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Klein
Jean Piaget believed youth go through four major stages of COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT an understanding of how children think about the world. Stage 1 SENSORY-MOTOR Birth to 2 years Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence; self-recognition PREOPERATIONAL 2 to 7 years Development of symbolic thought, formation of language, fantasy play, conservation flaws, and egocentrism CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL 7 to 11 years Mental operations applied to concrete events, mastery of conservation, complex classification schemes FORMAL OPERATIONAL 11 years to adulthood Mental operations applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Lawrence Kohlberg believed MORAL REASONING can be divided into three levels, each divided into two stages. PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (childhood) Stage 1 Punishment orientation Right and wrong is determined by what is punished Stage 2 Nave reward Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (adolescence) Stage 3 Good boy / good girl orientation Right and wrong is determined by others approval and disapproval Stage 4 Authority orientation Right and wrong is determined by societys rules and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (adulthood) Stage 5 Social contract orientations Right and wrong is determined by societys rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute Stage 6 Individual principles and conscience orientation Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice
Kohlberg believed that individuals could only progress through these stages one stage at a time. That is, they could not "jump" stages.
According to psychologist Erik Erikson, each individual passes through eight stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. Each stage is characterized by a different psychological "crisis," which must be resolved by the individual before the individual can move on to the next stage.
Stage 1
Infancy
Stage 2
Toddlerhood
Stage 3
Preschool
Stage 4
Elementary school
Stage 5
Adolescence
Stage 6
Young adulthood
Stage 7
Middle adulthood
Stage 8
Late adulthood