil gf 3:1 vw
j Ujd. nkTa M,
xnu xU gghd cau vgjid
bfhL M brjdh jid xU
g fy vd bgalh.

bra 1.2
cf gF cs, ntWghL
gfSl
Toa
jhtufis
flJ g bra.
bjid
beil
Fil
btis
Cjh w ky

w ky
btik
Cjh w
fU
w jL
jL
rF
y ky btis ky

f n#hf bkl (1822 - 1884)

(isnlhah)

bkl Ma
mf
a
Jw, jh rhj
Jw
klnyna
Mug
f,

adh
gfiy
fHf
ma kW fjK gwh.
Ma g rhj nj
njhailjhY
tUila
ma Mt Fiwaiy. Jw
klnyna njhl glh bro
fyd Mid nkbfhlh.

1.1.2. ghuga aa jik

g
fhuf,
fdh
zfgLwd. itfns ghu
ga fhufshwd. xU
g U ntWgl gfis
bfhLs mik jikF,
mf
vW,
mf
btgLJ
gF
mnyh
khf vW miHfgL.
v.fh. beil kW Fil jhtuf.
cUilahd
myJ
RUf
bfhl ij ciw.
btis myJ Cjh w ky.
cf w mik khWghLfns
ntWghLfis cUthFwd.
bkhLf kW
iyf
gHf

ca

tiu nghnw glh broY,

kW
w
jhtufY
g
flJjiyg w Mthsf
M brj nghY, bkl
ma,
fj
uil
izJ fzLjiy btL
kut flj fis btlh.

ijf

wnjhw
btgilahf
fhzgL
gfshd
beil
myJ Fil, Cjh myJ btis
w nghwit wnjhw g
(ndhil) vdgL.

Gf

gl.1.3 cQ jnfg gwitf

myFf khWghL

1.2. khWghLf

gfSF
fhuzkhd
Fnuhnkhnrh myJ mik
dhfg (ndhil) vdgld.

eik Rs d cdf
xbthW
xWl
xW

ku gzhkK
khWgLwd. khWghLf vgJ:

2. dbr khWghLf - dbr

f VgL khWghLf mLj jiy
KiwF fljgLwd. tif
fns a a d cUthf,
gzhkF, fhuahwJ.

cdfSilna
d
fhzgL khWghL.
U ntWgl dfSilna
fhzgL ntWghL.

rhy lh (1809-1882)

ngdfSilna fhzgL
khWghLf, vd tifgLjgLwJ.

rhy lh jdJ 22 ta
ca Mfhf flgazij
nkbfhlh. bj mbkfh kW
mj flnyhu fis 5 MLfshf
ca
Mfhf
Muhjh.

yhJ Ual
L flgazij
nkbfhshJ, j U
lnyna nkY gy
Mfis nkbfhL
aif nj vD
fUJ nfhis cUthdh. mnghJ
mtuh cdf, ntWghLf
fhuzij sf ayiy.

gl.1.4 xj uila

xnu
khahd
mikigila
effshf
cdf
vW
miktiy. ghyh dbgUf
Kiw f beUfkhd mikigila
cdfis cUthFtjh, fa
msyhd khwfisna VgLJwJ.

bkl
f
tUF
bjUFnkahdh, D gy
bfhiffis btoUgh. U
mPfS xUtiu xUt mUf
thUjd.

ghd dbgUf Kiw cila

cf, Fl eF bjaToa
ntWghLfis cUthFwJ.

1.2.1. khWghLf tiff

rhy lh jdJ gzhk

bfhif _y eF mUD,
tUila kG kW kts jik
Mf _ykhf, jh xU aif
Mty vW czUwh.

1. clbr khWghLf - clbr

f VgL khWghLf mLj
jiyKiwF fljgLtiy.

bra 1.3
cf g myJ gF
cs xj clyikig cila
myJ
ntWgl
clyikig
cila uilafis flJ
mtfSF cs ntWghLfis
g bra.

gzhkF khWghLf CW
nfhfshwd.
cdf, NiyfSnfg
jfis
khbfhs
VJthwd.

myF-1

khWghLf KaJt

1.3. gzhk

fk nta gzhk Fj
yhkh fUJ

gzhk vgJ va jik

bfhl
cfUJ,
nkgl
jikbfhl cdfshf, gogo
ahf VgL khwfshF.
gok rhWf _y, gzhk
f bkJthf, gy a ML
fshf eilbgW fthF vW
mayh.
Niy fhuzkhf cdf
ntWghLf gy d gutfis
VgLd.

gh
yhkh(1744-1829),
clYW
gaghL
ga FJ
sUjh. j
go, bjhlJ mf
gagho UF
cWf
eF
tsW
vW,
gaglh
cWf
1.5 xlf ehsil ga HJ
WJnghF vW sUjh.

1.4. dkhj

yhkh ia bkf,
xlf

fGij
vLJfhlhf bfhL, caukhd
kuisf iyfis gJ
cgjfhf
lgl
fGJ,
ehsil skhf khabjW,
njit vzKnk khwF
fhuzbkW sUjh.

kj d nAhnkh bra vD
xnu dkhf csJ.
ah
cs
kjf
wnjhw mikF Vg
khWgL csJ. bj ah, tl
ah, tlHF gF, fhZ
kW mjkh gFf cs kf
xj mikl fhzgLtiy.
flf
thG
kjfY
jifa
khWghLf
csd.
tfSF fy yhjjhnyna
jifa khWghLf fhzgLwd.
X d U Tld
mik fgL xWbfhW
jikgLjglh, mtf j
dkhfnt MfgLt.
uL
d
Tl,
,
dbgUf fhuf nghwtwh
jik gLjglh t
mik khw bgW a dkhf
khWgLwJ.
jifa jik gLJj fhu
a d cUthjYfhd NHiy
VgLJwJ.
Mfnt, dkhj vgJ xU d
beLfhyF, fhu, myJ

thaYfhd
nghuhlij
jhF jikfis VgL
bfhwd.
cdfSF j milahs
ij VgL bfhwd.
tif khWghLf mikah
lh, ghuga vD ma
khwnk VgoUfhJ. vyh
cdfS xnu khahd
mikig bgUF.

ca

1.2.2. aif nj bfhif

rhy lh cy cs
cdfis TJ neh, cd
f thaYfhd nghuhlK,
bt bgWgitna iy WjgL,
vw aif nj nfhghil
btlh.
kua khwf njhW ntW
ghLfns gzhkij VgLJwJ.

ku gzhkK
khr cfshf kjf njh
d. HF ka Mah xU
a
MLfSF
Kd
thj ahljh kjf, jid
kiwJ, wjtfis ijF
tHfij bfhL thUjd.
bjF Mfh njh fl
fis flJ Fljf dkhf
kha, M nAhnkhbraf ciw
g fhy thjd.
75,000-10,000
MLfSF
Kd jfhy nAhnkhbraf
njhd. Rkh 18,000 MLfSF
Kd tuyhF Kija fhy
Fiff thJ, ntilaho
tjd. 10,000 MLfSF Kd
trhaij mJ, mjid VW,
j FoUfis cUth thG
kjgzhk bjhlaJ.

dbgUf fhufsh jik

gLjgLtJ a dkhf khWgL
f MF.

1.5. kj gzhk
gl.1.6 ed
kj
kilnahL,
g Fo
kilnahL
Kj
g
kil
nahLl
xl
gLsJ.
Fo g
kilnahL
kj
kilnahL
Xus
xUgij
fhzyh.

Rkh
gidJ
a
MLfSF Kd, Mfh
cl KGtJ nuhkfSl Toa
bfhyh, g FuFf kj
clyikig bfhoUjd.
3 - 4 a MLfSF Kd
kj nghw nAhLf (kj
Kndhof) HF MfhF
tjd.
bkJthf, tf gHfis cL
thJ, ffsh Md Mjfis
gagLajfhd
rhWf
ilf bgWsd.
ehF
mofSF
fhk
cau cila tf, j eil
bfhltfshf HF Mfh
thjd. tifd kj aig
xUj nAhLf, nAhnkh
bA (kjUF xghd ad)
vwiHfgld.
mLJ 1.5 a MLfSF
Kd nAhnkh vul vw

1.6. gzhk ku

gl 1.7 gzhk ku
7

myF-1

cdf
gzhkij
v J bfhs, kua kW
njhwa xj myJ ntWgl
cfis,
kua
gfnshL
gzhk miljij fgid fyj
mik tiuagL mikng, gzhk
ku vdgL.

1.7. ku bgha

fheilf th, Fs neh

(nfhkh
neh)
nghwtF
vuhd jL cg brj.
trhfSF gagL tif,
~ id ghOahF kh
ieu#id iy Wj brj.

ku bgha vgJ, c
Fnuhnkhnrh o.v.V (DNA)
jhf kua jikfis nrnjh,
Fiwnjh, khw brtjhF. j
_y c w mik khwij
njhWf aY. braKiw
o.v.V. khW bjhEg vdgL.
J jfhy kua, _yTa
kW cnta Vgl ts
ah VgljhF.

1.7.1. ku bgha mogil

bjhEg
ku
bgha
mogil
bjhEg
o.v.V.-it
gy
Jlfshf bto, kW
Jlfis
xlitF
KiwahF. DNA-it W Jlfshf
btl, Jlfis xlitF
behfis flj dnu,
ku bgha bgJ ts
milJsJ.

ku bgha eikf

mik
kW
mj
braghLfis mJ bfhSj.
mf ms R cUthf,
l bguh (itufSF vuhd
uj), kj ts Ahnkh,
kUJt bghUf:
1. R
2. ts Ahnkh
3. jL
4.neh v kUJf
5.khndhFnsha
v bghUf

ca

ku bgha:
1. ku bghUf
khwgl jhtu
2. ku bghUf
khwgl yFf

Ruf
bjh:
1. fk
bghUfis
bjLj

vbghUf:
1. aif vth

c
bjhEga
thf

fk myf:
1. mo my
2. my
3.l my

c bjhEga thf

EQ
tsij khw
bghUf:
1. behf
2. itlf
3. ouhLf
4. vjdh

ff nkyhik:
1. ff
2. eR ff
3.gaglh vbz
bghUf
4. trha ff
gHfS,
ghdfS:
1. gh bghUf
2. MfAh
3. buho bjh
4. xU br uj

ku gzhkK

t
1791
jL
vD
brhbwhliu cUth, jL
bfhiffis btlh. c
bjhEga _y jahfgL
jL bra kjkhfgl,
myJ bfhygl cfSF
gyhf, v njhahf, uj
fis
gagLdh.
tif
jL bAgilo B itufSF
(HBV) vuhf KjKj gagLj
glJ.
itlf:
itlf
aifahf cz fhzgLwJ.
it fa ms njitgL
ntbghUshF.
Mw
VJ
mfhj, Mdh Mw khw kW
tsij khw xGFgLJj
bgJ gagLwJ.
jLf:
Fl
nehF
vuhf bragL bghUfshF. it
xU v njhahf (Mob#)
bragL, v bghU (Mogho)
cg bra gagLwd.
ouhLf:
ouhLf
LfUJ bgwglitahF.
v.fh.
iunrhg
irfUJ
bfhyouh mla ubrnyh
vD ouhL bgwgLwJ.
khndhFnsha
v
bghUf: (Xd br v
bghUf) W nehF vuhf
gagL
v
bghUfshF.
it Fnsh brfsh cg
bragLwd.

1.8. c bjh Ega

kW Fnsh
cd braghLfY, c
bjhEg, kUJt, trha,
fheil cg kW RW NHiy
ikgLJjY
gagL
edfhy bjhEgkhF.
braghL, rhuha bjhrhiy,
beh bjhEg, neh v
bghU cg, fk my cg,
itl,
jL,
ouhL
kW nkhndh Fnsha v
bghUf
cgF
bgJ
gagLwJ.
rhuha bjhrhiy: behj
_y , x nghw MfAh
bghUf cgF gagLwJ.
beh bjhEga: beh
vgJ ca id Cf MF.
bra braiy ntfgLJj
j gahF. fk ntaY
kUJ cg bjh behf
mfkhf gagLwd.
c v bghUf: kj
cl
neh
v
jikia
CFF tif, cl eR
EQfSF
vuhf
kUJ
bghU cga gagLwJ.
fk myf: f cg
bra, mo my gagLwJ.

myF-1

vt #d (1749-1823)

m) tiuaiw
behf
(myJ)
buo
vnlh
na vD beh, xU
_yTW f nfhyhf bra
gL o.v.V.it Fl
gF btLtjF,
M) o.v.V. nf beh, (_yTW
gir) o.v.V. btlgl
Jlfis
xlitgjF
gagLwJ.

lh cUthf

Fnsh

lh vgJ uahf Kiw,

lhl Iah K kW mtUila
cjahsfsh
fhyh
nuh M Wtd #]iy
1996M ML cUthfgl xU
brk MLFoahF.

gl 1.8 MLFol lhl Iah _

1.8.1. Fnshf tiff

1. aifahdJ: njhw xnu
khahd uilaf aifahf
njhWtJ.
2. lglJ: braif Kiw,
cfU khw _y bgwgLtjhF.

lhia cUthf, Mthsf

MW taJila lhbr btis
brkaho
ghko
br
cfUit gagLd.

1.9. blbr (_ybr) kW

cW uik
bl br ts vdgL _y
br ts Kiw, gaghL ca
ed Jiwf xwhF. _y
brf, khWghL milahj xU br
FGkkhF. yF kW jhtuf
UJ bgwgLwd. brfSF
U
Ka
gf
csd;
mitahtd,

fU,
Uika
(2n)
Fnuhnkhnrhf, midJ fSl
Ujd. jid jFj Kiw
ghJfhJ
guhkjd.
kbwhU
Mo ml vLJbfhsgL,
mjD UF xU ika (n) cfU
fglJ.

ca

gh
koUJ
vLfgl
(2n) br cfU, ml
irnlhshr nrfglJ.

1. _ybr vgJ wgilahj br

FGk MF. it iklh Kiw
sW, f mf brfis cUthF
jikilad.

cfU nrfgl mlij,

kbwhU ts jhahd brk
aho
fUig
gaglJ.
mlD
izfgl
cfU Fnuhnkhnrhf (2n) U
ika iy Ujjh it tsu
CFfgL, a Fnshdhf
cUth wjJ. ij lhl Iah
K, lh vd bgalh.

2. _ybrf xU Fl bra
jik cilaJ.
vLJfhlhf ja
jir,
Rid cg br fiza
fhzgL lh brf, _is
fhzgL
w
eu
brf
(uhf) nghwt brYjgL,

10

ku gzhkK
tsu CFfglh, it w
jikila brfshf khW.

mwhl th EQ bgUf
gaghL

1.9.1. _y brf tiff

jLf: bfhygl, myJ

cUs
EQf
_y
vbghUf bgwgLwd. it
nehjLghwiy
CFf
gagLwJ.

_ y b rf
Uti fgL.
mitahtd,
1. fU _y br tif: Mtf
fLgLjgl Niy, clYF
btna
braif
Kiw
fU
cUthfgL, mfUUJ fU
_y brf bgwgLwJ.
fUUjYF, br j
_y fU brf fU nfhskhwd,
ntWghL milahj br FGf
jJ
J
vLfgLwd,
itna _y brf vdgLwd.
2. Kj myJ cl_y brf:
kj kW caiy yFf
ts iy jh va R,
iz R, jir R, uj
FH, eu kW dbgUf
Rf nghw eF ntWgLjgl
Rf
fhzgL
ntWghL
milahj brfSF cl _y
brf vW bga. tiw gJ
ts CFfglh, itf
J bgU tsJ, mnj nghW R
tsFa brfshf khW.
t ts KiwahdJ, fU
_ybr iynghwnj MF.
cl _y brf bghJthf
vY k{i#, fUbr, gFl
ut, bjhbfho ujUJ
bgwgLwJ.

c v bghUf: it
ir, ghOah _y bgwgL
nta bghUfshF. neh jU
cfis bfhW nehUJ
ghJfh mwJ.
itl B12 : c bjhEg
Kiw bgwgL itl B12,
bga uj nrhif nehia
Fzkhf gagLwJ.
behf: c nta Ka
gnfF behf, EQ bgUf
_y bgwgLwd.
vLJfhlhf mikny beh,
ngoah, miknyh nuhof
_y bgwgLwJ.

1.11. c cz kW c f

1.10. EQ bgUf

fUf _y

c
bjhEga
f
gutyhf
gagLwJ.
trha,
kUJt, cz bjh nghw gy
bjh mikf, Fj thf
cilajhF.

1. uj
FSnfh
fzlyh.

msit

2. nehWj fhuzkhf cUthd,

cl
eRjikia
fzlyh.

11

myF-1

c cz vgJ, beh, v
bghU, Ahnkh, f my
kW
cf
brf
_y
nghjgl czl izfgl
X fUahF. fU ca
liy lyhf khWwJ.
fUfis kUJt kW bjh
rhiyf gagLjgLwd.

nehahlUJ brf
fgLwJ

khw bragl
br Uggl
Ahnkhid
RuwJ

khw bragl
br nehahF
brYj gLwJ

Mtf itu
bgUf milkhW
khw bragLwJ

ituF
EiHfgLwJ

khw bragl brf

nehah brYl
fyfgLwJ

ca

gl 1.9 ir Kiw

nehah br, kua khw

bgWsJ

3. Fo khRWjiy ffh

fyh.
4. cz kz, Rit, ea
nghwtiw
msl
gagLjyh.
c f
c bjhEga _ykhf,
cf
jahfgLwd.
vfhy ca fbghfis
cUthf gagLjglyh. it
ghJfh Jiw, kUJt Jiw
bgJ gaglyh.

bragLwJ.

1.12. iwa ma - kugQ

kUJt

kugQ kUJt tiff

kugQ
kUJt
vgJ
ku
tahfnth kW bgwgl neh
FiwghLfshd
Wneh
kW
v nehF fhuzkhd id a
FJj myJ FiwghLila
id
rbr
Kiw _y
FzgLJjyhF.
kugQ kUJt clbrf
myJ d brf (J br
(m) ml br) fhzgL
FiwghLfis flJ rbrayh.
cl br kugQ kUJt - FiwghL
cst KG bjhFia
khW KiwahF. khw mLj
jiyKiwF fljgLtiy.

R rhj neh
(lago), R brYJj _y
FzgLjgLwJ. tif lago
FiwghLf, _y fiza
cs lh brf mWjyh
VgLwJ. c bjhEg _ykhf
a FJj myJ rbrj
tiff ir mfgL r

dbr kugQ kUJt bgnwhf ml myJ J

brf khwdh bragLtjhF.
J
mLj
jiyKiwF
fljgLwJ.

12

ku gzhkK

kL
gF - m
1. bkl njhl glh (igr irilt) bro 7 tifahd khW cUt ntWghLfis
fljh. flt xU tif ntWghL kh csJ. vJbtd fLo.
(jo cau, beil, Fil / ij, w, kr, gir / ky mikl E, mR / jL
mik bkikahdJ - fodkhdJ)
2. M kj njhaJ (Mfh, mbkfh, Mnuah, ah)
3. fltW vJ ghuga jik bfhlJ. (kugQ khw bragl jQ, jf
kugQ khw bragl f, fUbr kugQ khw braglit, gh ko br
kugQ khw braglit)
4. aif nj nfhghil btlt. (rhy lh, nfh-O-th, f n#hfd
bkl, ghil yhkh)
5. cl br ir Kiw vgJ. (J br khwij VgLJwJ, jiyKiw
khwij VgLJwJ, clbr khwij VgLJwJ, cl khwij VgLJwJ)
gF - M
6. bkl j M njhl glh bro cau vw gid XF gghf Ugij
fljh. mnjnghy ehid cUisahf cUs brj kj XF gghF. 60
khztf cs xUFG 45 khztf ehid cUs bra Ko, 15 khztf
thW bra ayhjtf.
m) nkTa Niy, j g XF kW xLF g jij fhf.
M) njhlglh bro bkl sa xU g fydij tiugl to vGJf.
7. flj Toa gf j dFS, ngdFS khWgL. fhQ gf
vjifa khWghLf csJ vd FLf.
m. kj fw y, fW, gG, gir vd khWgLwJ. tif khWghL _________
vdgL.
 M. Ka, ahid nghwt fhzgL g mik khWgLsJ. tif khWghLf
__________________ vdgL.
8. Ugh cfilna njhW mj jiyKiw, Fl jikila eF bjaToa
ntWghLfSl UF. ghyh dbgUf Kiw cUthF jiyKiwf Fiwj msnt
khWghLl fhzgLwJ.
m. nkTa Tiw VWbfhfsh?
M. fhQ cf ghyh dbgUfKiw dbgUf br cf ahit?
9. ghuga rhj y Ka thij Ff nH bfhLfgLsd. mtW
rahdtiw njbjLJ vGJf.
m) __________________ fhuf aa rhj ghugafhuf MF.
M) __________________ vgJ xnu khW btghL MF.
) __________________ vgJ mfSila vggik MF
(m, khWghLf, dkhj, , mny khf)

13

myF-1

(ghua, dh, kG, gwit)

10. clbrf VgL khw mLj jiyKiwfSF fljgLtiy. d br

VgL khWghL jiyKiwF fljgLtjhF. nuhkh mQFL faf
jiyKiw, jiyKiwahf fljgLwJ. nkTa Tiw gFjhJ, bjJ
bfhlij vGJf.
11. M kj Kj jfhy kj tiu bfhLfgl kj dfis tir gLj.
ahljh kj, nAhnah nAy, nAhnah vul, nAhnkh bra.
12. c bjhEga, ca jnghja mayhF. j mogil bjhEg
cjah gntWgl bghUf cg bragLwJ. nH bfhLfglt vFG
c bjhEg Kiw jahfgLtiy. flJ fhuz TWf.
m) behf, fk myf, ouhL, jLf.
M) jLf, behf, vbghUf, fk myf.
) v c bghUf, Ahnkhf, ouhL, jLf.
<) ouhL, behf, vbghUf, jLf.
13. xnu
khahd
uilaf,
Fnuhnkhnrh
mikY
nH Flitfis jFj thij bfhL KGikgLJ.

xirjtf.

m) xnu khahd uilaf __________________ ( aidahd uilaf / CF

fgl uilaf)
M) xnu khahd uilaf __________________ (ntWghLfSl fhzgLgt /
xnukhahd mikig cilatf)
14. ah, $yfh thG xU Fl tif jtis _jhija xUtnu.Mdh jnghJ
ah, yif fhzgL mnjd jtisf j dkh
csd.
m) nkFl tiugl mik vfhu jtis zYs
j dkh csJ.
M) a d cUthjYfhd wfhufis vGJf.
gF -
15. kj gzhk flj 15 a MLf Fljf khwfis bfhljhf csJ.
m) ts gzhkij ML rhJ KiwgLJf.
M) Mugfhy Fiff vnghJ njhd?.

) Mugfhy nAhf th FJ vGJf.

nkY ma

ca

1. Frame work of Science - P

 addy Gannon, Oxform University
Press, New Delhi
izajsf

http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

14

ca

myF

nehjilfh
kly

2. nehjilfh kly
nehaw thnt Fiwtw brt
vgJ frahd gHbkhahF.
Mnuhaijl Mdj VJiy.
Mnuha vgJ cl, kd kW
r_f rhj braf, lgho
Ugij FwJ. ekJ cl
mik nehfSF vuhf bragL
ffyhd
braghLfis
bfhLsJ. j fhuzkhf neh
fSF vuhd jilaikig e cl
bgWsJ.

kW rKf iyfis rk brJ

bfhwJ.

2.1. cl eyK mj

KaJtK

cl ey gkhzf

RW Na rhj btg, <ugj,

fhwGj, Na, kiH kW
kjdh VgLjgl khR, mQf
R,
Cl
rJ
gwhFiw,
eikR a fz cs
EQf, kjfSF VgL
W nghuhlf Mad e Mnuh
aij ghF fhuf MF.
cl gkhz: ey Mnuha
kj njhw bj, gsgsghd
rUk mik, ey ts ij khw
braghLf, mlj xU Tj,
ff
fUtisakw
jik
nghwit ey cley gkhz
TWfshF.

cl mitaFiwgho, neh
UgJ kLkyhk, cley
vgJ xU kj cl, kd, kW
rKf rhj lgho Ujiy
FgjhF. clFiwghL, nehW
Ugij kLnk FgJ MfhJ.
xU kj, ey Mnuha iy
csnghJ mtuJ cl cWf ey
Kiw aFwJ. mtuJ cl kd
Mnuhakhd
cley

kdgkhz:
jDila
gy,
gydij mj iy, jh kd
ghik mw iy Mait ey
kdgkzhfshF.

Mnuhakhd
kdey

r_fJl
r_fgkhz:
xirJ, wJ Fw fhzhJ,
ey r_f czfis ngQtJ,
FLg ril rruf ,
g lY R_f cwit ngQtJ
r_f gkhz vdgL.

cley

ca

2.2. nehfS mj
fhufS
nehw iybagJ Mnuha
F vuhdJ.
Mnuhakhd
rKfey

cl cWf braghL FiwtJ,

neh vdgL. g ntW nehf e
cl eyij ghwJ.

gl 2.1 ey cley

16

nehjilfh kly
bra 2.1
nkTa gzhkfis bfhL, cf tF njhHf / RwjhUila
eyjikia g bra.
ey cl eyJl cstf, wUl ey cwit ngQgtf,
nehwtf, tfis tif gLj, c egl cs, cdF oj
Fzfis tirgLj
kua

nehfhd fhuf
nehUf, Niy fhuf,
rJ gwhFiw, kua fhuf,
tsij
khw
FiwghLf
nehfhd fhufshf mikwJ.
fhufis bfhL, nehfis
fhQ Kiw tifgLjyh.
1. nehUf myhJ njhW
nehf
2. neh
Ufsh
njhW
nehf

ClrJ

Niy

2.2.1. nehUf myhJ njhW

nehf bjhW jikaw
nehf,
cl cWf brayw jik
myJ tsij khwFiwghL
nehf
Mnuhakhd
cl
eyJl
Toa
kj
uj
rfiu
ms, czF Kd 80 - 120 ..
/ 100 .. vw ms UF.
czF d mf ms
FSnfh uj caUnghJ
it
fiuahj
isnfh#dhf
khwgL,
vfhy
njitfhf
fu kW jirf nrfgL.
njitgLnghJ L gagL
FSnfh[hf khwgL uj
nrU. braghLf midJ
fiza, yhfAh Lf
fhzgL lh brf RufgL
R
vD
Ahnkhdh

tsij
khw

neh
Uf

fLgLjgLwJ. R
njitahd
ms
RufhjnghJ,
uj fhzgL TLj rfiu
gagLjglhk
W
tahf
btnawgL. nehF lago
bkl vW bga.
nj nghW, lago o,
ja nehf, Wuf braH, ca
uj mGj, cl gUk, mk
neh, _isia jhF gfthj
nehf nghwit tsijkhw
braghL
Fiwth
njhW
nehfshF.

17

myF-2

gl. 2.2 nehfhd fhuf

2.2.2. gugiu nehf myJ kua

nehf

kW Fthnahf vD nehfSF
fhuahwJ.

kua nehf FiwghLs myJ

O khwkilj dh njhWwJ.
mr vgJ gugiu nehahF.
J njh, nuhk, ff bkyh
vw w yhjjh njhWwJ.
J O khwkilj xLF fsh
VgLwJ.

kuhRk
neh
fhuzkhf,
FHij vil Fiw, fLikahd
tW
nghF,
vYJ
njh
nghjglJ nghw clyikl
FHijf fhzgLt.
Fthnahf
nehdh
FHijfSF ca tW, Kf kW
fhf f fhzgL.

j mFfshf, gh nghw
btikahd njh w, Na x
J mf cz bfhljh VgL
xfh (nghnlh nghah) iy,
nkhah vD uj ciwahik
neh, br mah vD f
mth uj nrhif neh, jhyah,
l FiwghL. F Wt neh
mF
nghwit
gugiuahf
fljgL kua nehfshF.

ca

2.2.3. cz rJ gwhFiw

nehf
ey cl eyF, kj clYF
njitgL
midJ
cz
bghUfS rahd j rahd
ms Uj ntL. t
fhzgL FiwghL gyj rJ
FiwghL nehfis njhWwJ.
FHijf uj FiwghL kuhRk

gl. 2.4 Fthnahf

gl. 2.3 xU mndh

gl. 2.5 kuhRk

18

nehjilfh kly

itl

VgL

nehf

FiwghL nehf

mltiz

nH

mFf

itl A

nlh nyhah

khiyf

itl B1

bg - bg

eu braghL Fiw

itl B5

bgyhfuh

kw neh, njh neh, tWnghF

itl B12

bga mah

uj tgQ ij

itl C

<Wf uj fj, g Gj

itl D

vYf fha FiwghL

itl E

kyL jik

dbgUf bra FiwghL

itl K

uj ciwahik

mf uj H

Uf fhuzkhf njhW nehf

DNA myJ RNAit ku bghUshf

bfhLsJ. Jtiu magl
midJ
itufS,
nghnah,
bt ehfo, fu f, _is
ciw f, _is fhr nghw
fLikahd
nehfis
cUthF
xLfshf csd.

Ufdh
neh
gu
bfhifia, uhg nfh, kW
ghl btld. xU
EQ myJ neh U kj
clYF EiHJ, ntfkhf tsJ j
vifia bgU bfhwJ.
itf lhf vD eRfis
cg
brJ
UnjhF
nehid clhFwJ. nehw c,
neh mFfis btgLJwJ.

ghOah, ghOa nehfS

ghOah vgJ Enzh
_y kLnk fhzToa xU br
nuhnfnahLf MF. ytif
ghOahf
fwitfshf
UD ytif xLfshf,
UJ nehF fhuahwd.
bghJthf ghOahf kj
th, _F, njhf fhzgL
uhf kW cl fhzgL
f
tahf
clD
EiHwd. it clD ntfkhf
bgU mf aKs eRjikia
btLtj _y nehia cg
brwd. fhr neh, bjhG neh,
fhyuh, ilghL, fFth, Uk,
blld
(uz#),
ns,

neh clhF EUf

xL EUf
EUf kjf mfkhd
nehF fhuzkhf csd. j
Uf itu, ghOah, irf
kW nuhnlnrhth vd gy tiff
fhzgLwJ.
kj,
itufS
kW
itufsh clhF nehfS
ituf, Unjh cl
cUsitahf, clYF bt
cuwKiwY bragL. ituf
ujjh NHgl ciwia cila
19

myF-2

itl Fiwghlh
jugLsJ.

nkhah,
,
nfhndhah
nghwit kjU fhzgL ytif
ghOa nehfshF.

 nuhnlhnrhthfS, nuhnlh nrht

nehfS
nuhnlhnrhthf
xUbr
cfshF. ytif nuhnlhnrh
thf kj xLahf UJ
knyah, jng, f ah nghw
nehfis cUthwJ.
 j fhzgL neh cUthF
k
xLf
kj, jilG, fuG,
cUilG: Oah, Mfh
ah, ignyah nghw xLf
_ykhf nehf clhwJ.

gl. 2.6 ngiy

irfS, ir nehfS

2.3. kjfl fhzgL

EQfS, neh
jL KiwfS

irf, gira mw rhU

myJ xL tiffshF. it
wj, mGnghd fk cf myJ
cUs jhtu myJ yFf
thG. ytif irf kj
njhYs fhnuhOfis ijJ,
tl totkhd gilnehia cUthF.
nkY bghLF, nrWfSF
fhuahwJ.
M.v.V

nfnrha
o.v.V

xUtlUJ
kbwhUtUF,
xL _y neh guggLnkah
dh, it gu jiks nehf
vdgL. tif nehfis mj
fhu, gu jik kW fLghL
tiw mJ bfhtj _y,
rnghw
nkYiw

jiy

o.v.V

thYiw
M.v.V

nf
nrha

ca

isnfh
uj

ifiy
bkhir itu

isnfh
uj

th iH

nf

Sarh ngonahng{
itu
gl. 2.7 ituf tiff

mondh itu

20

nehjilfh kly
e
eho
fhzgL
tif
nehfUJ
ghJfhJbfhs
aY.

