(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;)

a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
atmifqef;pk=unf

(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm)
“ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ?
tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG
jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JΠ&efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JΠrdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk
oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk
a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru
,lqxm;onfrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#
jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991)

(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;

(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
atmifqef;pk=unf
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
ESifh
tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;

a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf?

La Haule Books

(xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm)
ra=umufr±GHŒESifh
vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm
a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh
EdkifiHa&;pepfukd
awmifhwaeol
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;tm;
&nf!$ef;ygonf?

This collection copyright © Aung San Suu Kyi, 1993

The moral right of the author has been asserted.

ISBN 0 86120 049 7

This first edition of
Freedom from Fear and Other Writings
in the Burmese language
first published in 1993 by
La Haule Books
West Lodge
La Haule
Jersey
Channel Islands
United Kingdom

The Buddhist symbol on the title and spine

is the abhayamudra, the "gesture of fearlessness"
Printed in England by Biddles Ltd., Guildford

(rmwdum)
rmwdum

pma&;ol. trSm 1
pwnf;. trSm 2
Am;pvAf[mAJvf. pum;OD; 5
a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; 7
aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef; 43

tydkif; - u

1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif; a&;om;aom

pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm;

1? atmifqef; 54
2? 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 97
3? a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; 113
4? ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`m,ftppftrSef 120
5? &nfrSef;csufrsm; 127
6? awmfvSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif 132
7? ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm 138
8? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf 141
9? EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaom rdef‹cGef; 145
10? EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ ay;pm 151
11? vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rSay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; 153
12? pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; 155
13? ppfrSefaomvHkòcH&modk‹ 159

tydkif; - c
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvrS 1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;

14? a&$wd*HkapwDawmftaemufrkcfvlxkpnf;a0;yJG 172

15? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾ 182
16? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-3 187
17? wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; 198
18? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;nDnGwfa&; 203
19? Zlvkdifckepf&ufae‹ 212
20? wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ 219
21? e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&; 227
22? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-6 235
23? jynfolvkdcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf 253
24? rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 266

pma&;ol. trSm

pma&;jcif;/ rdef‹cGef;ajymjcif;/ pum;ajymjcif; paom vkyf&yfrsm;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufwckum;

vltcsif;csif; em;vnfr_wdk;yGm;ap&ef jzpfonf[k usr ,lqygonf? jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh
'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹udk urBmu ydkrdkI od&Sdem;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fI Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
EdkifiHwEkdifiHudk trSefwu,ftusKd;ðyEkdifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm;
taumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefydkifcGifhESifh
todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,fydkifcGifhrsm; &Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr ,Hk=unfygonf?
1988-89 ckESpfrsm;twGif; usrajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;. OD;wnfcsufonf
'Drkdua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk wnfaxmifvdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk‹udk
trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifiHa&;yif jzpfygonf?
aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef‹cGef;rsm;/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;udk pkaygif;I pmtkyfxkwfa0vdkufjcif;jzifh
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkolrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfEkdifrnf[k
ar#mfvifhygonf?
Tpmtkyfudk xkwfa0Ekdif&ef tm;ay;ulnDcJholwdk‹tm; aus;Zl;wifvsuf&Sdygonf? rsm;jym;vSaom
tvkyfwm0efrsm;=um;rS apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh t"dubmomjyefoltjzpf‚if;/ pmwnf;jzwfoltjzpf‚if;
aqmif&GufcJhonfh a'gufwmatmifcif(vef'ef) udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf

pmwnf;. trSm
(1)
vGefcJhaom &SpfESpfcef‹ 1985 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESif;xlxyfpGmusaeonfh xdkESpf aqmif;&moDwae‹wGif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh yxrqHk;t}udrf usaemf awG‹qHkcJh&onf? xkdpOfu t*FvefwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS
vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; orkdif;q&m-q&mrrsm; a&muf&Sdaecdkufjzpfojzifh atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfwGif wae‹
pka0;=uonf?
xdkae‹Yyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk‹ ZeD;armifESHu olwdk‹tdrfwGif vBuf&nfyJG jyifqifxm;ojzifh
usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.?
a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrek f‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef;
a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif
vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.?
a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh
pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm;
jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf?

(2)
xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI
vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf;
a':pkudk awG‹&onf?
usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk;
EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf?
a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif
cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG
tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf?

(3)
a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom
"Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk
jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif
usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹
jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J
jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk;
tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf
t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif[k vlwkdif;vdkvdk i,fpOfuwnf;u
od&Sdxm;cJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf
em;vnfoabmaygufrdol tvGefenf;yg;vdrfhrnfxifonf? xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif a':pk txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfrnfrSm
ajym&efrvdk[k ,Hk=unfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHI rdrdudk,fydkif
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;aom a':pk. tawG;tac:udk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufonfh
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsKd; ay:ayguf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&SdcJhyg? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwGifrS udk,fusKd;pGef‹I wkdif;jynftwGuf tepfemcHvkyf=urnfh
i,f&G,faomacgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif a':pkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk
&,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_
&,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf?

(4)
uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/
tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI
atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?
a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹.
udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf
wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh
Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf?
rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef”
[laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf
jzpfonf?
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh
tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m
c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf?

a'gufwmatmifcif
vef'ef
7-9-93

Am;pvAf [mAJvf. pum;OD;

Am;pvAf[mAJvf (Vaclav Havel) onf txl;±dkav;pm;jcif;cH&aom jyZmwfESifh pma&;q&mjzpf+yD; ,cktcgwGif

csuf (Czech) EkdifiH. orwjzpfonf? csmwm-77 [k xif&Sm;aom vl‹tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk 1977 ckESpfY
pwifwnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m; (Czechoslovakia) wGif
'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;vmEkdifjcif; jzpf.? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcscH&jcif;/
aetdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh tawG‹tóuHrsm; &SdcJholjzpfojzifh Am;pvAf [mAJvfonf
atmifqef;pk=unftay:wGif txl; pmemaxmufxm;/ ±dkaoav;pm;ol jzpfonf? olrudk 1991 ckESpfY
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkay;&ef tqkdðyolrsm;xJwGif ‚if;yg0ifonf?
 * * *

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfr_ESifh

vl‹*k%foduQmtwGuf tm%m&Sifpepftm; qef‹usifonfh olr. wkdufyJGudk ,cktcg tjynfjynfqkdif&mu
todtrSwfðyvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? olronf TqkESifh tvGefyif xdkufwefolwOD;jzpfonf? olronf
&Sif;vif;jywfom;cdkifrmpGm ajymqdkoljzpfonf? olrtm; E_wfqdwfoGm;ap&ef &nf±G,fI EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ t+rJwrf;
oGm;a&mufaexkdifyg&ef qJGaqmifurf;vSrf;vmonfudk olru vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fxm;ygonf? tus,fcsKyf
uscHae&onfhb0wGif opPmw&m;udk apmifhxdef;vsuf&Sdonf? tm%mrJholwdk‹. pGrf;tm;udk olru
tvGefxif&Sm;pGm Oyrmjyaeygonf? EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf olrtm; tqdkðycJh&onfudk usaemf
av;eufpGm *k%f,lrdonfhtavsmuf olrtm; a&G;cs,fvdkufonfudk aumif;csD;=obmay;=uolrsm;wGif
usaemftygt0if jzpfonf?
jrefrmjynfY 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef OD;wnfaom wkdufyJGwGif b0udk ðryfESHxm;jcif;jzifh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr. wkdif;jynfY w&m;r#wr_&Sd&eftwGufomru rdrdwdk‹. yef;wkdifudk
rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvdkol tm;vHk;twGufyg &J&ifhpGm ajymqkdaejcif;jzpfygonf?
urBmwcGifvHk;wGif vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfaeor# umvywfvHk;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xkwfazmfajymqdkcsufuJhodk‹aom ajymqdkr_rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;udkyg
v_H‹aqmfodrf;oGif;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&; awmifhwonfh [pfaºuG;oHonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;rS
xGufay:vmonfjzpfap/ ±k&Sm;rSjzpfap/ tmz&durSjzpfap/ odk‹r[kwf tm&SrSjzpfap woHwnf;xGufaeygonf?
‚if;rSm vlom;tm;vHk;udk vl‹*k%foduQmESifhtnD qufqHyg&efESifh vlom;tm;vHk;wGif ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sd&ef
vdktyfonf[laom [pfaºuG;oHyifjzpfygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/
olr. pum;rsm;onf jrefrmESifh urBmhtajccHt,ltqudk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif
rðyvkyfEkdifyg? “vlom;. oaE<yg *k%foduQm/ vlom;ESifh cJGcGmIr&aom nDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
todtrSwfðyonfh t,ltq/ vlwkdif;wGif trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifaom todOm%fESifh
qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdonfudk vufcHxm;aom t,ltq/ vlvlcsif; nDtudkarmifESrozG,f arwWmxm;&ef
t}uHðyaom t,ltq ponfh tawG;tac:t,ltqwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹
qef‹usifbufjzpfEdkifrnfudk jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;taeESifh em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpf&ayonf”[k
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwkdif a&;om;xm;ygonf? &J&ifhowWd&Sdaom TtrsKd;orD;tm;
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhjcif;onf w&m;r#wr_udk óud;pm;&SmazGae=uol usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;twGuf olru
ajymqdkaeonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf?

a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif;

a':oef;at; ynmawmfoiftjzpf t*FvefEkdifiHY a&muf&SdaepOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awG‹qHkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf

olronf a':cif=unf. rdwfaqGjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;pk=unfESifh b0wavsmufvHk;wGif cspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfonf?
a':oef;at;udk xdkacwfu tqdkawmf ‘bdvyfjyefoef;’ [k vlodrsm;cJh.? q&mrtjzpf‚if;/
wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aomtcgwGif urBmhukvor*~Y yxrqHk; tr_xrf;aom jrefrmtrsKd;orD; jzpfvmonf?
ukvor*~wGif ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf=um tr_xrf;+yD;aemuff t+idrf;pm;,lum ,cktcg =op}wD;,m;EkdifiHY
aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf?

* * *
 p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv
(19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u
awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk
(Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek)
wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u
cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdu k faom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS
bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm;
csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf
tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;)
tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk
ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y
txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf?
Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk
pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf)

("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;)
tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf
Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf
atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf

+Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf
(0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh

(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf)
ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/
zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm;
xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr
b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu
0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY
xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf?
usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom
oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif
jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/
rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?)
+Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh
&JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom
twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;umv aemufydkif;Y jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef 0ifa&mufvmaom
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhyHk/ aemufqHk; ppf+yD;acwfY vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk
+Adwdo#wdk‹ vdkufavsm&onftxd tywfwukwf óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJhyHk ponfwdk‹udk pma&;q&mtrsm;u
tao;pdwf a&;om;wifjy+yD; jzpfygonf? a':cif=unf. twˆKy`wWdudkrl aphaphiSiS rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usr owd&aeaom tcsuftcsKdŒrSm txl;atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;udk twWvD (Attlee) tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk
acgif;aqmifum AdkvfcsKyfa&mufvmaom 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHY tqdk;qHk;aqmif;umv.
&moD'%fudk tvl;tvJcHae&csdef jzpfygonf? vef'efòrd‹v,fY ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;onf &Sif;vif;I
rxm;Edkifavmufatmif xlxyfpGmyHkae+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wnf;cdk&m a':csuf(pf)wm[dkw,f
(Dorchester Hotel) oGm;vrf;udkyif ydwfqdk‹vkrwwf jzpfaeygonf? ppf+yD;pacwf
òcd;+cHpGmaexkdifa&;pepfonf tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdojzifh jrefrmrsm;vnf; tjcm;vef'efwGif aexkdifol
vltrsm;enf;wl ae‹pOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm v#yfppf"mwftm; jzwfawmufcH&onfh'kuQudk aumif;aumif;}uD;
&ifqkdifae=u&ygonf? [dkw,fcef;rsm;wGif rD;aoG;rD;/ xif;rD;wdk‹ESifh [kef;[kef;awmufaeaom rD;vif;zdk}uD;rsm;
r&Sdyg? ao;i,faom "mwfrD;vif;zdkuav;rsm;om &Sdygonf? tae&txdkif& roufomvSaom
tcsdefjzpfaomfvnf;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfwufºuGjcif;wdk‹ jrifhrm;aecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh awG‹qHkEkdif&ef *±kwpdkuf pDpOfcJh.? vef'ef&Sd
jrefrmrsm;qdkonfrSm ynmoifaeolrsm;/ tvkyfvkyfudkif aexdkifaeolrsm;/ c&D;oGm;&if;vm&if; c%wðzwf
&yfem;aeolrsm;ESifh usruJhodk‹ cyf=um=um tvnftywfa&mufaeaom {nfhonfrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
pdk[dk&yfuGuf (Soho) &Sd jrefrmxrif;qkdifwqkdifwGif AdkvfcsKyftm; *k%fðyonfh {nfhcHyJGusif;y=uygonf?
tawmftwef jynfh=uyfaeaom {nfhy&dowfudk E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
usrwdk‹wOD;csif;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;pGm pum;ajymygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. &eH‹oif;aom *k%fowif;rsm; usrwdk‹xH
a&mufcJhonfrSm twef=umyg+yD? vltrsm; todtrSwfðy&aom ol. t&Sdeft0g/ awmufajymifvSaom ol.
wnf=unfajzmifhrwfr_/ twdkuftcHrsm;tm; udkifwG,f&mY vdrRmyg;eyfyHk/ *syefacwftwGif;u *syefrsm;ESifh
ppf+yD;cgeD;ESifh ppf+yD;acwfY t*Fvdyfrsm;tygt0if/ olESifh qufqHvkyfudkif&olrsm;ESifh tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tm%mydkifrsm;. av;pm;jcif;udk &,lEkdifyHk/ olvdkvm;onfh vGwfvyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;tm;
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifonfh tqifhwdkifatmif jrefrmEkdifiHudk o,faqmifvmcJhaom ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ponfh udpPtaygif;udk tm;vHk; odESifh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? TtrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;}uD;onf usrwdk‹
wOD;csif;pD. euf±_dif;aom ±dkaoav;pm;r_ukd &&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ol. ±dk;om;I [efyefrygaom cifrifr_onf
usrwdk‹. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;óuH;vdkufygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0ifrsm; tvkyfwm0efrS tm;vyfaom naersm;wGif usrudk
AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹wnf;cdkaeaom [dkw,f{nfhaqmifY xrif;pm;&ef zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? xrif;
pm;aomuf+yD;aomtcg "mwfrD;vif;zdk cyfrSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hum ppfrjzpfrDu ta=umif;rsm;/ *syefrsm;xHrS
ppfynmoif=um;pOfu ta=umif;rsm;/ tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;Edkifaom ypPKy`efumv
ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdk‹udk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefcJh&yHk ta=umif;wdk‹udkum;
rsm;pGm ajymavhajymxr&Sdyg? tzJG‹wzJG‹vHk;twGuf udk,fa&mpdwfyg oufomap&ef tyef;ajzcsdefyif
jzpfygonf? ppftwGif;umvwGif usru e,l;a'vD&Sd tdENd,jynfvHk;qkdif&m toHv$ifhXmeY
tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum

("gwfyHkrsm;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu
tay:
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdom;pk?
a&SŒwef;wGif xdkifaeolrSm
atmifqef;pk=unf

atmuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
pkpkudk ayG‹csDxm;pOf

(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg;tquf)
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh *syefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom tm&Se,fajrrsm;odk‹ toHv$ifhygonf? xdk‹aemuf qefz&efppPudk
(San Francisco) odk‹oGm;I ,ck AGDtdkat (VOA) ac: xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ppfjyef=um;a&;±Hk;Y tvm;wltvkyfrsKd; vkyfygonf? jrefrmjynfrSa&mufvmaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
rawG‹&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfI uJGuGmae=u&pOftwGif; jzpfa=umif;&,fwJhukefpifatmif
ajym&eftcsdefyif ravmufEkdifyg?
xdk"mwfrD;vif;zdk rSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hae=uonfh vlpkxJ yg0ifolrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ/ bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmwOD;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg usruJhodk‹aom {nfhonfrsm;
jzpf=uygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpf+yD;/ *syefacwfumvtwGif;u trnfcHt& vGwfvyfaom
jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfoHrª;tjzpf wdkusKdwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom Adkvfp}uFmvnf; xdkvlpkxJwGif yg0ifonf?
pum;tenf;i,fpJaomtcsdefrsm;Y olu *syefwGif aepOfu wwfcJhaom tvGrf;taqG;oDcsif;rsm;qdk+yD;/
usrwdk‹u jrefrmoDcsif;rsm; qkd=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu ol. rdom;pk/ ZeD;ESifh om;orD; oHk;a,mufta=umif;/
ti,fqHk;rSm rdef;uav;jzpfa=umif;wdk‹udk ajymavh&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;wdk‹twGuf vufaqmifrsm; 0,fay;yg[k usrudk
ajymygonf? odk‹ESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ tvkyfudpPrsm; +yD;pD;I vef'efrS jyefoGm;aomtcg ol. rdom;pk0if
wOD;csif;pDtwGuf usr 0,fay;vkdufaom vufaqmifrsm; AdkvfcsKyfESifh twlygoGm;ygonf? pktwGuf
t±kyf}uD;wck 0,fay;vdkufygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umaomtcg xdkt±kyf}uD;udk pku rysufrpD; aumif;rGefpGm
xdef;odrf;xm;vsuf&Sdao;onfudk awG‹&I usr auseyftHhtm;oifh&ygonf?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ rjyefrD &uftenf;i,ftvdkwGif rdrdwdk‹ +yD;pD;vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaom udpPt00ESifh
ywfoufI bDbDpDjrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS toHv$ifh&ef pmwrf;wapmifudk AdkvfcsKyf jyifqifxm;ygonf?
toHv$ifhrnfhae‹wGif usrwdk‹u AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmfwdk‹tm; bDbDpD pm;aomufqkdifYqHk+yD;
ae‹vnfpm twlpm;&efjzpfygonf? xdkae‹vnfpmpm;yJGrSm aysmf&$iftm;&zG,fr[kwfcJhyg? xrif;pm; pm;yJGonf
qdwf+idrfae+yD; AdkvfcsKyf. rsufESmrSm +cdrf;awmhrnfhrdk;uJhodk‹ tHk‹r_dif;ae.? bDbDpDjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf
Xmerª;jzpfol (t*FvdyftrsKd;om;wOD;) u t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfrdef‹cGef;.
tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk jzwfawmufjyifqifcJh+yD;/ rl&if; jrefrmpmwrf;udkvnf; tvm;wl jyifqif&rnf[k
t=uyfudkifaeygonf? bDbDpDrS xkwfv$ifhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;yg EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
xm;&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;uef‹owfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&efjzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;jyygonf?
Ttjzwftawmufrsm;udk vufcHvkduf&rnfavm/ toHv$ifhtpDtpOfudkyJ zsufodrf;vdkuf&rnfavmESifh
AdkvfcsKyfrSm pdwf'dG[jzpfae.? AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; ,lvmaom usru
pm;aomufcef;odk‹ tenf;i,f ta&mufaemufusygonf? usra&mufoGm;+yD;aemufydkif; wjznf;jznf;
wif;rmr_ESifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒr_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;um ae‹vnfpmpm;yJG pwifygawmhonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;xH toHv$ifhtpD&ifcH&ef xGufoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; óudwiftoday;jcif;
r&SdbJESifh ol. pmwrf;udk rðyvkyfoifh[k ol ,lqaom wnf;jzwfr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh rnfr#
rauseyfrESpfòrd‹jzpf&a=umif;udk &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;}uD; odomapcJh.? Tonfum; AdkvfcsKyf. toGifwyHk?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfvnf; +yD;qHk;I jyefcsdefvnf; eD;vmav+yD? AdkvfcsKyftm;
{nfhcH=unfh±_cJhaom t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;twGuf {nfhcHyJG}uD; usif;yygonf? {nfhy&dowfvnf;
tawmfrsm;ygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDreftrwfrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfudpPt00 tqifajyacsmarG‹ap&ef
wm0ef,lcJhaom tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/
jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmjynf. tem*wfwGif pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm;ESifh vma&mufEdkifaom jrefrmrSefor#wdk‹
toD;oD;yg0if=uygonf? {nfhcHyJGrwdkifrDnu AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk {nfhcHyJGY oDcsif;qdk&ef ajymygonf? usru
vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf [kwfrnfrxif[kajymum jiif;cJh.? {nfhcHyJGae‹Y *syefrsm; 0ifvmonftxd jrefrmjynfwGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhaom t*FvdyfrdwfaqGa[mif;wa,mufxH usr tvnfoGm;cJh.? ol.
tdrf&Sd&mt&yfrS vef'efodk‹ tjyefc&D;rSm aES;auG;vSI usrESifhtwl ygvmaom rdwfaqGrsm; {nfhcHyJG
ta&mufaemufusrnfpdk;um &ifwrr jzpfae.? {nfhcHyJGrrDvdkufu AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ESifh
aemufqHk;awG‹&rnfhtcGifhta&; vGwfoGm;rnfxifum usrwdk‹ ylyefae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
uref;uwef; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; a&mufoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu apmifhaeygonf? tcsrf;ajy rkef‹tenf;i,f
pm;aomuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:wifxm;aom pEN,m;&Sd&modk‹ ac:oGm;+yD;/
‘jrefrmtrsKd;orD;av;wa,mufu oDcsif;qdk{nfhcHygrnf’ [k y&dowftm; a=unmvdkufygonf? usrvnf;
oDcsif;qdk&ygawmhonf? xdknu qdkcJhaom oDcsif;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfoDcsif;wyk'f/ jyifopfoDcsif;wyk'fESifh
jrefrmoDcsif;wyk'fwdk‹jzpfygonf? ,ck jyefvnfawG;=unfhaomtcg aemufqHk;wyk'fudkom qdkcJhoifhonf[k
usr xifrdygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkoDcsif;udk jrefrmrsm;uom em;vnfESpfouf=urnf jzpfygonf?
xdkoDcsif;rSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od=uaom v_difxdwfacgifwif. ‘pdefjcL;=umanmif’ abmv,fjzpfygonf?
y&dowfu ,Ofaus;pGm =obmay;=uygonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:rS qif;&ef vmac:+yD;
usr. tqdkudk ol rnfr#oabmusESpfoufa=umif; ajymygonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)