Milf, ghuf, nkY

fgiw rhjdf _ykhf
guwJ.

2.3.1. itu nehf

 ehfLghL,
n
jLjY

rhjhuz r: WF nkgl
ituf nehF fhufshf
csd. bgatfis l FHijfns
mfkhf ghgilwd.

neh

tuhk

ey rJs cz, nehahl

bjhlid jj, rahd Mil
cLJj nghwit _y nehia
jf aYnk ju, ntW jkhd
w eilKiwf VJiy.

neh mFf
1. Rthrghij, mj nkw
fYs eh va Rf
f.

2.3.2. Sarh

2. r xGFj.
3. jiyt, fhr.
rhjhuz rdh cl
neh
v
jik
FiwJ
nkhah, _RFH nehf nghw,
nehrhj
Jiz
cghijf
vgL.
neh guj
1. nehah eh, th tahf
gl. 2.9 v1 v1 itu
cy vyh gFfY, Fghf
1970 cyif Mogilj xU
bfhLikahd neh.
neh fhu
A (H1 N1) vdgL itu nehia
guwJ. J cUil toY
v gu bfhLikahd tifia
rhjJ.
gl. 2.8 kj itundh itu

Obud
njhW
KJFwY,
if,
fLikahd t.

bjF tiyf, nehwt

ngRj, j, r Jj nghw
bradh wUF guwJ.

fhr,
fhf

neh guj: nehwt eh,

thUJ
bjF
tiyf
_ykhf
mLjt
RthrFH

2. nehwt clik bghUfshd

ifFil,
gLif
,

21

myF-2

neh mFf

tahf guwJ. nkY nehwt

clik bghUf _ykhf gu.

_y guwJ. nehwt bjF

tiyf _yK guwJ.
tiy, nehwt cz cQnghJ,
r tahf, ngRj, j _y
btnawgL, l neu fh
fyJ cUl UJ nehgu.

neh fLghL
1. nehah
ghfgltfSl
bjhlgUj.
2. Tlij jj.

fhr neh, ghOah br Rt

fhzgL xUj tGtGghd xL
jikah fhnyna mf neu
UJ, jid RthF kj
Eiuu tahf guwJ.

2.3.2. ghOah nehf

ghOahf
nuhnfaho
cf MF. y tif ghOahf
kjf xLahf UJ
fhyuh,
ilghL,
jng
nghw
nehfSF fhuahwJ.

bra 2.2
ghOah ts Kiw

fhr neh: fhrneh vgJ fh

gu
neh
tifia
rhjJ.
Eiupuiy cl w ghffshd
vYf, _Lf, z Ruf,
brkhd cWf, fu kW
Wufij ghwJ.

y uh khr JLfis
eF bgho brJ Jl 15
l bfhf itfgl
nfu, cUis HFf nrJ,
eF fy iu tofoa cs
fyitia (uh) xU Rjkhd
M FHh vLJbfhs
ntL. Rkh 25oC btgiy
Rjkhd gdh _o y k
neuf itf ntL. ghOah
tsUtjF Vw fyit,
ghOah tsUtij fhzyh.

neh fhu: iknfhghOa

ogFnshr (TB), vw F tot
ghOahfsh cUthwJ.

ca

mFf
1. ghOahdh
ghfgl
gF W fofSl Toa
cUthFtjh, nehF
og Fnshr (fhr neh) vW
bgalglJ.
2. bjhlahd Uk.
3. cl vil Fiwj.
neh guj: fhr neh fh

neh fLghL
1. ey Mnuhakhd iyia
mRjkhd Niyia jjY,
mf kf TL lij jjY,
fhnwhlkhd miw UjY,
neh gujiy jF.
2. ey Na x, ikahd
fhW Uf beUflhk
jLF t Kiwf MF.
3. nehahia jikgLJj,
nehah gagLJ bghUfis
UehbfhLikgLJj.
4. nehah r nghwtiw
nrfJ vj _yK.

gl. 2.10 ogFnsh ghOah

22

nehjilfh kly
5. fhr neh jL Cahd
BCG jLia, FHij wjl
nghLtj _yK.

neh guj

6. nehah Uk nghJ, JK
nghJ
ifFilah
_if,
thia _obfhSj, nghwt
_y j neh jhFj UJ
jLJ bfhsyh.

2. ilghL nehah ghfglt

xU jhahf bragL tf
_ykhf,

1. ilghL nehahdJ khrilj

kW cz _ykhf,

3. < bkhj cz bghUf

_ykhf neh guwJ.
nehjL fLghL

ika eu kly
gik, nrh

nehwtiu jik gLJj

<fUJ ghJfh
Rfhjhukhd cz gHf.

Eiupu
beR t, bjhl Uk

ftiw gaghil Rfhjhukhd

Kiw guhkj _ykhf neh
guthk jLfyh.

Uk nghJ
uj tiyf
btgLj

ilghLF vuhf jnghJ y

jLf gagho csd. xUKiw
ilghL neh Vgo, iyahd neh
v jikah ilghL nehF
vuhd ghJfh cl VgLwJ.

njh
u aj,
bt w

2.3.3. nuhnlhnrhth
nehf

_y

gu

gl. 2.11 fhrneh (o.) mFf

2.3.2.2. ilghL

2.3.3.1. knyah

nehfhu: F tot vzw

fir iHfSl Toa, rhybkdyh
il vw ghOah _y neh
guwJ.

nehfhd fhu
`shnkhoa' vD EQ
_y knyah guwJ.
ah
shnkhoa
fhQ
tiff
fhzgLwJ,
mitahtd
:
1. shnkhoa
itth 2. shnkhoa knyah
3. shnkhoa ghghu kW
4. shnkhoa xntny MF. t
shnkhoa
ghghu
wig
VgLJ fLikahd tif MF.

mFf
1. bjhlahd fhr.
2. Fl gF fK fS
njhWj.
3. ku f, Fljf
t f mo t njhWj.

23

myF-2

xU br cfshd nuhnlh
nrhthf y xL neh
Ufshf csd. it kjfSF
nehfis clhFwJ.

gut: knyah bg mdhg

bfhR tahf guwJ.

nehjL fLghL
1. bfhR foia jLf Rfhjhu
Kiwf,
2. bfhR tsia jLf,
njUF lij _LjY,
rhfil njfhk ghJ
bfhSjY KakhdjhF.
3. bfhR tiyfis gagLJj,
bfhR uLth _y bfhR
foia jJ knyah neh
tuhk jLfyh.

neh mFf
1. fL fhrY cl FJ
eLfK, ajY knyahfhd
Ka
mFfshF,
LL
fhr bjhlU.
2. mofo knyahth jhfglh,
ku gGjiljY fu R
mjY VgLwJ.
nghnuhnrhLf
cUthj

bfhR kjD
knyah Uia
cbrYJj

nghnuhnrhth
cUthf RH

f
hL

nr

nuh

bfhRD
RH

Cifd

iknuh
nfnlh ir

kj
fu
RH

fu br

bfhRD
nfLf
cbrYj

uj
tgQF
btna

irrhL
Kj
onuhngh
nrhL

RBC

uj
tgQF
kj
uj
RH

iknuh nfnlh
ir nknuh nfnlh
irLF EiHj

nknuh
nfnlh ir

irrhL

nfnlh
irLf

gl. 2.12 knyah xL thif RH

nfnlh
irLf

ca

knyah xL thif RH
shnkhoa:- shnkhoa gh dbgUf mdh bg
bfhRY, ghyh dbgUf kjY eilbgWwJ. nehw kjiu
mdh bg bfhR foFbghGJ shnkhoa bfhR clYF brW
ghdbgUfdh bgU nghnuhRthLfshf cUth bfhR c
Ru nrfukhwJ. bg bfhR nehaw kjid foFnghJ j
nghnuhRthLf kj cl EiHJ fu brf bgU, d uj
tgQit jh btof brwJ. j fhuzkhf nkhnrh vD
eRbghU btgL Fiu, fL fhriy VgLJwJ. fhr
3 Kj 4 ehf ofyh.

24

nehjilfh kly
kj
kyUF
nehUf, <f tahf
cz kW gu neh
cUthwJ.
nehjL, fLghL
1. Uf mw Rjkhd iu
gUFt _yK, < bkhfhj, _o
itj cz bghUfis cg
_yK, jRj brafshd ftiw
Mnuhaij filog _y
neh tuhk jLfyh.

r nuhdhL uh
r nuhdhL uh
(1857 - 1932) mnkhuh
wj
OZ-a
kUJt. t jDila
g
goig,
kUJt
goig
yh
gwh.

ffjh
khy
bghJ
kUJtkid gjh. 1882 1899M MLf uh knyahit
g Muhjh. bgfS
gnghJ, bfhR thif
RH , dbgUf Ka
gfgij knyahit gu
bjhlfis
Muhjh.

brfjuhgh
gnghJ,
knya
xLf
bg
mdh
bfhR
Ugij
fljh. knyah neh, vthW
bfhR fodh knyah nehs
xUtlUJ
wUF
guwJ
vgij btgLdh. khbgU
gfhf 1902 r nuhdhL uh[&F
nehg gR tHfglJ.

iffGt MW iyf

csiffis fGj

iffis fGj

ufSilna fGj

u Efis fGj

bgUu kW
kfLfis fGj

effis fGj

2.3.3.2. m jng (mah)

neh fhu
vlgh
liyofh
vD
nuhnlhnrhth
EQ
bgU
Fl
gu
m
jngia
cUthFwJ.
neh mFf
1. fhr
2. kyf, mo t t kW
cghijf
3. r nghw nfhiHl Toa
uj JfSl fhzgL ky.
neh guj
1. m jng kW cz
_y gu nehahF. nehw

gl. 2.14 gl jhkiu

25

myF-2

gl. 2.13 Rfhjhu a gHff

2.3.4. irf _y gu

neh fLghL: nehwtlUJ,

jFj ghJfh bgw mt gagLJ
clik bghUfis gagLjhik
MF.

nehf
kjf ytif
xLfshf thJ
clhFwd.

irf
nehfis

2.4. neh gu tf
nehw
kjlUJ,
eykhd
kjDF
neuoahfnth,
nehflf _ykhfnth Uf
gujiy nehguj vnwh.

2.3.4.1. gl jhkiu
neh fhu: irf _W
btntW ngdf csd. mit
vblnkhiglh, iknuhnghu,
oiunfhiglh
Mait
gljhkiuF fhuahf csJ.

nehguj fhQ tKiw f

eilbgWwJ.
1. neuoahf nehguj: nehw
kjlUJ, eykhd kjDF
nehgujiy neuo nehguj
vnwh. v.fh. oah (fFth
Uk), nkhah, fhyuh, ilghL,
r (kzth mik) lhyik.

mFf: gl jhkiu nehF

fhuzkhd irf kj njh
wj brfis jh, njh, nuhk,
ef nghwt mig VgL
neh bjhiw guwJ.
neh guj: nehah ghfgl
tlUJ
neuoahf
mtf
gagLJ, , Jthisf tahf
guwJ.

nehf, r, Uk, ngRj

_ykhf bjF tiyf _y
kwtf th, _F gFfSF
fh tahf gu, neh VgLwJ.

ca

fUw bg bjhbfho
tahf, t tsU FHijF
Jnghw neuo neh jhFj
VgLwJ.
2. kiwKfkhf nehguj:
clYF btna cUl cs,
y
nehUf
nehahf
clik bghUfshd cilf, gLif
f,
ifFil,
ftiw
rhjdf, ghuf, Ftisf
nghw Ufsh khRw bghUf,
tahf
nehgujiy,
kiwKf
nehguj vnwh.
3. yFf _y nehguj:
cf, o vdgL uF
cf, gwitf, f kW

gl 2.15 neuoahf neh flJj

26

nehjilfh kly
ghof _ykhf, knyah, fhyuh,
nu (btehfo) nghw nehf
guwd.

shkh, z, nghigirLf
nghwit Mob#fSF vuhd
braKiwfis
mj
nta
jikl MuhJ mjF vuhd
jFj uj bghUshd vbghUis
(Antibody) cg br. it
mob#fis bfhnwh myJ
eR
jikia
nah,
neh
jilfhig VgLJwJ.
nehjLghw tiff
aifahd neh jLghw
myJ aghd nehjLghw.
Fl tif neh myJ neh
UfSF vuhd, aifahf
bgwgl jLKiwfshF.
v.fh. jhtu tif nehf, yF
tif nehfis jhfhJ.

2.5. jL l
neh jLghw : neh jLghw
vgJ kj cl nehfSF
vuhf bragL f fyhd
braKiwahF.
xU
Fl
tif neh Uf myJ, mj
bghUfSF
vuhf
bragL
KiwahF.
clYF Fj neh U,
mJ cg br eR kW
nehfSF fhuzkhd bt uj
Mait Mob# vdgL.
nehjil
mik,
uj

nehjLghw tiff
nehjilfh

aifahd myJ
a neh jLghw.
(wUnj bgwgLtJ)

bgwgl nehjil
fh (wj
bgwgLtJ)

bra F bgwgl neh

jil fh (vnjh
Lj _y v bghU
cUthfgLjyh bgwgLtJ.

aifahd
nehfhuzkhf
bgwgLtJ.

braifahd
nehjL _y
bgwgLwJ.

kjkhd bgwgl neh

jil fh. Kdnu bgwgl
vbghU tahf bgwglJ.

 aifahd jhgh
_y FHijF
vbghU brtjh
bgwgLwJ.

27

braifahf w
cflUJ
bgwgl vbghU
brY bgwgLtJ.

myF-2

bgwgl neh jLghw

j th eh nehW mj _y mj nehF vuhf bgwgl jL
KiwahF. tif jLghw, braF bgwgl jLghw, kjkhd
bgwgl jLghw vd Utiff csd.
braF bgwgl neh jLghw
tif jLghw cF KjKiwahf nehfhuah neh clhF
nghJ VgL jLghw MF. Mogho vdgL neh v bghU uj
l fhyF UJ tif nehUfSF vuhf bragLwJ.

ca

gl. 2.16 nghnah jL kUJ mj

aifahfnt tif jLghw,
mikjh, tif jLghwiy
aifahd
braF
bgwgl
jLghw vd,
Mogho
cg
jL
Kiwnyh myJ kj ntW
Kiwnyh bragLjglh it
braifahd
braF
bgwgl
neh jLghw vdgL. v.fh. neh
jL l nghnah jL,
KjLLj.
kjkhd bgwgl jLghw
Kiw jahfgl Mo
gho (neh v bghU) cl
aifahf
cUthtjF
gyhf

cbrYjgLwJ.
jh ujUJ bgwgl
Mogho, fUF brYjgL
neh jL w VgLjgLwJ.
tif,
aifahd
kjkhd
bgwgl neh jLghw vdgL.
Mogho
braifahf
w
tif yFfUJ bgwgL
brYjglh tif, braifahd
kjkhd bgwgl jLghw vdgL.
tif jLghw iyahdjy.
jL _y bgwgL jLghw.
neh jLl
neh
jLl
vgJ,
nehfSF vuhd jLfis

28

nehjilfh kly
jL kUJfis FHijfSF
mJ, nehflUJ ghJfh
mF KiwahF.
nehjLfis vj ta, vj
nehF, vjtizf mfgl
ntL vw mltiz jugLsJ.
ah
bragLjgL
nehjL l

BCG - fhrnehjL
DPTbjhil
milgh,
fFth Uk, blld KjL
MMR - lhyik, [, Ubgyh
DT
oah
(bjhil
milgh) blld (U jL)
TT - bllhd lh[hL

ah bragLjgL nehjL l
taJ

jL

1.

wj FHijF

BCG

Kj jtiz

2.

15 ehf

nghnah brhL kUJ

Kj jtiz

3.

6 tJ thu

bjhil
milgh,
fFth Uk, blld
(KjL)

Kj jtiz

4.

10 tJ thu

KjL kW nghnah

2tJ jtiz

5.

14 tJ thu

KjL kW nghnah

3tJ jtiz

6.

9 - 12 khj

Kj jtiz

7.

18 - 24 khj

KjL kW nghnah

Kj CF
jtiz

8.

15 khj - 2 tUl

MMR

Kj jtiz

9.

2 - 3 tUl

ilghL

1 khj
ilbt
U jtizf

10.

4 - 6 tUl

D.T. kW nghnah

ulhtJ
CF
jtiz

11.

10 tJ tUl

T.T. kW ilghL

Kj jtiz

12.

16 tJ tUl

T.T. kW ilghL

ulhtJ
CF
jtiz

29

ms

myF-2

t. v

nkY ma
jhgh tahf FHij vj tifahd nehjLghwiy bgWwJ?
jhgh kfJt
wj FHijF jhghYF <Lizaw cz VJiy. neh
v bghUf kW ndh FnshfS jhgh csJ. tsU
s FHijF jhgh tahf neh v bghUf ClgLwJ.
braifahd gh cz _y FHijfSF vj nehF vuhd
jL Kiwf bgwKoahJ.
FHijF FiwjJ 6 khjkhtJ jhgh tHfglntL.
braif gh cz _y tsfgL FHijfisl jhgh _y
tsU FHijf Fiwthd nehF Mshwd vgij kUJt Mf
cWgL csd.
jhgh, tsU s FHijfSF vb[ah nfh, rhbkhbdyh,
yh, bunlh fhif, ilnyh fhif nghw nkhfhif ngoah
UJ, nghnah itu, nuhnlh ituflUJ ghJfhgfyh.

2.6. nehfhd iffS jL KiwfS.

nehfhd
ir
vgJ,
kUJt _y nehia fLgLj
vLfgL eltoifahF. J
1. kUJf _y FzgLjgL
ir Kiw.
2. kUyh ir Kiw.
vw Kiwf eilbgW.
1. kUJf _y FzgLjgL
ir Kiw

ca

bghJthf, Uftahf neh

jhfgLnghJ, kUJt irf
nkbfhsgLwJ.
kUJf
neh
aij
Fiwnjh
myJ neh Ufis bfhnwh
bragLwJ.

gl 2.17 nahfh g
vY K irF wnfh
nehUJ FzkhF kjDF
nahfh, akUJt (nahbju
Kiwf) _y mfgL kUyh
ir Kiw mtDila tha
braghLfis eKiw bragLj
cjwJ.

nehfSF vuhf tHfgL

neh v bghUf, neh bragL
Kiwia jLJ, clYF vj
F iHfhk bragL.

kJgHf kW nghij kUJF

moikahdtfis kd irahd,
fyjh _y gHfUJ
Lgl brayh.

2. kUyh ir Kiw :
eu
irFwnfh,
myJ

30

nehjilfh kly
nehjL Kiwf: nehjhF
UfUJ ghJfhJ bfhs
Toa
Kiw
nehjL
Kiwf
vdgL. nehjL Kiwf U
tifgL
1. bghJthd nehfhdJ: neh
U
bjhWfUJ,
neh
jL kUJf tahf nehia
jfyh. ikahd thifKiw,
Tlij
jj,
ikahd
fhW, ghJfhghd Fo kW wghd
fgiw Rfhjhu Kiwfis guhkj
tahf
nehgu
Ufis
jJ, nehflUJ ghJfh
bgwyh.
2. Fl nehfhdJ: y
Fl nehF vuhf neh v
jikia VgLJtJ, mFl
nehUfis
vF
neh
jilfhig VgLJtJ MF.
vLJfhlhf, neh jL l.

mbkf Ia eho cs nja

ey M ika uhg nfnyh
kW gh eho Y khla
Mnah AIDS nehfhd HIV itui[
bjLjd.

2.7. kUJt c
bjhEg

HIVI fl Mf

v.I.. vdgLtJ xU RNA it

ku bghUshf bfhl isnfh
ujjh NHgl xU nuh itu
tifahF. HIV itu Moghofis
cUthF CD4 kW T cj brfis
cUthF (nghirLf) uj
btis mQf vifia
FiwJ neh jLghw Fiwit
VgLJwJ.
neh
mFf:
Fljf
vilFiw, fL ng bjhlahd
fhr, nfoah, bAg Nl
vD itu jhf kW T.B. nghw
HIVfhd ths nehf cUthj.
1. viyrh (ELISA Eazyme
Immuno Sorbent Assay)

kUJtJiw
c
bjhEg gaghL FJ Kj
bjhF thf fWzuglJ.

Linked

2. btl sh cW gLJ
M.
jL Kiwf

c bjhEg thyhf
R braif Kiw cg
bragL, nehahfSF
R
cg
FiwghoF
khwhf
kUJtJiw
gagLjgLwJ.

1. ghJfhfgl ghYw elijf.

2. ghJfhghd ghYw Kiwf.
3. HIV M bragl uj
brYJj

5. Ko Ujf f / nsL

nghwtiw xUtUF xUKiw
kLnk gagLJtJ.

bgwgl neh jLghw Fiw

(AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome) vD neh, ghd bjhl
myJ
ujbghUf
tahf
gu xU bfhoa tif nehahF.

6. xnu
Cid
gagL
girFJjiy jj.

31

myF-2

4. kUJtkidf
xU
Kiw
kLnk gagLjgL Cf.

2.8. v.I.. mj jL
KiwfS

kL
gF - m
1. rahd ey gdhk vJbtd njbjLJ vGJ.
U X bjhW nehUJ Fzkilwh.
U Y dK R C nghLbfhwh.
U Z f kd mGj csh.
U K dK j flikid brwh kahf csh.
2. rKf RKfkw gkhdij njbjLJ vGJ.
xUt, wj eh Hh kl gnfwh.
rhjhuz brafY fLikahf elJ bfhwh.
NiyfSF xg r brJ bragLwh.
j cl eykw jhia kUJtkid brW ftJ bfhwh.
3. fltW vJ ghOahth clhF neh?
_isfhr, btehfo, uz#, bgaik
4. fltW fh _y gu nehid fLo.
fhrneh, _is fhr, ilghL, fhyuh.
5. f fLikahd knyah fhriy cUthF U. (shnkhoa Xntny, shnkhoa
knyah, shnkhoa ghghu, shnkhoa itth).
6. ekJ cz Fl gF neh clhF EQ. ________________
shnkhoa itth, vlgh liyofh, onghndhnrhkh nfna, Oah
nrha.
7. kiwKfkhf neh gu Kiw, (r Jj, th tahf bjj, jh nr iz R,
nehah gagLJ clikf)
8. w cflUJ bjLfgl v bghUf, kjUF neh jLahf
nghlgLwJ. J vtif jL Kiw.
braifahd bra F neh jL Kiw.
braifahd kjkhd neh jL Kiw.
aifahd bra F neh jL Kiw.

ca

aifahd kjkhd neh jL Kiw.

9. wj FHijF Kj bfhLfgL neh jL.
(tht nghnah, DPT, DPT kW nghnah, BCG)
10. fltiw v njh (Mob#) yhjJ vJ?
(neh U, neh U eR, J tifahd uj, jhgh)

32

nehjilfh kly
gF - M
11. xU wj ey thifia thH, xbthU kjD ey cl, kd r_f iyl Uj
ntL.
m) VnjD xW FiwglhY mt ________________ vdgLt.
12. jbrt, wFUF jikia mt jijl UJ ghugakhf bgWsh.
jfhd fhuf ________________ MF.
13. kuhRk kW Fthnahf nehf uj Fiwghlh VgLwJ. j mFfshf
Kiwna gUj tW Kf f MF. TW rah, jtwhf Ujh U
vGJf.
14. bfhLfgLs
clFiwghLf
jahd
xiw
jFj
fhuzfSl
flJ vGJf. (wFUL, nkhah, khiyf, mr, f mth
ujnrhif neh)
15. uah <Wf uj fj, g MLj nghw cghijf csJ. Mjj it
itl FiwghL vW flaglJ.
uahF cz vj itl FiwghL csJ vgjid, FiwghL nehfhd
bgaiu vGJf.
(m) itlf (M) FiwghLf kW () neh mFfis bghUJf.

FiwghL nehf

neh mFf

nlhnyhah

khiyf

itl - B1

eu FiwghL

itl - C

gf uj f

itl - D

ujf

vYf fha Fiw

itl - K

bg bg

uj Fiwj

itlf
v.fh. itl - A

myF-2

16. fjhF rhjhuz r, fjhl vd nff nfL neh csij cW

brth.
m) ________________
M) ________________

33

gF -
17. fyh FHij bgWsh.
(m) wj FHijF Kj MW khjfSF tHf ntoa nehjL mltizia
vGJf.
(M) jLf _y vbjj nehfis jLl aY.

18. cf gF knyah gu csJ.

(m) jid fLgLj c gF ca mYtyfSF jFj Mnyhrid tHFf.
(M) knyah rahd neh mFid njbjLJ vGJf.
(F, eLf kW fLfhr, ng).
19. mnlhg 15, if fGL ehshf bfhlhlgLwJ.
m) c egDF if fGj eikfis TWf.
M) xU eh vbjj neuf if fGj brth.

nkY ma
f

1. Biology - Raven, Johnson WCB Mc Graw - Hill

ca

2. Biology - A Modern Introduction, B.S. Beckett, Second Edition

Oxform University Press.

34

ca

myF

kj cl cW
klyf mik
braghLfS

3. kj cl mik braghLfS cW bjhFf

eu bjhF KDiu
uL
myJ
mjF
mfkhndh xwhf TLnghJ,
xbthUtU
jj
ehl,
wf
bghUatuhf,
mtut t jf gfis
brayhWgtuhf
mikwd.
mtfilna mtf braghil
xUizf,
xGFgLj
xU ir jikia clhf
ahnuh xUt mtakhwh.
mijnghynt
cWf
braf kW cW bjhFf
gf jj t brayhfhJ.
mt gf xUizgL
jiyfhj
braghil
ngQtjhf mika ntL.

bloiuLf

irnlh
shr
bykh

r Jff
cfU
br cl
nua fQ
Kid F

Mrh
ik ciw
uh

Mrh

xUizj vgJ uL
myJ mfkhd cWf ilid
j kW xW kbwhF
Jizahf brayhWj vgjhF.

ca

kW brayhW j g bjJ
bfhnthkhf.

bliuL

cfU

ekJ cl eu klyK kW
ehsyh Ru klyK, ekJ cl
cWf midJ brafis
xUizF gia brwJ.
vdnt
midJ
brafS
xirthf brayhw VJthwJ.

Mrh
xUKid UKid gyKid

f iuthd xUizfhf,
eu kly mLjLj Kidfis
izF tiyd mikl
mikJsJ.

xU y
mikJsit

gl. 3.1 uhf mik,

tiffS

3.1. eu kly
eu

kly

1. ntWgl lfis flj,

bgWj, flJJ nghw brafis
br w tif brfns uhf
myJ eu brf MF.

ehsyh Ru kly,
Ahnkhf
_ykhf
nt
xUiz Kiwia mwJ.

2. eu iH vgJ eu brf
ahd fiwfis bfhl iH
mikghF.

j bjhF eu kW
ehsyh Ru klyf mik

36

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

bykh J ika ciw
bjhlahf iy. M[h J
ika ciwah clhfgL
ilbtf
u
fQf
vdgL.

3.1.1. eu brf
eu brf myJ uhfns,
eu kly mik kW bra
myFf MF. _is nfhofzfhd
eu brfsh MdJ.

Rth brf vdgL y brf

ika ciw J fhzgLwd.

E mikghd eu br, _W
gFfis bfhlJ. mit br
cly, bloiuLf kW M[h
MF.

eu br tiff
m) ikDiw myJ bkLnyl
myJ
btik
uhf,
btikahd bfhG ikadh
Mrh _lgoUFnkahdh mJ
ika ciw myJ bkLnyl
myJ btik uhf vdgL.
_is wia J cUthFwJ.

br cly
br cly, xGfw tot myJ
rkgf uik mw mik MF.
J irlh vd miHf bgW.
aghd brEQWf kW
Jff nghw Jf rhj
clyfis bgWs irnlhshr
bfhl mikghF.

M) ika ciw mw myJ

bkLnyl mwit myJ rhg
uhf.

bloiuLf

it
ika
ciwdh
_lgliy vdnt it rhg
wkhf csJ. bykh kW
Rth
brfsh
M[h
nghjgLsJ. tif uhf
bgU_is
btik
gF
fhzgLwJ.

br
clyUJ
obfhoUF,
mLjLJ
isjYFshd Fil iHfns
bloiuLf myJ blouh
MF. bloiuLf br cliy
neh lfis flJwJ.
M[h

) xU Kid uhf

br
clyUJ
cUthF
iHf xW f L fhzgL.
Ko J isJ fhzgL. ij
M[h vd miHgL. isj,
Kid F nghw mik
Kowd. it eu br ilbt
Ff vd miHfgL. it eu
flJ bghU vw nt bghUsh
uggLsd.
M[hf
Mn[hshr
vw
bghUis
bgWsd. nkY mit bykh
vw nghitdh nghjgLsd.
M[h isj Ko gFfis
ju kw gFfis bykh
nghago csJ.

fU eu Rf xUKid
uhfis bfhLsd. xUKid
uhf xiw myJ iHia
bgWsd. j na M[h
kW blouh Mf brayhWwJ.
cz cWfshd iu
fhzgL T kW F brf
UKid
uhfshyhdit.
xbthU
UKid
uhfS
xU br cly kW U fis
Kidf
bfhlJ.
xU

M[h Mf, kbwhW blouh

Mf brayhWwJ.

37

myF-3

<) UKid uhf

c) gyKid uhf

eu flJ bghU vw ntbghUis

lfshf kh mUfikj
uhDF flJwd.

bgU_is
w
csit,
gyKid uhf MF. xbthU
gyKid uh br cly, gy
bloiuLf, xiw M[hD
fhzgLwd.

3.1.3. kj eu kly
kj
eu
kly
_W
gFfshf fgLsJ. mit

eu br iz

m. ika eu kly [CNS]

mUfUnf, mikj uhf

bloiuLfS, eu br ilbt
FfS xWl xW izJ
bfhshk Mdh mnj rka cl
bjhl
bfhLsd.
thW
mUfUnf mikj eu brfSF
ilnaahd bjhl gF eu br
iz vd miHfgL.

m. w mik eu kly [PNS]

. jhaF eu kly [ANS]
ika
eu
kly,
_is,
jLtlij
cslaJ.
J
brfis myRj, fLghL nghw
braf ika MF.
ika eu kly eufis
cslanj w mik eu kly
MF.

bra 3.1
cf
gF
cs
kUJtkidF brW, mWit
ir nghJ cztW
tF
braKiw
vthW
mfgLwJ vgij nfL
mJ bfhf.

3.1.3.1. ika eu kly

ika eu klyij mikgJ
_is
kW
jLtl
MF.
kilnahL vY vw ghJfh
mik kW KJF vY bjhlD
ika eu kly mikJsJ.

bfhG
fiu
<j
kW Fnshnuh~gh nghw
cztW bghUf bkLy
fiwl
vthW
izJ
bfhwJ
vgij,
eu
lf fljgLj vthW
jLfgLwd
vgij
nflf.

_is ciwf
ika eu klyij R,
_W ghJfh ciwf csd. mit
xL bkhjkhf _is ciwf vd
miHfgLwd.
kilnahL, KJbfY bjhlUF
moY ika eu klyF
btY
mikJs
uil
fod ciwF ouhnkl vW
bga. bkaJ, uj ehsfis
bgwJkhd eLciwF mudhL
ciw vW bga.

ca

3.1.2. eu cz l
eu
brf
lf
fljgLjny eu cz l
vdgL.
bloiuLf
cz
thlUJ lfis bgW
lfshf irlh tna
M[hDF flJwd. eu br
iz gF iz Ff,

_isia, jLtlij R
beUfkhf mikJs cw bka
ciwF igahnkl vW bga.

38

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

3.1.3.1.1. _is

_isna brfis Mj
ika cW MF. nkY mJ flis
kW
fLghL
mikghf
bragLwJ.

kj,
ydij
rhj
xU
KJbfY
kW
gho
ahth.
MdhY
mt
j
jik bgwtdhf cr iyia
milJsh. cUyf mt
milJs
criy
mtdJ
_is flik ugwJ.
W _is

kw KJbfYf csij
nghynt, kj _is _W ghffshf
fgLsJ.
1. K _is.
2. eL _is.

bgU_is

3. _is.

jLtl

K_is:
fGJ euf

bgU_is, jyhk kW iAngh

jyhk
Ma
mikfis
bfhLsJ.

kh euf

bgU_is:
_is bgUgFahf, bgU
_is mikJsJ. (_is _
uL gFahf bgU_is csJ)
MHkhd eLs bgU_isia
beLFthl tyJ, lJ vd U
gFahf wJ. j bgU_is
miunfhsf mogF fhg
fnyh[ vD eu R gilah
izfgLsJ.

L euf

bjhil euf

bgU_is btwgFF
rhg bghU myJ bgU_is
w vW bga. cwgFF
btikbghU vW bga.

iraho euf

J eu br clyfis bfhl
gy mLF rhg w eu brfsh
MdJ. J rhg w bgUgjdh
J rhg bghU vdgL. kj
bgU_is w mfgoahd
wgu kofSW, gy RUffis
bfhL fhzgL. j RUff
nkL gsfis bfhLsJ.

oah euf

gl. 3.2 kj eu kly

39

myF-3

bgU_is w

bgU_is w mikJsit.

ehiHfsh bragL btik

wij mwJ. t y eu
ehiH fiwf, bgU_is gntW
ghffis izwJ. Mdh y
ehiHf, bgU_isia vs
_islD jLtl gFfSlD
izwJ.

m. af gFf.
M. cz gFf.
. iz
gFf
(cz,
af gF myhjit).
rf

bgU_is miunfhsfSF
cs FfSF btf vW
bga. j Ff, _is jLtl
ut vD xU tif Clutjh
uggLsd.

fhg
fnyhr
eL_is

blnghu fJ

bgU_is gf
gh
KFs

bgU_is, cz, mTik,

idthw,
fgidw,
fhuzfha Mjj nghwt
UlkhffwJ. J cl
gntW
gFfUJ
cz
lfis
bgW
ir
brfis Jt itwJ.

W_is

gl 3.3 kj _is Ka gFf

af gFf
af gFf vgit bgU
_is flis kW xGF
gLJ gF MF. e cl
gntW
cWf
brafis
fLgLj flisf UJ jh
njhWwd. ir brafS
Unj JtFwd.
J,
cz
cWf
bgW
czlfis, cz eu
tna bgwgL lkhF.

bgU_is Fl gFf
Fl
gfis
brtnjhL,
bjhlig VgLJwd. thW
nfl, ghj, Ritaj, Efj,
ngRj nghwtbfd jjna
ikaf
csd.
bgU_is
Fl gF VgL nrj mj
Jiwfhd gfis brayhwh iy
VgL.

iz gF

jyhk

gntW czjYF ilnaahd

bjhl idthw, jft gkhw
nghw
fyhd
gfSF
bghWngF
gF
iz
gFahF.

jyhk vw mikig R bgU

_is NJsJ. cz kW
aF cztiyfis flJ Ka
gia brwJ.

bgU_is btik gF

J
jyhk
mow
mikJsJ.
J
tU
brafis fLgLJwJ. mit
cl btgiy, cQj, gUFj

ca

cz gF

iAnghjyhk

bgU_is w mogF
fhzgL cwgF btik bghU
MF. J ik ciw bgw eu

40

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

af

bjhL cz
kW mGj
Rit
nfl
bkhw
goFw

fJfS fhzgLwd. W_is,

elj, XLj nghw aF jirf
affis xGFgLJwJ.
gh

Efj

W_is fJfis izF

eu ehiH ghy gh MF. J
bgU_isUJ
W_isF
brfis
flJwJ.

mikJs
wikaf,
cwf,
Rthfhdit MF.

gl 3.4 _is braghL gFf

KFs

nghw tfhd cJj, ghYw

elijia xGFgLJj, s,
nfhg, ga (RfhDgt), Lj
nghw kdbtG (a mDgt)
btghLfis
fLgLJ
brafis brwJ.

jLtlnjhL iz _is
fil gF KFs MF. nknyW
kW wF eu ghijfis
xUizF
tjlkhf
KFs brayhWwJ. jaJo,
ujFHf RUf, _R Lj
nghw
brafis
xGFgLJ
gntW mir braf ikakhf
KFs bragLwJ.

ghit

eL_is
jyhkF _isF il
eL_is mikJsJ. bgU_is
FH vw fhth eL_is
Cnl brwJ. eL_is KJF
gf ehF miutl nfhsf
fhzgLwd.
mit
fhnghuh
Fthb#dh MF. J gntW
ghj mir brafis,
ghit
rh
afij
fLgLJj,
xGFgLJj
brafis brwJ.

KFs
bt
bgU
_is miunfhs btofSl
izJsJ.

3.1.3.1.2. jLtl
_is bjhlahd FH nghw
mikghd jLtl, KJFjo
eu FHYF mikJsJ.
_isia nghnw jLtlK,
igahnkl, mudhL r, ouh
nkl
vdgL
_isrfsh
_lgLsJ.
U
lf
jLtl
mfWsJ.
mit
Kiwna fGJil, L il
vdgL. jLtl euf j
ilfUJ
njhWwd.
jltl Kid ehiH nghy
csJ jF Ko eh vW bga.
jLtl KJFgf ikagF
xU FWfyhd, gskhd KJFgf

eL_is, _is uil

nrJ _is jL vd miHfgL.
_is
gh, W_is, KFs Mait
_is fhzgLwJ.
W_is
J
bgU_isF
wkhf
mikJsJ. W_is eLika
gF
kW
uL
gfthL

41

myF-3

ngR

s fhzgLwJ. khgf ika

gF mfw gskhd kh gf
s fhzgLwJ.

nt bfhLsd. thW midJ

jLtl eufS fy eufns
MF.

jLtl ikagF beLY,

_is jLtl utjh uggl
ikaFH gu UwJ. J _is
btf
bjhlahF.
jLtl,
wgF
bkLyh
ciws btik uhfshY
cgF bkLyh ciwaw rhg
uhfshY MfgLsJ.

3.1.3.3 jhaF eu kly [ ANS ]

jhaF
eu
kly
cs g kW vg euf
xWbfhW vuhf bragL e
cl midJ Ka cWf
braghil fLgLJwJ.

3.2. ehsyh Ru kly

clbraa ffis nta
Kiwgo
xUizJ
jiy
fhjiy guhkgnj ehsyh Ru
kly ntiy MF.

jLtl _isFS, btna

eu lfis flJtjhf,
mir
bra
ikakhf
brayhWwJ.
w mik eu kly (PNS)
_is jLtlUJ cUthF
euf w mik eu klyij
njhWwd.

iAnghjyhk
iga

ca

m. fghy euf / _is euf

_isUJ 12 iz fghy
euf cUthwd. y fghy
euf cz eufshf bra
wd. [ cz cWfUJ
eu lfis _isF vLJ
brwd.
v.fh.
fUJ
njhW ghit euf ], y fghy
euf aF eufshf brayh
_isUJ brayhW cWfSF
eu lfis vLJ brwd.
v.fh.
janjhL
izUF
ntf eu. y tif fghy euf
fy euf MF. it cz
kW af eughf bragLwd.
v.fh. Kf euf

ijuhL kW
ghuhijuhL

ijk
fiza

md

mlf
(bgf)
jf
(Mf)

M. jL tl euf : jL
tlUJ 31 iz jLtl
euf cUthwd. xbthU jL
tl eu cz nt kW af

gl 3.5 ehsyh Ru
kly

42

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

ehsyh Ru kly, ts,
dbgUf, thit bjhlJ
ngQj
nghw
abrafis
fLgLj,
xUizf
brwJ.

myJ
mndh
myfshfnth
myJ OuhLfshfnth csd.
Ahnkhf
fFiwj
msnt
RujhY
bra
wDsitahf
csd.

ehsyh
Ru
kly
ehsyh Rufis mt
Ahnkhfis cslaJ MF.
vnlhiu Ruf vdgL
ehsyh Ru kly cs
Ruf
midJF
ehsf
iy. mit RuF bghUfSF
Ahnkhf vW bga. Ahnkhf
uj
_y
cgahF
lfUJ brayhW lfSF
vLJ brygLwd.
kj
ehsyh
Ruf
xWbfhW bjhl gntW
lf gu fhzgLwd.
kj
ehsyh
Ruf
fhzgL
gFf
tUkhW
mikJsd.

l Ru
glh msnt cs l
Ru _is iAnghjyhkn[hL
izJsJ. y ehsyh Rufis
l Ru xGFgLJtjh,
ehsyh FG elJd vd ij
miHfyh.

mondh
iAngh
ig
(K l)

goy

jiy
m) l Ru M) a Ru
fGJ
m) ijuhL Ru
M) ghuhijuhL Ru
kh
m) ijk Ru
tWgF
m) fza - yhf Ah Lf
M) md Ru - md fhbl,
md bkLyh
) dbgUf Ruf Mf
jf bgf ml Ru

gl 3.6 l Rua
c mik
l Ru f myJ
fJf
l Ru K fJghf,
mondhiAnghig
kW

fJghf
nuhiAnghig
mikJsJ.
mondhiAnghig

mogil
ujfshfnth

J
tU
RuwJ.

43

Ahnkhfis

myF-3

Ahnkhf
nta
Ahnkhf

nuhiA
nghig
( l)

mondhiAnghig
Ahnkhf
brhknlhnuh Ahnkh /
ts Ahnkh
( STH / GH )

braf kW nfhshWf
bghJthf tsia fLgLJwJ.
atf - Fs jik, Fiw Ru
Fa ts
atf - mRujik, if Ru
ifahd ts
bgatf - mnuhbkf - if Ru (l
if fhf, l jhil)

ijnuhnuh / ijuhL
L Ahnkh (TSH)

ijuhL Ru tsia o ijuh

cgia L.

mndh fhonfhonuh
Ahnkh / md wia
L Ahnkh (ACTH)

MnlhOnuh kW fhon[h cg bra

md wia L.

gh brfis L
Ahnkh (FSH)

bgf uha ~gh

mlRu Ktiljiy
o ml cgF t nfhYwJ.
Mf J cUthjiy o LwJ.

bgf oid
Ahnkh(LH) myJ
Mf ilpL brfis
L Ahnkh (ICSH)

uha ~ghUJ ml LgLj

vw ml btpL fia LH brwJ.
<nuh#, nuhb#Onuh nghw bg d
Ahnkhf cgF fhuzkhwJ.
ICSH Mf ilpL brf, M d
Ahnkhdhd blnlhOnuhid Ruf brwJ.

nynlh Ahnkh (LTH)

bgf gh Ru ts kW FHij
ngF wF gh cgia LwJ.

"nuhiAnghig (fJ) _is iAnghjyhk cg br

Mnlh thn[hu vw U Ahnkhfis nrJ, njit VgLnghJ
mtiw btL brayhWwJ. j Ahnkhf Mlh bgilL kW blfh
bgilL vw ujfsh MdhJ".
nuhiAnghig RuF
Ahnkhf

ca

Mnlh

braf
bgf fUigia RU tila
brJ kfngW fia JjgLJwJ.
ff

L
crgLjiy
mlahd
Wiu
Fiwj
cUthFwJ.

thn[h u /
Moilo
Ahnkh (ADH)

o,
ms

ff
 uj FHfis RUf brJ uj
mGjij caJwJ.
ff A
 DH Fiw Ru, ilahbgO
li[ njhWwJ. j fhuzkhf
j Wiu mf ms btnaWwJ.

44

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

Futis

ijuhL

_R FH
ghuh ijuhL

gl 3.7 m) ijuhL Kgf mik

ijuhL Ru : fGJ gF
Futis UwK gfF
xwhf U fJfis cila mikng
ijuhL Ru MF. J ijuh
vw Ahnkhid RuwJ.
ilnuh mndh myK, mnaho
fyj ujK csJ.
ijuh gf
ff tsij
khw
jij
caJwJ.
ff cl btgij mfwJ.
ff R
ts
kW
khWghL
miljiy CFwJ.
ff cl tsia kiwKfkhf
ghgjh J MSik Ahnkh
vd miHfgLwJ.
ff uj mnaho kW rfiu
msit xGFgLJwJ.
ff Wuf braghil, W
nghif fLgLJwJ.
ijuho FiwghLf

gl 3.7 M) ijuhL gf mik

M) okh : J bgatf
njhWwJ. j mFfshtd.
Fiwj
tsijkhw
j,
clysY,
kdjsY
ntf
mW fhzgLj, vil TLj, njh
fodkhj, Fiwthd ja Jo kW
kdnrh.
) or :
njhW.

atf J

j mFf Fsjik,
Fa
kdts,
FiwghLila
gf, JUa ehF, jsthd njh
Kjad MF.
2. iAg ijuho[ : ijuh
if
Ru
vnrh~jh
fhl myJ nu nehF
fhuzkhwJ.

1. iAngh ijuho[ : ijuh

Fiw Ru, va fhl, okh,
o[
nghw
FiwghLf
clhFwJ.

yhfAh Lf

m) va fhl : (K fGJ fHiy)

cz mnaho gwhFiwdh
J VgLwJ. fGJ gF
ijuhL Ru fhzgL iy,
fhl vdgL.

fiza Ujkhd gfis

braToa ehsyh Ru MF.
vn[hiu gF fiza iu
RuwJ. fiza vnlhiu

45

myF-3

j mFfshtd, ifahd
tsij khw j, ca uj
mGj, glgl, mfkhf aj,
vil Fiwj, fisgilj, Ja
ff nghwit MF.

iuig
KWFl

ca

fiza

gl 3.8 xU fhl nehah

gF yhfAh Lf MF.
Mgh, lh vw Utif
brf fhzgLwd. Mgh
brf FSnfhfh Ahnkhid
lh brf R kW mik
Matiw Ruwd.
R
ff R R Mfuzfhf,
brf FSnfhi[ vLJ
bfhtij CFwJ.
ff J FSnfhi[ isnfh#dhf
kh fu kW jirf
nrfgLtij
mff
brwJ.
ff uj, bfhG bghUfUJ
FSnfh cUthjiy jLwJ.
ff aghd uj rfiu msthd
80 120 .. / 100 .. uj
vw iyia guhkwJ.
lahgO bkl
R
Fiwthf
Rugjh
lahgO bkl njhWwJ.
uj fhzgL mfgoahd,
gagLjhj
FSnfh
W
btnawgLwJ.
FSnfhfh
J uj rfiu ms
FiwnghJ RufgLwJ.
isnfh#id
FSnfh[hf
46

fiza ehs

yhfAh
Lf
(vnlhiu gF)

gl 3.9 fiza yhfAh

Lf
khwkiltij o uj rfiu
msit caJwJ.
md Ru
xbthU Wuf J md
Ru mikJsJ. J fhbl
vD wgFia, md bkLyh
vD cwgFia bfhLsJ.
md fhbl
J RuF Ahnkhf MnlhO
nuh kW fhon[h MF.
MnlhOnuh ( jhJ fyj fhofhL)
J kW nrhoa L
crgLjiy
CFJ
bghlha, ghgu mafis
f f brJ jhJ cf
tsij khwij guhkF. nkY
gFfshd vynuhiyLf
rkiy, clut ml, rL gut
mGj, uj mGj nghwtiw
guhkwJ.
fhon[h ( FSnfhfhofhL )
isnfh#id,
FSnfh[hf
ijtila
brjiy
o
uj rfiu msit caJwJ.
nkY J mH jL idfis

njhWJ nehjil fh Jyfiy

kLgLJwJ.
md bkLyh
md bkLyh cUkha eu
wgil brfsh MdJ. J uL
Ahnkhfis RuwJ. mit
md ( v be~ ), eh md
md Ru
bfhG

m)

Wuf

vbfhs VJthFwd myJ

mij L y bry brwd.
jf :
it brfis njhWF
(irnlh)
(dbrfis
cUthFj) lkhf, ehsyh
Ruahf (M d Ahnkhid
clhFj)
bragLwJ.
jf ehsyh Ru gF,
blnlhOnuh vD M d
Ahnkhid (Mnuh#id) RuwJ.
blnlhOnuh
dbgUf
cWf ts, kW M d
bryhd J cgia o
LwJ.
Mf ulh iy gh
gfshd
Kf
cnuhk
ts,
fufughd
Fu,
gujnjhf
nghwtiw
blnlhOnuh
khwJ.
ml Ru
ml Ruf, ml br Mf
gF kW ehsyh Ru gFfis
bg dbgUf Ahnkhfshd
(<nuh#, nuhb#ouh, yh)
bfhL xUnf bra wJ.
<nuh#
J bg dbgUf cWf
ts kW tU ulh
iy bg gh gf njhw
fhuzkhwJ - gUt cnuhk ts,
bkikahd Fu, bkikahd cl
nghwit.
nuhb#ouh khjlh RH
kW fg iyia guhkwJ.
yh, kfngnghJ L
gF jirfis jstila brJ
FHijwig vjhFwJ.
ghuh ijuhL Ru
it
ijuhLF
cnsna
fhzgLwd. it RuF

md
fhbl

M)

md bkLyh

gl 3.10 m) md Ru
M) md btL njhw
(eh vbe~) MF. it
uil nrJ bghJthf, mtru
fhy Ahnkh myJ gwF, ril
Ahnkh vW miHfgLwJ.
mGjkhd, mghakhd iyikfis
vbfhs
ekJ
cliy,
it
iuthf
jah
brwgoah
thW miHfgLwJ.
ff j Ahnkhf ja Jo
ntfij mfwd.
ff zit mfwd.
ff Rthr jij mfwd.
ff isnfh#id
FSnfh[hf
khWtij CFwJ.
ff f ghit tila brwJ.
ff ifahd
ajiy
clhFwJ.
ff cnuhk FL f brwJ
RUf T, mdD, eh
mdD mtru fhyf cliy
jah brJ mjifa fhy flfis

47

myF-3

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

ca

Ahnkhf
fhnlh,
ghuhjhnkh MF. j Ahnkhf
jhJ cf tsij khwij
guhkwd.
ijk Ru : J, ja nk
mikUF bgU z mik
MF. ijnkh vw bghUis
RuwJ. ijnkh neh bjhWjiy
jLF. T nghirLf ntWghL
miljiy o LwJ.
a Ru: J, _is fhg
fnyhr mo fhzgLwJ.
J bkynlh vw bghUis
cg brwJ. bkynlh, kh
fh, KfL tl, ijig nghw
gFf wf mlF
fhuzkhwJ.
1.3 br j
xU Kj br U nrfshf
til. xU br yFahd
mgh nghwit, Urk sWjYF
cshwJ. mjhtJ Fnuhnko
tiyd
vj
khwK
fhzglhj br jyhd Viklh
MF.
vyhjkhd jhtu, yFf
cl brf nkbfhS br j,
iklh (neKf br j) MF.
jifa br gF Fnuhnkhnrh
mik khWghL VgL Mdh
Fnuhnkhnrh vif vj
khw UF.
yFf, dbgUf va
brf ah (Fw gF)
br j eilbgWwJ. br,
tjh Fnuhnkhnrh mikY,
vifY khwf VgLwJ.
iklh
br
jiy
FJ Vfdnt K tFf
mUnwh. j
my
nah br gF cs gntW
iyfis mj KaJtij
mJbfhnth.

48

ah (Fw gF)
dbgUf
cWf
d
br va brf ah
vw br gF _y d brf
njhWfgLwd. ah
brgF
_y
dbgUf
cWf wghd Uka brf,
ehF xiw ka d brfis
clhwd. j xiw ka
brf bgnwh brfis nghyyhJ
Fnuhnkhnrh vif ghia
kL bgWsd. ah mLjLj
uL f elnjWwJ. mit
ah I. ah II MF.
ah I Fnuhnkhnrh
vif ghahf FiwfgLtjh
ij Fw vd miHg.
ah II iklh nghwnj MF.
ah I
ah-I
gntW
ff
ehF
Jiz
iyf
mJ
bfhsgLwJ. mit nuhiy-I,
bklhiy-I, mdhiy-I, Onyh iy-I.
nuh iy I
Fnuhnko
tiyd
tiyaikHJ
jj
Fnuhnkhnrhf xUJ
xW LgLwd. cfU r
fiuJ nghwJ. Fnuhnkhnrhf
Fljf tif jkJ tot,
mik khwfSF cshwJ.
ah,
Fnuhnkhnrhf
totf mogil bynlhO,
irnfhO,
ghO,
onshO,
ilahifd vw Jiz iyf
J bfhsgLwJ.
bynlhO
Fnuhnkhnrhf
RUfkilJ
ngh njhWwd. xbthU
FnuhnkhnrhK brnuha gF

Filahwd. xbthU uil

nghJ ehF FnuhnkoL fis
bfhoUgjh mit bluL myJ
FthntyL
vd
miHfgL
wd. xirthd Fnuhnkhnrh
izf fahnklh vw y
f izJ fhzgLwd.
xirthd
Fnuhnkhnrhf
rnfhj myhj FnuhnkoLf
JLf
fahnklh
f
gkh
b f h s g L w d .
xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf Fnuh
nkhoLfSF ilna jifa
gkhw VgLtij FWnf fyj
vwiHfgL.
onshO
FWnf fyj KGik milj
xirthd
Fnuhnkhnrhf
wd. j j E milj
vd miHfgL. j E milj
vgJ fahnklh Jt
Fnuhnkhnrh E tiu mil.
ilahifd
j iy cfU r, cfU
k kiwwd. f mik
irnlhshr njhWwJ.
bklh iy-1
Fnuhnkhnrh nkY RUFwd.
uilf ff eLika gF
jf FnuhnkoLfis eLika
gFia nehathW, brnuha
JUt
gFia
neh athW
mikwd.
mdh iy-1
f iHf RUfkilJ Fnuhnkh
nrhfis v v JUtfis neh
Gwd. uL FnuhnkoLfis
bfhl KGikahd Fnuhnkhnrh
vbu JUtfis milwd.
jdh Fnuhnkhnrh vif
Fiwj
VgLwJ.
vdnt
bghGJ xbthU JUtY gh

a
jij t
Fnuhnkhnrh
Fnuhnkhr
j

idjY
FWnfwK

jh t
Fnuhnkhnrh

xirthd
Fnuhnkhnrhf
izj

brj - I

brj - II

gl 3.11 ah brj iyf

ju Vda gFf sth
swd.
irnfhO
xirthd
Fnuhnkhnrhf
beU tJ iz nrUwd.
(xirthd Fnuhnkhnrh iz
vgJ xnu khahd fis
bgWs jh, jij Fnuhnkhnrhf
iz MF ). izWj vgJ E
myJ eLgF Jt sth
izahf iztJ MF. j iz
nrji dh vdgL. j
izw Fnuhnkhnrhf uilf
vdgL.
ghO
Fnuhnkhnrhf nkY RU joJ

49

myF-3

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

ca

vifYs Fnuhnkhnrhf
bfhl U Fnuhnkhnrh FGf
fhzgLwd.
Onyh iy 1
xbthU JUtY, Fnuhnkhnrh
bjhFia R cfU r cUth
wJ. thW xbthU JUtY
ghas Fnuhnkhnrh cs uL
nr cfUf cUthwd. f
iHf kiwwd.
knah 1 Ko, cfU
nenfhzF
ilklkhf
irnlhshr RUf VgL br
gFgilwJ. irnlhshr jYF
irnlhifd vW bga.
knah II
iklh nghwnj knah II
MF. vdnt J knaho iklh
vd miHfgLwJ.
knah II ff ehF
iyf magLwJ. mitahtd
nuhiy II, bklhiy II,
mdhiy II, Onyh iy II
nuhiy II
Fnuhnkhnrh
uilf
FWfyilwd. brnahf,
Ml
iHfis
clh
JUtF efJwd. cfUk,
cfU r kiwwd.
bklhiy II
uilf
FnuhnkoLfis
jh oF brnuha bgWs
Fnuhnkhnrhf f iHf eL
ika gF mikfgLwd.
brnuha
f
iHfSl
izfgLsJ.
mdhiy II
brnuha ulhf tjh
uL FnuhnkoLf wd.
it jbghGJ nr Fnuhnkhnrhf
myJ a Fnuhnkhnrhf vd

50

miHf bgW. nr Fnuhnkhnrhf

vbu JUtij neh efwd.
Onyh iy II
uL JUtf cs xU
bjhF Fnuhnkhnrhf RUsilJ
Fnuhnko tiyd mikghf
khWwd. cfU r, cfUk
L njhWwd. thW uL
nr cfUf cUthfgLwd.
irnlhifd
cfUF
neFjhf
irnlhshr j eilbgW ehF
d brf cUthfgLwJ.
ah br gF KaJt
1.
xbthU
d
Fnuhnkhnrh
vif
iy
WjgLtjfhf xiw ka d
brf cUthfgLwd.
2. FWnf fyj nrf ku
TWf ntWghLf njhWjiy
VgLJwJ.
3. ntWghLf gzhkF
_ybghUfshf mikwd.

1.4 ghuga
bgnwhiu
xJ
kf,
kf
miktJ
aif
fhzgL
xU Mrakhd cikahF. ku
tahf bgnwhflUJ gf
nrfSF fljgLtJ cWahwJ.
jiyKiw jiyKiwahf gf
fljgLjYF ghuga myJ
kughj vW bga. gf
fljgLj vgJ wnjhw myJ
clbraa myJ csika
myJ
dbgUf
gghfnth
Ufyh. it g TWfshf
Ufyh. xU nrF, rk ms ku
bghUfis jh kW jij
tHFwhf. vdnt xbthU g
jh, jij ku bghUsh (o.v.V)
CFfgLwJ vdyh.

kj cl cW klyf mik braghLfS

kL
gF - m
1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ.
1. xiw Kid uhf fhzgL l _______________________ .
m) _is M) jLtl ) fUthf eu R <) Kj eu R
2. cz cWf mlsJ _______________________.
m) xiw Kid uhf M) UKid uhf
) gy Kid uhf <) bkLnyl uhf (kaDiw uhf)
3. ekJ cl kdbtG uidfis fLgLJ _is gF __________________
m) W_is M) bgU_is ) jyhk <) iAnghjyhk
4. _isjo xU gFahf mikJsJ vJ?
m) K _is kW eL _is M) eL kW _is
) K kW _is <) K _is kW jL tl
5. jL tl euf vgit
m) cz euf M) aF euf ) fy euf
<) _isnahL izJsit.
6. fGJ gF fhzgL xU ehsyh Ru _______________________
m) md Ru M) l Ru ) ijuhL Ru <) fiza.
7. vnrhiu kW vnlhiu Mf brayhW ehsyh Ru vJ?
m) fiza M) l ) ijuhL <) md
8. xbthU 100 .. uj
_______________________

fhzgL

aghd

uj

rfiu

ms

m) 80 - 100 .uh M) 80 - 120 . ) 80 - 150 . <) 70 - 120 ..

9. nehbjhWjiy vF T nghirf vj cW khWghL milwd?
m) ghuhijuhL Ru

M) z Ru ) ijkRu

<) md Ru

10. ah - I xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf n#hoUj iy ____________________ MF.

m) bynlhO

M) irnfhO

) ghO

<) onshO

gF - M

(br cly, M[h, bluh, isj Ko gFf)

12. nH bfhLfgLs kj _is tU brafis fLgLJ gFf Kiwna
m kW M vW Ff.
m) Efj czU gF.
M) ghit czU gF.

51

myF-3

11. fl glij tiuJ bfhLfgLs VnjD uL ghffis Ff.

13. braf mogil nH bfhLfgLsitf rahd Tiw njbjL

m) Ru Ahnkhfis, behfis RuwJ.
M) ijuhL Ru ijuh kW Rid RuwJ.
) jff Jfis, Mnuh# Ahnkhid cg brwd.
<) fida behfis, Ahnkhid RuwJ.
14. bjhl mogil nfhol lij uf.
ijuh- MSik Ahnkh.
md -_______________________
15. fl TWf jtwhf U rahd Tid vGJf.
m. Mgh brf Rid cg brwd, lh brf FSnfhfhid cg
brwd.
M. fhonrh neh v jikia FiwwJ.
. ijk Ru xU z bjhF.
<. mlf Kilfis, Mnuh#id cg brwJ.
16. Fw gF vgJ d brfis cUthF xU f. Fw gF eilbgW brfis
njbjL (dbgUf va brf, bjhL cz va brf, fhydh va
brf)
17. mgh eilbgW brgFKiw
m. Fnuhnkhnrh tiy d khwfis VgLJwJ.
M. Fnuhnkhnrh tiy d khwfis VgLJtJ iy.
. Fnuhnkhnrhf vif FiwwJ.
<. cfU sit VgLJtiy.
18. fltW rahd xGF mikKiwid njbjL.
m. irnfho bynlhO ghO onshO laifbd
M. laifbd irnfho bynlhO ghO onshO
. bynlhO irnfho ghO onshO laifbd
19. ah br j Ka f FWnf fyj MF. J eilbgW iy
(bynlhO, ghO, onshO, irnfho)

nkY ma

ca

1. Frame work of Science - P

 addy Gannon, Oxform University
Press, New Delhi
izajsf

http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

52

ca

jhtuf
dbgUf

myF

4. jhtuf d bgUf

jtis

midJ
cdfS
(jhtuf kW yFf) d
bgUf
brwd
vgij
mUfsh?
dbgUf
vgJ,
mnj
dij nrj a cfis
njhF xU w jik thj
ca brayhF. czl, Rthr
kW f f nghW J
ca ff xwhF.
cf dbgUf
ba vd fG?

jiyuil
jtis

Kilf
fU
jiyuil

iy
gl.4.1 jtis thif RH

cdf eilbgW y dbgUf Kiwfshtd :

ca

yFf dbgUf Kiwf

jhtuf dbgUf Kiwf

sj nuhnlh nrhtf

sj ghOah

mUj Fclf

mUj - <

Jlhj jil Gf

Jlhj Mfhf
nghf ir

ghd bgUf - ghof

kfuj nrif kW fUWj

F jhtuf

54

jhtuf dbgUf
dhf :
1. dbgUf vwh vd?
2. jhtuf kW yFf
eilbgW y dbgUf Kiwfis
FLf.

fUWj
kfuj
nrif

Kj Kj njha
cd ghOa MF. mjhtJ
nahghOa vgJ Rkh ehF
a
MLfSF
Kng

njhaJ
vgjfhd
rhWf bj Mf bjhY
gokf _y magLwd.
flj
uL
a
MLfSF
K
njha
cf gy f VgL,
mitf W y cUlD, y
mJ fhzgLwd. Mdh,
ghOaf W vj khWghL
yhk
ghOafshfnt
thwd.

gl.4.2. kfuj nrif kW fUWj

ghOaf, U rk gFfshf
sfgL a cfis njhW
wd. KiwF ulhf
sj myJ Urk vdgL.
y
ghOafshd,
nynlh
ghiy,
rhnkhbdyh
vgit
ntfkhf,
kw
ghOafshd
iknfh ghOa ogFnsh
vgJ
bkJthf
bgUf
milwd.

4.1 dbgUf Kiwf

4.1.1. xU br cf dbgUf
Kiwf.
btntW cf vthW
dbgUf eilbgWwJ vgij
fhngh. cf dbgUf
Kiwf, mitfSila cl, tot
kW mikig rhnj mikJsJ.

kjfSF eik gaF braf

nynlhngiy vw
ghiy juhf khWwJ.

ghOah

kjfSF ik gaF braf

xU br cf dbgUf
xU br cfshd, mgh kW

bra 4.1

ff <ugLa xU buhoJil, Fahd, <ukhd kW Ushd

l it.
ff cU bgUF fzho _y buho Jo nkguig ft. mnj
buho Joid xU thu fhyF ftJ Ffis vL.