tay:
atmifqef;OD;/
a':cif=unf/
atmifqef;vif;ESifh
pkpk (xkdifaeol)
1948 ckESpf

atmuf
pkpk ajcmufESpforD;t&G,f
1951 ckESpf

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ txl;av,mOfESifh vef'efòrd‹ajrmufydkif;&Sd ppfzufqdkif&mavqdyfrS
xGufcGmoGm;csdefY wwdkif;jynfvHk; ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;ESifh zHk;v$rf;xm;qJyif jzpfygonf? E_wfquf&ef tqifhjrifh
t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm; tzJG‹}uD;wzJG‹ a&mufaeygonf? usrwdk‹ jrefrmtcsKdŒvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl [kef;[kef;awmufaeonfh rD;vif;zdk}uD;. tyl&SdefESifh aEG;aeaom {nfhóudcef;r}uD;Y
oGm;a&mufpka0;aeygonf? usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;xkdifpum;ajym=uygonf? c%=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu
t*Fvdyfrsm;t=um;rS xvm+yD; usrwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymygonf? usrudk òyH;+yD; ‘usaemfwdk‹ESifh Armjynfudk
vdkufcJhygvm;’ [k ajymygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwd‹k taygif;tazmfwpk ESif;cJrsm;t=um;&yf+yD;
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ av,mOf&Sd&modk‹av#mufI xGufcmG oGm;aeonfudk ai;ar#mf=unfh&if; vufrsm;a0S‹&rf;
E_wfquf=uygonf? aqmif;ae‹uav;. vGrf;zG,fhtoGifESifh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh cJGcGm&jcif;/ txl;ojzifh
AdkvfcsKyfESifh cJGcGm&jcif;wdk‹a=umifh usrwdk‹wawG 0rf;enf;woo jzpfae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcrsm
wdkawmif;vSaom b0oufwrf;av;r#om usefawmhonfudkum; usrwkd‹ rnfuJhodk‹r# rrSef;qrdcJh=uyg?
*syefacwfESifh ppf'%fwdk‹a=umifh ysufpD;,k, d Gif;aeaom wkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifI
jrefrmjynfwGif acwfopfxGef;aprnf [lonfh AdkvfcsKyf o,faqmifoGm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;òydifbufwOD;. ya,m*a=umifh xdkESpfwGifyif òyduJGcJh&ygawmhonf? bk&ifcH. tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG‹
tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf tcef;twGif;odk‹ vlowform;rsm; twif;0ifa&mufvmum ppfaoewfrsm;jzifh
tv,fwGifxkdifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfudk OD;pGmypfcwf+yD; tjcm;yk*~Kdvf &SpfOD;udkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfoGm;ygonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; wEkdifiHvHk; owdw&,lusKH;r&jzpf&aom tmZmenfae‹/ 19 Zlvdkif 1947 ckESpf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. usef&pfol ZeD; a':cif=unfonf rdrdtwGufomru wrsKd;om;vHk;twGufyg
a=uuJGzG,f&m Ttjzpfqdk;}uD;aemufydkif;Y olrb0udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ygawmhonf? jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme/ xdk‹aemuf vlr_0efxrf;Xmewdk‹.
t}uD;tuJtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif.? rtm;rvyf tvkyfwm0efrsm;txJ epfðryfaepOfyif
uH=urRm.'%fudk aemufwzefcH&jyef.? 'kwd,om;jzpfol atmifqef;vif;crsm &efukeaf etdrf+cH0if;twGif;&Sd
a&uefabmif±dk;ay: upm;aepOf vdrfhusum a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smonf? atmifqef;vif;onf ‘pk’
txl;cspfjrwfEdk; tm;udk;aomtudkjzpfI pktzdk‹ xdktjzpfqdk;}uD;a=umifh pdwfwkefv_yfxdcdkufcJh&r_onf
tawmfESifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r&SdEkdifcJhyg? ‘pk’onf olr. tudkudk rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifouJhodk‹ olr.
zcifudkvnf; rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifcJhyg? zcif. b0Zmwfa=umif;/ pmayta&;tom;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; aqmf=ocsufrsm;ESifh (32) ESpfwm oufwrf;twGif; jzpfajrmufcJhaom tHh=ozG,f&m
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rSm ‘pk’twGuf tqufrjywfEdkifaom pJGvrf;csufw&yfjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unfonf om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfuyif olwdk‹. zcifay;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk
t+rJowd&aeap&ef óud;yrf;cJh.? AdkvfcsKyf. &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;ESifh olxlaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfrS
tzJG‹0ifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktay: xm;&Sdaom oHa,mZOfrSm ysufuGufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? xdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’
u wyfrawmfom;rsm;vufay: }uD;jyif;vmcJhonf[k yuwd&Sd&if;twkdif; ajymEkdifygonf?
t&nftcsif;ºuG,f0/ tawG‹tóuHrsm;jym;/ &mxl;&mcHjrifhrm;aom jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif; trsm;tjym;
a':cif=unfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifpGm qufqHjcif;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJh.?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;wOD;tjzpf ajymifajrmufpGm wm0efxrf;&GufcJhaom w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
OD;jrifhodef;qdkv#if woufwm &if;ESD;cifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;jzpfygonf? ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ =unf!dkr_/
cspfcifr_ paom t&Sdeft0grsm;u olESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹tay: v$rf;òcHxm;ygonf?
a':cif=unfonf rdrd. om;orD;rsm;tm; jrefrmhvlr_a&;ESifh udk,fusifhoDv. wefzdk;udk
tav;xm;+yD;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;udk ,Hk=unfudkif;±_dif;&ef oGefoifqHk;rcJh.? usr. tjrift& 0wfpm;/
oGm;vm/ aexdkifr_t&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;I vltrsm;jrifuGif;wGif‚if;/ tdrfwGif;todkif;t0dkif;wGif‚if;/ ‘pk’ onf
jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_t& pHwifavmufygonf? Oyrmwck ay;&rnfqdkv#if rdrdxuf wESpf/ w&uf/
wreuf}uD;olrSefor#udk udk,ftrlt,m/ E_wt f rlt,mt& ±dkaoav;pm;or_jyjcif;jzpfaom
vl}uD;rsm;a&SŒrS jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg cg;nGwfjcif;/ vl}uD;rsm;xHyg;wGif usKHŒusKHŒ,Hk‹,Hk‹ aexkdifjcif;/
,Ofaus;av;pm;aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&G;cs,foHk;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹rSm ‘pk’ twGuf
t±dk;pJGaeaom trltusifhrsm;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk‹ xif&Sm;vSaom jrefrmqefr_wdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’ udk
jrefrmrsm;u cspfjrwfEkd;=u+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifaomfvnf; ‘pk’ . jrefrmyDor_rSm
arS;rSdef,drf;,dkifoGm;onf[lI r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEdkifiHvlxk}uD;tm; pJGaqmifI ‚if;wdk‹. twufºuGqHk;/
tlv_dufonf;v_duf axmufcHr_udk ‘pk’ &,lEkdifjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; wcsufrSm olr. jrefrmyDor_yif
jzpfygonf?
1960 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf a':cif=unftm; tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? xdk&mxl;ae&mwGif 1962 ck OD;ae0if;u ppftm%modrf;ydkuf+yD; aemufydkif;Yyif
a':cif=unf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;onf olrtm; ±dkaoav;pm;r_twdkif;twm rnfr#
}uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoygonf? tvkyfoufwrf;+yD;qHk;I t+idrf;pm;,laomtcg a':cif=unfonf
tif;vsm;uefabmif&Sd rdrdtdrfY jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? tif;vsm;uefabmifwavsmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;avmurS txifu&yk*~Kdvftrsm;tjym; aexkdif=uygonf? ,ck ‘pk’ vnf;
xdktif;vsm;uefaetdrfwGifyif tus,fcsKyfb0ESifh txdef;odrf;cHae&ygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹odk‹ rdcifESifhtwl a&mufvmpOfu ‘pk’ onf uspfqH+rD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf}uD;rsm;ESifh
(15) ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,±_ESifhar&D uGefbifhausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary)
ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdk‹Y qufvufynmoifygonf? olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;rSm us,fjyef‹vmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh *s0g[mvmae±l;wdk‹. wdkif;jynfudk
pl;prf;avhvm em;vnfEkdif&ef ‘pk’ tzkd‹ tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? ‘pk’ . zcifvnf; Twdkif;jynfudk
a&mufzl;+yD; ae±l;ESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? ‘pk’ . rdcif
oHtrwftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&csdefwGif ae±l;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ A[kokw tawG‹tóuH us,fjyef‹ap&ef olr.rdcif pDpOfay;aom udpPrsm;teuf
*syefyef;tvSjyifenf;/ tEkynmoifjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk‹ yg0ifygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH orRw}uD;.
udk,f&HawmfwyfzJG‹avhusifh&m jrif;pD;uGif;Y tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ EkdifiHwum oHtrwfrsm;.
om;orD;rsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;. ajr;/ tif'D&m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;wdk‹ESifh ‘pk’ awG‹qHkavh&Sdygonf? eHygwf
(24) tuUbmvrf; (24 Akbar Road) &Sd aetdrfwGif pEN,m; qufoif&ygonf? xdkoHtrwfaetdrfonf
}uD;rm;I tvGefcef‹nm;wifhw,faom yef;O,sOfysK;d xm;onfh +cH0if;us,f}uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf?
tqifhtjrifhqHk; tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom tdrfrsKd;jzpf+yD; tpdk;&u
+Adwdo#vufxufuuJhodk‹yif vSyaumif;rGefpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? a':cif=unfudk
txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
‘pk’ txl;ESpfoufrufarmaom 0goemrSm pmzwfjcif;yif? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEdk;r_udk
tm;ay;cJhaom OD;tkef;udk ‘pk’ tpOf cspfcifaus;Zl;wifpGm owd&avh&Sdygonf? owif;pmq&mwOD;
jzpfcJhaom OD;tkef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tu|rf;0ifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD; ppf+yD;acwfY vef'efwGif
zqyvtzJG‹csKyf udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aemifwGif armfpudkòrd‹awmfodk‹
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? olonf ‘pk’ tm; zwfoifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
tay:
yef'pfae±l;ESifh a':cif=unf

atmuf
a':cif=unfESifh pk a'vDòrd‹wGif

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
zwfxdkufonfh jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpmtkyf pm&Sif;&Snf}uD;rsm; ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygonf? ‘pk’
. todynm tawG;tac:ydkif; zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdðyrd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;cJholrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;cJhaom
&efukefwuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;. wcsdefu t,f'DwmjzpfcJh+yD; ‘pk’ . zcifESifhtwl wuUodkvfwGif&SdcJhaom
OD;!dkjryif jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;wGif OD;!dkjrudk pme,fZif;orm;wOD;ESifh tvGefemrnf&aom
pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydk+yD;
‘pk’ zwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhygonf? OD;!dkjr vufaqmifay;cJhaom
tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Auf*EW0if pmtkyfwJG wpHkvHk; (Harvard Classics) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;+yD;
r=umc% zwfcJha=umif;vnf; ‘pk’ u ,ckxd owd&aeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u ‘pk’ udk pmayavmuwHcg;
zGifhay;cJhygonf? ‘pk’ . pmzwf0goemrSm tdENd,ra&mufrDuyif tjrpfwG,f+yD;jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹ qifajczHk;tpGeftzsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuGufwGif
*±kwpdkufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfrSm =um+yDjzpfI ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&
trnfwGifaom Ak'<bmomXmewck&Sdygonf? xdkXme jyefvnf&SifoefvmEkdifap&ef a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;
txl;ojzifh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,faom EkdifiHrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDudk a':cif=unf &,lcJhygonf?
Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS
Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdŒtwGuf jyefvnftouf0ifvm+yDjzpfaom tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfusa&mufaom
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf}uD;rsm; usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfðy&m urRÏmef; bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
trsKd;om;a&;udpPrsm;qdkif&m/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;qkdif&m tcrf;tem;
}uD;i,ftrsm;tjym;wdk‹wGif ‘pk’ yg0ifulnDcJh.? a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m; EkdifiHom;
Ak'<omoembkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&Sd.? ‘pk’ . tudkvnf;
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; t*FvefrS a&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tarESifh
orD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf. vkyfazmfudkifzuf oHwrefrsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;rS
tpcsDI tdENd,tpdk;&tzJG‹0iftaygif;wdk‹uvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,wGif &&SdcJhaom
tawG‹tóuHrsm;onf ‘pk’ twGuf tifrwef ta&;yg pdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;&SdaomarwWmESifh oHa,mZOfwdk‹rSm ckdifrmvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktcsdefu a'vD&Sd +Adwdo#r[mrif;}uD;rSm qmayg(vf)*dk;bl(of)(Sir Paul Gore-Booth)
aemiftcg avm('f)*dk;bl(of)/ (Lord Gore-Booth) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESifh ol. ZeD; yuf}wD&Sm (Patricia) wdk‹onf a':cif=unfESifh
aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJh.? xdkcifrif&if;ESD;r_rSm tdENd,Y jyefvnfqef;opf&Sifoefvmygonf? odk‹ESifh ‘pk’
atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmoif&ef oGm;aomtcg ayg(vf)ESifh yuf}wD&Smwdk‹u rdbudk,fpm;
=unfh±_apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,lcJh.? ‘pk’ onf olwdk‹. rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhodk‹/ olwdk‹ om;ESpfa,mufESifh
orD;ESpfa,mufwdk‹. nDtr&if;csmwOD;uJhodk‹ jzpfvmygonf? xdkrdom;pktdrfwGifyif ‚if;wkd‹.
rdwfaqGrsm;tjyif ‚if;wdk‹zdwf=um;{nfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk ‘pk’
odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;. toGiftjyif/ trltusifh/ tajymtqdkESifh xl;jcm;aom
"avhp±dkufuav;rsm;udk ‘pk’ pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmcJh.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm olr 0if&awmhvkqJjzpfonfh
us,f0ef;vSaom urBmavmurS yk*~Kdvfrsm;yif r[kwfygvm;?
aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; ‘pk’ onf rdcif&Sd&m e,l;a'vDodk‹ jyefavh&Sd.? odk‹aomf
wESpfwGif usrESifh tJ(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹ (Algiers) wGif vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD
ukvor*~jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH (Algeria) . òrd‹awmfodk‹ ajymif;a±$Œum
tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif; cH&ygonf? t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;(vf)'D*dk;(vf)
(Charles de Gaulle) tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwfxkd;+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwv f yfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um ±kef;uefr_aemufydkif;
wjznf;jznf; emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk‹a=umifh t,f(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹wGif ae&mxkdifcif;
tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom &yfuGufa'orsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom
[dkw,frsm;enf;yg;aejcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uef‹owfxm;jcif;wdk‹rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGifhvSpfpoH±Hk;rsm;/ ukvor*~±Hk;rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg tdrfae&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifae&mrsm;&&Sd&ef oJoJrJrJ vHk;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;wGif =umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm Twkdif;jynfrS
xGufcGmoGm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm ppfr_xrf;rnfhtpm;/
y&[dwvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;wdk‹wGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a±G;cs,faom jyifopftrsKd;om;vli,frsm;/
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ axmufyHha&; pDrHudef;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
‘pk’ a&mufvmcsdefrSm [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari Boumedienne) u tmrufbifbJvm;
(Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;avmufatmif ("gwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
tay:
pkESifh a':oef;at;
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;
a&muf&SdaepOf

atmuf
yef;csDq&m *sJ&,fu,fvD
a&;qJGxm;aom a':oef;at;.
yHkwlqDaq;yef;csDum;

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_uif;rJhaom tm%modrf;yJGðyvkyfum ðzwfcst+yD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfygonf?
zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcHyJGrsm;pGmodk‹ oGm;&rnfxuf ‘pk’ u tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awG‹qHkum
‚if;wdk‹wdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#udk avhvm&ef ydkrdkI pdwfxufoefygonf? ‘pk’ rSm zwf±_usufrSwf&ef
pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr'_ %fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm;
ulnDaxmufyHh&ef pDrHudef;rsm;udk uGyfuJaeaom tzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh usrwdk‹ qufoG,fygonf?
pDrHudef;w&yf. wm0efcHjzpfol vli,fwOD; vma&mufI ‚if;wdk‹vkyfief;ta=umif; &Sif;jyygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwGif usqHk;cJhaom &Jabmfrsm;. usef&pfolZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;
aqmufvkyfae=u&m tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef
zdwfac:óudqdka=umif; ajymygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;pcef;wGif &ufowWywftawmf=um
oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;ay;cJhygonf? tvkyfoGefoif}uD;=uyfolrSm ±k&Sm;vlrsKd;jzpf+yD;
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;rSm tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ a[mfvefESifh *smreD paom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?
‘pk’ . rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle) awmifwef;rsm;odk‹ vufxyfr*FvmyJGwyJG
wufa&muf=unfh±_&ef ac:oGm;zl;onf? usrwdk‹ESpfOD;twl q[m&oJuEWm&tpyf&Sd
òrd‹av;wòrd‹wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI
roGm;EkdifcJhyg? aemuf tvnftywfc&D;w&yftaeESifh a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfwnfcJhaom
òrd‹ysuf}uD;&Sd&modk‹ oGm;cJh.? xdkòrd‹ysufwGif;&Sd v[mjyifZmwf±Hk}uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom
wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHrsm;u ‘bifbJvm; touf&Snfygap’ [k pmvHk;}uD;rsm;ESifh
a&;xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ armfa&mfudkodk‹ c&D;wacgufxGufcJh+yD; pydefEdkifiH awmifbufurf;ajcudkvnf;
ajccsrdonfqdkoavmufawmh a&mufcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf jyefvnfpmzwf+yD; ausmif;ydwf&uftqHk;wGif
ausauseyfeyf}uD;ESifh atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ jyefoGm;EkdifcJhygonf?
bJG‹&+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf vydkif;r# pmoifydk‹csjcif;ESifh ordkif;q&m [,l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
ESifhtwl okawoevkyfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk aqmif±Guf+yD;aomtcg e,l;a,muf&Sd usrESifh vmIaeygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;,m;wGif av;ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufydkif; usr ukvor*~XmecsKyfodk‹
jyefa&mufaeygonf? rdom;pkrdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol z&ifhxa&*g (Frank Trager) u ‚if;tjynfjynfqkdifa&;&m
ygarmuQtjzpf aqmif±Gufaeaom e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfY ‘pk’ bJG‹vGefoifwef;wuf&ef pDpOfygonf?
ygarmuQxa&*gonf tar&duef axmufyHha&;tpDtpOfwckjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif ESpftwef=um aecJhzl;ygonf?
olonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SESifh ta&SŒzsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyef‹pGm c&D;vSnfhvnfzl;um/ xdka'orsm;.
udpPt00wdk‹wGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD;jzpfygonf? ola&;aom bm;rm;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrS orwEkdifiHodk‹
trnfcHpmtkyfxGufcJhonfrSmvnf; r=umao;yg? olonf ‘pk’ . wdk;wufr_udk *±kwpdkufavhvmygonf?
usrwdk‹ae&m òrd‹v,f ref[wfwif (Midtown Manhatten) rS e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfodk‹
oGm;&aombwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmf&Snf+yD; um;rl;wwfaom ‘pk’ twGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf?
bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;+cHwckudkjzwf+yD;/ 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif (Washington Square) odk‹ oifwef;wuf&ef
‘pk’ oGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&Sdaom vl=urf;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdygao;onf? ukvor*~±Hk;odk‹
usrwdk‹aetdrfrS ajcmufrdepfavmufom vrf;av#muf&ygonf? odk‹jzifh avmavmq,f ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif
tvkyf0if+yD; aemufrS pmqufoif&ef pdwful;ay:ygonf? tvkyfav#mufv$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
awG‹qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESifh jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf =uef‹=umr_ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;aomtcg ‘pk’
ukvor*~0efxrf;wOD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? oHk;ESpf=umr# ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif tvkyfvkyf+yD;
aemufqHk;ESpfESpfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh bwf*sufðypka&;qkdif&m t}uHay;aumfrwDudk taxmuftulðy&aom
ukvor*~±Hk;tzJG‹wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹EkdifiHrsm;.
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfxm;&jcif; r[kwfbJ/ b¾ma&;qkdif&mudpPrsm;wGif u|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpf
cef‹tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifh t&HtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzJG‹/
pm;eyf&duQmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tzJG‹rsm;uJhodk‹aom txl;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
bwf*sufrsm;udk xdkaumfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsufcsjyifqif+yD; oabmwlnDr_&&ef wifjy&ygonf?
tvkyfrsm;cufcJaomfvnf; ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfudk tao;pdwfpDppf&jcif;ESifh
xufjrufxl;c|efaom tzJG‹0ifrsm;wdk‹a=umifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? xdktzJG‹0ifrsm;ESifh ‘pk’
aumif;pGm odu|rf;vmygonf?
ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf naeydkif;ESifh owif;ywfukefydkif; tm;vyfcsdefrsm;Y
y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? ref[wfwif&Sd usrwdk‹aetdrfrS bwfpfum;ESifhoGm;v#if
q,frdepfcef‹oma0;aom bJ(vf)A,l; (Belleview) qdkonfrSm e,l;a,mufaq;±Hk}uD;wck.
tpdwftydkif;jzpfygonf? òrd‹}uD;&Sd tqif;&JqHk;/ ukr&aom a&m*gpJGuyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhrsm;twGuf
jzpfygonf? b0udk &ifrqkdifEkdifawmhbJ udk,fpdwfESpfjzmòydvJvkrwwf jzpfaeolrsm;udk xdkaq;±Hkodk‹
ac:vmavh&Sdygonf? vlrrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfðy&ef tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0if&ef trsKd;orD;/
trsKd;om;rsm; t+rJ ("gwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
pk &efukefaetdrfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdaeonfh ESpfrsm;wGif ±dkuful;xm;onf?

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
tvdk&Sdaeygonf? xdktpDtpOfwGif ‘pk’ yg0ifI tywfpOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;ygonf? Tum; olr
rdcif. y&[dwvkyfief; tpOftvmt& aqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHrS OD;oef‹onf ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyf jzpfygonf? ['fpifjrpfudk
vSrf;Ijrif&aom ol.tdrf}uD;onf &D;Am;a';(vf) (Riverdale) t&yfwGif&Sd+yD; usrwdk‹aetdrfrS um;ESifh
wem&Dcef‹ oGm;&ygonf? OD;oef‹tdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaom we*FaEGae‹ xrif;pm;yJGrsm;rSm usrwdk‹tzdk‹
tvGefpdwf±$ifvef;zG,f&m jzpfygonf? tjcm; jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vm=u+yD; usrwdk‹tóuduf
jrefrmtpm;tpmrsm; au|;arG;avh&Sdygonf? OD;oef‹. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;ae‹uJhodk‹aom txl;ae‹rsm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;tjyif EkdifiHwumrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg zdwf=um;{nfhcHygonf?
tpm;tpmrSmrl tpOft+rJ taumif;qHk;jrefrmxrif;[if;rsm; jzpfygonf? OD;oef‹rdom;pku
aEG;axG;ysLiSmum {nfh0wfausvSygonf? usrwdk‹url {nfhonfawG odyfrrsm;aom xrif;pm;yJGrsm;udk ydkrdkI
ESpfoufaomfvnf;/ xdktcgrsm;Yyifv#if vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ urBmhtajctae/ OD;oef‹udkifwG,fae&aom
jy\emrsm; ponfwdk‹udk pdwfygvufyg 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdyg? OD;oef‹. tdrf&SiftaeESifh
aqmif±Guf&aom wm0eft00a=umifh xdkuJhodk‹ pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rjzpfEkdifcJh[k xifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol OD;pdk;wif. zdwf=um;{nfhcHyHkrsm;rSmrl
tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf? olvnf; &D;Am;a';(vf)Yyif OD;oef‹. a*[mavmuf
}uD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;r&Sdaom tdrfwvHk;Y aeygonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD; usif;ycsdefjzpfaom
pufwifbmv 'kwd,tywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fcef‹twGi;f qdkv#if OD;pdk;wifonf tvkyfudpPrsm;/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ESifh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;udk {nfhcHau|;arG;&jcif;jzifh
rtm;rvyfjzpfaeavh&Sdygonf? tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifrl e,l;a,muf&Sd jrefrmrsm;udk ol. tdrfodk‹
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf tcgor,rsm;Y zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? usrwdk‹onf ol. ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udk
cifrifESpfoufygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf oabmxm;}uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrsm;udk odk;rsm;/
qdwfrsm;[lI cJGjcm;+yD; rqufqHyg? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm OD;ae0if;vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeudk
a0zefolwdk‹jzpf+yD;/ omreftm;jzifh oH±Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;. yxm;jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf? OD;pdk;wiftdrfYum;
tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefEkdifygonf? wcgw&H tjiif;tckefrSm jyif;xefaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh
aAGr,lwrf;/ cifrifaom oabmaqmifygonf?
wcsdefwGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH usif;yqJtcsdeftwGif; usrESifh ‘pk’ udk OD;pdk;wiftdrfodk‹
xrif;pm;zdwfygonf? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒu usrwdk‹ESifhawG‹vdka=umif; ajymygonf?
OD;pdk;wifonf tpOf,Ofaus;azmfa±GolwOD; jzpfaomfvnf; Tzdwf=um;yHkrSmrl xl;jcm;aeojzifh ‘wckckawmh
wckckyJ’ [k usr xifrdygonf? ol. &D;Am;a';(vf)aetdrfodk‹ usrwdk‹ ae‹v,favmuf a&mufoGm;ygonf?
yef;rsm;/ &GufvSyifrsm;/ teufESifh a±$a&mifjc,f jrefrm,Gef;xnfrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaom av;axmifhyHk
{nfhcef;}uD;twGif;&Sd qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk tcef;ab;udkuyfI a±$Œxm;+yD;/ aumfzDyef;uefwif
pm;yJG}uD;rsm;udk xdkifckHrsm;a&SŒwGif pDxm;.? qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xkdifrsm;ay:wGif taxGaxGnDvmcHwuf&ef
a&mufaeaom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;rsm; woDwwef;}uD; xdkifae=u.? usrwdk‹ESifh rawG‹zl;ao;aom
olrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;+yD; ‘pk’ udk tcef;wzufpGef;Y vl}uD;ESpfa,muft=um;wGif xkdifapygonf? usrudkrl
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk OD;aqmifol Adkvfrª;}uD;armifvGif&Sd&mESifh ra0;vSaom vlESpfOD;t=um;Y xdkifapygonf?
OD;pdk;wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm; vdkufIurf;jcif;/ tmvl;a=umf paom oGm;&nfpmrsm;udk
pm;yJGrsm;ay:csjcif; ponfh 0wW&m;rsm; +yD;pD;onfESifh txl;{nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh xdkufwefatmif
csufðywfxm;aom xrif;yJGudk t+yD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJodk‹ xGufoGm;ygonf? tm;vHk; tv†my/
ov†my pum;rsm; ajym=uygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf ,Ofaus;pGm òyH;aeaomfvnf; tae&cufaeyHk&ygonf?
a&muf&Sdaeaom vlpkvla0;u ‘pk’ tay:wGif pD&ifcsufwrsKd;rsKd;cs&ef pdkif;jyif;aeonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufrsKd; csrnfudkawmh usr rawG;Ekdifjzpfaeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJu
OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf? ‘pk’ rnfuJhodk‹ ukvor*~Y tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/
rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ygoenf;/ olrrdcifonf oHtrwf}uD; r[kwfawmhojzifh ‘pk’
taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm
rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr
odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf?
wpkwa0;vHk;u OD;vGifajymor#udk rsufESmvdkrsufESm& atmufusKdŒaomtoGifjzifh
axmufcHoHrsm;ðyum ‘pk’ udk 0kdif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’ u taerysuf wnf+idrfpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm
usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru Áa¹EN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodk‹aom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
=uef‹=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk‹ olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY
uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJhaom EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk
vef'efoH±Hk;rS ydk‹ay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk
0rf;ompGmjyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEkdif&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpfap/
±dk;±dk;yJjzpfap) wrsKd;rsKd; vkdtyfonfudk tcef;wGif;&Sd OD;av;tm;vHk; em;vnf=urnf[k olr ,lqa=umif;/ ‘pk’
u ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh wdusaumif;rGefaom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;I
ajymoGm;ygonf?
vef'efrS jrefrmoHtrwfu xum ‘pk’ taeESifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef
av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &Sd+yDjzpfa=umif;udk twnfðyum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk
&efukefodk‹ydk‹xm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf;
ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todk‹enf;wl
aESmifhaES;=uef‹=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsL±dku&uf,EW&m;ESifh
tvkyftudkifryDjyifr_rsm;ta=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS
tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESifh rdrdvyk fcJhyHkrSvJGI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJh[k
oabmwl=uygawmhonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; rwifrusjzpfvm.?
awmif;yefouJhodk‹aom avoHESifh tputajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg EkdifiHul;vufrSwf±Hk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef
oludk,fwkdifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? Tyk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;rSm ‘pk’ xuf touftm;jzifh
}uD;=uolrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsi;f tm;jzifh }uD;olrsm;r[kwf[k usr xifrdygonf?
usrvnf; csufaumif;,lum ‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rvdkawmhwJhae‹ jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk‹ usrwdk‹
ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ’ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwdk‹ ae‹v,fpmpm;=uygonf?
t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; “pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k
,lqaomtcgrsm;Y ‘pk’ u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&Sd±Hkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;”[k
aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrmS ‘pk’ onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk‹. orD;jzpfojzifh
awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk‹&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh ‘pk’ onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr
rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf?
ukvor*~±Hk;Y oHk;ESpf=um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf qufvufwm0efrxrf;awmhbJ
om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odk‹ESifh
b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol
rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;.
pmjyq&mtjzpf‚if;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpf‚if; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
blwefY wESpfcef‹ aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJG‹wGif;odk‹ r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh ‘pk’ onf
csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? ‘pk’ wdk‹
ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk‹ jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum;
vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJG‹oifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk‹'fY
ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
uav;rsm;tm; ðypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk‹jzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf?
rdom;pkudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&if; ‘pk’ pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf?
pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;
pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf;
wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;jym;vmygonf? odk‹ESifh olwdk‹. atmufpzdk‹'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? ‘pk’ onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef
pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif;
a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm;
wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfðypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd
ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG‹,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr.
vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHk‹v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy&ef
wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd ‘pk’ vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm
tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk awG‹qHkum/ ‚if;wdk‹rSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh
*syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðycJhygonf? awG‹qHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;
wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm;
vmonf)

("gwfyHk)
pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae‹/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae‹ 1972 ckESpf

tay: - blwefEkdifiH awmifay:c&D; 1971 ckESpf

atmuf – cifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhtwl/ armfvòrdifòrd‹wGif 1973 ckESpf

om;OD; tvufZENm;
(jrifhqef;atmif)
ESifhtwl
1973

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
rsm;vnf; us,fjyef‹vmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;òrd‹&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH
tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u
atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu ‘pk’ ESifh wdkusKdòrd‹odk‹ ygvmygonf? 1986
ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdk‹ESifhtwl vmae&ef ‘pk’ u
zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcef‹oGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifh‚if;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef
*syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh‚if; ‘pk’ cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf?
*syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k ‘pk’ ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk‹ ‘pk’/
om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f
tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY ‘pk’ vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr
tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdk‹wkdufcef;Y wvcef‹ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?
Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹.
±Hk;tzJG‹rsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹a&mufvmygonf?
cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf
pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk
ðypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef‹
tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk ae‹wkdif;vdkvdkyif
awG‹jzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf
wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef
qkawmif;ydk‹oaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf tdrfaxmifrðyrDu‚if;/
tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomtcgY‚if; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf
om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsuaf phrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;.
&Sifðyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf
rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd‹ &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk
tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf)

tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk‹ tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf
atmuf – om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifðypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yO…if;/
a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yO…if;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm)