55

myF-4

iknfhghOa
ogFnsh
vw ghOaf vYU nehia
njhWwd.

sj Kiw
mgh

ghOa

o.v.V. uoghj
jL Rt cUthj
brj

gl.4.3 xU br cf dbgUf

f, gof, d mf.
V gntW tif dbgUf Kiwf fhzgLwd?
gzhk vgJ Vfdnt njhs cf gogoahf ts milJ
fyhd mikila cf njhd vgjhF. dbgUf
mogil va cfshd mgh kW ghOaf va Kiwfshd,
sj, Jlhj nghw Kiwf _y dbgUf brwd. cf
cl fyhd mik mfkhf, mfkhf, mt dbgUf KiwfY
uL cdf nrif Kiwf clhd. (M kW bg)
gybr cf dbgUf Kiwf
1. cly dbgUf 2. ghyh dbgUf

Jlhj

bkhLWj
(mUj)

nghf

cf,
clyik
mo
gil gntW tifahd dbgUf
Kiwf fhzgLwd.

ca

bra 4.2
TL Enzh ghOah
xU eGtij itJ cW
ft. mnj nghW ghOah
sj Kiwia fhF
kbwhU eGtij cW nehF.
jbghGJ uL (eGt
fY) cW neh ftjij
xL.

56

3. ghd dbgUf

kfuj
nrif

fUWj

cly dbgUf
cly dbgUf vgJ ghd
bgUf yhk jhtuf Vfdnt
cs cl cWfUJ a
jhtufis njhWF dbgUf
KiwahF.
Jlhj
gy br, va cl mikig cila
cf, vikahd dbgUf
Kiwf magLsd.
vLJfhlhf,
ignuhifuh
gh, jhtu cly, W W JLfshf
cilJ, cilj xbthU JL a
ignuhifuhit cUthFwd.

jhtuf dbgUf
mnj nghW, iunah~y (fo
nghlh
FonghL)
jhtu
iy f bkhLf njh
d mit k GJ a
jhtufshf ts milwd.

cfU
jL Rt
RU tot
gRff

4.1.3 ghyh d bgUf

iy jhtuf, dbgUf
khdJ nghf _y eilbgWwJ.
nghf joj Rtid VgL
bfhL, jFj <ukhd gu GJ
a jhtukhf tsU tiu jfis
ghJfhJ bfhwJ.

gl.4.4 ignuhifuh Jlhj

bra 4.3
V myJ FsUJ, iH
nghw
mikfis
bfhl
fUgir id nrf.
xW myJ uL iH
fis fzho eGt J
it.
mj J xU y sr
Jfis L, fzho bkjfL
itJ _L.

vshndhnghf

Nnghf

VifLf

bfhoahf

jbghGJ eGtij Enzh

itJ ft.

gl.4.6 ghyh nghf tiff

bkhL

Mfhf
cly
brf
nuhnlhshrkhdJ xW uL
bka ciwah NHgL Kil tot
mikfshf cUthwd. jifa
bka Rtiu cila efU jikaw
nghf, Vshndhnghf vdgL
wd. it KisJ a iHfis
njhWwd.

iy
gl.4.5 iunah~y

mUj (m) bkhLWj

iAouh,
brf
bjhlJ
gFgiltj fhuzkhf, Fl
lf bkhlhdJ wtsfshf
njhWwd. bkhLf K
ail bghGJ, jh clyUJ
J jhf W, W iAouhfshf
ts milwd.

Nnghf
Nngh vgJ firiHfis
gagL efU jikila ghyh
dbgUf nghf MF. jifa
nghfis y Mfhf, irf
57

myF-4

nghf tiff
Vshndhngh

s
jhtu

kW ghOaf jf d
bgUffhf cUthFwd.

NKo
kfuj ig
kfuj f

VifLf

N jL

ghf rhjfkw Niy,

cly brf jfis RY
mfgoahd
Rt
mLFfis
Ruwd. brD
cz
bghUf nrfJ itfgLwd.
J
VifLf
vdgL.
rhjfkhd Niy cUthaJ j
VifLf KisJ a iHfis
clhFwd.

Nig

bfhoah

m j

bga nghw irf

cUthF xU bryhyhd, efU
jikaw,
ghyh
dbgUf
nghf MF.

Nf

j
gl.4.7 ky ghff

ky ghff
ky vgJ khWghL milj
tuila tsid cila jL
bjhF. cfis R, msY,
mikY,
totY
ntWgl
gntW kyfis ghUf.
mitf
gntW
tzfY
fhzLwd.

dhf
1) cly
dbgUf,
ghyh
dbgUf - ntWgLJf.
2) ghyh dbgUf
ytiw FLf.

nghf

ca

4.1.4 jhtuf ghd bgUf

kyf Ka ghffshtd

ghd
dbgUf
vgJ,
uL cf <LgL, jfSila
rjfis cUthF nrifahF.
xU fhis jna a fWfis ju
ayhJ. mjF xU gR njit. xU bg
ML jna a ML Fofis ju
KoahJ, mjF xU M ML njit.
vdnt, xU a rjia cUthf
ntLkhdh, M, bg vw U
ghdfS njitgLwd.
ky vgJ, F jhtuf
dbgUf cW vgij Vfdnt
Kija tFf goJf.
Kj ij g ma ky
mikig g bjJ bfhnth.

1. tl, 2. mt l
3. kfujjh tl 4. Nyf tl.

1.
2.
1.kfuj ig 2. kfuj f
gl.4.8. kfuj jh tl

58

jhtuf dbgUf
kfujjh tl ky M
ghfkhF.

jF mlf br (m) bgnf

fhzgLwJ

Nyf tl ky bg ghf MF.

kfujjh tl

ma kfuj
nrif

kfujjh tl vgJ gy kfuj

jhf bjhFghF. xbthU
kfujjhS xU fhid mj
E ig nghw mikfis
bgWsJ. fh gF kfuj f
vW, ig nghw gF kfuj ig
vW miHfgLwJ. kfuj
ig klfSF kfuj f
csd.

j kfuj
nrif

j kfuj
nrif

Nyf tl
Nyf bg dbgUf cWghF.
J Niyfsh MdJ. NyfkhdJ
Nyfig, Nyf jL, Nyf Ko vd

gl.4.10 kfuj nrif

4.2 kfuj nrif

F
jhtuf
ghd
dbgUf vthW eilbgWwJ?
F
jhtuf
ghd
bgUf uL ff eilbgW
wd. 1. kfuj nrif, 2. fUWj.

NKo
NjL
Nig

1. kfuj nrif
kfuj igUJ kfuj f
Nyf Koia brwil brany
kfuj nrif vW bga. kfuj
f, fhW, kW fsh
vLJ brygLwJ. it kfuj
nrif <LgL w fhufshF.

gl.4.9 Nyf tl

_whf ntWgLjgLsJ. Nyf

ig Nf csd. xbthU
NY
fUig
fhzgLwJ.

f kW ij cUthf Kj

bra 4.4

 ky fhzgL ky ghffshd tl, mtl, kfuj jh

m
tl, Nyf tlid ft.
kfuj jhfis, Nyfij jJ J mj ghffis ft
kfuj fis eGt J bjJ Enzh itJ ft.

59

myF-4

brgU jhtuUJ xU kyiu vL.

Ka f kfuj nrifahF.
kfuj nrifia
fUWj eilbgWwJ.

brwiltnjh ma kfuj nrif

myJ mnyhnf vdgL.

bjhlJ

ma kfuj nrif eikf

1. ma kfuj nrif isthf
cUthF
ijf,
KisJ
lkhd
jhtufshf
tsU
jikia bgUF. mjhtJ
ma kfuj nrif _y
a uff cUthF.

kfuj nrif tiff

kfuj nrif uL tifgL.
j kfuj nrif, 2. ma
kfuj nrif.

4.2.1 j kfuj nrif

(Mnlhnf)

2. eF
KisF
ijf cUthF.

j
kfuj
nrif
vgJ
Mnlhnf vdgL. xU ky
kfuj mnj ky cs Nyf
Koia brwiltjnfh myJ mnj
jhtuij nrj kbwhU ky Nyf
Koia brwil fF j
kfuj nrif vW bga.

ma kfuj nriffhd fhuf

kfuj shdJ xU kyUJ
kbwhU kyUF vLJ brtJ
vthW rhakhwJ?

j kfuj nrif eikf

1. Ugh kyf kfuj nrif
flhakhf eilbgW.
2. j kfuj nrif wfhu
fis rhUf mtaiy.
3. kfuj f zhtiy.
j kfuj nrif ikf
1. Fiwj vif ijf
cUthF.
2. fU f Eajhf UF.
vdnt ijf f etilj
jhtufisna cUthF.
3. atif jhtuf cUthfhJ.
mj
fhuzkhf
jhtuf
gogoahf kiwa neL.

ca

wDila

ma kfuj nrif eilbgw

ntLbk, xU ky kfuj
shdJ kbwhU jhtu kyUF
vLJ brygl ntL. w
fhufshd
yFf,
f,
fhW kW Mat _y
ma kfuj nrif eilbgWwJ.
gwitf t kfuj nrif
(Mnjh~) f (vlnkh)

bra 4.5
ff c
 dF mUfhik cs njh
l cs kyfis nrf.
ff v
 bjj jhtu vjifa
f,
gwitf
kfuj
nrif
<LgLwd
vgij fLoJ g br.
yFf t kfuj nrif
(N~)

4.2.2 ma kfuj nrif

(mnyhnf)

yFf kW f thyhf
eilbgW kfuj nrif N~
vdgL.

xU ky kfuj kbwhU
jhtu
ky
cs
Nyf
Koia brwiltnjh myJ mnj
dij nrj kbwhU jhtuij

gwitf, mf kW f,

60

jhtuf dbgUf
wFf fhzgL. y kyf,
Nyf KoahdJ kfuj fis
v bgWtjF VwthW ms
bgajhf, isJ wF nghW
fhzgL. v.fh.kfh nrhs.
mnkhy
f kW ig.

kyfSF

v.fh.

t kfuj nrif
(iAonuh~)

gl.4.11 yFf _y kfuj nrif

kyf gy tz w mfsh
<fgLwd. kyf ms
bgajhf ey kzKilajhf
csd. xUy kyf ey kzK,
f cQtjnfw njid
Ruwd. f t kfuj
nrifjh bghJthf eilbgW
kfuj nrif KiwahF.

_y

eilbgW

kfuj

fhWt kfuj nrif

(mnkh~)
gl.4.13 _y kfujnrif

fh _y kfuj nrif
eilbgW
bgUghyhd
kyf
ajhf, kzkwjhf nj Ru

nrif

th
jhtuf
eilbgWwJ. v.fh. thah. J
iAonuh~ vd miHfLwJ.
kyf ajhf f Eajhf
fhzgL.

bra 4.6

mjj
t
kfuj
nriffSnfg, mkyf
fhzgL
jftikfis
FbgLJ xU mltizia
jah br.

gl.4.12. fh _y kfuj nrif

mwjhf fhzgL. fh _y
kfuj f vLJ brYnghJ,
zhF kfuj fis <Lfl,
mf ms kfuj fis
cUthFwd. kfuj f
fh vLJ brtjnfg cyj
fshf UF. y kfujf

4.3. fUWj
kfuj nrifia g gojij
idgL ghf.

61

myF-4

yF t, fhW t, t
kfuj nrif eilbgW y
jhtuf kyfis nrf.

kfuj
f,
kfuj
igUJ Nyf Koia miltJ
kfuj nrif vdgL. xbthU
kfuj S, vir, il vd
U ghJfh ciwfis bgWsJ.
btiw (vir) joJ, gy
a tsJisfis bfhLsJ.
cSiw (il) bka jik
cilaJ.

gFW uL M nfLfshf
khWwd (Jf).

4.3.1 fUWj f
kfuj
FH
fUigF
tsJis
tahf
EiHwJ.
j iy kfuj FH btoJ,
nfLf kfuj FH UJ
fUigF brwd. mlJl
xU M nfL, ulh iy
clfUl kbwhU M nfL
izwd. j izF
fUWj vW bga.

kfuj
J

KGikailj fUw KilF

irnfh vW bga. J fUthf
tswJ.

kfuj FH
FH cfU

4.3.2 uil fUWj

gl.4.14 kfuj Kisj

kfuj Kisj
kfuj , jFj Nyf Ko
GjJ Kisf MuJL .
Kj kfuj uL brfis
bfhlJ. bga br cly br vW,
a br cg br (b#dnuo
br) vW miHfgLwJ. cly
bryhdJ KisJ tsJis
_y J bfhL bt tUwJ.
J Nyf jL tahf xU l
FHh ngh tswJ. Jnt kfuj
FHyhF. cg br kfuj FHh

ulhtJ M nf ulh
iy cfUl izwJ. ulh
iy cfU uil ka jikilaJ.
j Uka cfUl kbwhU M
nf iztJ _iz vdgL.
_iz _y cUthF cfU
fU cfU vdgL. Vbd J
fUiz clhFwJ. fU xU
czl RthF. J fU tstjF
cjwJ. uL M nfLf
xW
mlJlD,
kbwhW
ulh iy cfUlD iztJ
uil fUWj vdgLwJ.

kfuj

ca

N jL

kfuj FH

fUig

gl.4.15 fUWj

gl.4.16 uil fUWj

62

jhtuf dbgUf
4.4.2. rijgWs jf

4.3.3 fUWjYF VgL

khwf

rij gWs j ff,

KW
bghGJ
rij
gWsjhf, rhW iwjjhf
csd. it btoah jik
bfhlit. f njhyhdJ, f
btnjh (vfh) f eLnjh
(nrfh) f cnjh (vnlhfh) vd
_W gFfshf ntWgLjgLsJ.

fUWjYF d,
1. NyhdJ ijahf khWwJ.
ij

ciwfshf

3. Nyfig tsJ bgjh fahf

khWwJ.

rij
gWs
f
uL
tifgL 1. gnf, (KG rijf)
2. % (c XL rij f).

4.4 f cUthj
cf midtUF ff vgJ
bjj xwhF. it e mwhl
th elUJ f ayhjjhf
csJ. ff itl rJ mf
bfhL ekF Mwiy jUwd.
jbghGJ eh ff ts
mj tiffis g fhngh.
ff
fUWj
isthf
cUthwd vgij eh Kija
ghlnyna gWnsh. fUw
Kj Nig f vdgL.
uL ghff csd.
1. fnjh (bgfh) 2. ijf.
fUWj
eilbgwhknyna
y
jhtuf ff cUthwd.
mjifa ffSF fUwh ff
(m) ghndhfh ff vW
bga.
v.fh. ijyh uhir, bfhah,
Kjad.

gnf tif ff L, bg,

bAbgoa, ngh, bggngh vd
tifgLjgLsd.
4.4.3 cyjf : ff
btnjh
cyJ
fhzgL.
mit
btogj
mogil
_W tiffshf fgLwJ.
1. cybtof, 2. cybtoahf,
3. s f
cybtof:
f
Kj
btoJ ijfis btnaW.
cybtoahf: f KjhY
btogiy. f btwnjh
mGa ijf btnawgL.
4.4.4 sf : f Kj
xUij bfhl gy ghffshf
. j ghffSF bkfh
vW bga. ijfis bfhl
bkfh btogiy. vdnt s
fahdJ cybto kW cybtoahj
vd Ugfis bfhLsJ.

4.4.1 ff tifghL
ff flthW tifgLj
gLsd.
jf, wf, TLf vd
_W tifgL.
jf,
rijgWs
jf vW, cyf vW
tifgLjgLsJ.

bra 4.7
gy tifahd ffis nrff.
mit vtif f vd mJ
mtiw g F vGJf.

63

myF-4

2. NYiwf
khWwd.

nkY mJbfhnth
f, gof, d mf.
ff V
fhzgLwJ?

gy

tiff

gl.4.17 beof

4.4.5 uf:
nkkl Nigbfhl izahj
gy N iyf cs j kyUJ
cUthF f ufahF. jj
xbthU Niy W fahf
tsailwJ. vdnt u f
xU bghJthd fh gy Wff
bfhjhf fhzgL. v.fh. beof.

4.4.6 TL f

mndhdh Fthnkhrh (jhgH)

jhtu
f
Niyf
f izJ xU KGfahf
njhW.

gy kyf bfhl xU kr
UJ
cUthF
xiwf
TLfahF. J UtifgL.
1) nrhnuh, 2) irnfhd.

gl. 4.18 jhgH

jf

cyf

rijgWs f

ca

KG rijf
1. bg
2. bAbgoa
3. ngh
4. bgngh

c xL
rijf
(%)

(i) miw btof

TLf

uf

nrhnuh

cy btof
1. Uwbtof
(byT)
2. xUwbtof
3. fhN

cy btoah
f
1. m
2. nfah
3. bryh
4. bfhil

(ii) jL Rt miw

btof
ff tifghL

64

irnfhd

s f
1. byhbkl
2. nkhfh

3. bukh

jhtuf dbgUf

t.v.

tif

gl

sf

1.

bg

jfh

J xW myJ gy ijf bfhl

f. f btnjh f bkaJ.
f eLnjh rhW rijgWsjh
fhzgLwJ.
ijf

ijJsJ
gF
cQ
gFahF. v.fh. jfh.

2.

bAbgoa

MuR

f mR N xL Kiw bfhl
gy Nyf iyf izJ nk kl
NigUJ
ts
milwJ.
j f njh, f bt njh
joJ, gy vbz Rufis
bfhL fhzgLwJ. f eLnjh
btkahd gR nghUF. J
f bt njhYl izJsJ.
f cnjh cw RtfUJ
gy rij gWs rhWs f
njhWfgLwd. Jnt f
cQ gFahF. v.fh. MuR

ngh

f gyijf bfhlit. IJ
izj Nyf iyf bfhl kl
N igUJ njhWwJ.
cz Toa gF rij gWs
jskhF. cikahd f
cns gyijf fhzgL. v.fh.
M, ng.

bgngh

bts

J _W Nyf iyf izJ Rt

N xL Kiwia bfhl kl
NigUJ njhWwJ. N xL
R gy ijf fhzgLwd.
f eLnjhY N xL R
cQ gFahwJ.
v.fh. Fflh (r), bts

%
c xL
rijf

kh

J X miw, xU ij bfhl
rijf. f xU Nyf iy
NyfUJ clhwJ. j f
njh, f btnjh, njh nghW,
f eLnjh rijgWsjhf,
f cnjh f nghW fodjik
bfhL fhzgL. rijgWs
f eLnjh cQ gFahF.
f cnjh f nghw fodkhf
Ugdh, f f nghw f
vW miHfgLwJ.

65

myF-4

rijgWs ff

cy bto ff : ff cyj f njhiy bfLsJ. cyff,

btoJ ijfis btnaWwd. mit btoF j mogil cy
btoff, cy btoahff, s ff vd fgLwd.
t.
v.

tif

gl

sf

Uw bto
f
(byT)

mtiu

f xU Nyf iydh Md
X miw kW N xL Kiw
bfhl
nkgl
NigUJ
clhwJ. f K miljJ,
fnjh
UwfY
cs f btoJ ijis
btnaWwd. v.f. mtiu, glh

2.

xU w
btof

vUF

f,
Uw
btofia
nghwnj. Mdh, f njh xU
kL btoJ ijfis
btnaWwd.
v.fh. vUF.

3.

fhN
m) miw
bto f

gU

M) miw
jL Rt
btof

btil

gy ijf bfhl f, gy Nyf

iyf izj nk kl myJ
kl
NigUJ
ts
milj fahF. ff gntW
Kiwf btowd.
v.fh. gU, btil

cy btoah f
ff fnjh cyJ ijfis btnaw f ciw stiltiy.
fnjh mGa jh ijf btnawgLwd.

ca

1.

btoah cy
W f
(m)

kho,
mkjhiu

66

f xUij bfhlJ. xU
Nyf iy, xU Nyf miw, nkkl
NigUJ
clhaJ.
f njh cyJ r nghW
ijiwl
izahk
jUF.
v.fh. kho, mkjhiu

jhtuf dbgUf
2.

btoah cy
jha
(fhah)

be

xUij bfhl f. xU Nyf

iy, xU Nyf miw, nk kl
NigUJ
njha
W
f. fnjh ijiwl
izUF.
v.fh. be, nfhJik, nrhs.

3.

bryh

oiulh

J
kl
NigUJ
njha U Nyf iy izj
Xuiw, xUij bfhl f.
j fnjh ijiwl
izahk jUF. v.fh.
iulh, Nafh.

4.

bfhil

J cy btoah xU ij bfhl
f. j fnjh twL
fod jik bfhoUF. J
uL myJ gy Nyf iy
bfhl nkkl N igUJ
njhaJ.
v.fh.K.

4.4.4. s ff
f, gy xUij bfhl W gFfshf wJ. W gFf
xbthW bkfh vdgL. j bkfhf ijf btoJ
btnawhk cnsna fhzgL. vdnt, s ff, bto f, btoahf
Ma U ff gfis bfhLsJ.
fUnty
1

byhbkl

f, Uw btofia xJsJ. f
ijfSilna FWa gF fhzgLwJ.
gF f xU ij bfl W gFahf
wJ. v.fh.fUnty.

bfhJk J U Nyf iyf izj, U miwfis

bfhl kl NigUJ clha
fahF. J th sW uL xU
ijs btoah W ffshwd. jF
bkfh vW bga. v.fh. bfhJk

bunkhfh

MkzF
3.

bukh

J _W Nyf iyf izj nkkl

NigUJ tsailj f. Kj f
btoJ xU ijs W fahwJ. wF
xbthU W f kWgo sth sJ
ijfis btnaW. J xiw ijbfhl
_W fhffshf wJ. v.fh. MkzF

67

myF-4

2.

4.4.6 TL f
krYs vyh kyfS rijgWsjhf kh, f beUfkhf mikJ
TL fia cUthFwJ. TLff U tifgL. 1. nrhnuh,
2. irnfhd
1.

nrhnuh

gyh

f kr ika jL, kl,

f kr kyf midJ izJ
TL
fia
njhWwd.
gyh f ika mR joJ rij
gWilaJ. joj rij gWl fhzgL
jf cQ gFahF. f
njh ignghW xU ijl UF.
l, btikahd, jilahd cQ
jfSF ilna fhzgl Toa
mikf kyL kyfshF. f
nkw
fhzgL
Kf
N
_ofshF.

2.

irnfhd

J iAgnjhoa vw w tif
krUJ
njha
kbwhU
tif TL fahF. mf
js rijgWlUJ f
cQ gFahwJ. bgU
msyhd Ea xUgh kyf
fhzgLwd. v.fh. M, m.

ca

4.4.7. ij cUthj
fUw
N
ij
vdgL.
ij, fU, cz bghUfbsd
ijiwdh NHgLsJ. rhjf
khd Niy ij KisJ a
sjhtufshf ts milwJ.
ijf, ms, tot, tz
kW nkgu Mat bgU
msntWgL
fhzgLwd.
ML
jhtuf
vzw
Ea ijf Jf nghW
fhzgLwd. bjid, ms
bga xnu xU ij csJ. ij
xU KG jhtukhf ts m i l w J .

68

ij
(fU)
fhzgL
ijiyf
vif
mogil
F
jhtufis
Uiy, xUiy jhtuf
vd Utiffshf fyh.
1. U iy jhtuf :
ijf uL iyfis
bfhLsd. v.fh. glh, mtiu
kW MkzF.
2. xU iy jhtuf :
ijf
xU
iyia
bfhLsd. v.fh. kfh nrhs,
be, nfhJik kW btfha.

jhtuf dbgUf
ij ciw
ijciw

iyf
Kisnt
fU
fU

gl.4.19 U iy jhtu ij (mtiu)

gl.4.20 xU iy jhtu ij (be)

U iy ij mik (mtiu)

il csJ. Kis FU
a Filahd ika jL, f
a bkhL, Fj uL a
iyfS csd.

ijahdJ joj, Kil tot

bfhL, bkjhf xU w tisJ
fhzgL. j gF, tl
mikj btikahd rW joj u~ng
vw mik csJ. j u~ng
xU E a Jis csJ. jF
tsJis myJ iknuhig vW
bga.

be,
jhtu
ij
vd
miHfglhY mJ cik
xU fahF. J btoah xU
ijila jf MF. jF
fhah vW bga. be ij
ciw f bkajhF. fiw
bkaJ kW J ijiwl
izJsJ. fahdJ bghJthf
kr w to br kW
fh brfsh _lgLsJ.
tF bghJthf c vW bga.
fUthdJ Tly vdgL xU
iyia,
FWa
mir
bfhLsJ. FWa mDila
moE KisntU, E Kid
Kis FUJ csd. Kis ntuhdJ
nfhnahiurh vdgL Kisnt
ciwdh _lgLsJ. nj
nghW Kis FUJ nfhahil

Cw itfgl ijia
bkJthf mGJnghJ, J,
fhW FfS j tsJis
tahf bt tUwd.
fU, ijiwah NHgLsJ.
fU xU ika mR csJ. jDl
rijgWs
Uijiyf
izJsd. ika m xU
Kid
KisntU
kbwhU
Kid Kis FUJ csd.
Kis nt EahdJ tsJis
mU
mikJsJ. Kis
FUjhdJ, uL iyfSF

69

myF-4

xU iy ij mik (be)

vdgL ciwdh _lgLsJ .

be fia <ukhd k Ca
XU ehfSFd nfhnahiurh
ijia J bfhL bt
tUwJ. nfhnahiurhit J
bfhL Kisnt bt tUwJ.
F j Kisnt be g nt
bjhFahf khWtiy. j d
tsU KisFUJ mogF
cs
fQUJ
ntf
njhWwd. vdnt j ntf
ntl ntf vd miHfgLwd.
j ntl ntf Kj g r
ntbjhFghf khWwJ. jilna
Kis
FUJ
mj
ciwia
(nfhnahil)
JbfhL
jiuF nk tswJ.

bjJ bfh!
lh, Kilnfh, btfha
nghw jhtuf ijfis
gagL,
fl
,
ij
Kisj, fl btgiy
jhf
kW
ijf
fl
jj Matiw g
Mfis nkbfhlh. Mdh
fl ijf wgij
jDila
M
Ko
fljh. mt MF
gagLa 87 df
gF ijf, fl 28 ehfns
jhFojd vgij lh
mjh.

#hof, fl U mt ij
fis vLJbfhL 7 ehfsF
wF mijfis ryil L,
FHhUJ tU j fG.
L mjid Fl bjho
brofis C tsia ft.
vif ijf cUthwd.
xU jhtu ijf midJ
mj jh jhtu mUnyna
GJ
Kisjh,
Cl,
,
M#, Na x tfhf
ngho VgLwJ. xnu l s
jhtuf Tlkhf UFbghGJ,
v
nk
yFfdh
mfgL Lwd iy,
mjhtu df KGtJkhf m
iyia VgLJ.
bgUghyhd jhtuf ffS
ijfS guj ms gutjF
Vg gy jf mikfis bgWsd.
ij kW f guj gy fhuf
bragLwd. J xnu l
jhtu Tlf berdh VgL
nghoUJ
Lgl,
mnj
rka, jhtu df btfukhf
gutjF, jfis iy
Wj ttFwJ.
ijf gu fhuf
jhtuf ff kW ijf
fhQ fhuf _y guwd.
mit tfgLsd.

4.5. ffS ijfS guj

ca

bra 4.8

ijf, j jh jhtuij L
btF bjhiy Gwd V?

jhaF Kiw (Mnlhnfh)

Kiw, ffS ijfS
f ntfkhf guwd. ghr
jhtu ff ObuW btoJ
ijf j guwd.

jhtuf
d
bgUf
jik f afjf tif
csJ. xU jhtuUJ f mf

70

jhtuf dbgUf
bra 4.9
ff y
bfhil
fliy
Cuitj
ijfis
<u
J u KGtJ it.
ff mfgoahd id tofo,
ijfis <u Jah _o
xU eh KGtJ it. ijf
cyuhk ghJbfh.
ff ijfis ftdkhf eW
cns UF gntW ghf
fis ft.

gl.4.21 jha ij guj (ghr)

ff mjid
glf
cs
ghffnshL xL milahs
fhz Kowjh vgij gh.

fh guj (mnkhnfh)
Kiw ffS ijfS
fh _y guwJ. fh btF
u jJ brtjF Vg ijf
ajhf, nyrhf, Jffshf
csd. yt fh vLJ
brtjF
VJthf
ijf
nkgu tsf kW # nghw
wFf fhzgLwd.

gl.4.22 fh ij guj (oiulh)

v.fh. vUF, KUif

oiulh jhtu ff,
iyj
tlkhdJ
ghg
fshf
khWghL
milJsJ.
wF nghw f ghuhN nghW
bragL f gujYF cjwJ.

gl.4.23 ij guj (jhkiu)

jhkiu jskhdJ gR nghW

fhwiwfis bfhL nuhl
jF
jikia
bgWsJ.
js
fhzgL
ijf
jahf J jJ brW ntW
l Kiswd.

guj (iAonuhnfh)
Kiw, ffS ijfS
_y guwJ. _y gu
ff, jgjF VwthW f
ciw mikJsJ. bjid, f
eLnjhyhdJ eh nghW mikJ,
uiyf nuhl _ykhf btF

yFfsh guj (Nnfh)

ffS ijfS yFf

71

myF-4

uF vLJ brygLwd.

_y guwd. mjnfg, y
ff f bt ciwf Kf,
bfhf, tsf nghw mikf
bgWsd. jifa ffis
bfhl jhtufis cu brY
bghGJ ff nkfl wtsf
cjah yFf cl xo
bfhwd. d gy lf
yFf brYbghGJ ff
guwd.
rha jhtu ff Ta
bfhf nghw mikf _
ykhf, ehU jhtu ff
iyUF
jf
E
Tikahf UgdhY ff
vjhf yFf cl xo
bfhwd.

gl.4.25 yFfdh ij guj (ehU)

gy rijgWs ff, yFf

kW
kjfsh
czgL,
mitf ff _y ijf
btF uF guwd. jfh
kW bfhah ff ijfnshL
czgL, ijf ff _y
btnawgLwd. Jnghw
ijf jf ij ciwf
_y brkhd rhWfUJ (Digestive
Juice) vjj gh Vglhk
ghJfhfgLwd.
kj,

ff

kW

gujYF
fhuzkhf
csh.
gntW
bghUshjhu
KaJt
thj, nfhdh, ug, fl
nghw jhtufis bjhiy cs
w ehLfUJ bfhL tJ
a
Niyf
btfukhf
mKfgL bt fLsh.

bra 4.10
wFfis bfhl f kW
ijfis nrf

ijf

oiulh jhtu fia

ftJ gl tiu. ghg
ia gh.

ca

V bjid f eLnjh
ehuhf csJ?
c mUfhik cs y
jhtufis nrf. mitf
tlhu
bgaf
ahit?
mitf jhtua bgafis
fLof aYkh?
gl.4.24 yFfdh ij guj
(rha)

72

jhtuf dbgUf

kL
gF m
1. xU br cfshd mgh kW ghOaf eilbgW d bgUf tiff xW.
(Jlhj; ulhf sj; mUj; ngh clhj).
2. F jhtuf ghd bgUf Kiw eilbgW Kj f.
(fUWj; Kisj; L cUthj; kfuj nrif)
3. flt rahd TW vJ?
(efU wdw, bka Rtiuilait Nnghf;
 y Mfhf, ghOaf kW irf clhF efU jikila ghyh nghf,

VifbdLf;
irf clhF X cfU bfhl efU wdw ghyh nghf, bfhoah;
(rhjfkw Niyf Mfhf clhF joj Rtiuila cly brf vgshndh
nghf.)
4. fUw Nig f MF. xU ky gy izahj Nyf iyf bfhl nkkl NigUJ
cUthF f. (wf; TL f; jf; gyf)
5.  Cwitj ijia mGJbghGJ j tahf fwJ. (iyJis; byobr;
iknuhig; Kisnt)
6. khf, fnghw f vwiHfgLwJ. Vbd j (f btnjh, njh nghwJ;
f eLnjh f nghwJ; f cnjh rijgWsJ; f cnjh fodkhdJ.)
7. jtwhd Tiw njbjL.
(Uiy jhtu ij fhzgL Filahd brFjhd btikahd gFF u~ng
vW bga;
U iy jhtu ij fhzgL f Ea JisF iknuhig vW bga;
(fU jL cUthF gFF Kisnt vW bga;
fU nt cUthF gFF Kisnt vW bga.)

9. _izdh clhF R fU tsF Cl mftyJ.

(irnfh; N xL R; Tbly; fU)
10. j kfuj nrif ik.
(kfuj f zhtiy; ijf Fiwj vif clhwd; Ugh
kyf flhakhf eilbgWwJ; kyfsJ kfuj nrifF btfhufis rhUf
mtaiy).

73

myF-4

8. fl TWf, fh _y f gujYfhd rahd Tiw njbjL.

(ff kW ijf ObuW btoJ guwJ;
oiulh jhtu, tl, ghgh fshf kh f gujYF cjwJ;
rha jhtuf ff Ta Kf _y guwJ;
bjid f eLnjh eh nghW csJ.)

gF M
11. m) gl A kW B ia milahs fh.

NKo

NjL

M) A vj ghf B Mf khWwJ.

Nig

12. cdfS mt dbgUf

KiwfS bfhLfgLsd. dbgUf
Kiwfis rahd cdfnshL bghUJf.

sj

ignuhifuh

<

mUj

nuhnlhnrhtf

jil Gf

Jlhj

iunah~y

ghOaf

13. ghr jhtu, ijf j jh jhtuij L btF bjhiy Gwd.

m. TW rahdjh myJ jtwhdjh?
M. fhuz TW.
14. TL f ---- midJ kyfUJ cUthwJ.
----- fahdJ xU ky izahj gyNyf iyfis bfhl nk kl NigUJ
cUthwJ.
15. bfhLfgLs glij tiuJ fl ghffis
Ff.
m. vir, M. FHh a

gF
16. m) f cUthF fia TW.
M) fid RUfkhf t.
) mfid FF glid tiuJ ghfis F.
17. F jhtuf eilbgW ghd bgUf Kiw <LgL
uL ffis vGJf.
m) Kj f kW mt tiffis t.
M) mj eik ikfis vGJf.
18. fUWj isthf cUthtJ f, fUWj eilbgwhk VnjD
f cUthwjh? ff tifgho mltizia jUf.
19. Uiy jhtu ij mikig t.

ca

20. uf, TLf jFj vLJ fhLfSl xLf.

nkY ma

Plant ReproductionS.R.Mishra, Publisher : Discovery Publishing

House Pvt. Ltd.

74

jhtuf dbgUf

Ubrh bga

bghJ bga

1.

Vgkhf
vFbyl

btil

2.

mnfah fhah

iffh

3.

muhj Mbguh

ehU

4.

mdfhoa
Mblnl

5.

mndhdh
bfhahnkhrh

jhgH

6.

Mnlh fhg
l~nghah

gyh

7.

iunah~y

fo nghlh
FonghL

8.

fnyhnuh
i#b#oah

vUF

9.

u irbd

rhJFo

10.

nfhf ~bguh

bjid

11.

bfhahu
rilt

bfhJ,
jah

12.

fha
Mngha

gU

13.

FF rilt

btsfh,
njhirfh

75

mjj
cqf
miHfgL
bgafis vGj

myF-4

t. v.

jhtuf jhtua bgafS bghJbgafS

ca

14.

Fflh nkkh

rfh/
gufh/
murhizfh

15.

~igf
shknulh

16.

ng
ghrhah

ghr/
ghbrL

17.

yhyh ga

mtiu

18.

iynfhbgfh
vFbyl

jfh

19.

kh~bguh
ofh

kh

20.

iknkhrh ofh

bjhlh tho/
bjhl RU
/ bjhlh
Q

21.

uh #ygh

mkjhiu /
m kif

22.

yngh ~bguh

jhkiu

23.

xdurh rilth

be

24.

igr rilt

glh

25.

ghahah
yh~nghah

beof

26.

igu nky

27.

d f

MkzF/KJ
bfhil

28.

oiulh
nuhFg

btLfha
L bro

76

ca

ghof

myF

5. ghof

ghof njh wK, mik

RWwnfwthW mikJsJ.
nuhkf X czW. id kW
eh irf bjhLzilait.
Ksg nghw yFf jik
vflUJ jfhJ bfhs,
skhd Tikahd, iughf cs
nuhkfis gagLJwd.

ghof gntWgl jftik

fSl gntW Niyf btfu
khf thJ tU yd TlkhF
(cy vyhjkhd thlfshd,
fl, e, kiy, fhLf,
ghiytdf, JUt unjrf kW
rJ y fhLf nghw cy vyh
jkhd thlfY ghof
wghf thJ tUwd.

gh Ruf
ghof
midF
gh
Ruf csd. jhf wF
gfyhj ghof ghiy c
Fowd. ghRuf khWghlilj
ait RufshF.

5.1. w mika
btntW thlf thw
ghof mjj thlfSF
VwthW
jf
clyikfSl
thwd. fl thG ghofshd
lh,
fy
nghwt
clyik clyikig nghy
mikJsJ. thd l L l
gwF Uis U btsthf,
gwitf clyikig xJsJ.
y thG fbga clyikig
cila yFf ah ghofshF.
ghof clys y thG
kw yFf cl msUJ
khWgLsJ.

bra 5.1
eh, id, khL, kj,
Fiu
kW
fGijf
nuhkfis nrfJ mjDila
tot, mik g tiw
mltizgLj.

5.2. thl
cdf
thG
lF
thl vW bga. ghof jhf
thG thlF jfthW jf
jftikfis
bgWsd.
eh
ghofis
caj
kiyfY,
rkbtfY, fhLfY, Ju
gFfY, ghiytdfY,
btfY,
e
iyfY,
fl Y fhzyh. y Kakhd
ghof ntWgl thlf nH
tirgLjgLsd.

fhQ
uL
mogil
gfsh
kw
KJbfYs
yFf
UJ
ghof
ntWgLsd.
1. w mLF nuhkf.

ca

2. gh Ruf.
w mLF nuhkf
m i d J
gh ofSF
nuhkf csd. w mLF nuhkf
yhj fy kW lhfSF,
_
E
cz
ehf
mikJsd. ghYof nuhkkhdJ
cl btg btnawhk jLf
Toa njh xU a mikghF.

caj
kiyf:
kiyahLf,
bfhila brkahLf, fuof.
rkbt kW fhLf: Ksg,
kiy m, khf, ahidf,
f,
Wij,
fhlhUf,
ahid.

78

ghof
e: t,
nghwit.

shog,

ghiytd: a tdfGij, sh
g khf

fl : fy, lh, thu,

flgR, flf ().

gl. 5.1 gntWgl tiffis nrj ghofS

mt FofS

79

eh

myF-5

JugF: kiyahLf, vUik, v

(bfhF yFf)

5.3. ghof jftikf

5. ghof
ntWgl
g
mik
kW
gntWgl
gf mik cQ
KiwF
Vg
jftikjjhf
csJ. vLJfhlhf, khr
cf
khrij
gjF
VwthW
Kg
fshf,
gntW
gfis
bra ahidf btL gf
jjfshf kh wga
ghoF cjwJ.
6. ghof MwYl gwF
xnu gho btsth MF.
j Kiff wif nghw
mikghf kh csJ. btsth
wif bkikahd njhYlD,
Kifl izj ehF
uf, vYfSl izJ,
jirfSl ailJ csJ.
btsth jiy Hhf bjh X
vLwJ. u cy btsth
vbghUY nkhjhk gwf
j iuia of vbuh
braghil
gagLJwJ.
btsth gwjnghJ ca
Ru L x btgLj
_y gwF f, vgL
bghUfis mJ bfhwJ.
7. t
Foigl
Toa
khNa, ffhU nghwit
Fofis
RkJ
ghJfhf
t igfis bfhLsJ.
8. JUt fuof joj njh
kW mt nkYs nuhk
fg nghit _y, JUt
gF eLF F UJ
ghJfh bgWwJ.
9. j m Tikah r_f
yfhf, caj iy cs
kj j uf _ykhf
EQfkhd
braghLfis
br tif EbghUfis
ifahSj,
vGJj
nghw
brafis bra KowJ.

ca

g h of
gnt W
N
iyfSnfg jfis jftikJ
bfht w bgWsd.
1. fl thG fy, lhf
nghwitf
JtjF
VwthW
Uf
Kiff
JLfshf khWghlilJsJ.
cl btgij jfitJ
bfhtjF VJthf yF
f f mf ms bfhG
Lf
nrfgLwd.
fyf
jhilahdJ
ryil nghw cWghf khWghL
mikJsJ.
j
ryil
nghw jhil, g jLf
vdgL. fyf jf
Ugkhd czthd (Krill)
vdgL yF jitfis
UJ tofLtjF j g
jLf gagLwd.
2. ghiytd thG xlf
njh f jokdhf, iu <J
itJbfhS
Mkho
brfis
bfhLsJ.
ghiytd kzfhW jhfhk
fhf xlf mlahd
f Utf gagLwd.
xlf eh Jthu, kz
Jff
cns
fhtz
mikUwd.
3. bgUghyhd ghof jhtu
cfshF.
brnyh
Fj
czit
brkhd
brtjF VwthW gJ thG
ghOahfis bfhLsJ.
4. fheilf, khf, gR, vUik,
ML nghw ghof ehF
bga miwfisila iuig,
nr kW behj fydhf
csJ. fheilf tif
iuig mirnghLtjF ga
gLwJ.

80

ghof
gho
Rthr
wtif
KJbfYfisl
wghdJ.
gho
uj
tgQ
nkhFnsh vD tgQf
mf ms M#id vLJ
brwJ.
ghof
uj
tgQ cfU iy. l
nkhFnshdh uggLsJ.

bra 5.2

gl 5.2 btsth

ctF njhHf cl
btgiyia fhiy 10 k
gf 1 k khiy 4 k ms
flJ g br. t
VjhtJ khWghil fhwhah?

braa

ghof
wtif
KJbfYfisl wgl, mf
bra wDilajhf, cl braa
braghLfis bfhLsJ.

5.5. kj
kly

ghof,
btg
uj
uhfshF. t cl btgiy
thl btg jhf xnu
uhd btgiyia bfhLsJ.
kj cl btgiy 98.40 F
UJ 98.60 F Mf csJ. l
btgiy njh cs ait
Ru, Wuf, Eiupu kW uj
_y iyWjgLwJ.

uj

RH

cl X l UJ knwh
lF njitahd bghUfis
fljgLtjF uj RW mikf
njhwyhd. ekJ cl uj RW
cWfshf ja, jkf, iuf,
jJf vD uj FHhfS,
uj vD utR kW z
Mait csd.

nfhilfhy cliy Ff
ait mfkhfRuJ btgij
btnaWwJ. bra TLjyhd
uj, ait Ruf brYJj
_ykhf, mfkhd ait _y
btnawgLtjh Wuf Fiwj
ms Wiu btnaWwJ.

a Ah vw Mnya
kUJt (1628M ML) kj
uj RHia fljh. mJtiu
eKila cl KGtJ ujjh
MdJ kW iyahdJ vd fU
Unjh.
a
Ah
(15781657)
Mnya kUJt
Mth. KjKj
uj
RHia,
uj
g
fis
ja
braf
g
sdh.

Ffhyf, f Fiwthd
aitia
btna,
cl
btgiy
caJ
braghil
iybfhwJ. iy ait
Ruf
Fiwthd
ujij
brYJtj _y cl btgiy
cawJ. Mdh Wuf mfkhd
Wiu btnaWwJ.

81

myF-5

5.4. mogil cl
braghLf

ja

btl tyJ MUJ

M#dw
ujij
bgW
Eiupu jk _y EiupuYF
brYJwJ. lJ btl,
lJ MUJ M# Fj
ujij bgW bgUjkF
brYJwJ. isf _ykhf
cl gy gFfSF M#
Fj uj brYjgLwJ.

kj ja X clw jireh mikila cWghF. J

rW T tot myJ u
tot cilaJ. jaij RY
ulLF glykha bgfhoa
ciw
mikJsJ.
jaF
bgfhoaF
il
cs
ilbt bgfhoa ut u
csJ.

ja Jisf

ja y w gfis
bfhl
fhoah
jirdh
cUthfgLsJ. ja ehF
miwfis bfhlJ. mit : tyJ
Va lJ Va, tyJ bt
kW
lJ
bt
MF.
tyw jakhdJ cl UJ
Rffglhj ujij bgWwJ.
lw jakhdJ Rffgl
M# f ujij cl
KGtJ brYJwJ.

tyJ
M
kW
tyJ
btfSF
il
tyJ
MFnyh - btFyh Jis
mikJsJ. lJ M kW
lJ btfSF il lJ
MFnyh - btFyh Jis
mikJsJ.
bgUjk

nkbgUi

Mf (Vaf)

lJ Eiupu
iu
lJ
va
iw ru
th

tyJ
Va

Mf Rtf bka
jirahyhdit. tyJ M kW
lJ M il MFyh jL
Rtuh fgLsd. Mf
ujij bgw Toa cWfshf
csd. bgUiu, nkbgU iu
_y clUJ Rffglhj
uj KGtij tyJ M
bgWwJ. ehF Eiupu iuf
_y EiupuUJ M# f
ujij lJ M bgWwJ.

_j
th

u th

tyJ
bt
bgUiu

lJ

btf
ja jir

gl. 5.3 kj ja
ja thf

btlf

ca

Eiupu jk

tyJ M xU bga Vnah

btFyh Jis tahf tyJ
bt wwJ. Jis
btis neh mikJs
_j thdh ghJfhfgLwJ.
J uj ndh brtij
jLwd.

btlf joj Rtfis

bfhLsd. tyJ btl kW
lJ btl, il btFyh
jLRtuh
fgLsd.
btlf ujij bt
brYJ cWfshf csd. tyJ

82

ghof
lJ M xU bga MFnyh
btFy
Jis
tahf
lJ
btnshL
bjhl
bfhLsJ. Jis btis
neh mikJs <j thdh
ghJfhfgLwJ. th u
th vW miHfgL. J uj
ndh brtij jLwJ.

btf
nghJ
l vw x njhWwd.
xU kj ruhr ja Jo,
xU lF 72 JofshF.
ja
Jo
mj
jirf
cshj rah MufgL
w jir ehfsla fiwah
eilbgWwJ.

tyJ bt xUJis
tahf
Eiupu
jkl
bjhl
bfhLsJ.
Jis,
iw tot gnkhd thdh
ghJfhfgLwJ.

ujFHhf
jkf, jJf kW iuf
vd _W tif uj FHhf
csd.
jkf

lJ
bt,
iwtot
thdh
(bgUjk
th)
ghJfhfgL xU Jis tahf
bgUjk wwJ.

jkf
jaUJ
R
ffgl ujij vLJbrgit.
Mdh jF yfhf, Eiupu
jk kL Rffglhj ujij,
Rfgjfhf
jaUJ
EiupufSF
vLJ
brY.
bgUjk W jkfshf wd.
mit nkY MOnahf vD
bka Ejkfshf wd.
mit nkY J bka, a
bklh MOnahfshf, nkY
jJfshf wd.

ja bragL j.
fhoah
jirdh
kj
jakhdJ RU tilwJ.
ja miw, RUF iyF
nlh vW bga. ja miw
tiltjF ilanlh vW bga.
MshdJ
ujij
bgW bghGJ tilj iyia
milwJ.
jF
MFyh
ilanlh vW bga.

jJf

uj
bt
UJ
Eiupu
jkFS,
kfhjkFS brYJnghJ ja
RUFwJ. jF btFsh
nlh vW bga.
Mf RUF bghGJ <j
kW _j thf tahf
uj jj btfSF
mDggLwd.
btf RUfnghJ
MFnyh btFyh thf
_Ltjh
y
vw
x

jk

gl. 5.4 jkf, jJf kW

iuf
83

myF-5

iu

jJf
itf a uj FHhfshF.
jJf Rfis R tiy nghW
glJ, RfSF uj
UJ bghUfis tHFwd.

uj jLf

uj t mDf

iuf
jJf
L
izJ
btfshf (E iuf) mit
RfUJ
Rffglhj
ujij
vLJ
tUwd.
btf (Eiuf) izJ
iufshf khWwd. nkY iuf
bgU
iuahf,
nkbgU
iuahf kh ujij nrfJ
jaD nrwJ.

ngh ir

<ndh~

gl. 5.5 kj uj brf

cFj
kW
jL
tot
brfshF. Kj cUthF nghJ
cfUfnshL njhW brf
d
cfUfis
Hwd.
ujF t wijaF
nkhFnshid
bgUwd.
nkhFnsh vw Rthr w
M# J mf ehl cilaJ,
Rthj Ka gF bfhwJ.

cl
bgUghikahd
gf vyhtY uj Ka
gnfwJ. uj ut iyYs
iz RthF. uj shkh
vD ut gF brfS cL.
shkh
uj cs ut bghUshd
shkh, , fk kW fk Mf
TWfis bfhLsd. shkh
nuhO vgJ shkh Ka
fk TwhF. mtW Fnsh,
neh vghwYF aikahjJ.
uj ciwj ~igndh#
Ka gF twJ. M
rkiyia uhFwJ.

 uj btisaQf

(nfhirLf)
it
bjthd
cfUit
bfhl mghL brf MF. uj
btisaQf
nehUf
jhFjUJ cliy ghJfhwJ.
clD Uf Fjh, mitfis
mJ brJL wDilait.

ujbrf

ca

nkhndhir

ngnrh~

uj

_W
tifahd
ujbrf
shkh csd. mit: uj
tgQf, uj btisaQf
kW uj jil brf.

 uj jil brf

(uhnghirLf)
it vY t k{i#Ys,
bga brf mtjh cUthwd.
uj ciwj kW uj H
jLjY Ka gnfwd.

uj tgQf (vnuhirLf)
it

nuh~

tltot,

UgfK

84

ghof

5.6. kj f f cWf
f f vgJ tsij khw f bghUfis btnaW Kiw MF.
Kakhd f f cWfS, f fK tU mltiz fhzyh.
f f cW

btnaW f

f bghUf

Wuf

ah, my kW
aho nghw Ka
ieu# ff

Eiupu

btnawgL fhW

fhg-il-Mi[L,
Mahj

njh

ait

mfkhd kW cf

Wuffns, Ka f f
cWfshF. it uj cs
nt bghUfis uhf itgjh
tiw ekJ cl khl bf
vW miHnwh.

xU joj x CLUtToa gly

dh MdJ. mtiu ij tot
U
Wuff
fhzgLwd.
Wuf
btw
FJ
cw
FJ
fhzgLwJ.
Wuf
Fj
cwgF
diAy vdgL. jirdhyhd
W ehs d iAy gFUJ
bttUwJ. uL Wuff
UJ bttU U W ehsfS
jirahyhd xU ig nghw mik
wwd. jF Wig vW bga.

Wuf wnjhw mik

cl L gF ika
KJbfY bjhl U wY
gfbfhwhf U Wuff
twiw Rt xosd.
xbthU WufK nfR vdgL,
md Ru
bgUiu
bg

bkLy uL

Wuf jk

Wufiu

nf

Wuf
bkLyh

Wuf jk

bgUjk
fhbl

W ehs

d nfN

Wuf iu
d bg
W ehz

W ig
Wfhth

gl. 5.7 Wuf btL

njhw

gl. 5.6 kj f f kly

85

myF-5

w
(fhbl)

 W nrfJ itfgLwJ
W igUJ Wfhth
tahf btnawgLwJ.

bgskh
z

FnshkUy

Wuf csik
Wuf
btL
njhw mlt wKsgF
dfhbl
vd,
bt
wgFia d bkLyh vd
miHfgLwJ.
bkLyh
vzw T tot mikf
fhzgLwd.
tF
d
uLf vW bga. d uLf
KidgFF Wuf ngyhf
vW bga. iAy tna cF
ehs
tilJ
mfw
d
nghw mikghwJ. J d
bg vdgL. d bg
FWfyilJ W ehskhf khWwJ.

nrfF ehz

mik
RUl
NH

bAny
tis

gl. 5.8 beuh

Wuf mik kW bra

myF beuh MF. Wuf xU
aDF mfkhd beuhf
fhzgLwJ.

beuh gFf tiyngh

glJsJ. FnshKUy jJf,
bgskh
zK
nrJ
kha nf MwJ.

beuh mik

Wuf EFH

beuhf Wuf mik

kW
braghL
myFfshF.
xbthU be~uhY, kha
nff
kW
skhd
gy
RUfshf
bfhl
Wuf
EFHf Ma uL ghff
fhzgLwd.

bgsk
z
EFH
wwJ.
EFH
fhQ
fhzgLwJ.

Wuf
Wuf
ghff

1. mik RUlgF.
2. U tot bAny tis.
3. nrik RUlFH.

kha nf

ca

nrik RUl
FH

nrik RUlFH gF, xU

l nrfF FHhl izwJ.
nrfF FHhahdJ d uo cs
d ghyh wwJ. beuh
ujij tofo Wiu wJ.

kha nf uil
RtUila z nghw mik
xW csJ. jF bgsk
z vW bga. jFns
fhzgL miutlFF cbr
kW
btbr
isjkf,
xU
bfhJngh
mlsJ.
jF FnshKUy vW bga.
FnshKUy gFUJ btbr
jk gy jJfshf J w

5.7. mikF, braghoF

ilna cs bjhl
braghoF Vwhngh cW
f mik khwf VgLwd.
86

ghof
Wf mbraghoF Vg
ca jftikig bgWwd. xU
cW mik xnwhblhW rhJ
csd. khWgl Niy thG
gntW ghof Kdfhf,
mitf
thG
Niynfg
khWghL milUwd. vLJ
fhlhf
vyh
KJbfYs
yFfS, Fghf ghof
Kdfhf
xnu
khahd
mikig bgUwd. mt
Kdfhf 5 gFfshf f
gLsd. mit nkif, Kif,
kfL csif kW uf
MF. mthW ghof Kd
fhf xU bghJthd mikig
bgUjhY, mitf btntW
yFf
gntW
jkhf
gagLjgLwd.

5. Fu Kdfhf kuL

ku jhtjF kuisfis
gbfhL
Cryho
jhtjF gagLwJ.
6. fy
Kdfhf

JtjF
JLghf
gagLwd.
jtis

kj

Fiu

btsth

flgR

gl. 5.9 KJbfYf Kif

mikf

5.8. yFf elijf

1. kj Kiff, bghUfis

g
bfhtjF,
vGJ
tjF
EQfkhf
E
fUfis irgjF bka
mQfUfis
ifah
tjF VwthW mikJsd.
fil u kw ufUJ
y
mikUgj
_y
nkfl brafis brtjF
VJthf mikUwJ.

Niy LjYF Vg,

jftikJ bfhS yFfis xU
c elij vW tiuaWfyh.
Lj
f
rhjhuzkhd
cz thridahfTl Ufyh.
eu kly Ljfis bgW,
czJ mjnfw Jyffis
btgLJtij eh yFf
elijahf fhnwh.
5.8.1. r_f elijf

2. Fiu Kdfhf m
ntfkhf ghrYF gagL
jgLwJ.

yFf elij kugQfsh

4. ku c UF iy
jiHfis gJ cgjfhf
xlf Kdfhf
L gUJ tikahdjhf
mikUwJ.

gl. 5.10 nj

87

myF-5

3. bgUrh
kW
v
Kdfhf kiz njho
v tiy mikf gagLwJ.

fLgLjgLwJ.
aifahf
fG xU braKiwahf kW
fWzj _y bgwgLw xU
mDgt MF. yFfilna
fhzgL r_f izig r_f
milahs
vd
bfhnwh.
bgnwhfSF
mtf
FHijfSF ilna fhzgL
r_f izig m milahskhf
bfhnwh. y rkaf xU
dij rhj Foia knwh
dij
rhj
bgnwh
guhkjiy FWFguhkj myJ
uh gh vW miHf
gLwJ.
vLJfhlhf
F
FRfis fhf ngghJfhwJ.

gl. 5.11 ahid bgnwh guhk

ghd milahsf
X M cnyh myJ bg
cnyh jdJ dij rhj
vgh cl, iriff _y
bjhl bfhtij z iriff
vnwh.
thwhd
z
iriff xU dij rhj
cfl
Fghf
fhzgl
Toa mrkhF. jdh btntW
dij rhj cfilna
z jfgLwJ.

bgUghikahd
f,
gwitf kW ghof r_f
Tlfshf
thwd.
j
Tlij
rhj
yFf
jilna fUJ gkhwK jft
gkhwK
brJ
bfhwd.
vLJfhlhf xU dij rhj
gho Tl xU y yFf
ghJfhtyuhf thwd.
xU ahid Tlij, tajhd
bg ahid t el brY.
tikahd M ahidf Tl
ghJfhtyfshf bt UJ
bfhL, Fo ahidfSF w bg
ahidfSF ghJfhghf csJ.

ca

ghd elij
M kW bg ghYf,
ghd ftY xWl xW
<fgLwJ. dbgUf fhy
njhW ulh iy gh gf
M kW bg ghfis <J ghd
dbgUfF t tFwJ.
vLJfhlhf, gy tzfis
bfhl M k mHa njhif
bg kfis mj gh <wJ.

bgnwh guhk
bgnwhf
j
FHijfis
ngghJfhf
nkbfhS
Kaf
myJ
_yjd
mFHijf l fhy thtjF
cjwJ. jid bgnwh guhk
vd miHfgLwJ. bgnwhf j
FHijfSF rjhd cz mJ
bfhW flUJ fhgh
btfukhf thH ttFwJ.
ghof j FHijfSF
gho, bfhW f_y
jFofSF
MgJ
tuhkY
ghJfhwd.
xU
y
ghofilna Fof eF tsJ
Rakhf cz cz Muj
dU guhk bjhlwJ.

88

ghof

5.9. yFf elijfhd

j M rhWf

jeg M
cDila tl thG
L ehfis, bjU UF
ehfis M brJ mt
thl L bfhLF jikia
FJ F tiuf.

gntW Niyf yFf

elijf ga Mf jehL
gfiyfHff nkbfhLsd.
KJkiy thG brehf g
bgfq cs a ma
fHfij rhj mU btfuhk
vw Mths ela M Ff
(e, U. mU btfuhk Ma ahidf ghJfh ika,
RW Niy ma ika, a
ma fHf, bgfq).
j eho cs KJkiy td
yF ruzhya Ft mig
vD
yd
bga
bfhl
brehf thwd. brehf
xU mU tU dkhF.
brehf 8 Kj 10 cWdfis
bfhl xU Tlkhf thwd.
xbthU breh FGY taJ
Kj bg, M kW Fof
Tlkhf thwd. breh Tl
xUizJ
flkhid
(Sambar
deer) moJ cQ gHfKilaJ.
mthW xU fl khid moJ cQ
nghJ cWdfilna iwia
cg xWik ywd. s
Fo brehf Kj iwia
cz mDkfgLwd. d
taJ
Kj
M
brehf
iwia cwd. mj d
w s brehfS taJ Kj
bg
brehfS
iwia
cwd.

gl. 5.12 breh

mofo jkJ Ulij
bfhnl UF.

kh

vWf
CJ
brY
ghij vWfSF iHfh
tz c uiy itJ
vWf ghijia jLJ WJ.
bghGJ vWf elijia
M br, mitf j ghijia
kh bfhwdth? vW
Tl fiyJ brwdth
vd M brJ vWf
elijia g X mif jah
brf.

brehf j Fofis fGij

kW flUJ fhghWtjfhf

89

myF-5

bra 5.3

kL
gF m
1.
2.

cz ir nuhkf fhzgL yF. (btsth, ahid, kh, id)

ahid jjf ______________________ g khWghL MF.
(btL gf, bfhF gf, flth gf, nkyd)

3.

ehW miwfSl Toa tW cila yF. (ahid, lh, kh, ffhU)

4.

kj ruhr cl btgiy. (98.4 48.60 F, 96.6 96.80 F, 94.4 98.60 F, 98.4 99.60 F)

5.

u th ______________________ il fhzgLwJ.
i) tyJ M tyJ bt ii) lJ M lJ bt
iii) tyJ bt, Eiupu jk iv) lJ bt, bgUjk
gF - M
6. gho myhj bjhFia flJ vGJf.

m) lh, thu, Ksg, Ka, btsth, M) ahid, g, Fiu, fGij, FuF

) Monyh, kh, gR, vUik, flkh, <) eh, id, Kjiy, f,
7.

ghof wnjh fhzgLtJ.

m) nuhk, cz nuhk, nuhk Kf M) nuhk, ef, u eff
) nuhk, cz nuhk, bfhf <) nuhk, ef, brf

8.

xWik mogil flf.

y : g jfLf : btsth : ______________________

9.

nfhol tiw brf.

1. shkh, igndh; ______________________, uj tgQ
2. uj tgQ : M#id vLJ brwJ.
3. uj btisaQ : ______________________.

10.

cl `khl bf` vW Wuf miHfgLwJ fhuz flJ vGJ.

m) cl bgwgL midJ ntbghUfS W uf bgwgLwJ.
M) Wuf, uj ntbghUf rk iyia ngQwJ
) Wuf, cl bgW midJ ntbghUfis btnaWwJ
<) Wuf, cl midJ ntbghUfis nrJ itJbfhwJ.

11.

khWghL milj mogil, xUizJ vGJf.

btL gf, ahid jj, ______________________, Ksg Kf

nkY ma

ca

1. Frame work of Science - P

 addy Gannon, Oxform University
Press, New Delhi
izajsf

http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

90

ca

thif
af braf

myF

6. thif af braf
vthW
cUsitfis
cuwitfis ntWgLJth?

czl

eh
XLtij,
gR
mir
nghLjiy,
kj
bjU
rjLjiy
eh
fhnwh.
brafUJ
itf
cUsit vW mnwh.
eh (m) gR (m) kj cwFnghJ
vd fwJ? bghGJ, itf
cnuhL csd vd idnwh.
jid vthW mnwh? mitf
Rthr brtij fL cUsit
vd mnwh.
jhtuf
vd
fwJ?
jhtuf cUsit vgij vthW
mnwh?

af

flJj
cl xU cWUJ w
cWfSF cz bghUf kW
M# flJ f flJj
MF.

dhf
1. cf c th jikia
eh vthW mJ bfhnwh.
2. cf
cbfhtjF
btUJ ilF bghUf
ahit?

cdf,
cl
ahd
braf
yhlhY
mit
jfSila thif afij
bjhlJ iyWJwJ. eh
jna
cfhUF
bghGJ,
cwfUF nghJ Tl thif
af braf, brf thyhf
bjhlJ eilbgWwd.

ca

brf
Rthj
_y
M#id bgW fk bghUfis
va _yTWfshf ijfgL
f Rthr vdgL.

gntW cWfUJ btahF

tsij khw f bghUfis
clUJ btnawgL f
f fkhF.

braf

3. e
cliy
ngQtjF
njitahd ff ahit?

6.2 jhtuf czl.

eKila gntW brafSF
Mw
njitgLwJ
vgij
mthah?

thif af braf vgJ,

clid iy WJtjfhd gntW
cWf xUizJ bragl
Toa braa ffshF.
cdf
eilbgW
thif af brafshtd.

Rthr

f f

eh, mitf, gRik iyf,

iyf _Lj, wj nghw
mirf,
ts
gof
Matiw rhWfshf bfhL
cUsit vd TWnwh.

6.1 thif
ahit?

cz cbfhtj _y Mwiy
bgW fahF.

mthw
ilwJ?

vbghGJ

ekF

eh cQ cznt MwYfhd
Mjhu MF

92

thif af braf

czl tiff

jrh ClKiw

w ClKiw

kFf

xLf

czl tiff
jrh ClKiw
Mait x nrhifF njitahd
_y bghUf MF.

bgUghyhd jhtuf Ra rh
jik bfhlit, Vbd mit
xnrif
_y
jhkhfnt
czit jahwd. thW
jhkhfnt czit jahF KiwF
jrh ClKiw vW bga.

Na x : NaUJ bgwgL
Mw.
: jhtuf, ntf thyhf
id kUJ c bgW
bfhwd.

jrh
czl
Kiw
vgJ Rarh jhtuf bt
MjhufUJ bghUfis bgW
mtid
nrJ
itfgL
Mwyhf khwgL fahF.

CO2
:
tklyUJ,
iyf cs iy Jisf
thyhf bgW bfhwd.

w ClKiw : irf brf,

gRfff
fhzglhjjh,
mit xLfshf, kF
fshf thwd. mnjnghy
gRjhtuis ju Vida jhtuf
midY
gRfff
fhzglhjjh
mitf
x
nrif eilbgwhJ. vdnt m
jhtuf
czlfhf
w
jhtufisnah myJ w cd
fisnah rhJsd. jifa
ClKiw w ClKiw vdgL.

xnrif fid fl
c ntid _y sfyh.
gira
6CO2 + 12 H2O

Nax

C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O

Na x, , CO2 kW gira

93

myF-6

gira : jhtu brf br

EQW fshd gRfff,
gira wf fhzgLwd.