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
‚if;wdk‹ESifh awG‹qHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf?
odk‹aomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom
avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ 1987
pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY
a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm;
ðypk&ef &efukefodk‹ vdkufoGm;ygonf?
1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u
qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm;
&SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? ‘8-8-
88’ ae‹onf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae‹ jzpfygonf?
TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI
usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;òrd‹ wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh
w±kwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? ‘pk’ acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf
t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum;
r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf?
‘pk’ onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taejzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;ygonf? Tpnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;rsm;
zGifhvSpf&efomru OD;ae0if;. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ppftm%m&Sifpepf (aemufykdif;wGifawmh t&yfom;ta&òcH
ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHŒpdwfrsm;rS
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; ±kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf?
jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;ðyum olr.zcifuJhodk‹yif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodk‹a&mufatmif
pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodk‹wifjy&eftwGuf
t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfðryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS
qENjy&ef Edk;=um;vmcJh=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;ay;&ef jrefrmbmompum;onf
ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ jynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;&eftwGuf ‘pk’ onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk;
tvGefyifyef;pGm tm;xkwf&onfhtjyif ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif tEW&m,frsKd;pHkESifh pGef‹pm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
óuHawG‹&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef‹t& vl av;OD;xufydkI pka0;jcif;onf
Oya'ESifhqef‹usif+yD; ppfwyfu tiftm;oHk;um vlpkcJGcGifh&Sdygonf?
wcgwGif ppftpdk;&. trdef‹xkwfjyefxm;csufESifhtnD[k xifygonf? =unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;u
‘pk’ ESifh olr. pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG‹0ifwdk‹udk a&SŒqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum
vrf;c&D;udk ydwfqdk‹ygonf? ‘pk’ u tvGefwnf+idrfpGmjzifh olr.tazmfrsm;udk ab;odk‹z,fI apmifhae&efrSm+yD;
olru vrf;udk wOD;wnf;om qufIoGm;ygonf? olru vdktyfv#if toufwacsmif;udkompGef‹&efESifh
,if;rSmvnf; olr. toufomjzpfap&rnf[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf
tvGef&J&ifh+yD; atmifjrifr_vnf; &cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkaemufqHk;tcsdefydkif;uav;rSmyif ab;rS
Adkvfrª;wa,mufu =um;0ifI ypfcwfrnfudk wm;qD;cJhygonf? wcgw&H ‘pk’ u olrrdcif a':cif=unf.
pnf;urf;pepfuspGm oGefoifxdef;a=umif; vrf;n$efr_atmufwGif olr }uD;jyif;vmcJh&yHkrsm;udk ajymjywwf+yD;
Todk‹aom yJhjyifoGefoifr_rsm;a=umifhyifv#if b0wGifawG‹óuH&aom rxifrSwfonfh tcuftcJ/ 'kuQrsm;udk
ausmfv$m;atmifjrifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? qdkcJh+yD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodk‹aom tcuftcJ
t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGmxJrS wckomjzpfygonf?
Ttjzpftysufta=umif;udk =um;&/ zwf&onfhtcg usrtaeESifh a':cif=unfudk wzefjyefvnf
owd&apygonf? tcgaygif;rsm;pGm olrvnf; vuf±Hk;&nf/ jzwfxdk;Om%fESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf/ xdk;xGif;Om%f/
rdrdtvdkodk‹ygatmif qJGaqmifpnf;±Hk;wwfr_ESifh vltrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif qufqHwwfr_wdk‹udk toHk;csum
tusOf;t=uyfxJrS vGwfatmif qdk;0g;aom ab;tEW&m,frS z,f&Sm;Ekdifatmif }uHaqmifEkdifcJhygonf?
a':cif=unfu usrwdk‹udk olr awG‹óuHcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;pGmudk ajymjywwf+yD; ‘pk’ vnf;
Ttjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? a':cif=unfonf tvkyfwm0efrS
t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemufrSmyif trsm;ESifhqufqH&mY tvGefodkodyfjcif;/ rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk‹ &SdcJhygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmrl trsm;od+yD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; vuf±Hk;&nfa&m/ ESvHk;&nfyg jynfh0&atmif
woufwmvHk; óud;yrf;cJhygonf?
‘pk’ . oabmobm0ESifh }uHŒcdkifaompdwf"mwfwdk‹. Zpfjrpfudk avhvmpl;prf;&mwGif usr.
&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr}uD;udk trSDðyum tvGefxl;qef;&Sm;yg;aom tzl;tyGifhuav;wck
jzpfay:vm&ouJhodk‹yif rdbESpfOD;udk t&if;cH+yD; Txl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom &ifaoG;wOD;jzpfxGef;vm&yHkudk
qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?
 ‘pk’ ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom
ZJGvHk‹vESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf
tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS
=unfhwwfjcif;/ olwyg;. qkdvdk&if;udk em;vnfwwfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ESifh &efrlr_rsm;ESifh awG‹óuH&aomtcg
Áa¹ENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk‹'fwGif
ynmoif=um;cJhaomESpfrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrb0ESihf olr. om;ESpfa,mufudk ðypkysKd;axmif&r_/
tiftm;csdeJ‹olrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *±kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyef‹aom
oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dki;f / ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom olr. pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;/ olr. tqdkt&
olrcifyGef;onfudk pHerlemðyI tm;ustwk,l+yD; ynmxl;c|efatmif avhvmvdkufpm;r_/
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif &&SdcJhaom tawG‹tóuHrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹udk pkaygif;vdkufaomtcgwGif &v'frSm
&ifhusufr_/ vdkufavsmnDaxGqufqHwwfr_/ tvGefta&;ygaom pdefac:r_rsm;udk vdkvm;pGm
udkifwG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? twdkajym&v#if ‘pk’ onf tzdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolw&yfvHk;.
ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf?
,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif olrtwGuf tcsdefonf &yfwef‹vsuf &SdaeouJhodk‹ xif&aomfvnf;
olr. t&nftaoG;rsm; ydkrdkpl;&Sawmufajymifvmr_udkrl rwm;qD;Edkifyg? olrudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&aom
vlwpkudk,fwkdifuyif olrudk txifr}uD;bJ raeEdkif=u[k ,lqygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay:
v$rf;òcHvsuf&Sdonfh “a=umuf±GHŒjcif; qdkaom r_dif;xk}uD;” udk òzdcJGypf&ef olr. óud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm
tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom &nfrSef;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ T&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifatmif wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf
olrwGif um,pGrf;&nf/ Om%pGrf;tm;/ jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹ESifhvnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf?
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?
* * *
pkESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹ta=umif;udk txufygtwdkif; usra&;cJhonfrSm
tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
TtcsdeftwGif; usrwdk‹. jrefrmjynfolrsm; rnfodk‹aomtajctaersm; óuHawG‹ae=u&ygovJ?
‘pk’ wa,mufa&m b,frSmvJ? jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeonf[k
toHaumif;v$ifhaeaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ (e0w) u olwdk‹tajymESifhnDatmif
bmawGrsm; vkyfae=uygovJ?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;avmufatmifyif usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;rSm yifyef;qif;&Jr_ESifh
emusifr_rsm; jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeqJjzpfygonf? omrefvlwa,muftwGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmvnf;
edrfhus+rJomjzpfygonf? e0w u aps;uGufwGif vloHk;ukefrsm; ydkI aygrsm;vmygonf[k qdkaomfvnf;
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;rSm wuf+rJwufvsufom jzpfaeygawmhonf? jrefrmwjynfvHk;udk a=umuf&GHŒjcif;u
v$rf;rdk;xm;qJjzpfygonf? wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;tzJG‹0ifrsm;uvnf; xHk;pHtwkdif; ae&mtESH‹&Sdaeygonf?
rnfolr# wOD;tay:wOD; r,Hk=unf&J=uyg? Oya'ESifhrnDaom wzufowftrdef‹pD&ifcsrSwfjcif;rsm;/
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh wyfrawmfuom }uD;pdk;cs,fvS,fjcif;wdk‹vnf; qufIjzpfyGm;aeygonf?
tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aom wyfrawmftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udkvnf;
vlwkdif;todyifjzpfygonf? rnfonfha0zefr_udkrS cGifhrðy/ vufcH=uyg? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhqdkonfrSmvnf;
vHk;0r&Sdyg?
e0w u ‚if;wdk‹. uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fr_aygif;rsm;pGmxJrS tenf;i,fudk tav#mhay;oa,mif
[efjyaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif vlxku ,Hk=unfvmatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? xkdif;/ w±kwfESifh jrefrmwdk‹
arSmifcdkul;jcif;vkyfief;ukd w&m;0ifcGifhðy+yD; vrf;rsm; zGifhay;vdkufjcif;onfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;udk
rnfodk‹r# racsmifvnfapyg? ppftpdk;&u w±kwf/ xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹ESifh ydkrdkcifrif;&if;ESD;pGm qufqHjcif;jzifh
ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk‹. tem*wftwGuf &ifav;zG,fjzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf
qif;&JwGif; ydkIeufapygonf? EkdifiHtwGif;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rwefwq aps;rsm;avsmhIa&mif;+yD;
&onfhaiGjzifh vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeaom rqHk;Ekdifonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGrsm;wGif
toHk;ðy&eftwGuf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l=uygonf?
e0w u olwdk‹ajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒudk a&G;cs,fac:,l+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;yaeygonf? olwdk‹u
“ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t&if;cHaom tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qJG&ef” óud;yrf;aeonf[k ajymygonf?
olwdk‹a&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom “[kwfuJh” [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif
tcsKdŒu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðyaom tcef;u¾rS
yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkðyonfudk uef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh tm%mudk tcsdet f uef‹towfr&Sd qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifatmif
tuGufqifxm;aom vkyf&yfwckomjzpfonf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk‹. vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsr_
trsKd;rsKd;cH&ygonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1991 ESifh 1992 ckESpfrsm;wGif xkdodk‹aom
a0zefuef‹uGufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf? 1992 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom
a=unmcsufwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu owfowfrSwfrSwf trnfESifhwuG xkwfazmfum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tjcm;xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&SiftzJG‹u *sDeDAmòrd‹Yusif;yaom aqG;aEG;yJGwGif
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJh+yD; twdkuftcHtzJG‹.
txif&Sm;qHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk e0w u qufIzrf;qD;xm;jcif;udkvnf;
±_wfcscJhygonf? Taumfr&Sifu jrefrmjynftwGif;Y qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfh
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefr_rsm;/ Oyrm &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf t"rRajymif;a&$Œapjcif;/ jynfolrsm;udk
twif;t=uyf ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf ckdif;apum tpmrau|;bJxm;jcif;/ ppfa=umif;ta&SŒrS
rdkif;&Sif;&mwGif vlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;/ ppfyJGrsm;rS zrf;qD;aom ppfoHk‹yef;rsm;udka&m/
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkyg vlrqefpGm n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD; jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH&eftwGuf
txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;tm; ESpf}udrfapv$wfcJhygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. wav;wpm;qufqHr_udk qHk;±_H;cJh+yD;
,ckrSom ðyjyifxm;aom toGifwrsKd;tm; urBmhEkdifirH sm;udk wifjy&ef óud;pm;aeygonf? tcsnf;ESD;ygwnf;?
a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ uav;rsm;ygrusef bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk‹rSm +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkjrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfjzwfjcif;ukd rnfonfhtcgrS arhEkdif=urnfr[kwfyg? ,ckwkdif jyif;xef=urf;wrf;&ufpufaom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
twdkuftcHrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ae&mwGif txl;ojzifh vlrqefaom n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;
toHk;ðyae=uonfudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u pHkprf;od&SdcJh=u+yD;
±_wfcsuef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? e0w . todomtxif&Sm;qHk;aom tjypfwckrSm 1990 jynfhESpf arvwGif
usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonfh ‘pk’ wnfaxmifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;ajryHkay:udk
wifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxHodk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udpPudk ra&&ma0;uGmvSonfh
tem*wfqDodk‹ a&$Œqdkif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
 urBmhEkdifiHrsm;tv,fwGif e0w ppftpdk;&. *k%foduQmrSm usqif;cJh&oI ‘pk’ rSmrl ol.
EdkifiHwGif;Yomru wurBmvHk;.tjrifwGif *k%f&SdefjrifhwufausmfaZmvsuf&Sdaeygawmhonf? olrudk
tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;+yD; vljrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;xm;onfh=um;uyif olr. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu
1990 arva&G;aumufyJGwGif v$wfawmfae&mtrsm;qHk; tEkdif&cJhygonf? urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;u olrudk
*k%fxl;rsm;/ qkrsm; tajrmuftjrm; tyfESif;cJhygonf? xkdtxJrS tjrifhrm;qHk; qkwckrSm olr.
t=urf;rzufaom 'Drkdua&pD/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh olr. jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf
vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sdatmif &yfwnfcsuf/ óud;yrf;csufrsm;twGuf 1991 ckESpfwGif *k%fðycsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&aom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkyif jzpfygonf? EdkbJvfaumfrwD. obmywdu qkay;yJGwGif rdef‹=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;wGif
“olronf ,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru useftm&SwcGifESifh tjcm;aom urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;wkd‹wGif
ay:aygufaeaom t=urf;zufr_wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;
jzpfay:vma&;wdk‹twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. txdef;trSwfoauFwwckyifjzpfygonf” [k ajymoGm;ygonf?
1993 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;u awmiftmz&durS c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; bda&Smhwl;wl;ESifh
wdbufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vdkifvm;rm;wdk‹tygt0if tjcm;EdkbJvfqk&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzJG‹wzJG‹u
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;&ef txl;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? odk‹aomf t&mrxifcJhygay? xdktzJG‹u
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck ðyvkyfcJhygonf? e0w ESifh urBmw0Srf;odk‹ toHv$ifhcJhygonf? olwdk‹u
“a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf urBmw0Srf;wGif vGwfvyfjcif;. txdrf;trSwfoauFwjzpf+yD;
jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkvnf; pdwf"mwfwufºuGatmif v_H‹aqmfEdkifqJyifjzpfygonf? olrudk
vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;&ef oifhygonf” [k ajymcJhygonf?
tif;vsm;uefab;rS olr. aetdrftwGif; wOD;wnf; tcsdef=um&SnfpGm csKyfaESmifr_cHae&onfrSm
,ckqdkv#if ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfaom ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk usr awG;aerdygonf?
Todk‹aom qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifEkdifatmif b,ft&mursm; olrudk
pGrf;aqmifay;aeygvdrfh?
olr taumiftxnfazmf }uHaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh &nfrSef;csufrSm txl;rGefjrwfvS+yD; rvJGraoG
rkcsatmifjrif&vdrfhrnf[laom rnfodk‹r# ,kdifESJ‹zsufqD;ypfI r&Edkifonfh ckdifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwck olrwGif
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
'Drkdua&pDESifh jrefrmjynfoltaygif;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdatmif
óud;yrf;csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf; ‘pk’ u olr. rdom;pkxHrS tqHk;pGefaom ,Hk=unfr_/ em;vnfr_ESifh
axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk &xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ xHwGif yifudk,fpGrf;&nfowWdrsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?
pl;&Sxufjrufaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh todOm%f/ tvdrRmrsm;vnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? pnf;pepfvnf;us+yD;
olr.b0udk ynmA[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESifh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmusifh}uHjcif;tm;jzifh
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olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyf. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay:xm;aom AdkvfcsKyf.
arwWmapwemESifh vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifpGm owd&vsuf&Sdaea=umif;rsm;udk ‘pk’
t+rJpOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf[k usr xifygonf?
olru trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ &&Sda&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD;
oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifatmif
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‘pk’ onf usrwdk‹. jrifuGif;rsm;rS aysmufaeaomfvnf; usrwdk‹. tawG;rsm;xJrS rnfonfhtcgrS
uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;a&m/ jynfywGifa&mufaeol
jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;yg tm;vHk;u ‘pk’ udk owd&ae+yD;/ ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk awG;awmvsuf&Sdae=uygonf?
urBmuvnf; ‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkvnf; apmifhar#mfvsuf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rS
vGwfajrmufatmif vrf;jyac:aqmif&rnfh olr. uH=urRmudk olr jznfhqnf;cGifh&awmhrnfh xdktcsdeftcgudk
apmifh=unfhae=uygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkESifhtwl &Sdaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkbufrSom
&yfwnfygonf? jrefrmjynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ‘pk’ u jznfhpGrf;ay;rnfqdkonfudk
pdk;pOf;r#yif oHo,rjzpfrdyg?
‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkom usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ar#mfvifhw}uD; apmifhpm;aerd=uygawmhonf?

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1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv

aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef;

1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae‹Y atmfpvdkòrd‹awmfwGif usif;yaom 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
csD;jr‡ifhyJGtcrf;tem;Y aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpwuf (Francis Sejersted)
ajym=um;aomrdef‹cGef;

* * *
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,ae‹ Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk‹ pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. xif&Sm;aom
vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk *k%fðy&efESifh olrtm; 1991 ckESpftwGufjzpfaom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk csD;jr‡ifh&efyif jzpfygonf? cHpm;csuf trsKd;rsKd;/ tzHkzHkjzpfay:&onfh
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todtrSwfðyaeaom óud;yrf;r_}uD;rSmvnf; qHk;cef;a&muf&ef vdkygao;onf? olronf
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a&muf&Sdaeygonf? olr rvma&mufEkdifonfhtwGuf usaemfwdk‹ pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm;
jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; olr.rdom;pk cHpm;ae&aom pdk;&drfylyefr_ESifhpmv#if ajymyavmufrnfr[kwfyg?
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tvGefyif udk,fjcif;pmemrda=umif; Ttcrf;tem;wGif ajymvdkygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf oifwdk‹ESifhtwl
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usaemfwdk‹ rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
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av;eufpGmwm0ef,lr_ESifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)

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tay: - EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkwHqdyf
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jyo&mwGif olronf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyol jzpfaeygonf?
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olr.pmwrf;wckwGif tm%ma=umifhr[kwfbJ a=umuf±GHŒr_a=umifhom vlom;wkdif;
azmufjyef=ujcif;jzpfonf[k pwifa&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? olr. wdkif;jynfrS tm%m&Sifpepftm;
&nf&G,fI a0zefxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹u OD;aqmifvrf;jyðy&rnfjzpfaom jynfolvlxkudk ‚if;wkd‹u
a=umuf&GHŒaeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ azmufjyefapcJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf? Tonfa=umifh ‚if;wdk‹onf
raumif;r_oHo&m vnfae=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olr.tawG;tac:wGif a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJh&ef
E_d;aqmfcsufonf OD;pGmyxrtaejzifh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom E_d;aqmfcsufjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;
a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;rJh=u&ef awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfygonf? olrudk,fwkdifvnf; a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJha=umif;udk
vufawG‹jycJhygonf? olronf aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfudk wudk,fwnf; qef‹usifcJholjzpfygonf?
Todk‹aomowWdudk rnfonfht&mu cHEkdifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqHk;trdef‹ay;vdkufol Adkvfrª;.
pdwfxJwGif rnfodk‹&Sdygoenf;? olr.owWdudk av;pm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ =urf;wrf;aom tiftm;jzifh
rnfonfht&mudkr# atmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfonfudk ,if;Adkvfrª; oabmaygufoGm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifygonf?
t=urf;zufr_. tqdk;0g;qHk;aom&efolonf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI ,if;udkwkdufzsuf&mwGif
a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJhjcif;onf txufjrufqHk; vufeufjzpfygonf? olr. tm;uszG,f&m &JpGrf;owWda=umifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf *ENDESifh zcifjzpfol atmifqef;uJhodk‹ tmedoif}uD;rm;aom oauFw
trSwftom;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf ‚if;.óud;yrf;r_rsm; r+yD;jywfao;rD
aoewfypfcH&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh atmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rS z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnf[k
vkyf}uHowfjzwf&efpDpOfolrsm;u ,lqcJhygv#if rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufomjzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf
vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynftwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_. oauFwjzpfvm+yD; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk
wnfaqmufEkdif&ef ,ck wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;aeolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfwufºuGaponfh yk*~Kdvfvnf;
jzpfvmygawmhonf? Todk‹ pHerlemxm;p&m/ pdwf"mwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxkpdwfESvHk;wGif
atmifqef;&,lxm;onfhae&ma=umifh ‚if;aoqHk;+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf
EkdifiHa&;pwifvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfaomtajccHudk &&SdEkdifcJhygonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfudk qufcHcJh+yD;
,cktcg olrudk,fwkdifyif jrefrmjynfwGifomrubJ tm&SwdkufwcGifvHk;ESifh tjcm;urBmhae&m tESH‹tjym;wGif
t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;csuf.
oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owWdESifh jrifhrm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹onf usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdaom
taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk ay:xGufvmaprnf[k usaemfwdk‹uJhodk‹aom omrefyk*~Kdvfwdk‹u cHpm;=u&onf[k
usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? tem*wfwGif ,Hk=unfr_&Sdaeao;&eftwGuf olruJhodk‹aomyk*~KdvfrsKd;udk usaemfwdk‹
vdktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr óud;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpf+yD;
olrudk rw&m;vkyfwkdif; usaemfwdk‹ESvHk;om;wGif tjrwfwEdk; apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;onfht&mudk
csKd;azmufcH&ouJhodk‹yif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&ol TtrsKd;orD;onf
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xdkae&mY&Sdaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwdk‹ ydkI
,Hk=unfudk;pm;vm=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1945 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;ygonf? olr.zcif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu olronf
(2) ESpforD;jzpfygonf? zcifudk rSwfrdEdkifaomt&G,fr[kwfyg? rdcifjzpfolrSm oHwrefjzpfojzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf i,fpOfumvu‚if;/ aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif‚if; EdkifiHjcm;Y aexdkifcJhygonf? 1967
ckESpfwGif olronf atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹[l‹pfaumvdyfrS EdkifiHa&;ynm/ '\eduaA'/ abm*aA'
bmom&yfrsm;jzifh bJG‹&cJhygonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI e,l;a,mufòrd‹ ukvor*~XmecsKyfwGif (2) ESpfr#
tvkyfvkyfygonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif olronf wdbufa&;&m +Adwdo#ynm&Sifjzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh
vufxyfygonf? blwefEkdifiHwGif acwWaexdkif+yD;aemuf atmufpzdk‹'fwGif 1975 ckESpfavmufY
jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? olronf uav;i,f (2) a,muf&Sdaom tdrf&Sifrwm0eftjyif
ynma&;bufwGifvnf; qufvufóud;pm;+yD; jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh pmayukd t"duxm;avhvmygonf? olronf
*syefjynf usKdwdkwuUodkvfESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhokawoeXmewdk‹wGif {nhfonfawmfynm&Siftjzpf
avhvmcJhygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyefvmaomtcgwGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif avhvmjcif;udk &yfem;vdkuf&ygonf? Todk‹aom jyifytjzpftysufrsm;u
1988 ckESpfY olr pwifrnfh tcef;u¾udk &nfn$ef;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomf olronf aumif;pGm tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;+yD;olyif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. uH=urRmESifhywfoufI tpOfojzifh olr &ifav;aecJh&aom
om"ursm;&Sdygonf? olronf wae‹wGif jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyef&zG,f&m&Sdonf/ ,if;odk‹aomtcgwGif
cifyGef;onf. axmufcHtm;ay;r_vdka=umif; olru ajymcJhonfudk olr.cifyGef;u ajymcJhzl;ygonf? olr
avhvmqnf;yl;aom udpP&yfrsm;wGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. acwfopforkdif;udkom ydkI
t"duxm;avhvmonfudk awG‹&ygonf? zcifESifh jrefrmhorkdif;wGif zcifjzpfol yg0ifcJhaom tcef;u¾udk
avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh olr. EkdifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_ESifh zcif. t±dkuft&m qufcH&rnf[laom oabmudkvnf;
ydkrdkckdifrmvmapygonf?
 *syefodk‹oGm;aomtcgY zcifjzpfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vdkufaeouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;&ygonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; atmifqef;onf *syef&Sd ppfpcef;wckwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk
wnfaxmifjcif;yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefu usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif
atmifqef;wdk‹tzJG‹vnf; twlvdkufygvmcJhygonf? odk‹aomf r=umrDwGif ‚if;wdk‹onf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk
wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif ‚if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh
aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk‹ a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk
avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk‹.
udkvdkeDacwftawG‹tóuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_
±dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
orkdif;onf ta&;}uD;.? rdrdonf rnfonfh±dk;&mtpOftvmwGif yg0ifonfudk
rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdrnfoljzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&ma&mufonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ ±dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk
*±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf? Todk‹ av;eufaomtodynmjzifh rdrd.tcef;u¾udk eufeJpGm
oabmaygufjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tiftm;yifjzpfygonf?
xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodk‹jyefoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif
xdyfwdkufawG‹r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef‹ aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol
rdcif}uD;tm;ðypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odk‹aom tajctaewGif
“'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_” [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufºuGºuG
yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom
qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae
ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf tpdk;&xH tdwfzGifhay;pm a&;om;I
ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGusif;yonftxd wkdif;jynfukd OD;aqmifoGm;&eftvdk‹iSm ±dkaoav;pm;&aom/
oduQm&Sdaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh twdkifyifcHaumfrwDudk zJG‹pnf;cef‹tyf&ef wifjycJhygonf? xdkpmwGif
pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh tiftm;oHk;r_udk ESpfbufpvHk;u a&Smif=uOf&ef vdktyfa=umif;
tav;xm;Iazmfjy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf?
&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefòrd‹ a&$wd*HkapwDa&SŒwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdef‹cGef;ajymqdkI vl‹tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom
EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfw&yfudk wifjyygonf? vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;onf &ufowWywftawmf=um
wkef‹qdkif;ae+yD;rS pufwifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif ydkI wif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifjcif;jzifh wefjyefvdkufygonf?
“EkdifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹” (e0w) udk zJG‹pnf;um tpnf;ta0;yJGrsm;udk
ydwfyifwm;jrpfvdkuf+yD; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'udk usifhoHk;I tr_ppfjcif;r&SdbJ tjypf'%fay;ygawmhonf?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkrl ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;r&Sdyg? (tpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;+yD;jzpfI
ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k ,lqxm;[ef&Sdygonf)? e0wzJG‹pnf;+yD; &ufowWwywft=umwGif
atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; twdkuftcHtcsKdŒu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (tift,f'D) udk
wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum
tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudk‚if;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudk‚if; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm
wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&;
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGef‹qdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif
olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf? TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u
oabmwl=uygonf?
e0w onf rnfonfhtwGuf vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyJGudk usif;ycGifhðyygoenf;? ‚if;wdk‹u
qef‹usifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf
w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todk‹aom tpdk;&rsKd;.
t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap e0w
onf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk vufcH&efjiif;qefvdkufygonf? a&G;aumufyJGudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&onfh
oabmyifjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf;
qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeygonf? w&m;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhyif ydkI&ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm vkyfaqmifae=u&ygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f qufvufazmufzsufaeonfudk tifrepfwD (Amnesty)
urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹u tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf? e0w tpdk;&onf ,ae‹urBmwGif
tzdESdyftcsKyfcs,fqHk;aom tpdk;&tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh aemfa0; EdkbJvfaumfrwDonf +idrf;csrf;a&;qktcsKdŒudk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m
tcGifhta&;wdk‹ukd todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh csD;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
Todk‹csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufw&yfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf
taemufwkdif;t,ltqom r[kwfbJ ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;wGifvnf; &Sdonfudkjyovdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I atmifqef;pk=unf. “'Drkdua&pD&SmyHkawmf”pmwrf;rS
pmydk'fwydk'fudk udk;um;wifjyygrnf?

w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom ae&ma'owGif pdwfcs&aom+idrf;csrf;r_vnf; r&SdEkdifyg? +idrf;csrf;a&;[lonfrSm

twdkuftcHtm;vHk; E_wfqdwfaejcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if;/ vHkòcHa&;[lonfrSm
rdrdwdk‹tm%mwnf+rJa&;udk aocsmatmifðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if; t"dy`m,faumuf,l=uaom
oabmxm;usOf;ajrmif;olwdk‹uomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹.
tajccHjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jiif;qdk=urnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmwdk‹onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
vHkòcHa&;oabmudk at;jraomt&dyfESifh wJGzufxm;=uygonf?

“opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydkI at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;.
t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?”
 xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh
*±k%mxm;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom
tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?

jynfwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;tzdESdyfcHae&ojzifh EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwdkif rvma&mufEkdifonfrSm

Tt}udrfonf yxrt}udrf r[kwfyg? [pfwvm. wckaom tusOf;pcef;wGif zsm;emaeol umvf;AGef
atmfpDtufpuD (Carl Von Ossietzky) onfvnf; 1936 ckESpfu rvma&mufEkdifcJhyg?
tif'a&qmcga&mAfh (Andrei Sakharov) ESifh vufbdk0ifpm (Lech Walesa) wdk‹onfvnf;
xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJh&ygonf? atmfpDtufpuDonf emZDtpdk;&rðywfusrD aoqHk;oGm;&+yD; qmcga&mhAfESifh
bdk0ifpmwdk‹rSmrl ‚if;wdk‹. óud;yrf;r_rsm; atmifyJGcHonfudk awG‹jrif=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf;
olr. óud;yrf;r_atmifyJGcHonfudk jrif&rnf[k usaemfwdk‹ ar#mfvifhygonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif a&mufrvmEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf aemufqHk;jzpfcsifrS
jzpfrnf[laom tvm;tvmudkvnf; usaemfwdk‹ od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹aexdkif&m
urBmrsKd;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk wcgwnf;ESifh r&Edkifonfudkvnf; owdðy=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk‹. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; edrfhusoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdkodk‹rvkyfbJ
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomavmuudk vdktyfygu usaemfwdk‹ ydkI Edk;=um;zswfvwf&ef a=umuf&GHŒr_rS ydkI uif;&Sif;&ef
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TonfrSm usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; wOD;pDðyvkyf&rnfh udpPjzpfaomfvnf; tm%m&mxl;tqifh&Sdolrsm; usifhoHk;&ef
txl;vdktyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfuJhodk‹yif ±dk;om;ESdrfhcsr_ESifh a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;r_udk jy=uyg? ydkI
aecsifzG,faumif;aom urBmavmu ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfygonf?

(wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf)

(wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;)

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1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif;
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(aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;)
atmifqef;

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 3-37 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *
usr rSwfrdEkdifaom t&G,fra&mufrDuyif usr.zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? xdk‹a=umifh “azaz[m
b,fvdkvlpm;rsKd;ygvdrfh” [laom odcsifpdwfjzifh zcif. b0vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;udk usr pwifpkaqmif; avhvmzwf±_jcif;yifjzpfygonf? atmufwGif azmfjyyg
txky`wWdpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mY yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk t"dutajccHxm;ygonf?
ta=umif;t&mESpf&yfESifhywfoufIomv#if usrwdk‹rdom;pkESifh azazhtm; aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJholrsm;xHrS
od&Sd&aomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif tawmftoifh tajccHxm;ygonf? aoG;om;eD;uyfpGm
awmfpyfolwOD;. txky`wWdudk a&;&onfrSm rvG,fulyg? "rR"dXmefusus a&;Ekdifrnfr[kwf[k
tpGyfpJGcH&Edkifygonf? wu,fwrf;wGifvnf; txky`wWda&;olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹ &SmazGpkaqmif;&&Sdaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk‹. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfOm%fudk yHkpHoGif;ay;cJhaom tjzpftysuf/
tawG‹tóuHrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_rS uif;vGwfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? usrtaejzifh usrzcif. ±kyfyHkv$mudk
usrjrifonfhtwkdif; rSefuefpGm ay:vGifap&ef óud;yrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf[kom ajymEkdifygonf?

* * *
atmifqef;udk jrefrmEkdifiH tnma'o&Sd ewfarmufòrd‹uav;Y 1915 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13
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t=umwGifjzpfygonf? ewfarmufe,fole,fom;rsm;onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. tr_udkxrf;aqmifonfh
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OD;av;awmfolonf +Adwdo#wdk‹udk a&S;OD;pGm awmfvSefqef‹usifcJhaom jrefrmtkyfpkwpkudk
acgif;aqmifcJhygonf? aemufqHk;Y “Adkvfva&mif” ac: “OD;rif;a&mif”tm; +Adwdo#wdk‹u
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teuf taxG;qHk;jzpfol atmifqef;onf oludk,fwkdiaf &;cJhaom rSwfwrf;t& npfywfcsLcsm tpm;=uL;I
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aumif;pGmodcJholrsm;ESifh ol‹rdom;pk0ifrsm;u aumufcsufcs=uygonf? atmifqef;rdom;pkrSm
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(8) ESpfom;t&G,fa&mufaomtcgrS atmifqef; ausmif;wuf&ef qHk;jzwfygawmhonf? tudkjzpfol
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tvkyfvkyfaeaom tudk}uD; OD;b0if;. xdef;a=umif;apmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif aecJh&onfrSm
atmifqef;twGuf vGefpGmrS uHaumif;ygonf? OD;b0if;onf nDi,fav;. ynma&;/ pm;0wfaea&;/
taxGaxGaumif;rGefwdk;wufa&;wdk‹udk pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ qifqifjcifjcif txl;*±kpdkufcJh.? nDjzpfoluvnf;
ynma&;zufwGif tm;aumif;a=umif; qufvufjyoum touf (15) ESpft&G,fY owWrwef;pmar;yJGwGif
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ynmoifaxmufyHha=u;qkudk &&SdcJh.?
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txufwef;ynmoif=um;cGifhay;&ef &nf&G,fonf[k qef‹usifolrsm;u ,lqcJhygonf?
trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;onf jrefrmvli,fwdk‹tm; olwdk‹. udkvdkeDvufatmufcH b0tajctaeudk
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vlrsKd;jcm;wdk‹tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufvdkaomqENonf
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uav;b0u +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; ykefuefarmif;xkwf&ef enf;trsKd;rsKd;udk }uHpnfpOf;pm;cJhyHk/ wcgw&H
jy'g;&SifvHk;uJhodk‹aom wefcdk;od'<d&SifypPnf;rsm; tultnDjzifh jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;udk &,l&ef
pdwful;,OfcJhyHkta=umif;udk ol. udk,fa&;txky`wWdaqmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;ygonf? trsKd;om;ausmif;Y
aepOftwGif; EkdifiHa&;avmuY emrnf}uD;aomyk*~Kv d frsm;. rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vm+yD;
pum;&nfvkyJGrsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifqifEJ$cJh.? ol. a[myHkajymyHkrSm tm;wufp&mr[kwfaomfvnf;
udkifwG,f&rnfhta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI aocsmaphpyfpGm jyifqifxm;jcif;/
,Hk=unfcsuftjynfht0&Sdjcif;wdk‹a=umifh ta[maumif;/ tajymaumif;[lI emrnf&cJh.? ausmif;*sme,f
pmwnf;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ pmoifcef;jyifyvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaomfvnf;
wa,mufwnf; tawG;e,fxJ epfðryfaewwfjcif;/ aeyHkxkdifyHkaxmifhrusKd;jcif;wdk‹a=umifh atmifqef;udk
vl‹*Gpm vlxl;vlqef;tjzpf ausmif;aezufrsm;u jrif=uygonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif wuUodkvf0ifpmar;yJGY
jrefrmpm/ ygVdbmom*k%fxl;rsm;jzifh “at” tqifhrS atmifjrifum &efukefwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmqufoif&ef
a&mufoGm;ygonf?
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acsr_ef;um acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ao'%fay;cJh+yD; wESpf=umumvuyifjzpfygonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;
cHpm;ae&aom twd'kuQrsm;rS ay:aygufvm&aom ykefuefr_udk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u &Sifbk&ifjzpfvdkaom
t,lonf;olwa,muf OD;aqmifonfh awmolawmifom;ykefuefr_r#omjzpfonf[k ao;odrfap&ef ESdrfI
azmfjycJhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmrsm;taejzifh udk,fxdvufa&muf yg0ifqifEJ$cJhol rrsm;jym;aomfvnf;
xdkykefuefr_tay: tawmfyif *±k%mxm;=uygonf? q&mpHudk pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;&SdolwOD;tjzpf
rjrifolrsm;uyif olykefwdk‹. rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh owWdajymifajrmufr_a=umifh pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGcJh&+yD; tpdk;&.
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+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_ tapmydkif;umvwGif usifhoHk;aom +idrf0yfat;csrf;a&;vrf;pOfrSm tawmftwef
atmifjrifr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; vlrsKd;jcm;}uD;pdk;r_ukd jrefrmrsm;u auseyfpGmvufcHjcif;r&Sdyg? udkvdkeDtpdk;&
ydkrdkcdkif+rJvmonfESifh tkyfcsKyfolvlrsKd;jcm;wdk‹. y v$m;armufrmaom trltusifhrsm;ESifh wkdif;jynftwGuf
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Ak'<bmomESifh jrefrmh±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ wnfwHhckdif+rJ&efESifh oef‹&Sif;pif=u,f&efudkom aqmif&Guf=uonf?
odk‹aomf acwfynmwwf jrefrmvli,fta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;yg
ay:aygufvmygonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif; (0dkiftrfbDat)
onf EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk pwifudkifwG,faom tzJG‹tpnf;jzpf+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfoydwfudk atmifjrifpGm
pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfcJhygonf?
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toGifodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;ygonf? yxrOD;qHk; ay:aygufvmaom trsKd;om;r[mrdwftzJG‹[k ac:Edkifygonf?
jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;&mv_yf&Sm;r_udk wkduf&nfcdkuf&nfoGif;ay;vdkufaom yk*~KdvfrSm
q&mawmfOD;OwWrjzpfonf? q&mawmf. pdwftm;xufoefaom vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkr_wdk‹a=umifh
EkdifiHw0Srf;wGif rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfjyif;jypGm wufºuGvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; pkaygif;nDnmaom
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ay:aygufaprnfh tiftm;rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;tuJGtjym;rsm;a=umifh vGifhpifoGm;&.? 1922
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xdkEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;teuf tcsKdŒrSm q&mpHolykefwdk‹tm; +Adwdo#tpdk;&u ckH±Hk;wifppfaq;&mY
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+idrfIacgif;iHk‹cHonfhumvrSmvnf; qHk;cef;odk‹ OD;wnfvmum xkd;ESufwdkufckdufjcif; oabmaqmifaom
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EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:odk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygonf?
touf (18) ESpft&G,f atmifqef;onf cyf±dkif;±dkif; tnmom;uav;yifjzpfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹udk,frdrdwdk‹ vl‹rvdkif[k txifa&mufae=u+yD; a=umh&Sif;0HhºuGm;pGm 0wfqifaexkdif=uaom
&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; todkif;t0dkif;wGif rsufESmxm;±_odk;odk;ESifh t0wftpm;
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atmifqef; t*Fvdyfpum;ajym&mwGif toHxGuf trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; udk‹,dk‹um;&m;
acsmarG‹ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh ol‹pum;rsm;rSm em;rvnfEdkifoavmufyif jzpf.? y&dowfu
ajymifavSmifoa&mfatmf[pf=uojzifh tudkjzpfol tawmfyif tae&cufoGm;.? atmifqef;url
a=umuf&GHŒI toHaysmufoGm;jcif;r&Sd/ uJh&JŒoHrsm;/ jrefrmpum;ESifhom ajym&ef ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif;
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jznfhpGufI olajymvdk&mtm;vHk;udk +yD;qHk;atmif qufvufajymqkdoGm;ygonf?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJG tjzpftysufonf aemiftwGuf tpOftvmw&yf csrSwfay;vdkufouJhodk‹
jzpfoGm;ygonf? y&dowfu uJh&Jα_wfcsaeonfh=um;uyif olajymvdk&mudk t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhajymjcif;/
okefokefr_efr_ef aewwfjcif;wdk‹a=umifh olonf tla=umifa=umifEkdifaom t±l;wa,muf[lIyif emrnf&cJh.?
odk‹aomf atmifqef;onf ta0zefcH&rnfudk a=umuf±GHŒ+yD; olvkyfudkif&ef qHk;jzwfxm;aomudpPrsm;udk
rvkyfbJaernfh vlrsKd;r[kwfyg? acwfòydifurBmwGif t*Fvdyfpum; ta&;ygyHkudk od&Sdem;vnfojzifh
t*Fvdyfpum;udk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifoHk;pJGEkdif&ef ol óud;pm;.? t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;udk oJ}uD;rJ}uD;zwfjcif;/
tjcm;olrsm; ajymyHkqdkyHkudk em;axmifavhvmjcif;/ t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJhol
rdwfaqG&if;wOD;xHrS tultnD,ljcif; ponfwdk‹jzifh bkef;}uD;ausmif;xGuf tnmom;wOD;twGuf
xl;jcm;avmufaom t*Fvdyfpum;usifvnfr_udk ol &&Sdvm.?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJGwGif atmifqef; axmufcHcJhaomtqdkrSm ol. a&&Snf,Hk=unfcsufw&yftm;
azmfxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfonfudk owdrloifhygonf? xdk,Hk=unfcsufrSm oHCmawmfrsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifjcif; rðyoifha=umif;yifjzpfygonf? ruG,fvGefrDwESpfausmfcef‹u ajym=um;cJhaom
a&$wd*HkapwDawmf tv,fypP,HnDvmcHrdef‹cGef;Y “bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udk a&mpyfygrl bmoma&;.
oabmw&m;udk qef‹usif&ma&mufay.” [k ajymcJh.? &[efoHCmrsm;tm; “t&Sifbk&m;wdk‹u
omoemawmfa&mif xGef;ajymifatmif tm;xkwfawmfrl=uyg – urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ arwWmw&m;yGm;rsm;I
orpdwWESifh nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESruJhodk‹ aeEkdif=uygvdrfhrnf -- TuJhodk‹ aqmif&Gufr_onf
omoemzufuom=unfhI jrifhrwfonfr[kwfyg/ wynfhawmfwdk‹. EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd;twGuf
tjrifhjrwfqHk;aom EkdifiHa&;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif a&mufygonfbk&m;” pojzifh av#mufxm;cJhygonf?
trsm;u EkdifiHowW0g yuwdtjzpfjzifhjrif=uaom atmifqef;rSm pifppfwGif bmoma&;Y
av;eufpGm woufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;olyif jzpfygonf? a&eHacsmif;Y ausmif;wufaepOf zcifuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh
0rf;enf;a=uuJGum &[ef;abmif0if&efyif pdwful;cJhygonf? wuUodkvfa&mufptcsdefuvnf; tDwvDvlrsKd;
Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD; OD;avmueENudk =unf!dkav;pm;vSojzifh q&mawmfESifh twlvdkuf+yD;
omoemðyvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef rdcifxH tcGifhawmif;zl;.? tcGifhum; r&cJhay? odk‹aomf
avmukwW&mudpPrsm;udk atmifqef; qufvufI *±kwpdkuftav;xm;ygonf? EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk‹
ajcpHkypf0if+yD;aemufydkif;Yyif olEiS fh t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGwOD;tm; ol. “opPmw&m;ESifh vHk;0tjypfuif;pifr_
&SmyHkawmfb0c&D;” ta=umif;ESifh um,uH/ 0pDuH/ raemuHt& ±dk;ajzmifhEkdif&ef
owdðyóud;yrf;aea=umif;wdk‹udk pma&;I &Sif;jyzl;ygonf? acwfvli,f pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
todw&m;acgif;yg;aeonfudk pdk;&drfrda=umif;/ avmu'%fv_dif;rsm;udk }uHŒ}uHŒcdkif
&ifqkdifwGef;vSefEkdifpGrf;r&Sdygu xdktodw&m;rsm; vHk;0uG,faysmuf+yD; pdwf"mwfAv rJGjymusaomtjzpfodk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfylyefrda=umif; pojzifhvnf; a&;om;xm;ygonf?

ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;ESifh ocifrsm;
udkatmifqef; ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_rSm tpY cyfajz;ajz; rSefrSefomjzpfaomfvnf; 1935
ckESpfaemufydkif;Y t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vm.? xdktcsdefwGif olonf udkEk/ udkvSaz (aemif AdkvfvuFsm)/
udkodef;az/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udk&m&SpfuJhodk‹aom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhtwl pwifvkyfudkifae+yD;
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xif&Sm;vmrnfh xdkvli,frsm;ESifh atmifqef;wdk‹ vufwJGum
ausmif;om;rsm; tawmfyif*±kðy&rnfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpkjzpfvmatmif pnf;±Hk;ygonf?
udkatmifqef;wdk‹vlpkonf tm%mydkiftvdkawmf&drsm; v$rf;rdk;xm;aom wuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~udk
xdk;xGif;0ifa&mufEkdif&ef óud;yrf;jcif;jzifh pwifv_yf&mS ;.? yxrwGif atmifjrifr_odyfr&SdcJhay? ‚if;wdk‹txJrS
udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdk‹om or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odk‹aomf aemufydkif;wGif
xufoefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh ZGJvHk‹vwkd‹. tusKd;tjrwfrsm; xGef;um;vm.?
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf; ajymif;vm.? v_yf&Sm;wufºuGaom
jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif
t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf
tr_aqmiftzJG‹0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf?
or*~ r*~Zif; “tdk;a0” wGif “i&JacG;}uD; vGwaf e+yD” [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf
us,fjyef‹pGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh
v_H‹aqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef
t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk‹ azmfxkwfjcif;onf
owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk‹
jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif
udkEkonfvnf; ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; ypfypfcgcg a0zefr_jzifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh
ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odk‹jzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef
qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh
udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG
wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk‹ trsm;axmufcHr_ukd
&,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;.
vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
todtrSwfðyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm
rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufðywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.?
wuUodkvftufOya'wGif ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef
aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJG‹pnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf?
vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936
ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf?
ol‹*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf
wnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~wdk‹. tr_aqmiftzJG‹rsm;wGifvnf;
wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif
or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZ…mbJG‹&+yD;I
Oya'0dZ…mwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk‹ Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif
qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/
ZJGvHk‹v}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf;
tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk‹ ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹I qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl‹*GpmwOD;yif
jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif
wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJG‹jcif;ESifh tjcm;
axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf;
“&Hzef&Hcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg
vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vl±dkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf” [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odk‹aomf vl±dkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.?
±dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k olu
tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"du±k%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom
'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;xJodk‹ 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;t±Hk;onf
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufºuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;t±Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf? rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY b0udkjr‡KyfESH&ef
tmoDojyif;xefaeaom acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf
&Joifhonfavmufr&J/ jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/ tajccHrS ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef
qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/ i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf; ri,f&G,f[k ,lq=uygonf?
'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u óuduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKd‹u olwdk‹udk uavuacs
jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘ocif’ wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk
}uD;us,fonf/ rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k a0zef=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk
vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdk‹u ‘ocif’ [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf
udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif;
az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;u ‘ocif’ bJG‹udk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf?
twGif;oabmxm; rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf?
ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk acgif;aqmifolrSm jrefrmhpmayESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif
txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;t±Hk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf?
udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
‘r_dif;ocif’ rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdk‹tjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD
ocifatmifqef;onf 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;t±Hk;.
a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf?
1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’ [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm;
jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J.
eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom
EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ Armwdk‹ESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du±k%f;/
tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/
a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;jcif; ponfwdk‹ woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:cJhygonf?
Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif; róuHpzl; r+idrfrouf qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD;
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odk‹aomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;
t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk‹. qdk;0g;aom
t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdk‹taeESifh rdrdwdk‹omv#if txda&mufqHk;/
rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fòydifvkyfvdkaom pdwf±l;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef
pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHŒESH‹vmavonf?
 *dk%f;*%pdwfESifh remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom
vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk‹,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif
ay:aygufvmaom tcsKdŒu rmhufqf0g' avhvma&;tkyfpk[lI‚if;/ tcsKdŒu yxrOD;qHk;
jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;‚if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk.
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf
uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomf‚if;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomf‚if;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh
,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf ol‹tm;
qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odk‹aomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm
ol‹wkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf?
1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD ‘udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/
vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf’ [kjrifum ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf?
a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;vdkufaom xdk ‘xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD;’ onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku
owfrSwfcJh.? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ . jynfolvlxu k dk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk‹ uwda=unmcsufrðyygu ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf
qef‹usif&rnf? wHk‹jyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk
zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹rSm
axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD? ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&ef;trdef‹xkwfcJhaomfvnf;
tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf?

*syefESifh r[mrdwfzJG‹jcif;

ocifatmifqef;onf vufeufudkifwdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfrnf[k ,lqcJhonfrSm