Na x, gira Matiw
gagL, CO2
kW uhdJ
fhngiAonulhf
khwgLwJ.
fhnghiAonuil
jhtuf
jf
braf
KGtjF
njitahd
Mw
_ykhf
gagLJwJ.

x nrifF
nkbfhnth.

gira

mta

vgij

%f

xU

Mid

bra 6.1
ff gytz iyfis bfhl xU bjho jhtuij vLJ bfh. v.fh.
nghjh kW Fnuhl.
ff mbjho jhtuij _W ehfSF U itJ lh f br.
ff wF jhtuij Na x MWk neu it.
ff mjhtuUJ xU iyia gJ, gir w gFfis FJbfh.
ff iyia, y lf bfh m it.
ff wF, jid xU fzho Kfit cs MfAh _f it.
ff fzho Kfitia, MfAh bfhF tiu RL it.
ff iy w vd khw fwJ? fiur w khw vd?
ff jbghGJ iyia mnaho fiur y lf mJit.
ff jnghJs iy wij Vfdnt Mug cs iy wnjhL
xL.
ff iy gntW lf lh csJ vg thyhf vd KoF
tUwh?

ca

gl 6.2 f - xL jhtu
xLf :

(m) lh
nrhjidF K

y cdf jkF njitahd

cz bghUfis w cUs
jhtuf myJ yFfUJ
bgWwd. mit xL
jhtuf vdgL. vj xU
jhtu
myJ
yFfUJ,

(M) lh
nrhjidF

gl 6.1 khWgl iyf

94

thif af braf
6.2. kj brkhd kly
brYF brj
KJbfYf uj btis
mQf (nfhirLf) cl
ghJfhj gia brJ, neh jU
Uf UJ ghJfh mwJ.
it clD F Ufis j
bghfhf _y G brwJ.
braKiwF
ngnfhirnlh

gl 6.3 fFlh - xL jhtu

xLf cz bghUfis
bgWwdnth, mj jhtu myJ
yF X vdgL. xL
jhtuf y wghd ntfis
bfhLsd. mntf X
jhtufis
JisJ
cbrW
iryUJ
iu,
fk
cfis kW ~nshaUJ
cz bghUfis cRwd,
ntf Ahnlhaf vdgL.
v.fh.fFlh kW f.

th
gf
ehF

c Ru
bjhil gF

Futis
czFH

iuig
jig

kFf :

fiza

y jhtuf jhnk cz jahf

Koahjjh wJnghd jhtu, yF
clf fk bghUfUJ
j czit bgWwd. it
kF
jhtuf
vdgL.
gy
irfS
ghOafS
kFfshf csd. khndhnuhgh
nghw
y
Mnahbgf
gira mW fhzgLwd. it
iknfhiurh ntfis bfhLsd.
jhtuf wjt mGa
kF
bghUfUJ
cz
bghUfis iknfhiurh ntf _y
cRwd.

bgUFl
WFl
Flth
kyFl
kyth

1. jrh ClKiw, w ClKiw

ntWgLJf.

mgh nghw xU br cf,

t
cz
bghUshd
ilahlfis jdJ bghfhf
_y GFwd. kbwhU xUbr
cahd
ghunka
jDila
Fnghw irnlhgh tahf
cs EQfis G
brYF brkhd brwJ.

2. x nrifF
_ybghUf
bgwgLwd?

tif brj, brYF

brj
vdgL.
gzhk,
Mugfhy cdf fhzgl

dhf :

njitahd
vUJ

95

myF-6

gl. 6.4 kj brj kly

(br GFj) vW bga.

tif brjYF, vj kly

mikngh,
Flnghw
mikngh
njitgliy.

vikahd ntbghUshf kh,

mjid cuJ, jkakhf
fna brj vdgL.

flgR, Flf tif

brj f eljhY, Flnghw
F
mikid
cUth
bfhoUjd.

cz kly mik,
braghL, iuig kW cz
FH njhW nehfis flj,
neh ir Kiwfisg mtJ
nfona vahy (iuig
Fla) vdgL.

brYF btna brj.

yFf
gzhk
khw
bgW tsu, tsu, itf brj
klyK tsJ czit brf
brjd.

brj
klyij
fshf fyh.
1. iuig, Fl FHf

ca yFf kW kj
brj
klyK,
brj
RufS,
wgilJ
brj
behfis Rujd.

2. Jiz brkhd Ruf

brj
vgJ
gogoahf
behfis gagL eilbgW
fthF. beh vgJ c ah
Cf vdgL.

czFH tna brw fyhd

cz, th, tW kW onahod
vD, K WFl gFf RuF
behf brayh, W cz
_yTWfshf khwgL brkhd
milwJ.

iuig, Fl FHf (czFH)

bga jirahyhd 9 l sKila ig
kW FH nghw gFahF. J th
Kj kyth tiu L csJ. j
gFf th, thF, bjhil,
czFH,
iuig,
WFl,
bgUFl, kyFl, kythahf csJ.

thW brYF btna Fl

gF k (Lumen) gF,
brYF btna brj ftjh
jifa
brkhd
ffis
brYF btna brj vnwh.
J xU brj Kj wghd
bra fthF.

bra 6.2
1 .. (1%) lh utij
MFHhf A kW B
vLJbfh.
1 .. c A MFHh
L 20 - 30 l mgona
itU.
, yJf mnaho
utij U MFHhfY
L eF fyF. v w
khwij fhwh.
j M _y lh v
csJ vgij flwh.
c lh J bragL
jij fzL.

kj brkhd braKiw

ca

kjfSF njitahd, gy, r

_yTWfis cz bfhLsJ.
it cliy tsgjF, gGJgl
Rfis rbrtjF, gy j
njitahd nta ffSF
mtakhwJ.
czgl
cz,
W
_yTWfshf
khwglhjh,
mUF KGgaid cl mila
Ko. fodkhd czbghUis,

96

thif af braf
6.3 jhtuf Rthr

Rthr tiff
M#
gagLjgLwjh
myJ gagLjgliyah vw
mogil Rthj UtifgL.

V eh cz ntL?
V jhtuf czit jahf
ntL?

1. fhWs Rthr, 2. fhyh Rthr.

midJ cdfSF mjhtJ

Ea ghOahUJ jhtuf,
ahidf, kjf tiu, ts,
mir kW d bgUf Ma
ffSF Mw njitgLwJ.

fhWs Rthr
bgUghyhd cdf Rthj
nghJ M# gagLjgLwJ.
M#
gagLjgL
Rthr
fhWs Rthr vdgL.

Mw vUJ bgwgLwJ?
jhtuf clhF lhjh eh
cQ cz, zjh eh
bgW MwYF Mjhukhf mikwJ.

fhWs Rthr ehF gof

fwJ.
1. isfh
2. igU
my
M#ndw
fhg f
3. bu RH
4. vyuh flJ r

cik, cz bghUfjh
MwyhdJ ijJsJ. Rthj
fnghJ cz bghUfshdJ
Mfuz
milwd.
id bghGJ, czUJ
Mw LfgL, j jik
thj nt (m) c bghUshd
ATP (mondh oiughng)
nrJ itfgLwJ. j ATP
cs Mwjh brf gntW
brafSF
gagLjgLwJ.
Rthr bghGJ ATP kLkyhk
kw uL bghUfshd, CO2 kW
U clhwd.

isfh nghJ FSnfh

uL igU my _yTWfshf
sWwJ. J irnlhshr
tirahf eilbgW kWidf _y
clhwJ. gy tifahd behfS
<LgLwd. igU
my
clhtnjhL isfh f
KoF tUwJ.

Rthj fia flthW

xU vikahd nt rkgho _y
mayh.
C6H12O6 + 6O2

W iyahd vyuh flJ

r bghGJ, btlgL
vyuhfnshL
bjhlila
MwyhdJ,
ATP
Mw
_y
TWfis y lf clhf
gagLjgLwJ. Ko vyuh
kW iAu# Mait M#Dl
nrJ clhwJ.

CO2 + 6H2O + 2900KJ Mw

(FSnfh) (ATP)

RthrF Mjhukhf gagL

bghU Rthr jsbghU vdgL.
Rthr
js
bghUf
_W
tifgL. mit fhnghiAonuLf,
bfhGf kW ujf MF.

xU FSnfh _yTW KGikahf

M#ndw bgWnghJ 38 ATP
_yTWf clhwd.

97

myF-6

igU
my
M#ndw
iknlhfhah uL kW
_wh gof eilbgWwJ.

vjdh + fhgil

FSnfh
(6-fhg
_yTW)

irnlh shr

M# mw NH

MirL + Mw
(2-fhg _yTW)

(<o)
igUnt
(3-fhg
_yTW +
Mw)

yho my + Mw
(3-fhg _yTW)

M# mw NH
(jir brf)

M# csNH
(iknlhnfhoah)

fhgil MirL
+ + Mw

gl 6.5 FSnfh ijtil gntW tKiwf

fhyh Rthr
y cdf Rthj nghJ M# gagLj gLtiy.
jifa Rthj fhyh Rthr vdgL. J behj vW
miHfgLwJ.

v.fh. gh juhF f

bra 6.3

ca

ff gHrhW (myJ) rfiu

fiuriy vLJbfh. m
js <oid nr. j
fyitia xU nrhjid
FHh vLJbfhL, xU
Jis milghdh _L.

Rzh
rfiu+
+ <

ff xU
tisj
fzho
FHhia
milghDl
iz. fzho FHh
kWKid
Rzh

bfhl nrhjid FHh

gl 6.6 fhyh Rthr - nrhjid mik
_FkhW br.
ff Rzh vd khw VgLwJ? khwfhd fhy ms vts?
j M _y behjiy g eh mtJ vd?

98

thif af braf
nkY ma
ATP
ATP vgJ bgUkghyhd br eilbgW idfSF njitahd
Mw ehza. RthnghJ cUthF Mwiy gagL ADPUJ
ATP cUthwJ.
Mw

ADP + pi

ATP

xU fy vthbwyh gagLwJ vgij nahJgh. UJ

vu Mw, x Mw, Mw Mait bgwgL gaggLjgLwJ.
mnjnghy, ATP ahdJ, jir RUf. uj nrif, euUJ czfis
flJj kW gntW brafSF gagLjgLwJ.

6.3. yFf RthrKiw

ehgs

mgh, iAuh, flgR nghwit

thG cfshF. tif
cf Rthr j cl nkgu
_y eilbgWwJ. fiuJs
M#id, j nkgughd br
r tahf CLU, brD
it gagl cUthd, fhgil-Mi[L, aghd Kiw,
njnghW D btnawgL
fiuJ LwJ.

weh Jis
bjhil
Futis
_RFH
ulh iy
_R is FH
_R wiw
cjujhd

f Rthrgu mj br
gFahF. yth cahd
jtis j nk njhY, EiupuY
MF. yth cf Eiupu Rthr
cWghf mikJsJ.
fh cs M# msitl,
cs M# ms Fiw.
vdnt, y cfisl, th
cf
ntfkhf
Rthwd.
f j th tahf iu vLJ,
br
tahf
btnaWnghJ,
br gFYs ujFHf
M#id bgWwJ.

kjf
Rthr
fhW,
ehJis _y cGfgLwJ.
cRthr fhwhdJ, ehgFYs
nuhk kW ehFHf cs
nfhiHgly _ykhf toflgL
Rjkhd fhW Eiuuiy milwJ.

yth
cf,
th
klyYs
M#id
j
RthrF gagLbrhwJ.

99

myF-6

gl. 6.7 kj Rthr kly

btntW
tifahd
cf,
btntW tifahd Rthr cWifis
bgWsd. Wf midJ
M#id bgW msF, bga
guid bgWsJ. gu _ynk,
M# kW fhg-il-Mi[L
khw eilbgWwJ. Rthrgu
clD ghJfhghf itfgLsJ.
Rthr
braKiwfhf
j
Rthr
braKiw
ffis
bfhLsJ.

fhWFHh tahf fhWFHh Rt

FUbjY tisaf fhzgLwJ.
it fhW FHh wJ, ijJ
lhkY ghJfhwJ.

K gF

nt gF

EiupuYF
fhWFHh,
gyKiw
W,
W
FHfshf
fgL, Ko _R wiwf
vdgL
Rthr
Eigfshf
khWwJ. ujjJsh NHgl
it
Rthrgughf
bragL,
fhWgkhwij fJwJ.

bra 6.4

kw vyh ghffSF fljggLj

mtakhwJ.
ijnghynt,
jhtuf
eilbgW xnrif kW gntW
ca ffSF mtakhwJ.
vdnt, jhtufSF kW kw
fk bghUfshd ieu#, ghgu
nghwitf kUJ f v
ilwd.

xU lF vjidKiwf
thW wJ _LwJ vgij
fzL.

vthW crgl kW fk
bghUf, jhtu xU gFUJ
kw gFfSF fljgLwd?

tiw xU lF
RthF
vifnahL
xL.

ca

MF R gF

gl. 6.8 nt gFf

fhaf
cs
fis ft. it j
thiawJ _Ltij ft.
ffSF
w
cs,
br_o
wJ
_Ltij
ft. th kW br _o
wJ _Ltij, xU Fl neu
XGFghL csjyth.

6.4 jhtuf ,
fljgLj

gF

jhtu
vgF
bjhlilaJ?

jhJf

jhtuf, , CO2 , Na x kW
gira Ma _y bghUfis
gagL x nrif _y
vthW
cz
jahfgLwJ.
vgij Kija ghl gWnsh.
iyfjh gira csJ
vgij eh Vfdnt mJnsh.
vdnt
iyjh
xnrif
eilbgW
lkhF. iy
cgahF czthdJ jhtu

100

knzhL

nkfl dhfSfhd ilia

cfSila

tFfnyna
bgUf.
ntf : jhtuf
cWfshF.

cR

vdnt, jhtuf iyfUJ

cz bghUfS, nthfUJ

kW
fk
bghUfS
fljgLwd. j uL
brafS jj uL flJ
FHhf _y eilbgWwd.
1) iry

thyhf

kW

thif af braf
fk bghUf kUJ
crg L fljgLwd.

bra 6.5
ff xU bjho broia fzho
k #hoF it. bjho
kUJ Mahfhk
jLf,
bjhoia
sho
igdh _l ntL.

2) ~nsha
thyhf
iyUJ
xnrif
_y jahfgl czthdJ
fljgLwJ.

ff ulhtJ
k
#hoF
iyfsw bjho broia it.

flJj
ntf, jLf kW iyf,
iryR fhzgL iry FHhf
kW ouLf flJ TWfshf
bragLwd. iry FHhfS,
ouLfS xWl xW izJ
jhtu vyh gFfSF iu
flJ xU bjhlahd fhthahf
mikwd. ntf,
nt
brf f v k
bjhlbfhL

kW
fk
mafis bgWwd. J nt
kW kF ilna maf
br ntWghil njhWwJ.
br ntWghil f uhdJ
kUJ ntUF brwJ.
vdnt bjhlJ nt iryF
brtjh, uhdJ jhtu nk
ghffSF cjgLwJ.

ff k#hofis miw btgiy

(200C) Rkh MWk neu it.
ff iyfsw bjho jhtuKila
k #ho ut tisf
fhzgLtiy.
ff iyfisila bjho jhtu
bfhl k #ho ut
tisf fhzgL.
ff nfhgh FnshiuL jhis
bfhL ut tisfis
nrhJ gh. mJ y wkhf
khW. vdnt, ut vgJ
ydhwJ.
ff iyf cs bjho bro
V tisf clhwd
vgij cf rf khztfnshL
thJ fhuzij fLo.

iry
nsha
w

iunrhbl
bgir
mfnjh

gl. 6.9 nt tna brY ghij

iry cUthF mGj, f
caukhd kuf fljgLtjF
nghJkhdjh?

jhtuf f caukhd gffSF

iryUJ nknyWtjF kbwhU
Kiwahd uh nghF cjwJ.
J jhtuf nghJkhd ms
ilf bgW bghGJ rhakhwJ.

iy Jisf thyhf Mah

btnawgLwJ.
l
iyf iry FHhf _y
bgwgl uh <LflgLwJ.
cik, iyf brf
_y
TWf
Mahjdh
cUthF xU Gir, ntf
iryUJ u f cauF
nknyWwJ.
jhtuf
jiunk
ghffUJ
uhdJ
Mahf
HfgL f uh nghF

101

myF-6

nt

x nrifdh clhF
cz bghUf kLkyhk mndh
myf nghw kw bghUfS,
~nsha tahf fljgLwd.
bghUf
Fghf
nr
cWfshd nt, ff, ijf
kW tsU cWfSF bfhL
brygLwJ.

uh

gl. 6.10 kuf uh ngh

bghGJ af
vdgL. vdnt uh nghfhdJ
ntUJ kW fk bghUfis
cRtjF mtid iyf tiu
nkneh flJtjF cjwJ.
nkY, J jhtu btgiyia
uhFtjF cjwJ.
u neuf flJtjF
ntuGj
f
Kakhdjhf
fUjgLwJ. gf neuf, iy
Jisf
wUgdh,
uh
nghdh
clhF
Gir,
iry flJtjF xU cJ
rahf mikwJ.
cz kW ju bghUf flJj

ca

xnrifdh clhF cz
bghUf vthW iyfUJ
jhtuf
kw
gFfSF
fljgLwd?
x nrifdh clhF
fiu cz bghUf fljgL
f l bgaj vdgL.
f,
thFyh
Rthd
~nsha eilbgWwJ.

102

cz kW ju bghUf,
l bgaj, nsha ryil
FHhf tahf, (ryil FHhf
vgJ iyf Kj w ghff
tiu FHhf nghW bragL
~nsha
gFahF)
Jiz
brf cjnahL, nkneha
kW neha Ma uL
irfY eilbgWwJ. Mwiy
gagL l bgaj eilbgWwJ.
Rnuh nghw bghUf ATP UJ
Mwiy gagL nshaF
brwd. J Rf rL
gut
mGjij
mff
brJ id flj brwJ.
tGjkhdJ nsha cs
cz bghUfis mGj Fiwj
RfSF flJwJ. Kiw
jhtuf
njitfSF
Vg
cz bghUf fljgLwd.
vLJfhlhf iy fhyf,
nt kW jLf nrfgLs
rfiu bghUfshdJ tstjfhd
Mw njitgL bkhLfSF
fljgLwJ.
dhf
1. nkghL milj jhtuf
flJj <LgL TWf ahit?
2. jhtuf vthW kW
fkf fljgLwd?
3. cz bghUf jhtuf
vthW fljgLwd?

thif af braf

yF EQfshd mgh,
ghuhnka nghwt cl mik
f aitahf Ugjdh, tF
njitahd
bghUf
CLUt
_y bgwgLwd. vLJfhlhf
mgh M#, mj nkgu
tahf vLJbfhsgL, mnj
ms clD guwJ. njnghW
clD
cUthF,
fhg-ilMi[L btnawgLwJ.

khd z klyK clD

brfgL,
cufgl,
bfhG
nghw
bghUfis
bgW, brilgFf tJ
tHa
L
ujij
milwJ.
z Fiwj ms ujij
bfhLs k bghUshF. J uj
mQf, uj shkhit
xJsJ. Mdh wkwJ.

bra 6.6

bga gybr cf mj
clyik bga ms Ugjh
tif CLUt f bkJthf,
M#, cz ff mfW
Kiwf,
mt
clyikF
rW bghUjhj Kiw UwJ.
gybr
cf,
clD
fhzgL beUfkhd brfSF,
CLUtgL M# ikagF
cs brfSF njitahd ms
ilgJ fod. vdnt, jahdbjhU
kly M#, cz kW
f bghUfis vLJbry
gagLwJ.
kj Rnwhl kly vgJ,
ujij,
ujFHfUJ
cjs ja xU c jS
fUahf
(g)
bragLwJ.
uj,
ujFHfUJ
brYnghJ,
EiupuUJ
M#id bgW cl midJ
ghffSF mwJ. mnjngh
f bghUfis fhg-ilMi[L kW jkf, cf
nghw
wtif
bghUfis
bgW, ff cWf tahf
btnaWwJ.

1. cf gFYs ey ika

brW, mF uj cs
brf
vifia,
nkhFnsh
msitia
nflJ bfhf.
2. M, bg kW FHijfSF
xnu ms nkhFnsh
csjh? ntWgo, ntWgho
fhuzij fl.

6.5. jhtuf f f
f f vgJ vd?
jhtuf vthW
eilbgWwJ?

jhtuf f f vgJ, jhtu

clUJ tsij khwdh
clhF
f
bghUfis
btnawgL f.
jhtuf f f eilbgW
Kiwf.
1. jhtu ff brf thF
nthfsh nrfgLwd.
2. jhtu ff cU iyf
nrfglyh.
3. kw jhtu ff Fghf
Kj
iry
Rf,
fshf
bufshf
nrfgLwd.

z
uj nghynt knwhU kly
103

myF-6

6.4. yFf Rnwhl

4. jhtuf y f bghUfis
ntf thyhf jfis
NJs knyna bt
naWwJ.

6.5. yFf f f
xU br cfshd, nuhnlh
nrhthf, cUthF fbghU
fis, iu RUFFf _y
btnaWwJ.
lnulh vD Flf
f bghUf, br r tahf
CLUwd.
jil G kW cUil
Gf f f FHf tahf,
tisjir Gf w f f
cWghd beoahf, clFD
cs f bghUfis nrfJ
btnaWwd.
KJbfYf
eF
ts
milj f f cWghd f f
FHfS,
WuffS
csd.
KJbfYf
Wuff
cs
beuhf,
ujYs

f mfkhd mnkhahit
f
bgUshf
btnaWtjh
tiw mnkhahbl cf
vW.
gwitf

myij
btnaWtjh
nfhbl
yFf vW miHfgLwJ.
ghof
ah
Ka
f bghUshf Ugjh it
nahbl yFfshF.
beuh
beuh uj cs f
bghUfis,
Fnshk%y
_y
tofo, W EFHf tahf
btnaWwJ. W EFHf
clYF
ntoa

kW
wbghUfis L ca
btnawglntoa
mfgoahd
kW ieu# fbghUfis
Wuhf btnaWwJ.

Wuf, cthH f mtakhd

cWf xW. neh bjhW,
taJ, fhagLj, WufF
brY uj ms Fiwj
nghwit, Wuf braghil
FiwF. j isthf cl
eR fbghUf mfkhF. J
kuznf t tFF. Wuf
braHjh, braif Wuf c
fhf gagL. braif Wuf
vgJ lah vD Kiw
uj cs f bghUfis
F fUahF.

braif Wuf
UJ iuF
brY FH
a lahiy ut

lahiy
ut

jkUJ braif
WufF brY FH
njbjLJ
mDkF gly
FHf

braif Wuf (nkh lah)

ca

mfgoahd , cfis tofo

Wuhf btnaWwJ.

gagLjgl lahiy
ut (mfgoahd ah
kW cfSl)

104

thif af braf
braif
Wuf,
xU
w
kLnk CLU brY gly
bfhl WFHfis bfhljhF.
ij lany ut vD
ut izfgL. ut,
uj cs mnj ms t
kly mGjij bfhoUF.
nehah uj FHf
tahf
brYjgLnghJ,

bragho uj f bghU
f CLUt Kiw btnawgL.
f f bragl uj L
nehah cl brYjgL.

braghL, Wuf bra

ghil xUwJ. braKiw
Wufjh bragL L Ug
cRj kL eilbgw ayhJ.
rhjhuzkhf ey cliy cs
kj ehbshWF 180 l
uj Wufjh toflgLwJ.
UJ ehbshWF 1 1.5 l
ms f bghUf mla
Wuhf btnawgLJ. jKs
KG ms Wufjh L c
vLJbfhsgLwJ.

6.6. eu xUiz kly

jirf, mt af nghJ
fwj Kiw xUizf
gLwJ. vLJfhlhf, Wt xUt
xU gij of KaFnghJ, mt
j iff cs vY izfshd
_Lf,
fhf
kW
y
cWf tahf bgwgl jftf
xUizfgL, Wfzfhd
jirfis afF bfhLtJ,
bra bragLwJ.
Wt eu kly, jirfis
xUizwJ. rahd Kiw
rahd ntf rahd u
gid of KowJ. jirf
braghL, Rthr, jaJo, uj
mGj,
xUiz,
cl

mfgoahd
btg
btnaw,
uj rahd rfiu, c
msit guhkj nghwit vyhnk,
jirahf eu kly _y
xUizfgLwJ,
Gf, vikahd xUiz
kly fhzgLwJ. kG
uil euiHf csd. uL
eu wf _isnghW `f
f` x czthahf csJ.
f euuf tWw
eu iHl izJ _isahf
bragLwJ. f eF ts
milj ghit, Effhf cz
bfhfis bfhLsJ.
ghof kW w ts milj
cf cl xUiz, eu
kly kW ehshyh Ruf
_y eilbgWwJ.
RUf T eu kly
vgJ,
eu
brf
tahf
`brfis` f ntfkhd Kiw cl
KGtJ eu mfshf fl
xUizgjhF.

105

myF-6

yFf gy a fzfhd
brfS, RfS jjahf
afhk,
xGfhd
Kiw
xUizfgL brayhWwd.
mjhtJ
itf
xwhf
bragLwd.
jdh
cl
njitnfg,
cliy
KGikahd
braghoF Vilajhf khWwJ.

6.7 jhtuf xUiz ts

kW af
jhtuf vthW xUizwd?
yFfis ngh jhtuf eu
klyijnah
(m)
jirfisnah
bgUgiy. MdhY mit
vthW LjYF g id
mwJ?

VgLJwJ. bjhL czF

fhuzkhd eu klynkh myJ
jirfnsh yhjnghJ af
eilbgWwJ.

eh, bjhlh Q jhtuij

bjhLbghGJ
mt
iyf
RUFwd.
ij KisF bghGJ, nt ia
neh, jL, F vuhf nk
neh tswd.
nkFl
fwJ?

braf

vd

Kj f bjhL czila
jhtuf iyf, bjhLjYF
f iu g id mwd.
(iyf RUFj)
j af ts vgJ
ilahJ. ulhtJ f nt
ia neh, jL Na xia
neh tswd. F ts
fhuzkhf ntY, joY, ir rh
aff eilbgWwd.
vdnt,
jhtuf
uL
tifahd aff fhzgLwd.
1. ts rhuh af.
2. ts rh af.

ca

6.8. ts rhuh af

gl 6.11 bjhlh Q jhtu

vthW jhtu bjhLjiy czwJ?
bjhLjiy VW vthW iyf g
idahf mirwd?
bjhlh
Q
jhtuij
eh xU l bjhnlhnkahdh,
midJ iyfS RU mirfis
VgLJwd. J xU l
VgL l gy iyfSF
fljgLwJ vgjid fhLwJ.
Mdh yFf fhzgLtJ
nghy bjhL czid flJ w
Rf jhtuf iy. jhtu
brf ms khWjYF Vg
RUFj myJ j eilbgWwJ.
brf

ms
khw
VgLtdh, bjhlh Q
jhtu iyf RUFwd.

bra 6.7

l cldo gid
j
af
jhtuf
bjhL czdh Vgl ToaJ.
F
ts
vgJ
iy.
Mdh
bjhLj
fhuzkhf
jhtuf iyf afij

106

ff taYF
brW
bjhlh
Q jhtuij vL.
ff xU l jhtuij bjhL.
ff vd fwJ vgij ft.

thif af braf
ts rh af : b g h J t h f
jhtuf xU Fl ir
tsJ, lYF bkJthf g
id mwd. jhtuf xU
Fl
ir
tstdh
ts ir rh ts myJ
af vdgLwJ.
fl vLJ fhLf _ykhf
eh gntW tifahd affis
mJ bfhsyh.
1.

xir

rh

af

jhtuf gid xia neh

UF.
2. < ir rh af < iria neh jhtuf
gid UF.
3. ir rh af - iu neh
jhtuf gid UF.
4. nt ir rh af - nt
bghUfis
neh
jhtuf
gid UF..

gl 6.12 x rh af

ne <
rh af

gl 6.13 < rh af
1. x ir rh af :
jhtuf jL, Na xia neh F nkny tswJ.

107

myF-6

v < rh
af

2. < ir rh af

v.fh.

jhtuf
ntf
<
irF
neuhf
ia
neh
tswd. ntf Na xia
neh, jL < iria
neh tsuhJ.

bjidku ntf, jf
njitfhf jhtuij L btF
bjhiyF tswd.

3. ir rh af

nt bghUfis neha jhtu

ghff afkhF.

f bga jhtuf ntf,

UF lij neh gutyhf
tswd.

4. nt ir rh af

v.fh. Nid neh kfuj FH

ts.

bra 6.8
ff T FLitia uh u.
ff T FLit fGJgFia f tiydh _L.
ff KisF xW myJ uL mtiu ijfis f tiy J it.
ff gftho w bfhl xU mil bgoia vLJbfh.
ff mil bgo wj gf #dUJ tU Na x gLgo itJ
m T FLitia it.
ff uL myJ _W ehf fJ ghjh, jL gF Na xia
neh, ntgF Na xia L y tstij fhgh.
ff bghGJ T FLitia jLgF Na xia L
yUFkhW, ntgFia Na xia neh UFkhW U
it. j iy T FLitia xU y ehf it.
ff giHa jL gF, nt gF jf ts irfis kh
bfhldth?
ff a tsU jL kW ntgFf ts ir VnjD khw
fhwhah?
ff j braghodh vd J bfhwh?

ca

6.9. yFf Ahnkhf

ehsyh Ruf Ahnkhf vD nt bghUfis RuwJ. it
uj Rnwhl kly tahf cl KGtJ brwJ. Ahnkhf
cl xUiz kW cl braa Matiw xUizwJ. (Vfdnt
_whtJ mah tahf sfgLsJ).

108

thif af braf
kL
gF m
1.

khndhnuhgh, cz bghUfis cRtjfhd wghd ntf.

(Ahnlhaf; iknfhiurh ntf; gW ntf; ntl ntf)

2.

 o fhyh Rthrdh clhtJ (yho my; igU my; vjdh;

<
mo my)

3.

 njitfhf bjid ntf, jh jhtuij L btF bjhiy csd.

mjifa ntf af (x rh af; < rh af; rh af;

ntrh af)

4. jhtuf iry g.
(iu flJj; czit flJj; mndh myij flJj; M#id flJj).
5.

jrh ClKiwF njitgLtJ.

(O2 kW ; gira; Na x; it midJ)

gF M
A, B Fl jhtu jo thFyh Rf bgafis FLf.

m. A kW B- bgaf

M. A tahf fljgL bghUf ahit?

. B tahf fljgL bghUf ahit?

<. vthW A tahf bghUf iyfSF fljgLwJ?

7.

nH bfhLfgoUF glij ftf.

m) gl A kW B fhzgL affis FLf.

M) vthW aff bjhlh Q iyf
affUJ ntWgLwd?

109

myF-6

6.

8.

nH bfhLfgLs Cl KiwfnshL, mt w cWf kW jf

vLJfhLfSl bghUJf.

jrh ClKiw

iknfhiurh ntf

fFlh

xLf

gira

khndhnuhgh

kFf

Ahnlhaf

iAf

9. Rthj__________________ vgJ 6 fhg bfhl nrk, yho my vgJ

__________________ fk nrk.
10. rfiu fiur MfAyhf khwkilwJ.
m. nkfl bra vjifa f eilbgWwJ?
M. vj EQ <LgLwJ.
11. bghUjhjij njbjL.
(bjhil, th, thF, fiza)
12. kj

RthrfhwhdJ __________________ tahf _______________ F brwJ.
f uhdJ __________________tahf clYF brW, fiuJs M#
__________________F guwJ.
gF
13. catif jhtuf eilbgW Rthjiy, iy jhtuf eilbgW RthjnyhL

xLf.
14. i
 ry clhF mGj, f caukhd kufSF fljgLtjF nghJkhdjh?
fhuz bfhL.
15. bjhlh Q jhtu iyf vjifa affis fhwh? t.

jhtuf jhtua bgafS bghJbgafS

ca

t.
v.