umvtwef=umuyif jzpfygonf? uav;b0u wdkufcdkufawmfvSef&ef pdwful;,OftdyfrufcJhaomfvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;udk tajccHOya'abmiftwGif;rS EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifh &,lEkdifrnfh tvm;tvmudk tpOfwpdkuf
y,fxm;cJholr[kwfyg? wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0u tpdk;&0efxrf; (xdkpOfu tkdifpDtuf/ bDpDtuf)
pmar;yJGajzqdkum ‚if;wdk‹. ynm&SifyDopGm EkdifiHa&;vkyfudkifr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefr_wdk‹a=umifh
oludk,fwkdifav;pm;aom tdENd,EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsKdŒ. erlemtwdkif; vkyfudkif&efudkvnf; ocifatmifqef;
pOf;pm;cJhzl;.? trsm;od ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvm+yD;aemufydkif;Y &efukefwuUodkvf
t*FvdyfpmygarmuQtm; ay;ydk‹aom pmwapmifwGif olonf ‘+idrf;csrf;aom awmfvSefa&;orm;’ om
jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJha=umif; =um;od&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;.
'Da&v_dif;onf ol‹tm; oabmxm;ajymif;vJapcJhonf? 1940 ckESpfu ol. awG;ac:yHkudk atmufygtwdkif;
&Sif;jyxm;ygonf?
“usaemfwOD;csif;taeESifhum; usaemfwdk‹. ta&;awmfyHktwGuf urBmh0g'jzef‹r_ESifh
urBmhtultnDvdkonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; t"duvkyfief;rSm jynfwGif;wGifom&Sdonf? t"duvkyfief;rSm
trsKd;om;a&;wkdufyJGtwGuf jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;&efjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonf? usaemfhrSmvnf;
t=urf;rsOf;tpDtpOfwck&SdcJhonf? ‚if;tpDtpOfrSm +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒpepfudk wjynfvHk;wGif qef‹usif&ef/
Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk urBmhtajctae ArmhtajctaeESifhtnD wqwqwdk;csJŒ&ef/ òrd‹aetvkyform;
awmaetvkyform;wdk‹. a'otvdkufoydwfrsm;rSpI taxGaxGoydwfrsm;/
tcGeftcay;a&;oydwfrsm;txd wdk;csJŒqifEJ$&ef/ wufºuGvmaom 0g'jzef‹csdr_rsm;jzpfonfh vlxkqENjyyJGrsm;
csDwufyJGrsm;rSpI jynfolwdk‹. tm%mzDqefa&;wdkufyJGtxd qufvufqifEJ$&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;t&wGifvnf;
+Adwdo#ukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&mrSpI vlxkESifhcsDI tcGefray;a&;wdkufyJGtxd qifEJ$&ef
ppfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;zufESifh ykvdyfzufuif;pcef;rsm; qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ajymufusm;enf;ESifh
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI ArmjynftwGif; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk vHk;0oGufcsmyg'vdkufonftxd
wdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef/ xdktcg urBmjzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh wòydifeuf aemufqHk;ydwf tm%modrf;yJGudk qifEJ$&ef
tpDtpOfyifjzpfonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#vlrsKd;r[kwfaom
wyfrsm;onf usaemfwdk‹zufodk‹ ul;ajymif;vm=uvdrfhrnf[kvnf; usaemfwGufcJhonf? TtpDtpOfwGif
*syefrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr_udkvnf; rSef;qcJhonf? odk‹aomf Tae&mwGif usaemfrSm &Sif;vif;aomtjrif
r&SdcJhay? xdktcgu usaemfwdk‹txJrS rnfolr# &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&SdcJh? odk‹aomf
,ckjzpfysuf+yD;oGm;onfhtcgwGifum; vltcsKdŒtaeESifh usefvlrsm;xufydkI odjrifcJh[ef [efaqmifaumif;
aqmif=urnf?)”
txufygt}uHtpnfrsm;rSm ol. “}uD;rm;aomtpDtpOf” omjzpfa=umif; ocifatmifqef;
0efcHcJhygonf? ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;wGif xdkpDrHudef;udk axmufcHol rrsm;vSyg? xdkuJhodk‹raxmufcHjcif;rSm
ocifatmifqef;tjrift& “usaemfwdk‹rSm "e&Sifaygufp Zmwd&Sdolrsm;jzpf&m pOf;pm;p&m ajymqdk&mwGif
&J&ifhoavmuf/ jywfom;aom aqmif&Gufcsufudkvkyf&mY wGef‹qkwfavh&Sd=uavonf? jynfolvlxkudk
E_d;qG&rnfhvkyfief; =um&SnfcufcJrnfudkvnf; pdwfr&Snf=uay? usaemfwdk‹trsm;pkrSm vlxkwdkufyJGta=umif;
ajyma[m=uaomfvnf; vlxkwdkufyJG tusKd;tmedoifukd oabmrayguf=u” ponfwdk‹a=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; ajymufusm;wkdufyJG qifEJ$Ekdif&ef
vufeufrsm;&Sd&efvdkonf [laom xifjrifcsufudk tcdkiftrmqufvufqyk fudkifxm;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif
‚if;wdk‹teufrS wOD;OD; jrefrmjynfjyifyodk‹oGm;+yD; tultnD/ taxmuftyHhESifh vufeufrsm;&Sm&ef
qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? “xdktcgu usaemfwOD;wnf;om ajratmufY aeae&aoma=umifh xdkodk‹oGm;&ef
usaemfhudka&G;cs,fcJh=uavonf” [k ocifatmifqef; rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf?
1940 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (aemiftcg Adkvf&efatmif[kxif&Sm;ol)
wdk‹ jrefrmjynfrS [kdifvDtrnf&Sd oabFmESifhxGufcGmcJh&m w±kwfEkdifiH trGdKifòrd‹&Sd ‘tjynfjynfqkdif&ma'o’
jzpfaom ulvefpkodk‹ a&mufoGm;=uygonf? xdkae&mY olwdk‹ESpfOD; vtenf;i,fr# aomifwifae+yD;
w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ef óud;pm;csufrsm;vnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh
tquftoG,frvkyfEkdifcJhaomfvnf; *syefudk,fpm;vS,fwOD; olwdk‹tm; csOf;uyf+yD;
*syefwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluDautD*sDESifhawG‹&ef wdkusKdokd‹ av,mOfESifh ydk‹vdkufygonf?
xdkAdkvfrª;}uD;onf aemiftcgY ‘jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;udk ulnD&efESifh w±kwfjrefrmvrf;r}uD;udk ydwfqdk‹&ef’
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh wnfaxmifaom rDemrDuDuef v#KdŒ0Suftoif;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf
xif&Sm;rnfholjzpfygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh *syefwdk‹t=um; tquftoG,f&Sdjcif;rSm topftqef;r[kwfacs?
a'gufwmbarmfae&mY 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf *syefaxmufyHhr_a=umifh
csrf;omºuG,f0vmol[lI emrnfxGufcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmfudk,fwkdifvnf; ‘xGuf&yf*kd%f;’ twGuf
*syefwdk‹xHrS tultnD&SmcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmf. tpdk;&twGif; 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfcJhaom
0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; a'gufwmodrf;armifurl *syefodk‹ tvnftywfoGm;a&mufcJh+yD; *syef-Arm
cspf=unfa&;toif;udk a&SŒaqmifwnfaxmifcJhygonf? 1940 ckESpfv,fwGif Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD; jrefrmjynfokd‹
tvnfa&mufpOfu a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh awG‹cJh.? TawG‹qHkqufoG,fr_rSwqifh *syefrsm;u
trdGKifa&muf ocifESpfOD;tm; &SmazGawG‹&SdEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;’0ifrsm;teuf
*syeftultnDvufcHoifh/ rcHoifhESifhywfoufI pdwfoabmxm;uJGjym;r_rsm; &SdaecJhygonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;
(‚if;wdk‹teuf txif&Sm;qHk;rSm ocifpdk;/ ocifA[def;/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifodef;az) u txl;ojzifh
zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udk qef‹usif=uonf? ocifatmifqef;uawmh tultnDudk
&onfhae&mrS,l+yD; tajctaersm; rnfuJhodk‹ ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmrnfudk apmifh=unfhoifhonf[k
vufawG‹tusKd;jzpfrnfh enf;vrf;tjrif t,ltqudk pJGudkifcJh.? odk‹aomf ol.pum;twkdif;qdk&v#if olonf
*syefwdk‹ESifhyl;aygif;jcif;a=umifh aemifjzpfay:vmrnfh tusKd;qufrsm;udk taotcsm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
wGufqcJhyHkray:?
wkdusKdwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD;wdk‹ESpfOD; em;vnfr_,lEkdifcJh=u.? odk‹aomf
ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;wGif xdefcsefxm;aom oabmrawG‹r_av;rsm; &SdcJhyHk&ygonf? Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD;onf
ocifatmifqef;. ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfwdk‹udk av;pm;aomfvnf; ‘ol.
EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm; r&ifhusufvSao;’ [k xifjrif.? Ta0zefcsufonf xdkpOfu taetxm;t&
"rR"dVmefrus[k rqdkEkdifyg? ocifatmifqef; udk,fwkdifa&;cJhonfrSm olESifh ol‹&Jabmf&Jbufwdk‹ *syefrsm;tm;
jrefrmEkdifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf&ef zdwfac:ouJhodk‹ jzpf&onfrSm “zufqpfpepfudk vdkvm;Ir[kwf/
usaemfwdk‹. vlyg;r0r_a=umifh "e&Sifaygufp pdk;&drfr_a=umifhwkd‹om jzpfavonf?” olonf
*syefjynfokd‹toGm;Y pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf? a&mufoGm;aomtcg olpdk;&drfcJhoavmuf
rqdk;vSojzifh pdwfoufom&m&aomfvnf; pdwfrcszG,f/ rESpfoufzG,f udpPav;rsm; usefvsuf&Sdaeygonf?
*syefvlrsKd;wdk‹. rsKd;cspfpdwf/ oef‹jyef‹pGmaexkdifyHkESifh udk,fhtvdkudk,frvdkuf/ òcd;òcd;+cH+cH aeEkdifaom
t&nftcsif;wdk‹udk ocifatmifqef; av;pm;aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. ppf0g'Dqefaom oabmxm;tcsKdŒ.
±dkif;pdkif;=urf;ºukwfr_udk ol rESpfòrd‹onfhtjyif *syefrsm; trsKd;orD;wdk‹tay:qufqHyHkrSm ol‹tjrifwGif
tHh=oxdwfvef‹zG,f&m jzpfae.?
1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf w±kwfoabFmom;toGifjzifh jrefrmjynfokd‹
jyefa&mufvmavonf? olrSwqifh *syefwdk‹urf;vSrf;vdkufonfh oabmwlnDcsuft&/ awmfvSefykefuef&ef
vufeufrsm;ESifh aiGa=u;axmufyHhrnf[k jrefrmwdk‹u em;vnfcJh.? xdk‹jyif vufa&G;pifvli,fwpkudk
ppfoifwef;ay;rnf? xdkvli,frsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHrS cdk;xkwfoGm;&efvdkayrnf? ocifatmifqef; jrefrmjynfY
=umjrifhpGmraeyg? *syefodk‹ ocifvSazESifh tjcm;vli,foHk;OD;wdk‹ESifhtwl jyefoGm;ygonf? xdktkyfpkrSm
‘&JabmfoHk;usdyf’ . a&SŒajy;wyfOD; jzpfygonf? aemif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. r¾dKifozG,fjzpfvmrnfh
T&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if yk*~Kdvfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mY tvG,fwul vdkufygEkdifr_ESifh ocifygwDtwGif;&Sd
*dk%f;*%toD;oD;u auseyfvufcHEkdifr_wdk‹tay: rlwnfcJhojzifh tusOf;uscHae&aom
trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rygjzpfonfhtjyif aemif tcsif;csif;t=um; pdwf0rf;uJGaprnfh rsKd;aphudk
ysKd;vdkufouJhodk‹vnf; jzpfoGm;ygonf?
&JabmfoHk;usdyfonf [dkifeefu|ef;Y yifyef;}uD;pGm ppfynmoif,l&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf
ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSaz (AdkvfvuFsm)/ ocifatmifoef; (Adkvfp}uFm) ESifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdk‹udk
ppfXmeOD;pD;uGyfuJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk‹udk txl;avhvm&ef a&G;cs,fvdkufygonf? ocifygwD tkyfpkwpkudk
udk,fpm;ðyaom ocifxGef;tkyftm; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwifajr‡mufvdkuf.? odk‹aomfvnf;
ocifatmifqef;onf &JabmfoHk;usdyf. acgif;aqmiftjzpf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:xGufvmonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf zJG‹aomtcgYvnf; wyfrawmf. òydifzufr&Sdacgif;aqmifjzpfvmavonf?
ocifatmifqef;onf udk,fcE<mn‡uf+yD; tm;aumif;oefrmvSjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
wdkufa&;cdkufa&;u|rf;usifum owWd&SdI tyifyef;cHEdkifaom ppfom;wOD;jzpfvm.? ol‹tm;
vlr_qufqHa&;nHhzsif;onf[k pGyfpJGcsufrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; &Jabmfrsm; udk,fyifyef;/
pdwfyifyef;jzpfaecsdefrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfjyefvnfwufºuGvmap&ef tm;ay;jcif;/ ti,fqHk;&Jabmfrsm;udk
txl;*±kpdkufjcif;/ ppfoifwef;om;b0. u&duxrsm;a=umifh‚if;/ *syefrsm;a=umifh‚if;/ emusnf;pdwfrsm;
qlyGufvmcsdefwGif pdwfvdkufrmefygrvkyf&ef t}uHay;wkdufwGef;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk ol pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonf?
vli,fppfoifwef;om;rsm;onf *syefenf;jyq&mtcsKdŒudk av;pm;cspfcif=uaomfvnf;/
*syefpdwfaeoabmxm;tcsKdŒudkrl rsm;pGmrESpfòrd‹&um;/ 1941 ckESpfukefydkif; jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ rcsDwufrDuyif
ArmESifh *syefwdk‹t=um; uawmufuqjzpfr_rsm; pwifay:aygufcJhonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
tay: - Adkvfvufsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ Adkvfatmifqef; 1941 ckESpf *syefjynf
atmuf – AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ 1943

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
[dkifeefoifwef;ausmif;qif;rsm;/ xdkif;EkdifiHae jrefrmrsm;ESifh rDemrDtzJG‹0ifrsm;yg0ifaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif befaumufòrd‹Y w&m;0ifzJG‹pnf;vdkuf.?
plZluD;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;ESifh
ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? tysHoifp wyfrawmftzJG‹0ifrsm;onf opPma&aomuf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;u
ol&Jaumif;qefaom ygVdtrnfrsm;udk cH,l=uygonf? plZluD;onf Adkvfrdk;óud;jzpfvm+yD;/ atmifqef;onf
AdkvfawZjzpfvmonf? rdrdwdk‹trnfopfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;vmrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;teuf AdkvfvuFsm/
Adkvfp}uFm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&efEkdif/ AdkvfausmfaZm ponfwdk‹ yg0ifygonf? ‘AdkvfcsKyfawZ’ url
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh ocifacgif;aqmiftjzpf wkdif;jynfuodcJhaom atmifqef;trnfudkom
jyefvnfoHk;pJGum ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ [lI jynfolwdk‹ tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf
xifay:vmygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf *syefrsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;I jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ csDwufvmjcif;onf
jrefrmrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,f/ aysmf&$ifzG,fjzpfygonf? usqif;aeaom rdrdwdk‹. trsKd;om;*k%foduQmudk
jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifay;vdkufouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&JbuftcsKdŒu
a&SŒwGifjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk odESifh=u+yD? befaumufrSm &SdaepOfuyif jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹
*syefrsm;0ifvmaomtcg EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. pDrHvkyfaqmifcsufjzifh
vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;EkdifiHY &ifqkdif&rnfh tajctaeudk pDpOf&ef óud;pm;cJha=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rSwfwrf;wifcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹raqmif&GufEkdifygu jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfum ajratmufawmfvSefa&;
pwifxm;jcif;jzifh usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmolrsm; ajcukyfr&Edkifatmif tajctaezefwD;&ef jzpf.? odk‹aomf
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uarmufurjzpfae+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;trsm;pkvnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHb0 a&mufae=u&m
tpDtpOfESpfckvHk; vufawG‹usus taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfEkdifyg? *syefrsm;vnf; jrefrmjynfudk
0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufygonf?
*syefacwfum; txiftjrif}uD;cJhor# òyduJG&+yD; raocsra&&mr_rsm;ESifh
'kuQaygif;pHkjzpfaeaomumvjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k ar#mfrSef;cJholrsm;onf
tm&Swdkufom;csif;. zaemifhatmufom a&muf&a=umif; odvmaomtcg ta=uuJG}uD; a=uuJGcJh&.?
trsm;u vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf óudqdkcJhaom edyGefppfom;rsm;onf vlóudufrrsm;aom
+Adwdo#wdk‹xufyif qdk;0g;onfudk awG‹&awmh.? wae‹wjcm; pufqkyfzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; wkd;yGm;vmav
("mwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (Adkvf&efatmif) wdk‹ 1940 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfodk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif atmifqef;tm;
jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ v#KdŒ0SufpGm jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJhol rdqk±kpl*D;ESifh
4-3-42 Y twlawG‹&pOf/ &efukef

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
onf? ‘uifaytd’ (ppfykvdyf) [laom trnfonf a=umufrufzG,f&ma0g[m&jzpfvmonf? vlrsm;
tpterusef aysmufoGm;jcif;/ tESdyfpuftn‡if;qJcH&jcif;/ ac|;wyfqJGcH&jcif; ponfwdk‹rSm
edpP"l0udpPr#omjzpfaom avmu}uD;wGifaewwfatmif ae=u&avonf? xdk‹tjyif r[mrdwfavwyf/
*syefavwyfwdk‹. AHk;}uJ'%f/ ppfwGif;&duQm&Sm;yg;r_'%f/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;ay;rsm;'%f/ pdwf"mwfESifh
,Ofaus;r_t& zDvmqef‹usifaeolrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom yÉdyuQrsm;/ bmompum;rwlolwdk‹t=um;
jzpfwwfaom txiftjrifvJGr_rsm; ponfjzifh 'kuQtaygif;udkvnf; xyfavmif;cH&ygao;onf?
jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefrsm;teuf w&m;r#wa&;/ vlom;csif;pmema&; pdwf"mwfrsm;t&
usifh}uHaexkdifolrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹. aumif;rGefaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ppf0g'Drsm;.
vlrsKd;cJGjcm;a&;pepfa=umifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpf&ygonf?
rdrdwkd‹uwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom
rDemrDuDuef tzJG‹0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒ[efwlygonf? 1942
ckESpf/ &efukefòrd‹udk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfr;dk óud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk
OD;pD;OD;aqmifcef‹vdkufygonf? xdktpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? *syefwyfrsm; wdkif;jynfudk
qufvufodrf;ydkufonfESifhtr# *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹v$rf;rdk;vmum jrefrmEkdifiHudk
ppf±_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk‹ udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf;
ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm
0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom
wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk
trdef‹ay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;óud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.?
Adkvfrdk;óud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk‹
rnfonfhtcef;u¾u yg0if&rnf[laom udpPESifhywfoufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh
jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdŒ Adkvfrdk;óud;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhpOfu Zmwfqefqef
tjzpftysufta=umif;udk a&;om;cJhzl;.? &ifqkdifr_. &v'fum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. aoemywdcsKyftjzpf‚if;/ AdkvfvuFsmudk ppfOD;pD;tjzpf‚if;
cef‹tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufI‚if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh
ywfoufI‚if;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef
rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk
tm±HkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðy&efudkvnf; olóud;yrf;cJh.? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkr¾dKifðyum
zJG‹pnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk‹&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS
aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?
1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif Adkvfrdk;óud; jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf
Adkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;ESifh ppfaoemywdjzpfvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; topfzJG‹pnf;vdkufaom wyfrawmf.
tqifhqifhY *syef‘t}uHay;t&m&Sd’rsm; wJGcef‹tyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawG‹tm%mrsm;udk
wif;usyfpGm uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? =o*kwfvwGif *syefwyfrsm;. aoemywdcsKyf
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk w&m;0iftwnfðyvdkufum a'gufwmbarmftm;
EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? tay:,Htm;jzifh jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹vufodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k jrifEkdifaomfvnf; pifppfrSmawmh *syeftkyfcsKyfa&;
ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifh

csDwufvm&mwGif yifyef;qif;&J'%f tawmf}uD;yif cHcJh&.? trsm;tjym;onf iSufzsm;a&m*gpJGuyfI‚if;/
ajcukefvufyef;jzpfI‚if; aq;±Hkwuf&=u.? AdkvfcsKyfESifhtaygif;azmftcsKdŒvnf; &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;odk‹
a&mufvmavonf? xdkaq;±Hkudk rdrdwdk‹tvkyfwm0eftay: txl;opPmxm;aom q&m0ef/ q&mrwpku
tcuftcJrsm;pGm=um;rS pDrHzGifhvSpfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rsufESmxm;
wnfvGef;wif;vGef;+yD; ta&mw0if raewwfol[lI trsm;u odae=uygonf? xdk‹tjyif
ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf wae‹wjcm; emrnfxGufvmae&m olemðyq&mri,frsm;onf
ol‹tem;uyf&rnfudkyif a=umuf±GHŒae=uygonf? odk‹aomf q&mr}uD;jzpfol rcif=unfudk,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyftm;
ðypk&ygonf? rcif=unfonf pJGrufzG,f&m±kyf&nfESifh cspfpzG,ftrlt,m&Sd+yD; rdrd. olemðyvkyfief;udk
apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh txl;wm0efodod aqmif&Gufjcif;a=umifh vlemrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;u
av;pm;cspfcif=uygonf? q&mr rcif=unfonf AdkvfcsKyfudk ðypk&mY wif;oifhonfhae&mwGif
wif;aomfvnf;/ ,k,=unfompGm pdwf&SnfpGm qufqHygonf? tvGefa=umufrufzG,faumif;ygonf[laom
ppfaoemywd}uD;vnf; tpJG}uD;pJGoGm;ygawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &SufwwfI‚if;/ ol.
b0&nfrSef;csuftay: wm0efodpdwfjyif;xefI‚if; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh cyfcGmcGmaecJh.?
tusifhoDvESifhywfoufI wif;wif;=uyf=uyf awG;ac:olwOD;jzpf&um; wdkusKdòrd‹Y plZluD;u trsKd;orD;
tvdk&Sdygu pDpOfay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;ygonf? plZluD;taeESifh
*syef,Ofaus;r_t& {nfh0wfausap&ef ajymcJhyHk&ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfuawmh ol‹tm; ‘tusifhpm&dwW
ysufjym;,kwfnHhoGm;atmif óud;pm;aeava&mhvm;’ [k oHo,pdwf0ifcJh.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ol‹pdwfudkol aumif;pGmodonfhtjyif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm vkyfwwfolvnf; jzpfygonf? odk‹jzifh
&Snf&Snfa0;a0; vlysKdvSnfhjcif;rsKd; rvkyfaebJ/ 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufae‹wGif q&mr rcif=unfESifh
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkufygonf?
“a':cif=unfonf atmifqef;udk vufxyf&mY vlyk*~KdvfwOD;udkom vufxyfvdkufonfr[kwf/
uHta=umif;w&m;w&yfudkyg vufxyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf” [k tajym&SdcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf;
ol. b0=uifazmftaeESifh &SdtyfaomowWdESifh aEG;axG;aom arwWmwdk‹udk ydkifqkdifEkdif±Hkomru
oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ol. pHwifxm;r_rsm;udk *k%foa&&Sd&Sd/ }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif xdef;odrf;oGm;rnfh
trsKd;orD;wOD;udk vufxyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹. tdrfaxmifa&;um; om,matmifjrifygonf?
olwdk‹av;pm;jrwfEdk;vSaom vli,fAdkvfcsKyf tdrfaxmifðyoGm;ojzifh ueOD;wGif pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfcJhaom
&Jabmfrsm;vnf; vsifjrefpGmyif oabmwlauseyfvmavonf? tdrfaxmifonfjzpfvm+yD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. El;nHhaysmhajymif;aom toGifvuQ%mrsm; ydkrdkawmufajymifvmonf? olonf
cifyGef;onfwOD;taeESifh‚if;/ zcifwOD;taeESifh‚if; =uifem,k,wwf.? ol. cufcJ/
tEW&m,frsm;aomb0udk twl&ifqkdif&ef pGrf;&nf/ em;vnfr_wdk‹ESifhjynfhpHkaom b0=uifazmf ol.tem;Y
&Sdaejcif;onf ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mY ol‹udk tm;jynfhaponf[k ,HkrSm;oHo,&SdzG,f
r[kwfacs?
1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif atmifqef;tm; AdkvfcsKyftqifhodk‹ wkd;jr‡ifhcef‹tyfvdkuf+yD;
*syefbk&ifrif;jrwfxHrS bJG‹wHqdyf&,l&ef *syefodk‹zdwf=um;ygonf? wdkusKdodk‹oGm;aomtzJG‹udk
a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif+yD; xdktzJG‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tjyif a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh ocifjrwdk‹
yg0ifygonf? ZEM0g&DvtwGif;u *syef0ef}uD;csKyfwdk*sKdonf jrefrmEkdifiH r=umrD vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[k
a=unmxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? jrefrmtzJG‹ jyefvmaomtcg oabmwlnDcsufpmwrf;wapmif
o,f,lvmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. cyfjywfjywf pum;toHk;tE_ef;t&
pmwrf;ygta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm “jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif
vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpf+yD; u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG pmcsKyftcsKŒd udk csKyfqdk&ef pojzifh” jzpfygonf? pmwrf;udk
tvGeftrif; ta&;xm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg? tpDtpOftwdkif; =o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmjynfudk vGwfvyfaom
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHtjzpf‚if;/ “r[mta&SŒtm&S omwlnDr# }uD;yGm;a&;e,fajr” .
wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifEkdifiHtjzpf‚if; a=unmvdkufygonf? a'gufwmbarmftm; t"dywd[laombJG‹ESifh
EkdifiHacgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef‹tyfvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; ppf0ef}uD;jzpfvmygonf?
jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf[k trnfopfajymif;xm;aom Armhwyfrawmf xda&mufr_r&Sdap&ef *syefwdk‹
enf;y&d,m,frsKd;pHk oHk;pJGygawmhonf? yxrwGif wyfrsm;udk EdkifiHt0Srf;jzef‹}uJxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf
ae&mtcsKdŒwGif pkòyHxm;jyefonf? ppf0ef}uD;XmeESifh wyfrsm;t=um; qufoG,fa&;cufcJap&ef jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rwkefrv_yf? *syefawG t}uHay;or#udk oabmwlvdkufum ol‹xifjrifcsufrsm;udk
vlodray;bJ ol‹tpDtpOfEiS fhol qufvkyfoGm;ygonf?
wdkusKdrS jyefa&mufvmcsdefavmufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AdkvfvuFsm/ AdkvfaZ,s/
Adkvfae0if;ESifh AdkvfausmfaZmwkd‹tygt0if ol. t&m&SdtcsKdŒudkac:I awmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsdefudk
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf? t&m&Sdrsm;u tajctae ydkrdkpdwfcs&onftxd apmifhqkdif;&ef t}uHay;ygonf? wzef
ocifoef;xGef;ESifhwkdifyif&m ‚if;uvnf; awmfvSefa&;p&ef tcsdefrwefao;[k wifjyojzifh AdkvfcsKyfvnf;
pdwfygvufygr&SdvSaomfvnf; apmifhqkdif;&ef oabmwlvdkufygonf? tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh
ocifpdk;ESifh ocifodef;azwdk‹onf +Adwdo#wdk‹ qkwfcGmoGm;ojzifh olwdk‹ axmifrSvGwfonfh tcsdefrwdkifcifuyif
*syefawmfvSefa&;w&m;a[mcJh.? *syefwyfrsm;csDwufvmonfESifh olwdk‹ESpfOD; awmcdkoGm;ygonf?
ocifodef;azonf AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;ESifh Adkvfae0if;wdk‹udk a&$bdkY c%awG‹+yD; +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifh
tquftoG,f&a&; óud;yrf;&ef tdENd,odk‹ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf? 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmva&mufcsdefwGif
awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm; tawmfyif c&D;a&mufae+yDjzpf&um;/ jrefrmEkdifiH awmawmifrsm;xJwGif
ajymufusm;wyfrsm;zJG‹pnf;&ef óud;pm;aeaom Adkvfrª; pD*&if; ac: +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&Sdonf/
‘ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;qdkolonf tcgtcGifhóuHvmv#if ol.wyfrsm;ESifh *syefudk
jyefwdkuf&efpDpOfaeonf’ [k tdENd,odk‹ owif;ydk‹cJhygonf? avmavmq,fwGifrl awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm;
+yD;pD;onftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefwdk‹. oHo,pdwfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;ap&ef
tm;xkwf&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olonf vuf&SdvGwfvyfa&;onf twkta,mifr#omjzpfa=umif;/
ppfrSefaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef ±kef;uef&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk ol. rdef‹cGef;rsm;wGif jynfolwdk‹tm; today;cJh.?
 1942 ckESpfukefydkif;wGif u&ifrsm;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmftwGif;rS wm0efrJholwdk‹t=um;
ay:aygufcJhaom yÉdyuQwdk‹rSpI aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t"du±k%f;rsm; jzpfyGm;vmonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um; qufqHa&;aumif;rGefr_udk
txl;tav;ay;cJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ qufqHa&;aumif;rSomv#if EkdifiHpnf;vHk;nDnGwfrnfjzpfa=umif; ol
aumif;pGmoabmaygufcJh.? plZluD;twGuf ocifatmifqef;a&;qJGcJhaom ‘jrefrmEkdifiH pDrHudef;’ wGif
‘,QKtcgY +Adwdo#ya,m*a=umifh vlrsm;pkjzpfaom Armwdk‹ESifh &ckdif/ &Srf; paom
awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom uGm[csufrsm; usOf;ajrmif;oGm;ap+yD;
tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr#&Sdaom EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef’ vdktyfa=umif;udk tav;teufazmfjycJhygonf? u&if-Arm
t"du±k%f;onf ol‹tm; rsm;pGm a'gre\ jzpfapygonf? 1943 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/
ocifoef;xGef;ESifh AdkvfvuFsmwdk‹onf TvlrsKd;pkESpfpkt=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sdap&ef tyef;w}uD;
aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk‹. pkaygif;óud;yrf;r_rS oD;yGifhvmaomtusKd;um; u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;
jrefrmacgif;aqmifwdk‹tm; ,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmjcif;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; u&ifwyf&if;wck
zJG‹pnf;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tapmwvsif udkifwG,f&efvdkaeaom aemufudpPw&yfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh
jynfol‹ta&;awmfyHkygwDtwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;t=um; wae‹wjcm;}uD;xGm;aeaom tmCmwrsm;yif
jzpfygonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm *syefacwfwav#mufvHk; awmcdkaecJhaom ocifpdk;/ opfawmESifh
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaeaom ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifA[def;wdk‹ jzpf=uygonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh
OD;baqGwdk‹onfum; xif&Sm;aom qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfOD; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ESpfzufacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; ajyvnfap&ef txl;óud;yrf;cJhygonf? aphpyfjzefajza&;udk
tjrefqHk;aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfaejcif;rSm EkdifiHa&;oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;onf wyfrawmfxJodk‹ pdrfh0ifaeum
&Jabmfrsm;. nDnGwfa&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;. atmifjrifa&;wdk‹udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeI jzpfygonf? xdk‹tjyif
ocifpdk;onf zufqpfqef‹usifa&; pnf;±Hk;aqmf=o&mwGif wyfrawmfudk xdcdkufepfemapaom
0g'jzef‹csda&;ðyvkyfaeojzifh wyftwGif; rauseyfr_rsm; jzpf±Hkomru AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf;
a'goxGuf&ygonf? vaygif;rsm;pGm oabmxm;csif; zvS,f+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifpdk;/
ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;wdk‹ESifh 1944 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif &uftenf;i,f=um v#KdŒ0Sufpnf;a0;ygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹ wnfaxmif&eftqdkukd aqG;aEG;=u+yD; tzJG‹.
a=unmpmwrf;ESifh pkaygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh pDrHudef;w&yfudk oabmwltwnfðyvkyfygonf? rsm;r=umrD
uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfol‹ta&;awmfyyHk gwDacgif;aqmifrsm; twlpnf;a0;&ef pDpOfvdkuf+yD;/
xdktpnf;ta0;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf “zufqpf"g;jyrsm;udk wkdufxkwf=uavmh” acgif;pOfyg
a=unmpmwrf;udk zwfum awmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0if taumiftxnfazmfvdkufygonf? tzJG‹Y ocifpdk;onf
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; ocifoef;xGef;onf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;wm0efESifh
r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fa&; wm0efwdk‹udk ,lum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefY vli,fwyfrawmft&m&SdtcsKdŒonf pwifv_yf&Sm;&ef aZm}uD;um ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdŒESifh
wyfrawmf tqifhjrifht&m&SdtcsKdŒwdk‹udkom wkdifyifavh&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyf. qdwfqdwfaer_a=umifh
rcsifhr&Jjzpfae=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk rdrdwdk‹zmom pwif&ef }uHpnf=uygonf?
TudpPudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odoGm;aomtcg ‚if;wdk‹tm; zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹. v_yf&Sm;r_xJY
wdusaom tcef;u¾rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;jzifh tajctaeudk ajyvnfapcJhygonf?
twGif;tiftm;pkrsm;. nDnGwfr_&,l+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOf t+yD;owfEkdif&ef
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹aom oabmwlnDr_rsm; &Ekdifrnfudkom od&Sd&ef vdkygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;tazmfrsm;onf jynfytultnD &onfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap *syefudk
awmfvSef&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_rsm; ydkIydkI &aeaom r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vufawG‹tusKd;tjrwfrsm; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmygonf? trSefrSm
EdkifiHt0Srf; jrefrmwyfrsm; *syefwdk‹udk pwifawmfvSefaom 1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufae‹a&mufonfhwkdif
+Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh &Sif;vif;aomoabmwlnDcsuf r&&Sdao;ay? xdkae‹rwdkifrD (10) &uftvdku
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukefòrd‹Y ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;w&yfwGif yg0if+yD;aemuf ol. wyfrsm;ESifhtwl
ppfavhusifhcef;qif;&ef[k ta=umif;jyum òrd‹awmfrS xGufcGmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;. wyfr (14) onf
{&m0wDjrpfudk rEWav;ajrmufydkif;rS jzwful;ae+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;onf +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;ESifhqHk&ef
awmifilodk‹xGufcGmoGm;ay+yD? rsm;r=umrD awmfvSefa&;a&pD;a=umif;um;
w[kefwnf;pD;qif;vmayawmhonf? arv (15) &ufae‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
vufaxmuft&m&SdwOD;ESifhtwl pvif;ESifhawG‹qHk&ef ‚if;. XmecsKyfodk‹ a&mufoGm;.? awG‹qHk&mwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd jrefrmEdkifiH ,m,Dtpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rdwfquf+yD;/
r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðy&ef &J&Jwif;wif; awmif;qdkvdkufygonf? +Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xHrS
vdkufavsmr_trsm;qHk; &&SdEkdif&ef wzufuóud;pm;vsuf wzufuvnf; vufawG‹usus awG;jrifwwfa=umif;/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdka=umif;/ rdrdESifhqufqHolrsm; pdwfacG‹&avmufatmif ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfa=umif;wdk‹udk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jyocJh&m pvif;. ESpfoufoabmusr_ESifh av;pm;r_wdk‹udk &&SdcJh.? pvif;. pum;t&
“olESifhywfoufI usaemf rSwfrSwf&&}uD; owdðyr_onfuawmh/ ol. ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_jzpfygonf? olonf
tmoGufv#moGuf tóudufvdkuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;rsKd;r&Sd? vG,fvG,fESifh uwdray;? odk‹aomf
wckckvkyfygrnf[k oabmwlcJhv#ifawmh pum;wnfrnfhol[k usaemf jrifygonf?”
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;wdk‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemuf/ jrefrmwyfrsm;ESifh +Adwdo#wyfrsm;
yl;wJGI *syefwdk‹udk wdkufav&m *syefwyfrsm; tvsiftjref òyduJGoGm;ygonf? ZGefv (15) &ufae‹wGif
&efukefòrd‹ atmifyJGppfcsDtcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y&mY +Adwdo#tifykdif,mwyfrsm;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl
jrefrmhwyfrawmfuvnf; yg0ifcJhygonf? *syefawmfvSefa&;um; +yD;qHk;oGm;ayonf?
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeaom jrefrmrsm;onf wlnDaom&nfrSef;csufatmifjrifap&ef 0g'a&;&m
rwdkufqdkifr_rsm;ESifh yk*~Kdvfa&;qefaom oabmxm;rsm;udk ab;z,fcJhaom *k%f,lzG,ftaumif;qHk;
tcsdefumvjzpfygonf? 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif us,fjyef‹aom vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk
udk,fpm;ðyaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;yg0ifEkdif&ef zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹udk wkd;csJŒzJG‹pnf;+yD;
‘zufqpfqef‹usifa&;/ jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG‹csKyf’ (zqyv) [lI trnfopfay;vdkufygonf?

+Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?

*syefwdk‹udk r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhaygif;I wdkufcdkuf&ef zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹. urf;vSrf;csufudk

+Adwdo#wdk‹ vufcHcJhjcif;rSm/ ta&SŒawmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyf avmh'farmifhbufwif.
EdkifiHa&;yg;eyf tar#mftjrif&Sdr_wdk‹a=umifh jzpfygonf? 1942 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHrS +Adwdo#odk‹ qkwfcGm+yD;aemuf
tdENd,wGif ta0;a&muftpdk;&±Hk;pdkufcJhygonf? xdktpdk;&udk v$rf;rdk;aeaom t&m&Sdrsm;onf
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf jyif;xefaom vli,frsm;u ‚if;wdk‹. =oZmudk pdefac:jcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. tkyfcsKyfa&;
0±kef;okef;um;jzpfap&ef v_yf&Sm;cJhonfudk cHcJh&olrsm; jzpfayonf? Tt&m&Sdrsm;onf zqyvESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rSefor#ukd vHk;0qef‹usifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ jrefrmEkdifiHudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;p
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; zqyvudk rw&m;oif; a=unmum/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
EkdifiHawmfopPmazmuftjzpf zrf;qD;&ef vdkvm;=uygonf? ydkrdkI t"dXmefuspGm ±_jrifEdkifaom
taetxm;wGif &Sdaeaom armifhbufwifurl jrefrmEkdifiHudpPrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;Ekdif&mwGif/
jrefrmvlxk}uD;u rdrdwdk‹vGwfajrmufa&;udk aqmifusOf;ay;cJhol[lI todtrSwfðyxm;aom yk*~Kdvf.
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,l&ef vdktyfrnfudk em;vnfonf? vlxk. pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh uif;uGmaeaom
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acgif;aqmif t&yfom;t&m&Sd.ae&mwGif vsifjrefpGmyif 0g&ifhwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol
AdkvfcsKyf&efpftm; cef‹tyfvdkufygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajz&Sif;&aom vwfwavmjy\emw&yfrSm ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf[k
trnfajymif;xm;aom jrefrmhwyfrawmf. tem*wfta&; jzpfygonf? wyfrsm;udk au|;arG;a&;ESifh
vufeufwyfqifay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf vGefpGmrS cufcJae.? r[mrdwfwdk‹ ppfatmifyJGcH+yD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf armifhbufwifESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;I ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf0ifrsm;onf
rdrdwdk‹qENtavsmuf +Adwdo#vufatmuf&Sd jrefrmhwyfrawmfxJodk‹ 0ifvdku 0ifEkdifap&ef
oabmwlvdkufygonf? ToabmwlnDcsuf. tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif
r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;XmeESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfvuFsm/ ocifoef;xGef;wdk‹yg0ifaom
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹wdk‹ uENDtpnf;ta0;Y qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? uENDodk‹toGm; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ
umvuwWm;òrd‹wGif acwWc%&yfpOf ocifodef;azESifhawG‹qHk+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tem*wfta&;udk
aqG;aEG;=u.? oabmxm;tjrifwckt& vmrnfhEdkifiHa&;wkdufyJGwGif AdkvfcsKyfyg0if&ef vdktyfonf?
“olonfom trsKd;om;a&;tiftm;pktaygif;udk nDnGwfaom wyfOD;w&yfjzpfvmap&ef pGrf;aqmif+yD;
acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifrnfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*~Kdvfjzpfonf?” ocifodef;azrSty tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm;
wifjyaom tjcm;tjrifwckt& AdkvfcsKyfonf EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;&Sdoifhaom t&nftcsif;aygif;pHkr&Sd/
vlr_qufqHa&;nHhzsif;ae+yD; EkdifiHa&;enf;y&d,m,fru|rf;usif/ xdk‹a=umifh EkdifiHa&;pGef‹v$wf+yD;
wyfrawmfxJwGifom aeoifhonf? “aemufqHk;wkdufyJG}uD;” wGif tiftm;pktm;vHk;.
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;&&Sdap&ef jrefrmEkdifiH vdktyfaeaom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifonf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;omv#if jzpfa=umif;udk ckdifckdifrmrm ,Hk=unfaom AdkvfvuFsmu uGefjrLepfwdk‹
t}uHay;csufudk t"dy`m,fzGifhyHk&mY “EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fudk olwdk‹om v$rf;rd;k xm;vdkI AdkvfcsKyfudk
ab;z,fxm;+yD;/ olwdk‹tvdk&SdaomtcgrS AdkvfcsKyftaeESifh oG,f0kdufaomenf;rsm;ESifh
taxmuftulay;&efjzpfonf?” AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfzufoabmxm;rsm;udk em;axmif+yD;
udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufonf? wyfrawmfrSxu G fI EkdifiHa&;a&SŒwef;rS vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGudk
tpGrf;ukefqifEJ$awmhrnf?
1945 ckESpfESifh 1947 ckESpfrsm;twGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tiftm;}uD;aom
acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf‚if;/ vlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh arwWmudk&&Sdaom vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sd
EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;taeESifh‚if;/ xifay:vm.? ‚if;tm; ppfwyftwGif;om aeapvdkaomolwdk‹.
a0zefcsufrsm;rSm cdkifvHkr_r&Sda=umif;udk twdtvif;jyEdkifcJh.? 1945 ckESpf arvwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf
puULjzLpDrHudef;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH tem*wftay:xm;aom ‚if;wdk‹. tajccHrl0g'udk a=unmvdkufygonf?
xdkpDrHudef;t& bk&ifcHonf EkdifiHudk oHk;ESp=f umwkduf±dkuftkyfcsKyf+yD; umvtm;avsmfpGm
a&G;aumufyJGrsm;usif;yjcif;/ jrefrmaumifpDESifh Oya'ðytzJG‹wdk‹wnfaxmifjcif;wdk‹udk aqmif&GufoGm;rnf?
Ttcsufrsm;onf 1935 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHtufOya'yg tcsuftvufrsm;xuf
omvGefwdk;wufjcif;oabmudk raqmifyg? aumifpDESifh Oya'ðytzJG‹ jyefvnfwnfaxmif+yD;rS a&SŒwqifhwdk;I
jrefrmEkdifiHudk 'dkrDeD,eftqifh&aprnfh tajccHzJG‹pnf;yHkOya'udk ygwDaygif;pHku a&;qJG&efjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf
awmifwef;ESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;onf jynfrESifhaygif;pnf;vdka=umif; wdwdusus razmfjyv#if
oD;jcm;a'orsm;udk TpDrHudef;YrxnfhbJ xm;rnfjzpfygonf?
puULjzLpDrHudef;yg tcsuftvufrsm; vHk;0vufcHEkdifzG,f r&Sda=umif;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&;r+yD;qHk;rDuyif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdk‹onf jrefrmjynfudk jyefvmrnfjzpfaom bk&ifcH
qm&uf*sDeJvfa':refqrpftm; &Sif;vif;pGmtoday;+yD;jzpfygonf? zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
‚if;wdk‹ygwDom EdkifiHudk udk,fpm;ðyaoma=umifh/ ‚if;wdk‹onfom ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tpm;xdk;&ef
,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&w&yf zJG‹cGifh&Sdoifha=umif; wifjycJhygonf? a':refqrpfonf pdwfapwemaumif;
r&Sdolr[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol‹tm; 0dkif;&Haeaom 0efxrf;t&m&Sdrsm;enf;wl ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmEdkifiH.
±_yfaxG;ayGvD tajymif;tvJjrefvSaom EkdifiHa&;Owkudk em;rvnfEdkifacs? zqyvtzJG‹csKyfonf
jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pk. axmufcHr_&&Sdxm;onf[laom tcsufudk a':refqrpf ,Hk=unfvufcH&ef
tcuftcJawG‹ae+yD; xdktcsdefY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ta&;ygqHk;yk*~Kdvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfa=umif;udk ol
rjrifIrjzpfaomfvnf; xdktcsufudkvnf; vufcH&ef 0efav;ae.? xdk‹tjyif ppfwGif;umvwavsmuf rdrd.
tpdk;&tay: opPmapmifhcJhaom 0g&ifh jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;udk csD;jr‡ifhvdkaom tHhzG,f&mr[kwfonfh
qENonf ol.em;vnfr_udk csKdŒ,Gif;apygonf? 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. u¾ acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHY
r&Sdawmh+yD[laomtcsufudk olrjrifEkdifIaomf‚if;/ rjrifvdkIaomf‚if; jzpfEdkifygonf? +Adwdo#tifydkif,m
òydysufjcif;udk vufrcHEkdif[laom csmcsD. {u&mZf pdwf"mwfjyif;jyonfh cH,lcsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHukd
taxmuftulrðycJhyg? csmcsDtm; 0ef}uD;csKyfae&mYqufcHol twWvDuvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd
t,ltq/ oabmxm;toG,foG,fudk tuJjzwf&ef tcuftcJawG‹ae&m wdusaomrl0g'w&yf csrSwf&ef
aES;auG;cJh.?
1945 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif a':refqrpf &efukefodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg
t&yfom;tpdk;& jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkufjcif;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG +yD;qHk;+yDjzpfa=umif;udk
tav;teufjyovdkufygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvwdk‹. oabmxm;um; xkduJhodk‹
r[kwfyg? ‚ifwdk‹vdkvm;aom vGwfvyfa&;udk ‚if;wdk‹awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhtnD +Adwdo#tpdk;&u
ay;&efysufuGufygu/ vufeufudkifwdkufyJG xyfrHqifEJ$&rnfh tvm;tvmudk ‚if;wdk‹ ry,fcsxm;yg?
yxrOD;qHk;wkdufyJGum; bk&ifcHaumifpDzJG‹pnf;a&;udpPESifhywfoufygonf? zqyvonf &mxl;ae&m (11)
ae&mteuf (7) ae&mwGif ‚if;wdk‹trnf wifoGif;aomyk*~Kdvfrsm;udk cef‹tyf&ef twif;t=uyfawmif;qdk.?
xdk‹tjyif bk&ifcHaumifpDudk ‚if;wdk‹ rlvu awmif;qdkcJhaom ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&yHkpHjzpfaprnfh
tjcm;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkyg wJGIawmif;qdkvkdufygonf? ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif; +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk jiif;y,fvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf a':refqrpfonf aumifpDESifh Oya'tzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf
tv,ftvwfvrf;pOform;rsm;[k rdrd,Hk=unfolwdk‹udk cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? odk‹aomf xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;teuf
uyfyg;&yfyg; rif;ajr‡mifrsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;opPmazmuf udk,fusKd;&Smorm;rsm;[k jrefrmtrsm;u
,lqxm;oltcsKdŒvnf; yg0ifaeygonf? 1946 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvwGif trsm;oabmwl wnDwnGwfwnf;
axmufcHr_jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk zqyvOuUX wifajr‡mufvdkufygonf?
uENDoabmwlnDr_&Sdxm;ygaomfvnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; 0ifa&muftr_xrf;jcif;r&Sdaom
ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfom; trsm;tjym; usefaeygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ESifh
topf0ifvmolrsm;udkaygif;um ol‹jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹udk wnfaxmifvdkufygonf?
jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹wyfom;rsm;onf ,leDazmif;0wfqifum yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif ppfavhusifha&;rsm;
ðyvkyfygonf? jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹onf w&m;0iftm;jzifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&Gufaeaom vlr_a&;tzJG‹tpnf;w&yfom jzpfaomfvnf; zqyv. vuf±Hk;wyfjzpfvmEkdifaom
tajccHt&nftcsif;rsm; &Sdaeaoma=umifh tpdk;&twGuf pdwfrat;zG,fjzpfaeygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf bk&ifcH. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk odrfarG‹pGm wHk‹jyefvdkufygonf? a=unmcsufw&yfwGif
wyfzJG‹. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkazmfjyum/ ‚if;wdk‹teuf wcsufrSm “olcdk;"m;jy paom &mZ0wfr_rsm;
yaysmuf&efESifh &yf&Gm+idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf oufqkdif&mtpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ tjcm;tzJG‹tpnf;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI jynfol‹umuG,fa&;twGuf ulnDapmifha&Smufay;&ef”
jzpfygonf?
a':refqrpfvnf; rnfodk‹t"dy`m,faumuf&rnf rodjzpfaeygonf? bk&ifcHonf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvwdk‹udk udkifwG,f&mY rEkdifreif;jzpfae.? jrefrmacgif;aqmifESifhywfoufI ol
pdwfrydkif;jzwfEkdif? v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ csD;usL;onfhtcgrsm;&SdouJhodk‹ Za0Z0g/ oHo,pdwfrsm;
v$rf;rdk;onfhtcgrsm;vnf;&Sd+yD; em&DcsdefoD;yrm tawG;ESpfzuft=um; pdwfrwnfr+idrfjzpfae.?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfa&;&,l&mY jynfolvlxkcHae&qJ twd'kuQrsm;udk ydkrdkqdk;0g;aprnfh
vufeufudkifwdkufyJGudk rvdkvm;a=umif; t&dyft¹rGwfjyygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;&&eftwGuf vdktyfrnfqdkygu t=urf;zufenf;rsm;oHk;&efudk wGef‹qkwfaernfu
r[kwfa=umif;udkvnf; xif&Sm;aponf? vlxkpnf;a0;yJG}uD;rsm;wGif‚if;/ qENjycsDwufaepOf
ykvdyfvufxufjzifh usqHk;cJhaom awmifolv,form;rsm;. psmyeuJhodk‹aom pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,f
tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif‚if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;. rl0g'rsm;udk ±_wfcs+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wwdkif;jynfvHk; qxufxrf;ydk; óud;pm;aqmif&Guf&ef E_d;aqmfaevsufuyif
vltkyf}uD;rsm; +idrfoufpnf;urf;&Sdap&ef xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifa=umif; jyocJh.?
odk‹aomfvnf; a':refqrpfESifh ol. t}uHay;yk*~Kdvfwdk‹onf jy\emrsm;udk at;csrf;pGm
ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_vdktyfonfudk vufcH&ef 0efav;ae=u.? zqyv.
tiftm;udk prf;&ef tjcm;ygwDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmifI &/ r& pOf;pm;=uonf? TuJhodk‹ tm;prf;&ef
pdwfoefaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;um; &Sdygonf? t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m}uD;wOD; bk&ifcHaumifpD0ifrsm;ESifh
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uGmjcm;csufrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;rl0g'rsm;tay: tajccHonfxuf tm%m&&Sda&;òydifqkdifr_tay:wGifom
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aqG;aEG;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf Ttr_EiS fhywfoufI vHk;0wm0ef,lum/
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odk‹aomf Tóud;yrf;r_onf OD;atmifqef;ESifh zqyvwdk‹. =oZmòydysufap&ef twef=umuyif pwifcJhaom
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vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom vdkvm;a=umif;/ 'dkrDeD,eftqifhtwef; vufcHa&;udk
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tqifhjrifhqHk;jzpfaom OD;Ekonf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rsm;udk qHk;cef;wkdif qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;+yD; 1948 ckESpf
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atmufygpum;aumufEkwfcsufudk Tae&mY azmfjyu oifhawmfrnfxifygonf?

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qdkEkdifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkpOfu jrefrmjynftajctaet& ocifrsm;
EkdifiHa&;&mxl;ae&m &&SdcJhcsdefrSpI vGwfvyfa&;t±k%fwufcsdefjzpfaom 1948 ckESpf
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ol.b0ESifh vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_onf cJGjcm;I r&avmufatmif a&maxG;qufEG,faeonfhtjyif
OD;atmifqef;um; ol. tZÆwWoEWefESifh uGmjcm;aom A[d'<toGifudk vlxka&SŒarSmuf bef;jyolrsKd;
r[kwfcJhyg? ol. ±kyfyHkv$mwckvHk;udk òcHI=unfhygu jrifhrm;aom&nfrSef;csuf/ ckdifrmjywfom;aom
pdwf"mwfwdk‹jzifh ol.EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&ap&ef acgif;aqmifr_ay;cJhaom oduQmorm"d}uD;rm;onfh
vli,fwOD;udk jrif&ayrnf? ol. EkdifiHa&;twdkut f cHrsm;ESifh ol. EkdifiHudk tkyfcsKyfaeaom
EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJhojzifh ol‹tm; opPmazmuf[k jrifcJholwdk‹u OD;atmifqef;onf
xifay:ausmf=um;r_vdkvm;ojzifh t=uifemuif;onf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;acgif;yg;onf/
ESpfzufc|efvkyfwwfonf[k pGyfpJGcJh=u.? xdkuJhodk‹aom pGyfpJGcsufrsm;udk ol. vkyfaqmifcsufrSwfwrf;tay:
tajcðyI tuJjzwfEkdifygonf? tjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkIaumif;rGefaom acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifonf[k ol
,Hk=unfoI aemufvdkufae&mrS wm0efudk apwemjynfh0pGm xrf;aqmifcJhygonf? olwOD;wnf;om
wkdif;jynfudk nDnGwfr_ay;um vGwfvyfa&;yef;wdkifodk‹a&muf&ef acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifrnfjzpfa=umif;
xif&Sm;vmaomtcgrS olonf A[dkr¾dKifae&mudk ,lcJhygonf? ausmif;om;b0uyif ol. &if;ESD;aom
EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifzufjzpfcJhol OD;ausmf+idrf;u rnfolurS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; acgif;aqmifae&mudk
ay;cJhonfr[kwfbJ/ ol. vkyf&nfudkif&nf ºuG,f0r_a=umifh acgif;aqmifae&mudk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;
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tvdkqENwdk‹udk rnfaomtcgr# tom;ray;cJhacs? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGtqifhqifhY olonf &if;ESD;aom
EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh wkdifyifaqmif&GufI w&m;rSefa0zefcsufrsm;udk vufcHum
toifhawmfqHk;jzpfrnfxifygu wm0efrsm;udk vJ$ajymif;cJGa0ay;ygonf? odk‹aomf udk,fusKd;&Smorm;rsm;/
wm0efrJhvkyf&yfrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_udk xdyg;Ekdifrnfh tvkyfysufuGufr_rsm;udk onf;rcHyg? olonf
w&m;r#wr_ESifh 'Drkdua&pD0g'wdk‹udk ,Hk=unfvufcHum ol. ukd,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfygu ydkrdkI
aumif;rGefrnfjzpfaom tcsdeftcgrsm;Yyif vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;. tvdkus aqmif&GufcJhonfvnf; &SdcJh.?
tr_aqmifaumifpDacgif;aqmiftaeESifh ol.tjrifudk tjcm;olrsm; vufcHap&ef tay:pD;ESifh aqmif&GufcJhjcif;
r&SdcJhyg? tm;vHk;u vGwfvyf/ yGifhvif;/ jynfhpHkpGm aqG;aEG;+yD;rS qHk;jzwfcsufcs=uygonf? oludk,fwkdif
yGifhvif;pGm 0efcHcJhonfhtwkdif; olonf trSm;t,Gif;uif;olr[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol. pdwf&nfOm%f&nfum;
tpOfojzifh }uD;xGm;wkd;wufEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhygonf?
OD;atmifqef;onf tpGef;a&muf w,loeform;rsm;ukd pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;xuf rdrdwdk‹
,Hk=unfav;pm;aom acgif;aqmifatmufwGif pdwf+idrf;at; udk,fcsrf;ompGmjzifh rdrdwdk‹b0udk ESifvdkaom
omrefjynfolwdk‹udk pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhygonf? jynfolwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹ar#mfrSef;xm;aom acgif;aqmifaumif;
t&nftaoG;rsm; OD;atmifqef;Y &Sdonf[k jrifcJh.? olum; udk,fusKd;xuf EkdifiHhtusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf?
ol. tm%mtxGwftxdyfa&mufaeonfh tcsdefwGifyif qif;qif;&J&J [efyefr&Sd aexdkifcJhonf?
acgif;aqmifwdk‹. txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rrufarmbJ acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk vufcHcJhonf? xdk‹tjyif
olonf EkdifiHa&;yg;eyfvdrRmr_ESifh EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; u|rf;usifr_pGrf;tm;}uD;aomfvnf; ol.
twGif;oabmxm;. euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_um; rnfaomtcgr# wdrfaumoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEkdifiH
jynfolvlxktwGuf OD;atmifqef;onf rdrdwdk‹ vdkvm;awmifhwaecsdefwGif EdkifiH. *k%foduQmudk qnf&ef
ay:aygufvmcJholjzpfygonf? ol. b0onf jynfolwdk‹ pdwftm;wufºuG twk,lzG,f&mjzpfouJhodk‹ ol‹tm;
owd&vGrf;qGwfjcif;onf jynfolwdk‹. EkdifiHa&;todpdwfudk vrf;rvJGap&ef xdef;uGyfr_tjzpf
wnf&Sdvsufaeygonf?

(atmufazmfjyyg aqmif;yg;udk aemufpmrsufESmtopfwGif xnfh&ygrnf?)