Ubrh bga

bghJ bga

khndhnuhgh
~nshuh

khndhonuhgh

YU

fFlh
~y[h

mikah Tj /
rljh

mjj cqf
miHfgL bgafis
vGj

nkY ma

1. Modern Plant Physiology Sinha - Publisher : Narosa

110

ca

myF

RWNH ghJfh

7. RWNH ghJfh
cdf gntW Niyf
thwd. y jhtuf kW
yFf KGtJkhf Y y
jhtuf y J thwd.
kjfS gntW Niyf
thwd. y bgU efufY,
y efufY, y uhkfY
thwd.
jhf
thG
lfSnfg
jfis
vj
jahgL bfhwhf?
jhtuf,
yFf
kW
kjf xiwbahW rhJ kW
cuw bghUfshd fhW, kW
ynjhL bjhl bfhLshf.
kjf thif Kiw aif
tsfisna rhJsJ. k, yf,
vbz, rhu kW thf
Mait
aif
tsfshF.
kjts nkgho jifa aif
tsf Ka gF twd.
cdfis
mt
RW
NHnyhL izJ gY ma
F Niy ca vW bga.
kj

thif

nkghodh

llhj
kW
jtwhd
cgnahfdh aif tsfshd
j, fhLfUJ ilF
bghUf, y kW fk tsf
ms FiwfgLwJ. J aif
rkiyia ghgnjhL kLyhk
thkly gy F isf
Toa bghUfis bt Lwd.
kf bjhif bgUf, Niy
khRgLj, kj thif Kiwf,
F fLghL kW aif
tsfis
ghJfhj
nghw
fhuzfsh Niy kly
VgL
khwfSF
kjfns
Ka fhuzfshf Uwhf.
7.1. cijtil kW c ij
tilah ff (kF, kfhj)
eKila
mwhl
thif
eh mfgoahd f bghUfis
cUth j Niy kly
khR
VgLJ
tz
elJ
bfhnwh.
ff L kW bjhrhiyfUJ
btnaW f bghUf ahit?

cuw TW
y, , fhW, jkf

ca

cUs TW
jhtuf, yFf

cUs TW
jhtuf, yFf

cuw TW
y, , fhW, jkf

gl 7.1 cnfhs cuw kW cd TWfSF ilna cs bjhl

112

RWNH ghJfh
ff Niy
kly
vd
isfis VgLJ?
eKila
mwhl
thif
LfUJ
bjh
rhiyfUJ
iwa
f
bghUf
btnawgLwd.
midJ
f
bghUfS
neuoahfnth myJ kiwKfkhfnth
khRgLjiy VgLJtjF xU Ka
fhuzkhwd. f bghUfis
rahd Kiw btnawhjjh
fhW, y kW Niyf khR
milwd. jdh aif
rkiy ghfgLwJ.
ff khRgLj vwh vd?
ff khR bghUf vwh vd?
khRgLj : fhW, y,
Mat
aa,
nta
kW ca gf clhF
kjDF F isF Ug
jfhj khwfis khRgLj vW
Twyh.
k h R b ghU
:
jhtuf,
yFf myJ kjDF F
isf Toa y, kW
fhW
Niyf
fhzgL
bghUfSF khRbghUf vW
bga. it aifahfnth myJ
kj eltoiffshnyh VglTL.
v.fh. fjf-il-Mi[L, fhg
nkhdhi[L, fha kW ghjur
nghwit.

f bghUf c - ijtil
f bghUf vW miHfgL.
v.fh. kufil, fhj kW njh.
ca
braghLf
fhuzkhfnth myJ EQf
braghLf
fhuzkhfnth
ijtilahj m f bghUf
c - ijtilah f bghUf
vW miHfgL. v.fh. be kW
cnyhf jhJf f.
ff muR kW gntW jah
Wtd mikf sho x
z ffis elJtJ
V?

bra 7.1
ff Lf f bghUfis
nrfgjF eh VnjD xU
Kiwia filonwhkh?
ff grhaJ
kW
efuh
mikf f bghUfis
mf
vd
eltoif
vLfgLwJ vgij fLo.
ff c-ijtil
ff
kW
c
ijtilah
ffis
mf
btntW
Kiwf ifahsgLwjh vgij
mJbfh.
ff c o dr vts f
bghUf VgLjgLwJ.
ff m c - ijtil f
bghUf vts?

7.1. f bghUf tiff

1. c - ijtil ff
(kF ff)
2. c - ijtilah ff
(kfhj ff)
f
bghUf
ca
braghLf fhuzkhfnth myJ
EQf
braghLf
fhuzkhfnth ijtiljh m

ff m c - ijtilah f
bghUf vts?
ff f bghUfis ifahtjF
VnjD tKiwfis TW.

113

myF-7

ff c tFgiw dr vts
f bghUf VgLjgLwJ?

nkY ma

mf ms fR w bfhl
ff nrfgLwd.

if to xUKiw kLnk
gagLj Toa Ftis :

2. MzW ghr

cDila
bgnwhfl
nflh, mfhy ifto
gaz
brnghJ
bfoahd
sho
Ftis
nj
mUL
mj
Ftisfis
gtl U ju ntL.
Mdh jbghGJ iftof
xUKiw kLnk gagLjToa
sho
Ftisfis
Rfhjhu
Kiwahf
gagLJnwh.
Mdh
yrfzfhd
xUKiw
kLnk gagLj Toa sho
Ftisfdh VgL isfis
xUtTl
fiy. y
tUlfSF Kdh kzh
bragl Ftisfis (Kulhads)
gagLd. j tif Ftisfis
mf ms gagLajh tskhd
kts FiwjJ. jbghGJ
fhjdh bragl Ftisf
gagLjgLwJ.
xUKiw
kLnk gagLjToa sho
FtisfSF
gyhf
xUKiw
kLnk gagLj Toa fhj
Ftisfis
gagLJtjh
VnjD eikf clh?

Kiw
Jff,
Jisf
bfhl
k
guila

f
MH,
yjo
UF
nH
MzWf
njhlgL.
z
lghLf
jU
ut ff brYjgLwd.
it kYs Jff kW
JisfF EiHJ fhy fhykhf
jikgLjgL mgona UF.

lghL
jU
ffUJ
eik vthW ghJfhJ bfhtJ?

ff UJ k thj
bghUfis fyh. ug, fzho,
fhj kW JL cnyhff
nghwitfis ffUJ jna
bjLJ L gagLJtJ kW
RH vW bga.

lghL jU f bghUfis
ifahS Kiwf.

ca

1. y uj
uhQt
bjhlghd
l
ghLfis jU ffS fR
ffS Kiw ghJfhghf
F
mo
nrfgLwd.
f MHkhd gJF Ff f

114

3. vJ rhgyhf
lghL jU ca kUJt
ff vfgL rhgyhfgL.
kj cl ff vagL
kUJf, eR jik bfhl
kUJ,
uj,
,
yFf
ff, EQa kW ca
bjhEg ff nghw c
kUJt
ff
Kiw
mfgLwd.

lghlw
ffis
ifahSj (l ff
nkyhik)
1. L gagLJj kW kW RH
Kiwf

fhj
fjhis
(54%
kWgo
gagLjyh)
L
THh
mij kW RH <LgL mil

RWNH ghJfh
bgof nghw bghUfshf cg
brayh.

nghwitfUJ
ilwJ.

fzho:
gagLjyh)

_y Mjhuf kiH kW
btg MF. it RHF xU
Ka fhuzkhf sFwJ.

kWgo

fzhofis
eF
behW,
bghoah Jfzho rhkhfis
jahfyh. myJ mj behWfiy
fLkhd gfSfhd o fyit
(fh), rhiyfhd y fyit
(Mgh) nghwitfshf khwyh.
czf kW njhlffis
(iyf kW f) kf brJ
yij tskhF kF vU cg
brayh.

nkgu
ah mf ms MWfS,
VfS, nuhilfS kW FsfS
fhzgLwd. tUJ bgw
gL nkgu vdgL.
yjo
k mLFfSF nH fhzgL
j yjo vdgL.

7.2. nkyhik
njit mfkhf UgjhY,
eKila tsf Fiwthf
UgjhY, ilf bgw xbthU
brhL
iu
ghJfhf
eh
eltoiff vLf ntL.
kj xbthU braYF
Rjkhd
e
njitgLwJ.
midJ RW NH fhufis l
e ilf Toa tKiwjh
kj thlij kw braghL
fis khwJ vdyh.
ff mfgoahd njitfhd
fhuzfis Tw Kokh?

kiH nghJ k JffSilna

kiH cns EiHJ JthufSila
ghiwf tna brW yjo uhf
khWwJ. j ghiwfS nghJkhd
ms iu c bfhwJ. yjo
ms nkgu yjo kl
vdgL. j yjo jhtuf
tsF
Kakhd
xwhF.
kjfS yjo iu MFHh
zW kW zWf _ykhf
bgW bfhwhf. kiH bgh
Fiw kW fhLfis mj nghw
ff yjo FiwF
fhuzkhf mikwJ.
7.2.2. e nkyhik

7.2.1. e tsf
midJ ehLfSF X
mogil njitahd aif ts.
kjf Ff, Jitf, rika
bra, nghFtuJ kW rhu
jahf iuna rhJ Uwhf.
uL tifahd tiff
ah
fhzgLwJ.
mit
1) fl myJ c , 2) e.
kiH, nkgu kW yjo

ilF ms
xU Fl msntjh. mf
iu cUthf ekh vJ bra
KoahJ.
UD
Fl
lf ilgjF gy tf
nkbfhsgLwd.
(1) nkf (nt bghUf) j
cyg
myJ
bghlha
mnahilL Jffis nfhj
nkff J dh y rka kiH
bgh VgL.

115

myF-7

(20%

ekF

(2) c iu Fo uhf (jiy

rL gut)

mik.

e msit mff fl
cjikia FtJ xU wj
bjh EgkhF. ciu FouhF
l Fj bry VgLJ l.
ciu Fouhf Mahj
kW L Fj ff
eilbgWwd.

kiH nrf vgJ Lf

nkTiu
kW
ikjhdf
G kiHiu yjo nrjny
MF. kiH nrf vgJ
kiH zhfhk jLgnj MF.
kiHnghJ Tiuf J kW
ikjhdf
G
kiHiu
FHhf _y yjo cs
j bjhof nrfJ ekF
njitahdnghJ j iwF
au _y nkny bfhsyh.

(3) mizf, njff kW

fhthf
mizf nghw njff
_y mfkhf ilF iu
nrJ vbfF njitnah
mbfyh fhthf, Ruff,
jiuao FHhf _y jiu
mgJ bghJthd eilKiwahF.
(4) KfL (Water Shed) nkyhik
tirahf mikJs W W
mizf myJ Vuhskhd e
isf Mait _y j
btskhf bgU zhfhk nj
itfgLwJ. J KfL
vdgL. khahd mizfsh
clhF Fsf iu nj
itgJl tdyF flfshf

(5) kiH nrf

kiH nrf f vikahdJ

kLky
bghUshjhu
fd
thjJ Tl. J kjDila
mfgoahd njitia rkhf
cjtnjhL kLyhk efwf
kiH zhtij, thlf
kiH bts VgLtij jLf
gagLwJ.
6) <u yf nrJitj
Kiw
y
nrJ
itF uhdJ njitahd neu
kw lfSF vLJ bry
gagLwJ.

nkjs

ca

FHh

kiH njF F
zW

gl 7.2 kiH nrf

116

RWNH ghJfh
jfhy fzbfLgo Rkh 400
tif Ctd dfS, 200 tif
UthfS, 3000 tif dfS
kW 3000 tif gwitfS, 20,000
tif
F
jhtufS
kW
4100 tif ghofS ah
fhzgLwd.

gl 7.3 Lf
nrfF Kiw
Lf eh jbghGJ gagLJ
msit e thif Kiw
y khWjfis bfhL tUtj
_y nrfyh. Fiwj iu
gagLJ Fa, cgnahf gLa
iu btfSF ghRj, L
njhlf, thfdf fGj nghw
ntiyfSF Fiwj msyhd
iu gagLj ntL. Fiwjs
iu gagLJ L cgnahf
bghUfis gagLJj ntL
8) bjhrhiyf nrj
(Industrial Conservation)
a u fis
F f
g a g L J
iu
Rf J
k W R H
<LgL
L
gagLjyh.

mHF,
NH,
f,
tuyhW,
ma
KaJtfhf
td
cfis
ghJfhf
ntL.
Niy rkiyF ey ca
ntWghL mta. mf ms td
cf mfgLtjh aif
Niy mj rkiyia HwJ.
td cf ruzhyafdh
btehL
RWyh
gaf
tUifdh xU eho bghUshjhu
ts cawJ. td cf _y
ilF bghUfdh eho
bghUshjhu Niy caU.
vylfh
jhtuf
kUJt Fzf vfhy f
gagL. mf kua ntWikia
bfhLs J ku bgha
ts Fj gif twJ.
gHfhyUnj td cf mf
gagLsd. J vfhyY
bjhlU. vdnt tiw ghJfhgJ
KaJt thj xwhF.

7.3. td cf ruzhya

ruzhyaf

td cf

ruzhyaf vgJ yFfis

bfhtnjh myJ ntilahLtnjh
myJ ofnth jil bragl
kW xU jF thj Wtdduh
ghJfhfgl aif NH MF.
nkY ruzhyaf ghJfhfgl
kW m UF td
cfis L s bra gagL
xU Kakhd mikghF.

aifahd thl fhzgL

kjdh
tsfglhj
cf
td cf vdgL. aifahf
fhzgL jhtufS yFfS
mlF. J ekF vfhy
rjdUF
gagL
xU
ghJfhfgl ntoa brhjhF.

117

myF-7

7) Lf nrj

jeho cs tdyFf ruzhya kW gu.

ca

t.
v.

ruzhay
bga

yFf

uhfh td
c ruzhya

nkF bjhl
kiy

, Wij, Ks g, y
jhkh, QF id, ahid,
fhL vUik, vU .

fsfhL td
c ruzhya

Ubent
khtl

fth FuF, rhgh kh,

fuo, fhL vUik, gwF
m

$
m ruzhya

UJef
khtl.

m, vkh, FiyF
kh, ku_NW.

ntljhf
gwitf
ruzhya

fhu
khtl

flgwit, rhg ehiu,

Cth thJ, bfhF, fuo
myF ehiu, kW btehL
gwitf.

KJkiy td
c ruzhya

y kiy

ahid, fhL vUik, yT,

, Wij, fuo,fKf
FuF, e, Ks g, .

uhkiy

U khtl

kdh tisFlh
fl nja fh

uhkehju kW
JFo khtl
flnyhu gF

gtsghiw, fl gR, Mik,

lh, ngyndh shr.

KlJiw td
c ruzhya

Ubent
khtl.

, FuF, fuo, fhL eh,

yT.

tyehL fW
kh ruzhya

JFo
khtl.

fU kh, fhL id, Ka,

.

10

mP mzh
ya fh

tl
fhu
khtl.

f, ahid, , FuF

11

KFU nja
fh

y kiy

12

nfhoafiu td
c ruzhya

ehfgoz
khtl

kh, fhL vUik, FuF

13

Mid kiy td
c ruzhya

nkF bjhl
kiy rf

QF id, Ks g,
fhL vUik, , Wij,
y jh kh.

118

RWNH ghJfh
ah kjDila brafsh Vgl aif Niy khwfdh
ghfgl yFfis ghJfhf td c ruzhyaf VgLjgld. e
eho 1.6 yr rJu .. gu 89 nja fhf, 500 td c ruzhyaf,
27 ghJfh gFf, 200 td c fh rhiyf, 13 ghJ fhfgl c
thlfS mikfgLsd.
Ka nja fhf, td ruzhyaf kW ghJfh gFf
t.
v.

bga

yFf

g nja fh (J
ghJfh gF)

fehlf
khy

a fhL vUik, kh,

fuo, , ahid.

fhbg nja fh
(ah Kj
nja fh kW
ghJfh gF)

cjuhr

, l, ahid, Wij,
fhL id, fuo.

nja fh

F#uh

Ma f

fAh nja fh (
ghJfh gF)

ka
unjr

kh, , kh, fU
kh, Wij, Xeh

gu gwit ruzhya

uh#jh 374 gwit df v.fh.

a ehiu, bfhF, fU
fGJ ehiu, fuo myF
ehiu, wj myF ehiu
nghwit.

khd td c
ruzhya ( ghJfh
gF)

mrh

Ka, g, jf w s th
FuF, .

Rjtd nja fh)

( ghJfh gF)

nkF
tfhs

tfhs .

Niy vwh vd?

thwJ.
fho thwJ.
vthW jfSila thifia nkny Ta thlf elJwd?
gntWgl cdf jfSF xiwbahW rhJ xU Fl l
RW NHYl izJ thwd. jF Niy kly vW bga.

119

myF-7

7.4. Niy kly rkiy

Niy kly uL tiffshf

fgLsJ.
1. thl Niy kly.
2. y thl Niy kly.
Niy kly mik TWf
ahit?
Niy kly ehF TWf
csd. mitahtd.
1) cuw fhuf, 2) cgah
sf, 3) Efnthf, 4)ijgitf.
cgahsf, Efnthf kW
ijgitf cUs fhuf
MF.
Niy kly - Fs
iyahd (rydkw) e Fs xU
Niy klykhF.
cuw fhuf
Na x, btgiy, iAu#
ma br, fhg-il-Mi[L,
iAu#,
M#,
ghng,
fhgnd kW fjf nghw fk
bghUfS,
fk
bghUfshd
fhnghiAnu, uj kW Lf
Mait cuw fhufshF.

s cf.
ulh iy Efnthf
Kjiy Efnthf myJ jhtu
cfis cQw cdf
ulh iy Efnthf MF.
v.fh. W f, jtis kW
f.
_wh iy Efnthf
ulh
iy
Efnthfis
cL thG cdf _wh iy
Efnthf MF.v.fh. bga f
kW bfh.
ijgitf
it
jhtu,
ydf
clyfis ffis ij
wd. v.fh. ghOaf kW
irf.

midJ
cf
yF
cf

c fhuf

ca

it cgahsf, Efnthf
kW ijgitfis cslait.
th jhtufshd iAyh,
thndah kW shnlhnkhdh,
ignuhifuh, thth nghw jhtu
jit cf cgahsf MF.

jhtu cf

cgahsf

Kjiy Efnthf myJ jhtu

cf
jhtu
jit
cfis
czToa yF jit cf
Kjiy Efnthf MF.
v.fh. W f kW jlh

120

Na x
gl 7.5 Niy kly Mw
xGF

RWNH ghJfh

ff bjho mikF nghJ

a f yhk VghL
brjh vd elF?
ff khztf W W FGfshf
J
Niy
kly
vthW cdf xiwbahW
rhUwd vd th.

ff fl
flf
th
cf
vthW
czgLwJ
vgij
tirahf vGJ.

ff VnjD
xU
Fl
cdF
KaJt
jUwhah? iyah? fhuz
TW?

xbthU Niy klyY

tsfSF, cgnahghsfSF
ilna rkiy Uf ntL.
j rkiy cz bghUfSF
cQgtfSF ilna VgLw
rkiy.
cz r vwh
cz tiy vwh vd?

vd?

cQj kW czgLj
vw bjhl braf _y MwyhdJ
cz _ykhf xU cUJ
mLjLj cfSF fljgLtJ
cz r vdgL.
cjhuz :- bt kly
cz r.

btL jtis gh fGF

- cgahsf, btL jhtu cf, jtis - Kj iy Efnth,
gh - ulh iy Efnth,
fGF - ehfh iy Efnth
gl 7.6 bt kly cz r

Niy kly rkiy

Niy kly rkiy vgJ
c Tlf xiwbahW rhJ
xU Fl Niy xbthW
bragL myFfshf csJ. xbthU
c Tlf vif xU
Fl fLghLF tUwJ.
xbthU
Niy
klyK
aif rk bragLwJ. cz
bghUshf gagL cdfSF
cQ cdfSF ilna
xU rkiy VgLwJ. Niy
kly gUJf vif
vf vifia l mfkhf
Ujh mJ rkiy ilahJ.
FuFfSF thiHF ilna
cs rkiy thiH kuf
iybawh
FuFfSF
thiHgH ilfhJ.

gl 7.7 cz tiy

121

myF-7

bra 7.2

cz tiy
xU Niy kly gy
cz rf xWl xW cw
bfhL xU tiynghw mikig
cUthFwJ. Jnt cz tiy
vdgL.
 iy klyij vthW
N
ghJfhgJ?
aifahfnt
Niy
klyij
gntW
fhuf
rk brwJ. VjhtJ xU
fhu
ghfglhnyh
myJ
mfglhnyh
mj
Niy
kly thG kw fhuf
ghfgL
rkiy
Vgl
thyhk nghwJ. cjhuzkhf
Niy
kly
jhtuf
KGtJ fglh y, Niy
klyf ghfgL. jdh kw
cdfSF cznt ilfhJ.
yFfis
bfhYj,
kW
, y, fhW khRghL miltjh
aif rkiy ghfgLwJ.
jhJ cf, kW cz
bghUf
kW
NH
_y
aif Niy kly rk
bragLwJ. aif tsfis
f ftdkhf gagLdh eh
aif rkiyia ghJfhfyh.

ca

cdfSF
aif
tsfSF ilna cs rkiy
xU Niy kly rkiy
vdgL. xbthU NiyY J
khwhJ Uf ntL.
c - nt RHf
xbthU Niy klyY
jhtuf
NalUJ
x
Mwiy
bgWwd. d
mj Mw jhtu cfSF

122

midJ
cfSF
fljgLwJ. mjhtJ MwyhdJ
xU tghij kLnk brwJ.
Mdh jhtufSF njitahd jhJ
cf UJ bjhlahf
crgL d yFfSF
fljgLwJ.
kUJ
vLfgl jhJ cf L
RH Kiwf _y kizna
milwJ.
ghOah
kW
irf nghw kFfsh
ijfgl myJ wJ mGa
cdflUJ L RH
_y jhJ cf kiz
milwJ. (c- nta
RHf g Kija tFf
Vfdnt goUf)

bra 7.3
xU
FsF
brW
mF fhQ cdfis
cWnehF. mj cdfis
mltizgLJ.
rfhd
cz
mltizia jah br.

xU

7.5 yf kW bgnuha
7.5.1. yf
yfahdJ
fhg,
fjf,
iAu#, M# kW ieu#
nghw
jkfsh
gntW
jhrhu xW Toa xU fyit.
Mdh yf Kakhd gif
tgJ fhg jknk.
yfahdJ
xU
ijgot
vbghU. cyf ms mfgoahd
rhu jahgjF eh yfiana
gagLJnwh. Mdh mf
ms
fhg-il-Mi[L

RWNH ghJfh
yfdh
isf

Niy

VgL

1. ghjur, nua, njha, Mr

kW fd cnyhff fyj
fyit UJ btnawgL
f bghUf kjDF
F isgnjhL kL
Niyia ghwJ.
2. yf
cs
fjf
Jff my kiH cUthf
fhuzkhwJ.
3. yjo

kW
ts
Mjhufis ghwJ.
4.  kW y khRghL mila
fhuzkhwJ.

gl 7.8 yf

5. khR Jf cUthwd.

btLtJ
yf
UJ
kLnk. bkhj fhg-il-Mi[L
yfia gagLJt Unj
btnawgLwJ. bgnuha
kW aif thfis vgj
_y btnaW fhg-il-Mi[L
msit
l
yf
UJ
uL klF fhg-il-Mi[L
btnaWwJ.

6. gRikaf
th,
fhg-ilMi[L, btnawgL fhy
iy khWghoF btg
khjYF fhuzkhwJ.
7. yf UJ mfgoahd
CO2
btnawgL
th
klyij milwJ.

bra 7.4
1. bent
Rufij ghitL.

yf

2. vthW
yf
bto
vLfgLwJ vgij gh.
3. cDila tF rf khzt
fl yf gafis g
th.
7.5.2 bgnuha
jfhy
etehff
thif
kjfis
bgnuh
kW

123

myF-7

Ruff UJ wj bt
FfUJ
UJ
yf
bgwgLwJ. mfgoahd rhu
jahgjF,
btgij
cg
brtjF
l
iy
cs
yfiana cgnahfgLJnwh.
yf UJ btgij cg
brnghJ yf vJ mf
ms
fhg-il-Mi[L
btnawgLwJ.
yf
bjhrhiyf UJ ulh
iy cgnahf bghUf cg
bragLwJ. v.fh. f, fjh,
fth.

gagLwJ. bgnuhaij mj
ahghu nehf fU eh fU
jf vd miHnwh.
RWw NH isf
1. Rffglhj
vbz
(Crude
Oil)
gJfdh
fgfUJ
fJ
aif
Niy kly ghfgLwJ.
gl 7.9 bgnuha bjhrhiy
bgnuha bghUflUJ f
KoahJ.
bgnuha aif fo
UJ ilwJ. bgnuha
eRjik bfhl, g va
Toa iAnuh fhgf kW y
fk bghUfsh Md xU fyit.
bgnuha vthW cUthwJ
vW cdF bjkh?

ca

bnuha
fl
thG
cdflUJ
njhWwJ.
fl thG cdf wjwF
mit fl jiukl gowJ.
d mit kz kW kzh
_lgLwJ.
gy
a
MLfSF
wF,
fhyh
iy mf btg iy kW
mfgoahd
mGj
wj
cdf ijthd bghUf
bgnuha myJ aif thfshf
khWwd.
bgnuha
kW
aif
thf UJ gy tifahd
cgnahfkhd bghUf bgwgLwd.
mbghUf nrh, iH (ghbal,
ieyh) gh kW sho
nghw bghUf jahfgLwJ.
aif th UJ bgwgL
iAu# th cu (ah) jahf

124

2. vbz fdh y
VgL nfLfis l fl mf
ms nfLf VgLwJ. fl
kl J vbz ff
gotjh fl gwitf ghof,
f kW ju cdfS ma
neLwJ.
(Tar Balls) jh gJf
vbz fdh fl
kl jf Toa vbz
jwf jh gJf vdgL. it
fl khR VgLtjF Ka
fhuzkhf mikwJ.
 gnuhaF - khW vbghU:b
thfd mogil
1. c
v
vuf
(jhtu
vbghU myJ iAu# vbghU)
2. rhu (rhu thfdf
myJ rhu-bgnuha thfdf)
fhW mGjgl myJ vbr
(iAu# vbr)
3. aif thdh
Toa thfdf

af

cdF bjkh? - nlh

xgj eilKiwgo
gy ehLf Fiwj gRikaf
thit
btL
neh
bgnuha
cgnahfij
FiwJbfhs
x
bfhLsd.

RWNH ghJfh
(Kyoto Protocol jgbtgiy
khwdh VgL btgkiljiy
vF Ia ehLf xgj
Tlil.)

nkY ma
yf, rhu jahf,
bgnuha bghUfshd, bgnuh
kW Or, nkhlh thfdf,
fg
kW
thdCfSF
vbghUshf
gagLwd.
rhu rhjdf kW nkhlh
thfdf yhj thifia
idJTl ghf KoahJ. yf
kW bgnuha bghUfis
Fiwthf
gagLJtjfhd
tKiwfis cdh f
Kokh?

myJ
ntfhuF
gyhf
idfis gagLJj )
Fiwj
eRjikila
bghUfsh Md khwh nta
gfis bfhl bghUfis
jahj.
v.fh. gfis ghfhj fis
kLnk bfhyToa a
bfh kUJf.
gRik nta myJ bjh
Eg jbghGJ fk nta, cnta, fk nta, ghk,
eRa,
Niya,
cla,
bjhJiw nghw kw fS
ts milJss.
gRik nta Ka bfhiff
ff f bghUfis Rfj
kW
Fjiyl
ff
cUthjiy jLgnj wjJ.

7.6. gRik nta

gRik nta vgJ Fiwj
msnt
ik
isfToa
ntbghUfis cUthFj myJ
mbghUfis gaghoUJ mwnt
F xUj a tKiw MF.
gRik nta bfhifahdJ 1995M
ML
mKfgLjglJ.
gRik nta Wtdf jnghJ
cUthfgL jiyik gRik nta
rhjidgRf 1999M ML Kj
tHfgLwd.

ff vj NiyY kjDnfh
myJ
Niynfh
J
F
VgLjhj
bghUfis
cUthLj myJ f a
msnt nfL isFk bghUfis
cUthFj.

v.fh. fk fiurf kW UF
gyhf
fiurf
gagLjhj
idf.
giHa ntbghUf jahF
KiwF gyhf a gRik cg
(v.fh. bgnuha nt bghUfSF
gyhf c Mwiy gagLJj

gl 7.10 gRik nta

125

myF-7

giHa cg KiwfSF g a
gRik idf

ff nt bghUf Fiwj msnt

nfL isf Toa tifY
mjDila ga vjj Fiw
yhj ms ghJ bfhs
ntL.
gRik nta isthf clhF
bghUf
1. fha yhj gw itghf
kW fha myhj bg
kW fy Rfghf.
2. c shoFf :- kfh
nrhs, cUis HF kW
jhtu
bghUfUJ
jahfgl shoFf.
3. v ofhj bghUf.
4. Ahnyh#
yhj

mizghf v.fh. fh
rhj bghUfis gagLJj.
gRik
nta
cUthfglToa
bghUf.

isth
vfhy

ff fheil tdfhd _y
bghUf
FiwtjF
gyhf
Jfjf a bghUf.
ff jk msit nt fhufSF
gyhf id nt fhufis
cUthFj.

ca

ff gRik
nta
thif
RH vyh tiffY a
bghUfis
cUthf
gagL.
gRik nta vgJ id
Fiwgjhf,
khR
VgLjiy
jLgjhf UgJ mta.
braif gygo nrk (PVC) kW
fha
Fiwj
btgij
gagLjToa a fha mw gw
itghf.

126

gRik NH ghJfh
gRik nta vgJ xU rhjhuz
f. gRik NH bflhj tz,
gRiknta cy bjhlahd
KndwF fhuzkhf csthW
vrifl bragl ntL.

7.7. iwa ma
uhk Mj.
uhk

uhk
vgJ
iwa
cyf
gntW
jkhd
bjhl
rhjdfdh xU a uhkkhf
RUfgLwJ. Fghf iza js
_ykhf brfis btF vjhf cyf
KGtJ gut brJ cy cs
kf xU a uhk Ugij
nghy f vjhf iuthf
bjhl bfhsgLwhf.
uhk vwh vd?
brhyh, cyf, xU uhkF
xlgLwJ. F brf cyf
KGtJ iuthf jfhy jft bjhl
rhjdf _y brwilwJ.
cy mogil fUJ dQ
rhjdf _y f iuthd jft
bjhlid nkbfhtjhF.
dQ uhk vwh vd?
dQ uhk vw brh
xU viyaw uhkij FwJ.
J cyf kfis jft bjhl
bjhEg thyhf izwJ.
uhk vw brhiy Kj Kj
gagLat kh[ khfh.
uhkkhdJ cy gntW ehLf
cs kfis xizJ cyf
ffis
ma
ttFwJ
vgij khfh tWJwh.
mnjnghy iza jsJl Toa

RWNH ghJfh
fbghf _y kfis xwhf
izwJ. JikahdJ xU

a r_f fyhrhuij cUthf t

nfhYwJ.

bgfqU - ikN beLrhiy

bgfqUJ 12 .. bjhiy

gntW bjhEg bjhrhiyf

mikJsd. uhk
gRikahd btfS, bjid
kufS, il folfS iwj
khR yhj Niy mikJsJ.
j bjhEg tshf f wj
ah kW my cyf fol
tYefsh totikfgljhF.
tshf kf FoaktjF Vw
midJ trfis bfhLsJ.
uhkij mila bgfq
UJ VwFiwa 20 l u gaz
MwJ.

gl 7.11 uhk
uhk mikfgLsJ. 110
Vf gugs gRikahd NH

uhk
nkh
bjhEg Jiw 80,000 rJuo
gugs
mikfgL
600
bjhyhsfSF
ntiyth
mJ FoakjgLshf.

kL
gF m
1. bghUf bjhFf nH bfhLfgLsd. t ijtil bghUfis bfhl
bjhFid njbjL.
(, kyf, njh; , fil kW sho; gHnjh, nf kW sho; nf, fil kW )
2. flt vJ cz r?
(, nfhJik, kh; , ML, kj; ML, gR, ahid; , , ML)
3. t vit Niyia ghJfhF eilKiwf.
(bghUf thf Jigia vLJ brYj; gagLjhjnghJ sFf
fis midj; bghJ nghFtuij gagLJj; nkfl midJ)
4. fU jf vwiHfgLtJ.
(iAonuhfhgf, f, bgnuha, <j)
(jhtuf, btL, jtis, , gh)
6. gRik ntadh clhF bghUSF vLJ fhL. (sho; fhj; c sho;
nAy# Rthiy Fiwgh).
7. ________________ gRikaf th btgiy khw kW btgkhjiy VgLJwJ.
(iAou#; M#; ieu#; fhg-il-MirL)

127

myF-7

5. bghUjkwij Ff.

8. _
 _______________ Fs Niy bjhF ijgitf MF. (jhtuf; ghOaf;
jtis; jhtu EQf)
9. nkffis o braifahf kiH bga cj ntbghU. (bghlha mnahilL;
fha fhgnd; fjf-il-MirL; mnkha ghng)
10. gok vbghUSF vLJfhL. (jhu; U; ka; f)
gF M
11. fl cz ria goJ r brJ, mjid Mw ulhf khWf.
kbg FU fg gUJ
12. bfhLfgl vLJfhoid goJ fl
dhfSfhd ilid jUf.
m. A myJ B nfhLf vJ Mw xGid FwJ?

cgahsf

A
cgahsf

jhtu cf

y, fhW

khr cf

mjfhd fhuzij TWf.

M. ijgitfSF xU vLJfhL bfhL.
13. be, v, gh, gUJ nkfl cz r,
jahghsf
500
.fnyh
Mw
nrgjhf
itJbfhlh, UJ _wh cz iy cs
cd vts Mwiy bgWwJ?
14.

m. 1 kW 3- fhzgL ffis vGJf.

tkly
CO2

1
3

ijj

ijgit

yFf

jhtuf

M. f 1I tiuaW.
. VnjD xU gok vbghUis FLf.

ijgok jhtuf

gF
15. m. fl bghUfis tifgLJf.
fil, fhj, sho, f.
M. cDila tifghofhd sfij jUf.
16. cfSila gF jLghodh kf mtWwhf. vdnt, jLghoid
jf vbdd Kiwfis ifahSf?

ca

17. if, if, vF nehD if kly. NH cl eyF Vwjh vgij VW

bfhwhah? f vgdh VgL ik gaF brafis goaLf.
nkF bjhl kiy fhzgL nrhiy fhLfS btfS bja
MWf Mjhu MF. Jnghw w thj kiy c fhzgL midJ
kiyFWfS ekh cUthf Koahj xU aif Niy kly MF.

nkY ma

1. Plant Ecology Sheela.R.S and Chandel .P.S

128

ca

myF

f nkyhik

8. f nkyhik
kjfsh, midJ tifahd
f bghUfS cy cs
iyf fyJ khRgLjgLwJ.
thW f bghUf dh
moJ brygLwJ vd eh
enwh. Mdh cik uhdJ
ekF kw midJ cdfSF
c eho vgij kwJ iu
khRgLJnw.
MWfY f fhthfY
eh rToa bghUfis goal
Kokh?
nkfl kj brafsh cy
gntW gFfy cs MWf, Vf,
Fsf, fl Kff, Xilf kW
flf Mait khRgLjgLwd.
vdnt eh khRgLjiy mjdh
ekF VgL nfLfis jF
bghUL f iu Kiwahf
ifahSj ntL.

8.1. gaz
uhdJ midJ cdfSF
njitgLw
xU
Kakhd
a bghUshF. midJ ca
ffSF
brtsij
khwF

njitgLwJ.
gfdh vj
xU cdK thH ayhJ.

ca

RH
cyf KGtJ f mf msyhd
Rkh 1400 a ..3 gugs
csJ. uhdJ <ukhd gF
UJ Mah kiHahf gahf
Vf,
MWf
tahf
yjo
gFF, flYF brwilwJ.
nkY gghiwf J, kiyf
J glwJ. jhtuf id
kUJ c jdJ tsF
gagLJwJ. mf goahd ,
130

uh ngh _y tkly
uhahf
btnaWwJ.
jdh
cy midJ cdfS id
gagLJwJ.
Mjhuf
uhdJ
aif
gntW
iyfshd l, ut, th iyf
gu
fhzgLwJ.
F
Kjikahd Mjhu kiHahF.
Mjhuf f bgaJ fl
MF. f a ms mjhtJ 2.4%
e. m bgUghikahd
ms gghiwahf yjo uhf
csJ. mLFf yjo
U xU mLfhf fhzgLwJ.
nkgu y gFf jF
jil XL eUF MOa
%Wf myJ Xilf vW bga.
MWf f mf ms id
VfSF FsfSF bfhL
brwJ. <u yf kW rJ
yf Mait gaz
Ka gF twd.

8.2. f
FoU
gFf
UJ,
Wtdf
UJ,
tf
kW
bjhrhiyf
UJ
btnawgL f MF.
L ffshd fgiw, Fayiw,
rikayiw Mat UJ FHh
f tahf btnawgL U
mlF.

8.3. f Rf
f Rf mit clhF
lnyna _oa iy brj
ntL. (v.fh. kyf bjho,
c
tofo,
fhWs
NH
Rf.) f nrffgL
FHhf tahf efuh Rf
iyaF
bfhL
brYj

f nkyhik
ntL. (f Rf gl 8.1.
I ghf) f nrf kW
Rf vgJ Cuh, khy kW
ka muRf gjidf kW
ju zaJF cgljhf Uf
ntL. bjhrhiyf UJ
btnaW f RfF
wghd tKiwf njitgLwd.

kW cUthd E Ufis
jf NH FtJ MF. ulh
iy Rf EQfis
jgLj
Toa
f
iu
btnaW Kngh myJ mLj
iyahd _wh iy RfF
Kdnu brj ntL.

tHf cs f Rf
_W iyf eilbgWwJ.

_wh iy Rf vgJ
ntKiwnyh myJ tofLj
Kiwnyh, Kd uL iyfSF
wF brtJ MF. Rffgl
uhdJ y rkaf ntKiw
myJ
aa
Kiwnyh
ikgLjgl ntL. (v.fh.
Lf kW Ea tofof)
_wh iy RfF d
Xil, MW, tisFlhf, Lf
myJ
<u
yf
Mat
btLtjF K uhdJ, nfh
btF ghRj, btf
kW fhfSF gagLjyh.
nkY nghJkhd ms Rfgl
iu eh yjo nrF kW
trha gaghoF gagLjyh.

_wh iy Rf

1) Kj iy, 2) ulh iy
3) _wh iy Rff.

ulh iy

Kjiy

_wh iy

gl 8.1 f Rf

Kj iy Rf

bra 8.1

Kj iy Rf f iu
jfhf f njf nj
itf ntL m fod l
bghUf ah mo goJ,
vbz, ca vbz kW va
lbghUf Mait nkgu
jF. mo goj kW jF
bghUf fgL va utij
ulh
iy
RfF
brYj ntL myJ mgona
btnawyh.

cfsJ thl gF f
vthW ifahsgLwJ vd
mf.
Rffglhj f , thl
eiu khRgLJtij jLf
t Kiwf VnjD csjh vd
mf.
cf gF bjhrhiyf
f iu vthW ifahwJ
vd mf.
f thG gF cs k
kW Mait ffsh
khRglhk
Uf
VnjD
tKiwf
ifahsgLw
dth vgij cW brf.

ulh iy Rf
iy fiuj kW
cns jF iy cs c
bghUf fgLwJ. iy

131

myF-8

KjiyF Kd

f Rf ca
fbghUfis
EQf,
irf kW mt behfis
gagL RfF vj xU
KiwFfRfca
vW bga. ieu# TLbghUf
f mf ms cs khrilj
gFf f iu, folf
Rtfis,
idlf
Rt
nkguig, eiu Rff
ienuhnrhnkhdh nuhna vw
ghoah gagLwJ.

8.4. Lf f nkyhik

Kiwf
FoUf
ftiwf,
Fayiwf rikayiw kW ju
gFf UJ btnawgL
f vdgL.
bghJthf L f iu gG
vW fU vW uL
tifahf fyh. gG iu
jhtufSF kW ftiwia
Rff L gagLjyh.
f

ca

L f vgJ ftiw
gagL btnaW iu ju kw
midJ tifahd L cgnahf
F gagLjgL btnawgL
, f vdgL. id eh
gntW tiff gagLjyh.
ff L njhl kW o wnj
cs
jhtufSF
ghr
gagLjyh.
ff ffis tofo btnaw
gagLjyh.
ff trhaF gagLjyh.

132

L f RHdh VgL
eikf
ff mf ms e gagLJjiy
Fiwfyh.
ff f bjhof
fiwfis nghfyh.

VgL

ff yjo msit cajyh.

ff jhtuf
CfgLjyh.

tsjiy

8.5. Ju kW nehf
ilf bgWj, Ju
kW
cl
ey
Mait
xW
bfhW
bjhlilait,
ikik,
gwhFiwahd
Rjkhd kW Ju trf
ik
Maitf
fhuzkhf
xbthU tUlK yrfzfhd
ViH kf jLfToa nehfdh
wwd.
kj
kW
nta
bjhrhiy f fsh, khR
milJ,
mij
cbfhtjhY,
bjhLtjhY gntW tifahd bjhW
nehf clhwd.
dh gut Toa nehf
kj, yF ff kW
W fyj bjhW jik
thj ghOah kW ituf
fhzgLwd. iu gUFtjh
fhyuh,
ilghL,
jng
kW
tWnghF
Ma
nehf
clhwd.
iu Kiwahf gagLjhjjh
clhF nehf
Ra ikik fhuzkhf
bjhW jik thj dh njh
kW f Matiw fGtjh
VgL nehf iu rtu

f nkyhik

uogil nehf

ff j ikF nghJkhd ms
ilfhjjh njh kW f
rgjkhd nehf btF v
gu.
ff Kiwaw
Fo
tHF
lf fhuzkhf mogil
nehf kW bjhlila
nehf clhwd. it
bfhRf kW eijf thtj
fhd Vw lij cUthFwJ.
itf knyah, ujG neh
(nlhah),
ahidfh
neh,
_isfhr
nghw
nehf gut fhuzkhf cs
xLfSF
bjhlig
VgLJgitahf csd.
ff Fo mf ms y nt
bghUfis (Mbr kW
ienuf) bfhoUgjh y
mghafukhd nehf clhF.
ff  gwhFiw fhuzkhf, Ju
kW ik ghfgL tsU
ehLf, nehf kW wf
Vgl fhuzkhf csd.
ff Cl rJ yhj czF
mLjgoahf cy nehf
clhtjF ulhtJ f
Ka fhuz Rjkhd Fo
ik kW Juikna
MF.
ff tUlF njhuhakhf 4 a
kf
tW
nghdh
ghfgL 1.5 a kf
w w h f . m t f
bgUghyhndh 5 taJFgl
FHijf Mt.

nehf

thH
Toa
iliy cdf fhzgL
xLfsh clhwd. ah
G, uj G kW tisjir
Gfsh clhF nehf
mlF.
bjhl nehf
dbgUf br fsh
clhF nehf bjhl nehf
vdgL. blF, ahidfh
neh,
knyah,
cUisGfsh
VgL
ghit
FiwghL
neh
(Mnfhbrah), f ah,
kr fhr nghwit mlF.
bra 8.2
ftiwfis gagLJtjF
KD
D
iffis
Rjkhf fGjiy gHf
bfhs ntL.
cz kW fyf
vbghGJ
Rjkhf,
gagLJnghJ
_o
itUfntL.
kW
aif
bts
wf VgLnghJ iu
bfhf itj dnu gUf
ntL.
bjhrhiy ff nrUl
f kW khRgl cs
lf FoUF kf
yjo iu gagLJnghJ
vrifahf Uf ntL.

133

myF-8

ff khR milj iu gUFtjh,

_ygu
nehfshd
kr fhkhiy, il~ghL, fhyuh,
jng, tWnghF nghw
nehf clhwd.

gagLjhjjh clhF nehf

vdgL. v.fh. brh, uF, ghit
H, c nehf, ng kW
y fsh clhF nehf.

ff tsU
ehLf
cs
10
rjj kf FlGfsh
ghfgLwhf.
j
fhuzkhf
rJgwhFiw,
uj nrhif, ts FWj
Mait VgLwd.

vD midJ bghJ lfSF

nghJkhd ms Ju kW ik
trf njitgLwd.
bghJ lf Jufhd
mogil Kiwf
1. nghJkhd
ms
trf Uj ntL.

ff 300 a kf knyahth
ghfgLwhf.

2. Mf kW bgfSF
jj ftiwf Uj ntL.

8.6. f btnaWj
khW tf
eh g brnghJ gfSF
jkfS, U njitgLwd.
f , jkf, jhJbghUf
fhzgLtjh
trhaF
gagLjgLwJ. khwhf ij
RjgLJtJ Fj bryid
jU. thW trhaF f
iu gagLJbghGJ FoUF
ju thj mf ms ilf
th VgLwJ. f uhdJ ey
cukhf gagLtjh nt cuf
njitfis Fiwfyh. jdh iy,
Mw, bryd kW bjhrhiy
khR Matiw Fiwfyh. f
iu gizfSF myJ c
tsF bghJthf gagLjyh.

8.7. bghJ lf Ju

ca

fgiw

3. Mf fgiw W
fgjF,
ky
fgjF
jj f mikj ntL.
bgf fgiw ky fgiw
kL nghJkhdJ.
4. a if my l tr
Uj ntL.
5. if fGtjF j ikF,
ftiwia
RjgLJtjF
Rjkhd tr njit.

8.8. Mw nkyhik
Mw nkyhik vwh vd?
Mw nkyhik vw brh gy
bghUfis jjhY F tf,
bghJJiw, muRJiw kW Lf
Mw nrig FgjhF.
Mw nr Kiwf

kf mfkhf TL lfshd
ngUJ iya myJ g Tl
Fghf, mlf kf cz
cz Toa lfshf Ugdh
fhyuh, kr fhkhiy, il~ghL,
tW
nghF
Ma
nehf
clhtjF
Ka
fhuzkhf
mikwd.

Mw nkyhik vgJ kf
thG LfY kW WtdfY
Mw nrig ffhgJ kW
fLgLJ f MF.

8.8.1. Mw fzL

kf vif, mgF
kf bryL neu, kf
braf Mat mogil
bghJ lf jik khWgLwJ.

134

Mw fzL vgJ fllf

Mw nrig M brJ msL
brJ Muh KiwahF. J Mw
cL msit, btpL Mw ms
vtifY ghfhk FiwwJ.

f nkyhik

Lf Mw fzL, Lf
cs fUf _ykhf fhW fj
iu kW mf t sFf
gagLJj, miwf btg kW
F
Niyfis
fLgL
nrig nkgLJ tKiwfis
FF.
Lf
Rtf,
nkTiu,
jiu
mik,
fjf,
aif
btr
nghwt
_yK
Mwiy fzlyh. t
_y fll xLbkhj btg
braghil caj Ko.
fzL _y braw aa
jik,
vua
braghLf
tahf btg, fhnwhl, fhW
F%L rhjd kW btgLJ
fU nghwitf bra wid
ma aY.
o Mw fzL, btg
ms
Mw,
mgF
jg
btg iy nghwitfshY, Tiu
mik, Na xgL irfis
bghUJsJ. itfis
xU
Fl fhy za bfhL
fzlyh. y rhu
gaghL, aif th, v vbz
gaghL nghwtiw XuhL myJ
<uhL fhy z fzlyh.
bra 8.3
1. btgkhd eh cf tF
btg iy, ntg ku H
btg iyia, btg khia
bfhL fzLf.
2. ll iH sF
kW a xU sF
bfhL gaghil xLf.

j tuf rahf Ujh o

Mw fzL Jakhf UF.
y
Mw
fzL
_y bry Fiwj, folf
ju kW trfis nkgLJ
tKiwfis Muhj nghwitfis
brayh. nkY o Mw wid
nkgLaikfhf ka mu
khafis bgwyh.
gf Mw fzL
Mw fzo braghlhdJ
Mw gaghil ghF gntW
tfis,
Mw
gaghil
FiwF gy tfis milahs
fljY MF.
j _y nrfgL bjhif
g bralF gagLtJ
nghy Mw nr kW
MwYfhd _yfis Fiwthf
gagLJtjh, khriltij
Fiwfyh. tif gf
Mwiy nkgL Fiwthd Mw
gagLj aY. vLJfhlhf
Mwiy xWF gyhf kwij
gagLJtjhF.
a
xU
sFfis
(CFL),
btgjh
xU
sFfSF
gyhf
gagLJtjh MLF 6000 bkfh
th r nrf Ko.
nkY
cf
gf

xGFjiy rbrj, gaghil

Fiwj (Kakhf bt) kW
nkgLjgl wF iu
rhjd gagLjj _y Mwiy
nrJ, gzij nrf cfsJ
gF f cjtyh.
kWRH brtj _yK Mwiy
nrf aY. v.fh. rika miw
gh ciwfis myJ mrf
miw fthf btnaW mR

135

myF-8

Lf Mw fzL

ik Ffis kW RH Kiw
gagLjyh. Kiw Niy
nkgLJjiy, nrig bra
aY.

8.8.2. ku rhtsf (Na

Mw, iAu#, fhW)
aif
tsf
vgJ
Jfjf tskhF. ts
aif Kiwf kj EfU
ntfijl Jf jfjhf Uf
ntL. Na f R, iAu#,
fhW kW _y rhu
Mait vWnk Jlhj ilf
Toa Mw tsfshF.
Na Mw

Na Mw vgJ neuoahf
kh
NagLf
kh
fLgL

Na mL myJ Na
Nnl mik kW g
br jij mJbfhf.
Fghf vthW mf ms
btgij cRwJ vgij
cW brf.
Na mL myJ Na
Nnl
xid
Fiwj
iys
bghUfis
gagL cUthFf. mt
UJ vj ms btgiyia
bgWf vgij ftf.
Na mL kW Na
Nnlia gagLJtdh
VgL
eikfis,
tiuaiwfis egfnshL
fyJiuahLf.

iAu#

fy
fy mik
nendhl
gl 8.2 Na Mw (Na fy)

ca

bra 8.4

NalUJ bgW Mw. mQ

MwnyhL F Mjhukhf f mf
ms ilF Mw Na Mw
MF. f ntfkhf khW Mwiy
tUlF 50 GfhL ms
cUthFtJ x fy MF. J
Na Mwiy neuoahf Mwyhf
khWwJ. kjf jbghGJ
gagLJ Mwiy l tUlF
10 Mu klF Mwiy Na
btLwJ.

136

iAu# vgJ xU ey khW

vbghUSfhd
ey
tahF.
jid
Vuhskhd
msF
ifbjh EgJl cUthfyh.
iAu#
kj
rKjhaF
njitahd
midJ
Mw
njitfis, cg cgl
bgnuh v bghUfis fhoY
bghUshjhu
ahf,
khRglhj
Niyia cUthF tifY
gagLwJ. nkY eR jikaw,
ifahStjF,
nahgjF
ghJfhghd xU vbghU iAu#.
f mf iwbfhl Mwiy
bgUwJ. XuyF vil bfhl
iAu#, bgnuha bghUf
vj btgij fhoY 2.5 klF
mfkhf, vjdhiy l 4.5 klF
mfkhf, bkjdhiy l 6 klF

f nkyhik
mfkhf
Mwiy
mwJ.
j btg af Mw khW w
(30-35%) bgnuhiy (nfn[h) l
(20 - 25%) mfkhf csJ.
fhW Mw
fhW Mw, Na UJ

J
gL
bjhlaw
btg
fhuzkhf
cUthwJ.
bgUghyhd jfhy fhW MwyhdJ
RHY jfLf RH fhuzkhf
a _y Mwyhf
khwgLwJ. fhwhiyf _y
bgwgL Mw (f gHikahd
bjhEg) vu Mwyhf khwgL
jhafis
miugjF,
iu
nknyWtjF gagLjgLwJ.

(nua) Mait vLJ fhLf

MF.
ijgot vbghUf
ijgot
vbghUf
vgJ
gyhufzfhd MLfSF K
F ijtilJ ijJ lj
c
bghUfUJ
bgwgl
Mw iwj va Toa fk
bghUf myJ fk nrkf MF.

gl. 8.4 yf bto vLj

yf

8.8.3. ku rhuh tsf : (f,

bgnuha, aif th)
ku rhuh tsf vgJ,
Ug
bgw
Koahj
aif
tsf MF. jDila Ef
vgJ bjhlahdJ. j ts
xU Fl ms aif
ilgijl thw MdJ f
ntfkhf gagLjgLwJ. ij got
vbghUf (yf, bgnuha,
aif th) kW mQfU Mw

bgnuha
bgnuha vgJ fUikahd,
tHtHghd
JehwKila
ut
bghU. J l, ut, th iy
cs iAnuh fhgf MF. J
js c Jff, ghiw Jff
kW id bfhLsJ.
aif th
aif
th
vgJ
90
rjjF mfkhd njD
js <njD kW nuhngD

137

myF-8

gl.8.3 fhwhiyf

J jhtufUJ bgwgl
xU fUikahd fk jhJ bghU.
jk fhg, fhg nrkf kW
iAu#, M#, ieu#, fjf
Matiw bfhl fyhd nt
fyitahF.

nkY mJbfhnth

bra 8.5

blkh
fhWf
ehL
vW miHfgLwJ. eho
njit 25 rjjF
mfkhd rhu fhwiyf
_ykhf cg bragLwJ.
fhwiyf
_y
bgwgL
bkhj cg b#k
Kjik lY, ah IjhtJ
lY csJ. ah
cs KGikahd fhWwid
gagLdh Rkh 45000 bkfhth
r cg bra Ko vd
fzlgLsJ. jeho
fahFkF
mUfhik
380 bkfhth r cg
braToa f bga fhwhiy
giz VgLjgLsJ.

ca

bfhl xU TL bghU. J
ijgot vbghUfnshL yf
gLiff J nj bghUfshf
fhzgLwJ. J rJ yf
kW ygu thG njid
bfhl
cdfis
bfhL
cUthfgLwJ. J Fghf
cuf jahgjF gagL Ka
vbghU. nkY J xU gRikaf th
MF.
aif
thit
vbghUshf
gagLJtjF
K
njid
ju Vida bghUf midij
Ftjbfd
braKiwfis
nkbfhs ntL. bra
KiwnghJ
<nj,
nuhng,
nl, bgnl, mf _yTW
vils
iAnuh
fhgf,
jk fjf, fay th, uh
y
rkaf
a
kW
ieu# Mait cgbghUfshf
bttUwd.

138

ff fl uL uidfis
cfSila
tF
fyJiuahLf.
ff jnghJ cs yf 200
MLfSF
kLnk
nghJkhdjhf csJ. j
tif yf Fiw ftiy
mf Toajhf csjh?
iyah?
ff Na Mw 500 a
MLfSF dh FiwJ
L vd fzlgLsJ.
Fiw
ftiy
mf
Toajhf csjh? iyah?
ff nkfl thj W
vj Mw
ff J lToaJ.
ff uhk bjhlJ Uf ToaJ.
ff Ug bgw KotJ
ff Ug
bgw
KoahjJ
xbthF fhuz flf.

aif thit Fghf kw

Mw tsfshd vbz kW
yfnahL xL nghJ ngR tH
rhjhuz th vd miHfgLwJ.
gaf
cg
th RHf kW uh RHf
Matiw
gagL
aif
thUJ mf cg
bragLwJ. bgUghyhd
r nrF iyafY,
cg vufY aif th
gagLwJ.

f nkyhik

LfSF nahF aif

th
gntW
gfSF
ga
gLjgLwJ. rika gfSfhf
mLf gagLwJ. aif
th Nnl Jfis cyj
gagLwJ. bghJthf NnlW
tjF,
FgjF
aif
th gagLjgLwJ. Lf
kW folf gagLjgL
bfhfyf, ciyf kW
Nnlf MatF aif th
gagLwJ. mnkhah cgY,
cuf jahgY aif th
bgUgF twJ.
kwit
iHf, fzho, be, tz
R kW ju bghUfis cg
bra aif th gagLwJ.
kj Mw njit vnghJ
mfJ bfhnl tUtjh, kj
ijgot vbghUfis mfgoahf
gagLJtjh nfLisfToa
y bghUf fhWl fyJ khrila
brwd.

8.8.4. c vbghUf
cg gaghL
gutyhf
fhzToa
vbghUf c vbghUf
Kakhdit MF. itf
c ufUJ y tf
bgwgLwJ. tW liy,
ut iy vbghUf, th iy
vbghUf kW gy c thfS
mlF. ma ahf midtuJ
ftdK c vbghUf J
rhJsJ. jF fhuz vbz
iynaw, Mw nr mta,
ij got vbghUfUJ mf

ms btahF gRikaf thf

nghwitahF.
nghFtuJ thfdf gagLJ
vbghUf
1. gnah-MfAh
rhuha)

(c

2. gRik Or.
3. gnah-Or (c Or)
4. jhtu vbzf
5. gnah-<j (c-<j)
6. c-th (Bio-gas)
gnah MfAh (c vrhuha)
gnah
vjdh
jhtuf
rfiu bghUfis behf brJ
c vrhuha jahfgLwJ.
bgUghY rfiu kW kh
bghUfis jU gf jF
gagLwJ. bjhEg ts
fhuzkhf jnghJ brYnyh ca
TLbghU bfhl kuf kW
fis gagL c vrhuha
jahfgLwJ.
ikahd
c vrhuha thfdfSF v
bghUshf gagLjgLwJ. nu
ehoY, mbkf Ia ehLfY
J gutyhf gagLjgLwJ.
c-Or (gnah-Or)
jhtu vbz kW yFf
bfhGUJ
c-Or
bgwgLwJ. it a iy
thfdfSF
vbghUshf
gagLwJ.
c th
fk
bghUf
fhyh
ij _y, fhyh Rthfshd
ghOahf _y c th
cg bragLwJ. J ca

139

myF-8

L cgnahff

ijF cshF f bghUfis

gagLnah myJ jhtufis
fhyh ijF cgLnah
c thit jahfyh. j
id ilF l cgbghU
c vbghUshfnth myJ c
cukhfnth gagLjyh.
8.8.5. Mw nkyhik e gF
Mw
nkyhik
vgJ
RWwF vj khRghil
VgLjhj
tif
vfhy
njitfhf tsfis ghJfhgnjhL
Fiwthd
Mwiy
gagLJ
ttiffis FgjhF.
jid mila Mwiy rahf
gagLJtnjhL Fiwthd Mwiy
cgnahf ntL. Mwiy
nrgdh RWw ik, eho
ghJfh, j eg ghJfh kW
bghUshjhu ts mfwJ.
j eg kW gntW mikf
Mwiy
neuoahf
Efnthuht.
tf Mwiy rgL mjfhd
brydij FiwJ bghUshjhu
tsia caJwd. bjh
kW tjf Wtdf wj
tf Mwiy gagL mfs
yhgij milayh. Mw bfhif
(Energy Policy) Mw nr
vgJ Kakhd X mfkhF.
Lf Mwiy ekh vthW
nrf Ko?

ca

snfWj
1. sFf, gagho yhj
nghJ

izid
Joj.
2. xU jikia rtu bgw
sFf
bghUUF
gFfis Rj brj.

140

3. n j i t g L
lfSF
sFfis U mikj.
4. F Hh

sFfis
gagLJj.
5. jhu f milfSF (nrh)
gyhf dQ milfis
gagLJj.
f
1. Tiu f rhjhuz
xGFgLfSF (buFnyl)
gyhf dQ xGFgLfis
gagLJj.
2. fhW btnaW fis,
Tiu fSF nk
mikj.
rhu bgo
1. jhaF btg fLghL
fUf
bfhl

bgofis thFj.
2.  rahd iy xGFgLfis
itJ brj.
3. mfs iu bjJ
bra TlhJ.
4. <ukhd Jfis xU
bra TlhJ.

nghJ

th mL
1. th mL rikF nghJ
Rthiy mikig rahd ms
mikJ
ut
vthit
nrj.
2. y
w
Rthiyl
mL
vkh
mJ
rahf
bragLwJ vgij mayh.
3. kr w Rthiyl vjh
mLid Rj bra ntL.
4. Koj ms mGj
fyfis cgnahj.

rika

f nkyhik
5. rikF ghufis _o itJ
rikj.
6. rhu bfhfyfSF gyhf
Na x bfhfyfis
gagLJj.

bjhlig Jogj _y
ria nrfyh.
ryit vu
1. nghJkhd
ms
Jf
UFnghJ
kLnk
ryit
auij gagLj ntL.

dQ rhjdf
1. bjhiyfh
kW
x
rhjdfis gagLjhjnghJ
bjhlig
j j .
mjhtJ
njitaw
neuf bjhlig
JofglhkFnghJ
xU
rhjdF Rkh 10 th tiu
rhu H VgLwJ.
2. k o
f,
brlng,
va glfU nghw
rhjdfis
ndw
brnghJ, nghJkhd iy

2. njitahd ms
gagLJj.

iu

kL

3. ryitfhF
neuid
vu rhjd g brJ
rhuij nrj.
4. rahd ms mGF f
gagLJj.
5. Fj mGfhd JfSF
kL bt gagLJj.
6. Fj iuna Jfis myR
tjF vnghJ gagLJj.

kL
gF m
1. dh clhF nehF vLJfhL. (brh uF; ahGneh; ghit FiwgL;
ilghL)
2. goj kW jF bghUfis j Rf Kiwah fyh. (Kjiy Rf;
ulh iy Rf; _wh iy Rf; nkgu Rf).
3. vJ Ug bgw ayhj ts (f; bgnuha; aif th; midJ).
4. aif th fhzgL Kjikahd bghU. (<nj; nj; nuhng; nl)
gF M
5. A kW B efuf fhzgL bjhW nehf gil tiuglkhf bfhLfgLsJ.
1. blF fhr, 2. v fhr, 3. fhyuh, 4. F Fah.

njitgLwJ?
) A efu cs nehid vthW fLgLJth?

141

myF-8

M) v efuF f f kW ik f mf
ms

neh jhf

m) efu A fhzgL nehF vd fhuz?

6. xU uhk 2008-2009M Mo Vgl bjhW nehf tu tl tiuglkhf

bfhLfgLsJ. jid TJ neh fltF ilaf.

r
v
f
h

fh
y
uh

blF fhr
FFah

m. bgUghyhd kfis jha nehf ahit?

M. vthW j nehf guwd?
. kw U nehfis fLgLJ VnjD _W Kiwfis vGJf.
7. khs, Ug bgw aY kW Ug bgw ayhj tsfis rahf bghUJf.

tsf

Ug bgW tsf

fhW

bgnuha

Ug bgw ayhj tsf

iAu#

aif th Na x Mw

8. bghUjhij F.
m. c MfAh, gir Or, c <j, bgnuha.
M. fhyuh, il~ghL, brh uF, jng.
9. Ug bgw ayhj ts vgJ xU aif ts. jid kj Ef ntfijl f
ntfkhf aif fdh khwyh.
 kfl Tiw goJ, jtwhdjh myJ rahdjh vgij cW br. jtwhf Ujh,
n
rahd Tid TW.
10. Mwiy nrf cj rhjdfis fltUJ njbjLf. xU gf,
jhu mil, Na Nnl, Nnl, ll sFf, dQ mil.

nkY ma

ca

1. Land treatment of waste water, M.B. Gohil, Publisher :

New Age International (p) Ltd.
izajsf

http://www.Sewage, en.wikipedia-org/wiki/sewage -treatment.

142