'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf

1991 ckESpf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 167-179 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *
1

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk qef‹usif=uolrsm;u ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_udk ysufjym;ap&eftvdk‹iSm

wkdif;jynftwGuf rnfonfht&mu taumif;qHk;jzpfonfudk jynfolvlxktaejzifh od&SdEkdifpGrf; r&Sd[lI‚if;/
'Drdkua&pDtajccHoabmw&m;wdk‹onf jrefrmrqef[lI‚if; ajymqdkae=uygonf? wwd,urBmrS
tpdk;&wdk‹onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk rSefuefa=umif; jyqdkI qufvufwnf+rJap&ef óud;yrf;&mwGif
oabmxm;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDrloabmwdk‹onf EkdifiHjcm;ESifhomqkdifonf[lI y,fcs=uonfrSm
topftqef;r[kwfyg? wkdif;&if;om;,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvm pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh
rnfonfht&mu udkufnDonf/ rudkufnDonfudk/ ‚if;wdk‹onfomv#if w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k
oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh ajymqdkae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? tpdk;&. tm%mudk pkpnf;ckdifrmatmif ðyvkyf&ef
&nf&G,fonfh Todk‹aom vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf 0g'jzef‹r_rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;/ Oya'ynmausmfrsm;ESifh
vlr_a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u cJGjcm;pdwfjzm/ avhvmqef;ppfI rrSefuefa=umif; oufaojycJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; jyifyurBm. EkdifiHa&;/ todOm%f wkd;wufr_wdk‹ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uJGuGmcJh&aom
jrefrmjynfYrl jynfolvlxkudk EkdifiHa&;wm0efay;&ef roifhavsmf[lI‚if;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh roifhavsmf[lI‚if;/
ajymqdkvmcJhaom ,Hkwrf;pum;ESpf&yfudk acszsuf&mwGif/ jynfolwdk‹onf rdrdukd,fudkom rdrd
tm;udk;=u&ygonf? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ jrefrmwjynfvHk;odk‹ jyef‹ESH‹oGm;onfESifhwòydifeuf 'Drdkua&pD[laom
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pdwf0ifpm;vm=uygonf? tjrifusOf;ajrmif;aom tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif t"dy`m,fwdrfI
tESpfom&uif;rJhaom w&m;ao0g'udk ESpfaygif; (25) ESpfausmf tm[m&tjzpf
cGef‹au|;jcif;cH=u&aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹. EkdifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_onf‚if;/ pdwful;pdwfoef;wdk‹onf‚if;
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owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&SdvdkpdwfESifh ,xmblwuspGm cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvmvdkpdwf ponfh
pdwf"mwfwdk‹onf wHk;roGm;bJ ydkIyif xufjrufvmonf[k rSwfxif&ygonf?
'Drdkua&pDpepfESifhywfoufaom tawG‹tóuH[lI jynfolwdk‹wGif r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfaomfvnf;
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,Hk=unfvm=uygonf? xkd‹tjyif acwfopfEkdifiHa&; t,ltqpepfrsm;ESifhqkdifaom
*Eˆ0ifoDtdk&Doabmw&m;wkd‹udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvmvdkpdwfrsm; xufoefvmonfomrubJ
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w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ponfh tajccHt,ltqrsm;udkvnf; rdrdwdk‹tvdktavsmuf teuft"dy`m,fazmfI
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"avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmt& oGefoifqHk;ronfh tcef;u¾rS yg0ifaom Ak'<bmom
&[ef;oHCmawmfwdk‹uvnf; Ak'<0ifpmayrsm;udk udk;um;I umva'ora&G; ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdEkdifaom
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rsufarSmufacwfvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmf&avatmif owd&SdpGm óud;yrf;&mY txl;oD;oef‹
todkif;t0dkif;wGifom r[kwfbJ òrd‹aeynmwwfESifh aps;onfuav;rsm;rSpI aus;vufa'ou
wufºuGaom tzGm;tdkrsm;txd jrefrmhvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;w&yfvHk;wGif óud;pm;tm;xkwfaejcif;yif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif obm0 o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;ESifh vltiftm;&Sdygvsuf ta&SŒawmiftm&SwGif
pGrf;&nft&SdqHk;ESifh wkd;wufr_tjrefqHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiH jzpfvm&rnf[laom tapmydkif;u xm;&SdcJhonfh
uwdtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhonfrSm tb,fa=umifhenf;? tjynfjynfqkdif&m ynm&Sifrsm;u ordkif;/
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tao;pdwftajzrsm;udk ay;xm;+yD;jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹url ,if;odk‹aom ("gwfyHkvmygonf?)

tay:
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bk&m;0wfðyaepOf

(aqmif;yg;tquf)
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,kd,Gif;&jcif;ta=umif;. t"dutcsufukd &SmazGavhvm&mwGif Ak'<bk&m;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;udkom
tm;udk;tm;xm;ðy=u&m ta=umif;t&if;av;ckudk awG‹&ayonf? “aysmufv#if r&Sm/ ysufwm rjyif/
qifjcif roHk;/ tðzef; a[mh&rf;/ vl‹aygufyef;ukd/ a&SŒwef;rSmwif/ Tav;tif-rSefyifysufpD;a=umif;?”
(t*FkwW& edum, pwkwˆ edygu ygVdawmf?)
rsufarSmufacwftajctaet& t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk&rnfqkdygu ppftm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh
aysmufqHk;oGm;&aom 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf óud;yrf;r_ tvHktavmufr&Sdjcif;/
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm; ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;vmonfudk tjyif;txef
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ynmtar#mftjrifvnf;r&Sd/ orm"dvnf; r&Sdaomolwdk‹u tkyfcsKyfjcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?
1962 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vm&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &SmazG&mwGif
tu|rf;usifqHk;aom ynm&Sifu aemufqHk;ay: acwfrDtaumif;qHk; okawoeenf;pepfrsm;udk oHk;I
aocsmjynfhpHkatmif avhvmxm;csufonfyifv#if xdkxufydkI rSefuefwdusjywfom;pGm
azmfjyEkdifrnfr[kwfyg?
wygwDqdk&S,fvpf tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif csrSwfaom tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;onf
wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfjcif;r&SdI jrefrmjynfY pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; raocsm ra&&mr_rsm;
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pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rS jynfolvlxkESifh acgif;aqmifydkif;wdk‹ yl;aygif;I rludk tajccH+yD;
óud;pm;vkyfudkifygu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹udk atmifjrifpGm &Edkifrnf[laom pdwful;tjrifonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &Sifoefvsuf usef&Sdaeygonf? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf ,if;pdwful;tjrifudk
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifrnfh ar#mfvifhcsufudk ay:aygufapygonf? tajccHtusqHk;ESifh
csufcsif;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtqifhwGif oabmxm;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDpepf[lonfrSm
tzJG‹tpnf;w&yftaejzifhqdkygu w&m;r#wI vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyJGpepft&
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh
tcsdefumvtwGif; zJG‹pnf;xm;aom tpdk;&yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹.
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk‹zmom a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk wm0ef&SdpGm usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh qkwf,kwfusqif;onfh
jzpfpOfudk xda&mufpGm pwifwGef;vSefEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhae=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf
tpdk;&ESifhywfoufaom xHk;wrf;pOfvm oDtdk&Dt,ltqrsm;udk qef;ppfI 'Drdkua&pDonf ‚if;wdk‹.
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh roifhavsmf[laom 0g'jzef‹csufudk wefjyefqef‹usif=uygonf?

Ak'<bmom urBmhorkdif;tjrift& vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;onf pif=u,faom rlvtptajctaerS

qkwf,kwfusqif;vm+yD; udk,fhusifhw&m;ESifh vlr_a&;ysufjym;r_rsm;udk óuHawG‹vm&aomtcgY
w&m;r#wa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf tpdk;&rif;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufjcif;
jzpfygonf? tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolonf bJG‹trnfoHk;rsKd;jzifh xif&Sm;ygonf? r[morRw [k trnf&jcif;rSm
wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk;. oabmwlnDcsuft& wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&I jzpfygonf? cwWd, [k trnf&jcif;rSm
v,fajrwdk‹udk pdk;rdk;ydkifqkdifI jzpfygonf? &mZm [k trnf&jcif;rSm oDvw&m;apmifhxdef;jcif;jzifh
jynfol‹arwWmudk &,lxm;Ijzpfygonf? yxrqHk;aomrif;u ‚if;&,lonfh qefpyg; a0pka0yHktwGuf
ajzmifhrwfpGmtkyfcsKyfrnf[k wm0ef,laom oabmwlnDcsufonf vlom;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef
oabmwlnDr_ &,lI wnfaxmifaomtpdk;&/ wenf;tm;jzifh vlr_yÉdnmOft& wnfaxmifzJG‹pnf;aom
tpdk;&pepfudk Ak'<bmomtjrifjzifh jyojcif;yifjzpfygonf? r[morRw onf tdENd,rS tajccHvmaom
ta&SŒawmiftm&S bk&ifpepfyHkpHyifjzpfygonf? TyHkpHonf bk&ifpepftm; yk*~vdu
udk,fydkiftjzpfodk‹a&mufatmif tm;ay;&ma&mufojzifh acwfopfEdkifiHawmfqkdif&m t,ltqESifh
qef‹usifbufjzpfonf[k a0zef=uygonf? taemufwkdif; t,ltqwGif bk&if[lonf “obm0cE<m” ESifh
“EdkifiHawmfcE<m” [lI cE<mESpfyg;jzpfav&m wrif;vGefI aemufwrif; acsmarmpGm qufqHonfhpepfudk
tm;ay;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; r[morRwrif;tm; trsm;jynfol.oabmjzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpf+yD; ‚if;onf
w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyf&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufI Oya'ESifhtnD
tkyfcsKyf&aom tpdk;&[lonfh t,ltqonf jrefrmhxHk;wrf;pOfvm tawG;tac:ESifh jcm;em;jcif; r&Sdyg?
Ak'<bmomtjrifwGif tpdk;&rif;wdk‹Y wkdif;jynfudk xifovdktkyfcsKyfEdkifonfh
xm0&bk&m;ocifay;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhrsKd; r&Sdyg? tpdk;&rif;wdk‹onf rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg; qkwf,kwfr_udk
[ef‹wm;onfh ty&d[med,w&m; ckESpfyg;/ o*F[w&m; av;yg; ponfwdk‹udk apmifhxdef;&rnfjzpfygonf?
xdk‹tjyif rif;wdk‹usifhaom w&m; q,fhESpfyg;/ em,u*k%f ajcmufyg;/ &mZ*k%f &Spfyg;/
&efatmifa=umif;w&m; av;yg; ponfh rsm;jym;vSaom tusifhpm&dwWvrf;n$efpnf;urf;twdkif;
ðyrl&rnfjzpfygonf?
wzufu rif;tm; &efolrsKd;ig;yg;xJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;+yD; wzufu tm%m&Sdolwdk‹
tusifhpm&dwWaumif;rGefap&ef oGefoifqHk;ray;jcif;udk tm;ay;usifhoHk;aom xHk;wrf;pOfvmonf usKd;a=umif;
qifjcifr_ESifh jynfhpHkygonf? jrefrmjynfom;rsm;onf tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&; tawG‹tóuHrsm;pGm &SdcJhojzifh
tpdk;&ESifh ywfoufvmv#if oabmw&m; oDtdk&DESifh vufawG‹usifhoHk;r_wdk‹Y pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒp&m
uGm[csuf}uD; &Sdonfudk aumif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfxm;=uygonf?
vlodrsm;aom rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;udk urBmay:wGif yxrqHk;ay:aygufaom tpdk;&rif;tm;
wkdif;wm&mwGif‚if;/ acwfopftpdk;&tm; wkdif;wm&mwGif‚if; udkufwHtjzpf toHk;ðyEdkifonfudk
a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcHxm;=uygonf? rif;usifhw&m;rsm;rSm ay;urf;pGef‹}uJjcif; ('ge)/
udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefjcif; (oDv)/ udk,fusKd;pGef‹jcif; (y&dpPm*)/ pdwfxm;ajzmifhrwfjcif; (tZ…0)/
=uifemjcif; (r'N0)/ òcd;+cHjcif; (wy)/ trsufrxGufjcif; (tauUm")/ t=urf;rzufjcif; (t0da[o)/ onf;cHjcif;
(cEWD)ESifh jynfol‹tvdkukd rqef‹usifjcif; (t0da&m") ponfwdk‹jzpfygonf?
ay;urf;pGef‹}uJjcif; ('ge) [laom rif;usifhw&m;t& tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolonf jynfolvlxk
om,m0ajyma&;twGuf &ufa&mpGm ay;urf;&rnfjzpfojzifh tpdk;&[lonf EdkifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;udk
tvHktavmufay;urf;EkdifpGrf; &Sd&rnf[k t"dy`m,foufa&mufygonf? acwfopfEkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh
qdkygu wm0efodaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfw&yf. tajccHwm0efwckrSm EdkifiHawmf. pD;yGm;a&;ckdifrmr_udk
aocsmatmif ðyvkyfjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
udk,fusifhw&m; (oDv) [lonfrSm Ak'<bmomxHk;wrf;pOfvmt&
ig;yg;oDvapmifhxdef;onfhtay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf? ig;yg;oDv[lonfrSm toufrowfjcif;/ rckd;jcif;/
rkom;roHk;jcif;/ t&ufaopmroHk;aqmifjcif;/ olwyg;om;r,m;tm; rjypfrSm;jcif; ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
jynfolwdk‹. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;r_udk &&Sd&ef‚if;/ jynfolwdk‹udk aysmf&$ifcsrf;omºuG,f0r_ ay;Edkif&ef‚if;/
pHerlemaumif; jyo&ef‚if; tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolonf udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGef&rnf jzpfygonf? bk&ifu
"rRudk apmifhxdef;jcif; r&SdaomtcgwGif rif;r_xrf;wdk‹ azmufjyef=uygonf? rif;r_xrf;wdk‹
azmufjyefaomtcgwGif jynfoljynfom;wdk‹ 'kuQa0'emrsm;pGm cHpm;=u&ygonf? xdk‹tjyif
oDvr&Sdaomrif;onf wkdif;jynfY ab;'kuQqdk;}uD; usa&mufaponf[kvnf; ,Hk=unf=uygonf?
wkdif;jynfwjynf uH=urRmqdk; óuH&onfh tajccHt&if;tjrpfudk tpdk;&. udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r_rsm;wGif
awG‹&SdEdkifrnf jzpfygonf?
wwd,rif;usifhw&m;rSm y&dpPm*jzpf+yD; ay;urf;pGef‹}uJjcif;[lI‚if;/ udk,fusKd;pGef‹jcif;[lI‚if;
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk=uygonf? ay;urf;&ufa&mjcif;onf yxrrif;usifhw&m; ('ge) ESifh xyfwljzpfaeojzifh
jynfoljynfom;wdk‹tusKd;twGuf tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolu &ufa&monfhae&mwGif tqHk;pGefaom
&ufa&mjcif;jzpfygonf? udk,fusKd;udkyif pGef‹v$wfjcif;[lI t"dy`m,fzGifhqdku ydkIauseyfzG,fjzpfygrnf?
trsm;tusKd; o,fydk;Ekdif&ef udk,fusKd;pGef‹v$wfonfh oabmw&m;udk jyo&mY tavmif;awmf okar"m
&Sif&aohtm; pHerlemtjzpf tcsKdŒu axmufjyygonf? tavmif;awmf&Sif&aohonf wb0wGif
edAŠmefr*fzdkvfudk rsufarSmufðyEkdifygvsufESifh owW0gtrsm; oHo&m0Éfqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufap&eftvdk‹iSm
bk&m;qkyefum ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif rsm;jym;aomb0taygif;wGif usifvnf&rnfhtjzpfudk
vufcHcJhygonf? ,if;uJhodk‹yif vlóudufrsm;aomyHkjyifwckrSm rdrd.toufudk paw;I
vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk u,fq,fcJhaom bk&m;tavmif; ajrmufrif;0wˆKyif jzpfygonf?
ajrmufrif;u,fq,fvdkufolrsm;xJwGif ‚if;tm; ysufpD;&ef tpOfwpdkuf vdkvm;cJh+yD; aemufqHk;
‚if;.toufudkyg qHk;±H_;atmifðyvkyfcJhol (a'0'wf) vnf; yg0ifygonf?
pdwfxm;ajzmifhrwfjcif; (tZ…m0) qdkonfrSm jynfol‹0efudk xrf;aqmif&mwGif
azmufjyefr_uif;&Sif;&rnf[k oabm&+yD; yk*~Kdvfa&;qufqHr_rsm;wGifvnf; ajzmifhrwf±dk;om;&rnfjzpfygonf?
“rif;rSmopPm/ vlrSmuwd” [laom qdk±dk;pum;t& omrefyk*~KdvfwOD;taejzifh ‚if;ay;cJhaom
uwdtwdkif;om vkyfaqmif±Hkr#omvdkaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹rSmrl um,uH/ 0pDuH/ raemuH t&
opPmw&m;udk tpOfxdef;odrf;xm;&ygonf? opPmw&m;onf Ak'<w&m; tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;.
tESpfom&yifjzpfygonf? Ak'<&Sifawmfonf rdrdudk,fudk rdrd wxm*w odk‹r[kwf opPmw&m;odk‹
a&muf&Sdvmol[k &nfn$ef;ygonf? xdk‹a=umifh Ak'<bmom0ifrif;wdk‹onf “ol‹trnfonmESifh ol‹obm0
tpOfxm0& nDnGwfajzmifhrSefjcif;” wnf;[laom opPmw&m;ESifhtnD aexkdiftkyfcsKyf&rnfyif jzpfygonf?
jynfolvlxkudk vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfapr_ ponfwdk‹onf tvkyfwm0ef0wW&m;
ysufuGufc|wf,Gif;I udk,fusifhw&m;udk azmufzsufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? “jrm;ES,fpif;I/ 0rf;wGif;ajzmifhwef;/
raumuf,Gif;wnfh/ wpGef;[u/ ESpfcGraoG” (pwk"rRom& udk;cef;ysKdŒ)?
tkyfcsKyf&mY pdwfxm;El;nHhr_ (r'N0) [lonfrSm jynfolvlxktusKd;twGuf pdk;&drfylyefa=umifh=ur_udk
cHpm;Ekdifaom owWdyif jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk‹. tcGifhta&;udk awmif;qdkEkdifpGrf; tvGefenf;yg;aeolwdk‹.
qif;&J'kuQudk vspfv#L±_jcif;onf ‚if;wdk‹. vdktyfcsufudk xda&mufpGm wHk‹jyefta&;,lvkyfaqmifay;jcif;xuf
ydkIvG,fulonfrSm rjiif;Edkifaomtcsufyif jzpfygonf? olwyg;udk *±kpdkufjcif;onf wm0ef,ljcif;yifjzpfI
tm;enf;olwdk‹. tm;onf rif;jzpfonf[laom tqdktwdkif; vkyf&Jjcif;yif jzpfygonf? vlodrsm;+yD;jzpfaom
r[m0Ho0wˆKwGif tajccHonfh 19 &mpkacwf 0dZ,jyZmwfY jynfolwdk‹udk aomu'kuQrsm;pGm
a&mufaponfh qkd;oGrf;aom om;awmf}uD;tm; zcifb&k ifu jynfESif'%fay;vdkuf&ygonf? “rif;wdk‹"rRm/
jynfolESifh om;/ tcspftm;jzifh/ rjcm;&m/ arwWmnDr#/ aumif;ayonf?”
òcd;+cHa&;wm0ef (wy) t& bk&ifonf ±dk;om;aomtusifhrsm;udk vdkufem&rnf? rdrdudk,frdrd
xdef;odrf;uGyfuJwwf&rnf? aumif;jrwfaom pdwf"mwf&Sdatmif avhusifhay;&rnf jzpfygonf? òcd;+cHr_udk
*±krðybJ pdwftvdkvdkufI tvGeftu|Hðzef;wD;aeaom tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfoludk r[morRwrif;acwfu
vufrcHEdkifouJhodk‹ ,ae‹jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; vufcHEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? owWr/ tÏr/ e0r
rif;usifhw&m;wdk‹jzpfaom a'gouif;jcif; (tauUm")/ t=urf;rzufjcif; (t0da[o) ESifh onf;cHjcif; (cEWD)
wdk‹onf wckESifhwck qufpyfaeonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? tiftm;}uD;olwdk‹. a'goa=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒp&m
tusKd;qufrsm; us,fjyef‹pGm ay:xGufvmEdkifojzifh rif;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. rvdkrkef;wD;pdwfrsm;udk
um,uHajrmufonfh a'goESifh t=urf;zufr_tjzpfodk‹ raygufuJGoGm;ap&ef xdef;odrf;&rnf jzpfygonf?
rdrdu xifovdkacsr_ef;Ekdifolrsm;. v_H‹aqmf&efpr_ESihf csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk ynm&SdyDoI oabmxm;}uD;pGm
udkifwG,fEdkifaprnfh ppfrSefaom onf;cHjcif;w&m; (cEWD) udk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolwdk‹ usifh}uH&rnfjzpfygonf?
t=urf;zufr_onf Ak'<0g' tqHk;trESifh qef‹usifbufjzpfygonf? &maZm0g' Zmwfawmft&
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwdk‹onf a'go}uD;oludk arwWmESifhatmifEkdif./ raumif;r_udk aumif;r_ESifh atmifEkdif./
ap;eJoludk ay;urf;jcif;jzifh atmifEkdif&m./ rrSefaompum;qdkoludk trSefqdkjcif;jzifh atmifEkdif&m.?
t=urf;rzufbJ *±k%mw&m;jzifh wkdif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfol tmaomubk&if}uD;udk pHjyAk'<bmombk&iftjzpf
t+rJwrf; erlemjy=uygonf? tpdk;&onf =urf;wrf;cufxefjcif;/ oDvESifhrnDaom tiftm;oHk;jcif;wdk‹jzifh
emcHr_&atmif óud;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; rðybJ trSefw&m;ESifh atmifEkdif&ef ("rR0dZ&) udkom OD;wnf&rnf
jzpfygonf? '\rrif;usifhw&m;rSm jynfol‹tvdkqENudk rqef‹usif&[k qdkxm;ojzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk
Ak'<bmomu axmufcHvdkufonfhoabm oufa&mufygonf? vlodrsm;aom Ak'<0ifyHkjyifrsm;uvnf;
Toabmudk axmufcHxm;ygonf? vlom;t&omudk óudufESpfoufoGm;aom ayg&dom'bk&ifonf
Zwfwlom;pm;onfhtusifhudk pGef‹v$wf&ef jynfolvlxku awmif;qdkonfudk *±krðyojzifh wkdif;jynfrS
xGufcGmcJh&ygonf? bk&m;w&m; tvGef=unf!dkaom a0oEW&mrif;}uD;onfvnf; 'geyg&rDjznfhqnf;&ef
óud;pm;tm;xkwfpOftwGif; jynfol‹oabmwlnDcsufrygbJ EdkifiHydkif qifjzLawmfudk vª'gef;vdkufojzifh
jynfESif'g%fay;jcif; cH&ygonf? jynfol‹tvdkqENudk rqef‹usif&[laom wm0ef0wW&m;. tESpfom& t&
jynfolvlxk. oabmwlnDcsuf &&SdrSomv#if tpdk;&onf w&m;0ifI Oya'ESifhtnD jzpfEkdifygrnf?
tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolonf jynfol‹tusKd;pD;yGm;udk o,fydk;EkdifpGrf;r&Sd[k jynfolu ,lqvmygu tpdk;&tm;
ay;tyfxm;onfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk jynfolvlxku tcsed fra&G; jyefvnf±kyfodrf;ydkifcGifh&Sd&ygrnf?
pnf;urf;wm0efESifhtnDjzpfaom/ jynfol‹qENudkav;pm;aom/ w&m;r#wonfh Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
t"duxm;aom tpdk;&wdk‹onf jynfol‹qENudkav;pm;&ef rvdkaom tm%m& vlwef;pm; odk‹r[kwf
tm%m&SifwOD;. tkyfcsKyfr_xufydkI Ak'<bmombk&ifpepf. xHk;wrf;pOfvmwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk
vdkufemaqmif&GufEdkifrnf[lonfudk 'Drdkua&pDbufrS tcdkiftrmajymqdkxm;ygonf? trsm;jynfolu
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&pepfudk ar#mfrSef;jcif;onf rSeu f efa=umif;/ t"dy`m,f&Sda=umif;/ xHk;wrf;pOfvm
wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;u jyoaeygonf?
2
'Drdkua&pD[lonfrSm tpdk;&yHkpepfwckr#om ruao;bJ vlwOD;csif;udk ±dkaoav;pm;onfhtay:Y
tajccHxm;aom vlr_a&;ESifh oabmw&m;a&;&mwdk‹tm; pkpnf;aygif;pyfxm;aompepf jzpfonf[k
jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u ,lqxm;=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹udk rnfonfhtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDudkvdkvm;=uygoenf;[k
ar;aomtcgY EkdifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;r_ tenf;qHk;olwdk‹uyif “usaemfwdk‹taeeJ‹uawmh udk,fhzmomudk,f
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf/ at;at;csrf;csrf; udk,fhtvkyfudk vkyfcsifwmygyJ? b,fol‹udkrS 'kuQray;csifygbl;?
ra=umufr±GHŒ/ rpdk;&drf&bJ toifhtwifh pm;aomufaexdkifEdkifatmif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;av;
wckavmufom vdkcsifwmyg” vdk‹ ajz=um;rSmjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf csKdŒwJh&r_/ a=umuf±GHŒ&r_rS
uif;a0;I at;csrf;wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom b0rsKd;udk tmrcHEdkifrnfh tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u vdkvm;jcif; jzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDoDcsif;rsm;wGifvnf; ,if;odk‹aom jyif;jyonfh
wrf;wcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? “xrif;pm;aom puf±kyfrsm;xJrSm ta&ma&m taESmaESmwdk‹ryg/
vlwkdif;vlwkdif; vl‹tcGifhta&;&Sdoifhw,f”/ “±dkif;pdkif;wJh awmwd&p>mefrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ tm;vHk;u
todeJ‹vlawG/ vufeufjy+cdrf;ajcmufum tkyfcsKyfr_ &yfwef;u&yfoifh+yDav/ ta&;tcif;wkdif;
aoewfeJ‹ajz&Sif;vdk‹awmh jrefrmjynfrSm vlomukefrav?”
 vl‹tcGifhta&;jy\emonf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. t"dutpdwftydkif;wck jzpfvmaomtcgY
tpdk;&owif;Xmersm;u vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqwckvHk;udk jyuf&,fðy±_wfcsI "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvm
wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rudkufnDaom taemufwdkif;toHk;taqmifr#om jzpfonf[k
pwiforkwfvm=uonfrSmvnf; óudwifcef‹rSef;Ekdifaomtcsufyif jzpfygonf? owW0grsm;teuf
vlom;pifppfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqHk; tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfudk &&SdEkdifojzifh vlom;tm;
tvGefwefzdk;xm;onfh jrefrmh±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g'udk t&JGŒwdkufum
ajymif;jyefvkyfaeouJhodk‹yif jzpfaeygonf? vlwkdif;wGif rdrdqENt& óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh opPmw&m;udk
od&SdEkdifpGrf;&Sd+yD; olwyg;udk odap&eftwGufvnf; ulnDEdkifaom tvm;tvm&Sdygonf? xdk‹a=umifh
vl‹touf.wefzdk;onf tqHk;tpr&Sdyg? jA[RmbHkrSusvmaom tyfwacsmif;ESifh urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif
pdkufxm;aom tyfwacsmif;wdk‹ xdawG‹=uonfrSm vljzpf&onfxuf vG,fulygonf[kyif
qdk=uonfr[kwfygavm?
odk‹aomfvnf; tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk‹onf vlom;udk EkdifiHawmf. tzdk;weftpdwftydkif;tjzpf
todtrSwfrðy=ubJ EdkifiHolEdkifio H m;[lonfrSm xifovdk udkifwG,fI &aom/ rnfolrnf0grSef; rodaom/
todOm%fr&Sdaom/ tultnDuif;rJhaom vlxk}uD;omjzpfonf[k ,lq=uygonf? jynfolwdk‹tm;
wkdif;jynf. toufaoG;cJ[k rSwf,lrnfhtpm; ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm a&muf&Sdaeaom ta&;rygolrsm;[k
,lqxm;ouJhodk‹yif jzpfygonf? rdrd. wkdif;jynfudk cspfcifjrwfEkd;pGm apmifha&Smufjcif;jzpfaom
jynfcspfpdwftm; tm%m&Sifwdk‹. rw&m;r_rsm;udk aoG;±l;aoG;wef; zHk;uG,f&mwGif toHk;ðyjcif;jzifh
wefzdk;usqif;apygonf? tm%m&Sifwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. usOf;ajrmif;aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;ay:wGif
rlwnfI jynfcspfpdwfudk t"dy`m,fazmf=uygonf? tpdk;&. t,l0g'ukd apm'urwufbJ
vufcH,Hk=unf&rnfqdkonfrSm jynfh0aomAk'<bmom oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh udkufnDonfxuf
taemufwkdif;wGif }uD;pdk;cJhaom wif;=uyfonfh c&pf,mefa&S;a[mif;bmoma&; oabmw&m;wdk‹ESifh
ydkrdkudkufnDaeouJhodk‹ jzpfygonf?
“,HkrSm;oifhonfudk ,HkrSm;&m. æ xyfcgwvJajymoH=um;±HkESifh æ [kwf+yDrSef+yD[k r,HkavESifh/
tpOftqufu =um;zl;±HkESifh/ owif;pum; =um;zl;±HkESifh r,HkavESifh/ rdrdudk,fwkdif
raumif;aomt&mjzpfonf/ rSm;,Gif;onf[k od&Sdaomtcg pGef‹v$wfI/ rdrdudk,fwkdif aumif;aomt&mudk
od&SdvmaomtcgwGifrS vufcHygav” (t*FkwW& edum,f okwWefydÉuwfawmfvm/ auorkwWdokwf)
vlom;. oaE<yg*k%foduQmESifh vlom;ESifh cJGcGmIr&aom nDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
todtrSwfðyxm;onfh t,ltq/ vlwkdif;wGif trSm;trSefudk a0zefydkif;jcm;Edkifaom todOm%fESifh
qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdonfudk vufcHxm;aom t,ltq/ vltcsif;csif; nDtudkarmifESrozG,f arwWmxm;&Sd&ef
t}uHðyxm;aom t,ltq ponfh tawG;tac: t,ltqwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹
qef‹usifbufjzpfEkdifrnfudk jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfae&ygonf?
urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;. pmydk'f (30) wdk‹wGif yg&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
ukodkvfw&m;ESifhnDonf/ aumif;rGefonf[k roHk;oyfygu rnfuJhodk‹ oHk;oyf&rnfudk jrefrmjynfolwdk‹tzdk‹
pOf;pm;&cufvSygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf 1948 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ,if;a=unmpmwrf;udk twnfðy&ef
axmufcHrJay;cJhaom EdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfaeonfhtav#muf Ta=unmpmwrf;udk jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&;qJGcJhjcif;r[kwfojzifh y,fcs&rnfqdkjcif;rSm rvHkavmufaom ta=umif;jycsuf[k
tenf;qHk; ajymqdkEkdifygonf? t,ltq/ tawG;tac:/ ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;onf pwifay:ayguf&m
ae&ma'o. yx0DESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m e,ferdwfjyifywGif w&m;r0if[k jiif;qdkaeygu Ak'<bmomonf
tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif;Yom xGef;um;Ekdifrnfjzpf+yD; c&pf,mefbmomonf ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o&Sd
usOf;ajrmif;aome,fajrav;Yom‚if;/ tpPvrfbmomonfvnf; tma&;AD;,m;a'oYom‚if;
xGef;um;Ekdif=urnf jzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; &&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;
cHpm;ydkifcGifhrsm;udk jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹ rcHpm;xdkuf[laom pum;onf apmfum;&ma&mufygonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;&url 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;xuf ydkrdkI tcGifhta&;rsm;
cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k ,lqxm;jcif;rSm ,kwWdwefygovm;[k ar;p&m jzpfygonf? Todk‹
a&SŒaemufpum;rnDr_udk rSefuefa=umif; jyqdkEdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; &Sif;vif;azmfjyEdkifygonf? tpdk;&ESifh
jynfolvlxkt=um; uGm[r_ tifrwefrS }uD;rm;aeojzifh ,if;uJhodk‹ oD;jcm;cJGI pHowfrSwfum
qHk;jzwf&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf? TuJhodk‹ }uD;rm;aom uGm[r_&Sdaeav&m tpdk;&onfomv#if
EdkifiHwEkdifiHvHk;. wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udk òcHiHkudk,fpm;ðyEkdifonf[laom 0g'tay:Yyif oHo,jzpf&ygonf?
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tm%m&Sifpepf. =ueftifvuQ%mrsm;yif jzpfygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk‹onf vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_ESifh
t,ltqopfrsm;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpf&ef rem;rae óud;pm;tm;xkwfI ‚if;wdk‹om rSefuefonf[k
xyfcgwvJvJ wif;rmpGm ajymqdkaejcif;a=umifh ‚if;wdk‹Y todOm%f A[kokw rwdk;wufbJ &yfwef‹oGm;&+yD;
jynfolvlxkwdk‹onfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹enf;wl todOm%f A[kokw &yfwef‹oGm;+yD[k ,lq=uygonf?
+cdrf;ajcmufr_ESifh 0g'jzef‹r_udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&mwGif wufnDvufnD toHk;ðyaeI ae&mwumwGif a=umuf±GHŒr_/
ouFmruif;jzpfr_rsm; ay:aygufae&m jynfolvlxkonf cHpm;csufudk zHk;uG,fI qdwfqdwfaewwfvmygonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ‚if;wdk‹tm; “xrif;pm;onfh puf±kyf” tqifhrS rdrdwdk‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfh0pGm
cHpm;ydkifcGifh&SdI acgif;axmifvmEkdifum vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:ajymqdkEkdifaom vlom;tqifhodk‹
wkd;jr‡ifhay;rnfhpepfudk awmifhwonfh qENrsm;rSmvnf; tpOfwpdkuf }uD;xGm;vsuf&Sdygonf? jrefrmjynf.
'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGonf ueOD;uyif tEW&m,frsm;vSygonf? rdrdwdk‹ydkifqdkifor#udk jzpfonfhenf;jzifh
qufvufudkifxm;rnf[k oEMdÏmefcsxm;aom tcGifhxl;cHvlenf;pk. vufwGif;Y =um&SnfpGm wnf&SdcJhaom
tcGifhta&;ESifh tm%mudk rSefuefw&m;r#wpGm cJGa0&ef óud;pm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_onf umv=um&SnfI
cufcJEdkifygonf? ar#mfvifhpdwfESifh taumif;bufrScsnf; jrifvdkpdwfwdk‹udk csKyfwnf;I r&aomfvnf;
ajymif;vJr_udk qef‹usifolwdk‹onf &ufpuf,kwfrmpGm vkyfzG,f&m&Sdonf[k wifóudowdðyrd=uygonf? Tr#
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faomtpdk;&u 'Drdkua&pD wu,fay;rnfvm;[k pdk;&drfa=umifh=upGm r=umc%
ar;cGef;xkwf=uygonf? tajzonfum; tjcm;aom vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;/ w&m;r#wa&;/
vGwfvyfa&;rsm;uJhodk‹yif 'Drkdua&pDudk ay;onf[lI r&Sdwwf/ pGrf;&nfowWd}uHŒcdkifr_/ tepfemcHr_wdk‹jzifh &if;I
&,l&rnfjzpfygonf?
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&yfwef‹ae&onfh vdktyfaom ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef òrdodyfrxm;Edkifatmif
E_d;qGwdkufwGef;aom pdwf"mwfudk a,bk,stm;jzifh a&mifjyef[yfjcif;yif jzpfygonf? Todk‹aom
ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk t=urf;rzufbJ xdxda&mufa&muf taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef
'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif enf;vrf;rsm;ay;xm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
wif;=uyfaom vrf;pOfrsm;rS aoGzDr_rSefor#udk cGifhrðyaom tm%m&Sifpepfonf ajymif;vJr_udk &GHrkef;ygonf?
oabmxm;uJGvJGydkifcGifhudk‚if;/ oabmxm;uJGvJGr_udk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;&rnfh wm0efudk‚if; 'Drdkua&pDu
todtrSwfðyxm;ygonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk‹url ‚if;wdk‹. 0g'oabmw&m;ESifh vkyf&yfrsm;tm;
a0zefonfudk wdkufyJG0if&ef pdefac:aejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq=uygonf? twdkuftcHvkyfjcif;rSm
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawG‹r_udk vdkvm;jcif;omjzpfonf[k jrifI &ifqkdifawG‹r_udk t=urf;zufaom yÉdyuQ[k
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;=uygonf? ppfrSefaom aqG;aEG;r_jzifh ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef OD;wnfI
t"duoabmxm;uJGvJGcsufrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGm tjyeftvSefaphpyfjcif;onf &ifqkdifawG‹r_yif jzpfonf[laom
oabmudk csKyfcs,fvdkpdwf &Sdolwdk‹u em;rvnfEdkif=uyg? twif;t"rR vkyfckdif;onfhpepftay:wGif
wnfaqmufxm;aom tm%m[lonfrSm rvHkòcH/ rcdkif+rJaoma=umifh oabmwm;uJGvJGoltm;vHk;udk
acsr_ef;&efvdktyfaomtjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf? jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pDabmiftwGif;Yrl
qef‹usifuef‹uGufr_/ oabmxm;uJGvJGr_ ponfwdk‹onf tajymif;tvJrvdkvm;aom 0g'/
a&S;a[mif;t,ltq ponfwdk‹ESifh tusKd;&SdpGm ,SOfwJGI &SifoefEkdifygonf? TuJhodk‹ twl&SifoefEkdif&ef
Oya'/ pnf;urf;±dkaoav;pm;r_ESifh yk*~vdutcGifhta&; av;pm;r_wdk‹udk r#watmifvkyfay;&onfh
vdktyfcsufudk a,bk,stm;jzifh todtrSwfðy&rnfjzpfygonf?
“+idrf0yfydjym;a&;” [laom pum;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&mwGif qifajcay;onfhtaejzifh r=umc%
tvJGoHk;pm;vkyf=uojzifh tm%m&Sifpepf}uD;pdk;aom EkdifiHrsm;wGif Tpum;vHk;toHk;tE_ef;udk
r,HkouFmjzpfvm=uygonf? xif&Sm;aom jrefrmpma&;q&m}uD;wOD;onf vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fcef‹u
“+idrf0yfydjym;a&;” ESifhywfoufaom aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;om;cJhygonf? pum;wvHk;csif;
cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfhaomtcgwGif +idrfae&rnf/ 0yfwGm;ae&rnf/ ydap&rnf/ jym;ap&rnf[k t"dy`m,f&ojzifh
Edk;=um;wufºuGwdk;wufaom EkdifiHom;wdk‹ ay:aygufvmjcif;udk [ef‹wm;onfh rvdkvm;tyfaom
tajctaejzpfvmaprnf[k rSwfcsufcscJhygonf? “Oya'” [lonf w&m;r#wr_ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpf+yD;/
w&m;r#wr_&Sdjcif;a=umifh jynfoljynfom;rsm; ausauseyfeyfESifh +idrfoufae=uaom “+idrf0yfydjym;r_”
rsKd;omv#if rGefjrwfygonf? Oya'udk tpdk;&. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ud&d,mtjzpf toHk;ðyjcif;onf
tm%m&Sifpepf. trsm;od =ueftifvuQ%mw&yfyif jzpfygonf? Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twkdif; jzpfap&ef
tmrcHay;rnfh trsm;oabmwl a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;onfh Oya'ðyv$wfawmfESifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom
w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif r&Sdygu tm%mydkifwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹xifovdk xkwfjyefxm;I vufcHEkdifavmufaom
w&m;r#wr_ pHowfrSwfcsuftm;vHk;ESifh ajymifajymif}uD; qef‹usifonfh trdef‹rsm;udk “Oya'” oabmjzifh
usifhoHk;Edkifygonf? wkdif;EkdifiH wEkdifiHwGif tm%m&Sdolrsm; tqifajyap&ef Oya'opfrsm;udk jyXmef;Ekdifygu‚if;/
Oya'a[mif;rsm;udk ajymif;vJEdkifygu‚if;/ EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; vHkòcHr_&&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? Ttcsufudk
a&S;xHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& todtrSwfðyxm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;udk ty&d[med, w&m;rsm;u
xif&Sm;apygonf? ‚if;w&m;wyg;t& tnDtnGwf ynwfxm;aom Oya'rsm;udk tvG,fwuly,fzsufjcif;/
tnDtnGwf ynwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom Oya'rsm;udk tvG,fwul jyXmef;jcif;wdk‹rS a&SmifusOf&rnf jzpfygonf?
Ak'<bmomt,ltqwGif Oya'onf w&m;"rRtay:wGif tajccHygonf? tumtuG,fuif;rJhaom/
jynfolvlxktay:wGif =urf;wrf;cufxefwif;rmaom pnf;rsOf;rsm; jyXmef;Ekdifaom tm%mtay:wGif
tajccHjcif;r[kwfyg? pepfwck. w&m;r#wr_udk rSefuefpGmwkdif;wm&mwGif tiftm;tenf;qHk;jzpfolwdk‹tm;
umuG,f&ef rnfr#tmrcHxm;onfudk =unfhI wkdif;wm&rnfjzpfygonf?
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom ae&ma'owGif pdwfcs&aom+idrf;csrf;r_vnf; r&SdEkdifyg? tm%m&SifpepfESifh
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk aemufqHk; rcHEdkifawmhonfhtqHk;wGif tm;udk;p&m[lI olykefx&efom
&Sdawmhonfhtjzpftxd a&mufrvmap&eftwGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;udk w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_jzifh
umuG,fxm;&rnf[k urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;u todtrSwfðyxm;ygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;[lonfrSm twdkuftcHtm;vHk; E_wfqdwfaejcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if;/ vHkòcHa&;[lonfrSm rdrdwkd‹
tm%mwnf+rJa&;udk aocsmatmif ðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if;/ t"dy`m,faumuf,laom
oabmxm;usOf;ajrmif;olwdk‹uomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹. vdktyfaom
tajccHjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jiif;qdk=urnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmwdk‹onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;oabmudk
at;jraomt&dyfESifh wJGzufxm;=uygonf?

opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydk at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?
 xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPm&Sdjcif;/ *±k%mxm;jcif;ESifh w&m;"rR
apmifhpnf;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom tpdk;&udk
&&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif vwfwavm ta&;}uD;onfh ta&;ay:EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;onf
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;tkyfomG ;zG,f&m odk‹r[kwf ysufjy,foGm;zG,f&m&Sdaom
tEW&m,fESifh t+rJwrf; óuHawG‹ae&ygonf? pdwf"mwfa&;&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk yxr OD;pm;ay;&rnf/
rysufpD;atmifvkyf&rnf[k ckdifrmpGm wdkufwGef;ae&onfrSm pdwful;,Of0g'udkom xkwfazmfaejcif; r[kwfbJ
wd&p>mefO,smOf0wˆKxJrS tjzpfrsKd;ay:aygufrvmEkdifatmif tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? (+Adwdo#pma&;q&m}uD; a*smhtdk0Jvf a&;om;aom) wd&p>mefO,smOf0wˆKwGif pepfopfudk
wnfaxmifolwdk‹onf tpyxrwGif pdwftm;xufoefpGm wufwufºuGºuG ðyjyifa&;rsm;
ðyvkyf=uaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifrl ‚if;wdk‹ tpm;xkd;vdkufaom pepfa[mif;. rESpfòrd‹zG,f&m
tusifhp±dkufrsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;vm=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf tpkd;&pepfudkom
ajymif;vJvdkonfr[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkyg ajymif;vJvdkygonf?
“tpdk;&. tajccHtkyfjrpfonf tºuGi;f rJhtm%mjzpfonf” [laom t,ltqudk
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;tm%m. t&if;cHtiftm;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqjzifh
tpm;xdk;rSomv#if tm%m&Sifpepf. pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒp&m tarGtESpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf?
wkdif;jynf. uH=urRmudk tqHk;tjzwfay;Ekdifaom jynfolwdk‹. tcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nfrsm;tay:wGif
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;/ tpkd;&ESifh jynfolt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfjcif;/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;
oabmw&m;rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹ vdktyfygonf? Ak'<bmomt,ltqrsm;t&
rGefjrwfaom tusifhoDvoabmw&m;rsm;wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdaom o'<gpdwfonf
avmuDcsrf;omr_xufomaom avmukwW&mcsrf;omr_&&Sd&eftwGuf yxrqkHk;aom
vdktyfcsufyifjzpfygonf? t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhr_ESifh raocsmr_wdk‹udk =um&SnfcHpm;ae&aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;twGif;odk‹ Todk‹aom ,Hk=unfr_rsKd;udk oGwfoGif;&mY qENtm±Hkudk tm;udk;jcif;rðybJ
todOm%ft& oabmaygufvufcHvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;.
tESpfom&jzpfygonf? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m urBmhpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnDjzpfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
OD;wnfonfh awmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹wkdif;jynfjyifywGif&Sdaom
EkdifiHa&;oDtdk&Dt,ltqESifh vufawG‹usifhpOfrsm;udk avhvm±Hkr#omru ‚if;wkd‹. ywf0ef;usiftajctae
toGiftjyifudk jzpfay:vmaponfh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh todOm%f tawG;tac:ydkif;qkdif&m
wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; avhvm=uygonf?
wkdif;jynfwjynf. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;wdk;wufzHG‹òzd;r_onf tpOft+rJ
v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeom jzpfpOfjzpfa=umif; jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹ yifudk,fobm0pdwfu
em;vnfoabmayguf=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh wkd;wufzHG‹òzd;Ekdif&eftwGuf xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;/
wDxGifprf;oyfr_rsm;/ t,ltq ta[mif;rsm;ESifh topfrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus wefzdk;jzwfr_rsm;udk
toHk;ðy=u&rnfudk oabmayguf=uygonf? twdwfumvudk wnf=unfajzmifhrwfodrfarG‹pGm tuJjzwfr_ESifh
ypPKy`efumvudk vdrRmyg;eyfpGm tuJjzwfr_wdk‹tm; nDnGwfap (o[Zwf) &ef vdktyfonfh todw&m;twkdif;
'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;oltm;vHk;u v_yf&Sm;aeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? odk‹aomf Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf
todOm%fqdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;udk tar#mftjrif&Sd&Sd/ &J&J&ifh&ifhESifh &ifqkdifEkdifpGrf;udk &Sdaponfh
oabmxm;jynfh0r_jzifh ºuG,f0vsuf&Sdygonf? tqufrjywf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwdkufyJGrsm; qifEJ$&eftwGuf
cHEkdif&nf&Sdygonf? rkef;wD;r_/ w,loefr_/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhr_ ponfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk }uHŒ}uHŒcHEdkif&ef
vdktyfaom ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m cHEkdif&nfvnf; &Sdygonf? tm;&SdzG,f&m taumif;qHk;tcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJG.
t"duwGef;tm;onfh tm%m&&ef/ vufpm;acs&ef/ zsufqD;&ef tmomjyif;jyr_r[kwfbJ vGwfvyfr_/
w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fwrf; ±dkaoav;pm;a&;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiH. 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;wGif vGwfvyfaom
wef;wlnDwl tzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexkdifEkdif&ef ±kef;uefr_}uD;yifjzpfygonf? TonfrSm
rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrdwdk‹obm0. c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm; ausmfvGefEkdifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef
vlom;wdk‹ tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_. tpdwftydkif;wckyifjzpfygonf?
3

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t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfY xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 180-185 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *
vlwdk‹tm; t*wdvdkufpm;azmufjym;aponfrSm tm%mr[kwf/ pdk;&drfa=umuf±GHŒjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
tm%mvufv$wf&rnfudk a=umuf±GHŒjcif;onf tm%mvufudkifxm;olwdk‹tm; azmufjyefap+yD; tm%m.
'%fcsufukd a=umuf±GHŒjcif;onf tm%mvufatmufcHwdk‹tm; azmufjym;aponf? jrefrmtrsm;pkonf
t*wdw&m;av;yg;ESifh tu|rf;w0if&Sd=uygonf? tvdkqENa=umifh azmufjyefr_ (qENm*wd) [lonfrSm
wHpdk;vufaqmifvdkcsifI‚if;/ rdrdcspfcifolrsm; tusKd;twGuf‚if;/ rSefuefaomvrf;a=umif;rS aoGzDoGm;jcif;yif
jzpfygonf? a'gom*wdqdkonfrSm rdrrd kef;wD;olrsm;udk &efòid;vkyfvdkojzifh vrf;rSm;odk‹ a&mufoGm;jcif;
jzpfygonf? arm[m*wdqdkonfrSm rodem;rvnfr_a=umifh azmufjyefoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
T*wdav;yg;xJwGif tqkd;0g;qHk;rSm b,m*wd jzpfz, G f&m&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm a=umuf±HGŒr_ (b,m)
onf trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifonfh pGrf;&nftm;vHk;udk epfrGef;atmifðyI wajz;ajz;
ysufpD;aponfhtjyif tjcm;t*wdoHk;yg;. rlvt&if;tjrpfvnf; jzpfwwfygonf?
avmboufoufa=umifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfygu qENm*wdonf csKdŒwJhrnfudk a=umuf±GHŒjcif;/
rdrdcspfcifolrsm;. arwWm/ apwemqHk;±H_;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh jzpfay:vmEkdifouJhodk‹
rdrdxuf omoGm;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ tESdrfcH&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ epfemrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;
ponfwdk‹uvnf; a'gom*wdudk jzpfapygonf? a=umuf±HGŒr_tcsKyftaESmifrS vGwfuif;pGm trSefw&m;udk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf r&SmEkdifrjcif; arm[udk z,fxkwf&ef cufcJrnfjzpfygonf? a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh
azmufjyefr_wdk‹onf tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufoG,faeojzifh ae&mtESH‹tjym;Y a=umuf±HGŒae&aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wkdif;wGif azmufjyefr_rsKd;pHkwdk‹onf euf±_dif;pGm tajcpdkufvmygonf?
1988 ckESpf ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm;rS pwifcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_.
t"duta=umif;&if;onf pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;rsm;tay: jynfolvlxku rauseyfcsufyif
jzpfonf[k trsm;u ,lq=uygonf? pyf[yfIr&aom vrf;pOfrsm;/ rqDavsmfaom
ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ wae‹wjcm;wdk;yGm;aeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ 0ifaiG. 0,ftm;usqif;r_ ponfwdk‹
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfyGm;cJhojzifh wjynfvHk; pD;yGm;a&;upOfhuvsm;jzpfae&onfrSm rSefygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
±dk;&m"avht& oabmaumif;+yD; qdwf+idrfpGmaewwfaom jynfolwdk‹. onf;cHEkdifr_w&m;
ysufjym;oGm;&jcif;rSm vufcHEkdifavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk &&SdEkdif&efyif cufcJpGm
±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;&Iomr[kwf/ a=umuf±HGŒr_/ azmufjyefr_wdk‹a=umifh ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfae&onfh b0.
&SufzG,f&m taetxm;a=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd‹. taygif;tazmfrsm;
aoqHk;&onfudkom uef‹uGufqENjyaeonfr[kwfbJ ypPKy`efb0udk t"dy`m,fuif;rJhap+yD;
tem*wftwGufvnf; ar#mfvifhcsufray;Edkifaom tm%m&Sifpepfu ‚if;wdk‹. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhudkyif
jiif;qefaeonfudk uef‹uGufae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? xkd‹jyif ausmif;om;wdk‹.
uef‹uGufawmif;qdkr_rsm;onf jynfolvlxk. rcsifhr&J rcHcsifpdwfrsm;udk yDyDoo xkwfazmfajymqdkaeouJhodk‹
jzpfav&m qENjyyJGrsm;onf EdkifiHw0Srf; vsifjrefpGm jyef‹ESH‹oGm;ygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk pdwftxufoefqHk;
ulnDaxmufcH=uolrsm;xJwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SiftcsKdŒvnf; yg0ifygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf
azmufjyefaompepfwGif &Sifoef&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGufomru }uD;yGm;csrf;oma&;twGuf vdktyfaom
u|rf;usifr_ESifh tquftoG,frsm; &&Sdxm;=uolrsm;yif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹.
ºuG,f0csrf;omr_u ‚if;wdk‹udk ppfrSefaom vHkòcHr_udkaomf‚if;/ auseyfr_udkaomf‚if; ray;Ekdifyg?
wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; xdkufxdkufwefwef touf&Sifoefvdkonfqdkygu wm0ef&Sdaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfw&yfum; tenf;qHk; vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k ‚if;wdk‹u rodbJraeEkdif jzpfvm&ygonf?
tm%m&Sifwdk‹vufckyfxJrS a&uJhodk‹ rv_yfEkdifr&Sm;Edkif pdk;&drfa=umuf±HGŒae&aom rvHkòcHaomb0udk
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹ +iD;aiG‹vm=uygonf?
vufckyfxJu
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(armifom,m. “awmfvSefa&;qdkwm” rS)
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‚if;wdk‹tm; acsr_ef;rnfh vufwdk‹tEW&m,frS ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ umuG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;onf
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_atmufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef óud;pm;aeolrsm;. t&if;tESpfjzpfaom ol&owWdESifh xif&Sm;aom
oauFwrsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqEkdifygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd awmfvSefa&;orm;[k ,lq+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH
&ifqdkifae&aom jy\emrsm;udk tajz&Sm&mY raerem;óud;pm;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “owWd/
AswWd&Sdolrsm;udkom tm;rudk;rlI vlwkdif;vlwkdif;yif rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif owWd/ AswWd&Sdaom
ol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfatmif pGef‹pm;&ayvdrfhrnf? okd‹rSomv#if usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; vGwfvyfa&;tppfudk
cHpm;cGifh&=uayvdrfhrnf” [k ajymqdkcJhygonf? (tv,fypP,H nDvmcHrdef‹cGef; - 20-1-46)
ae‹pOfb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf a=umuf±HGŒae=u&aom ywf0ef;usiftajctaewGif
razmufjyef&avatmif rnfr# óud;pm;tm;xkwf&onfudk w&m;Oya't&tkyfcsKyfaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif
uHtm;avsmfpGm aexdkifae&olrsm;tzdk‹ tvG,fwul odjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? w&m;r#waom
Oya'[lonfrSm tjypfusL;vGefolwdk‹udk rsufESmrvdkufbJ tjypf'%fcwfI azmufjyefr_udk
wm;qD;umuG,fjcif;om r[kwfyg? azmufjyefaomtavhtusifhrsm;udk tm;rudk;bJ
vl‹*k%foduQmudkxdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jynfolwdk‹u jznfhqnf;Ekdifaprnfh
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk wnfaxmif&mwGif w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;u taxmuftulðyaejcif;yif jzpfygonf?
Todk‹ w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;r&Sdonfh ae&ma'orsm;wGifrl w&m;r#wr_ESifh [D&d=owWy` w&m;wdk‹ESifh
udkufnDaomusifhpOfwdk‹udk ckcHumuG,f&ef wm0efonf omrefjynfolwdk‹tay:wGif usa&mufvmygonf?
jynfolwdk‹. tqufrjywf óud;yrf;r_ESifh wnf=unfpGm cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_rsm;. pkaygif;tusKd;qufrsm;onf
a=umuf±HGŒr_a=umifh qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh tqdk;taumif; odwwfaompdwf"mwfwdk‹ ysufjym;ae&onfhEkdifiHwGif
vlom;wdk‹. qdk;oGrf;aom p±dkufudkxdef;csKyf+yD; ‚if;wdk‹. w&m;r#wr_ESifh nDnGwfr_vdkvm;aom pdwfrsm;udk
tm;ay;Ekdifrnfh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; pdk;rdk;aom EkdifiHtjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJEkdifrnf jzpfygonf?
twwfynm tvGeftrif; xGef;um;aomacwfwGif wDxGifxm;onfh aoapEkdifaom
vufeufrsm;udk tm;enf;olESifh tultnDrJholwdk‹tm; v$rf;rdk;}uD;pdk;&mwGif tiftm;}uD;ol/ tm%m&SdolESifh
w&m;vufudkifr&Sdolwdk‹u toHk;ðyEkdif=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh wkdif;EkdifiH toD;oD;wGif‚if;/
tjynfjynfqkdif&mtqifhwGif‚if; EkdifiHa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm qufpyfxm;&ef
tvGefyifvdktyfaeygonf? bmomt,l0g'ra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G;/ EkdifiHra&G; vlom;tm;vHk; &ydkifcGifh&Sdaom
tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef vlwkdif;/ tzJG‹tpnf;wdkif;
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfoifhonf[k ukvor*~ urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;u
xkwfjyefa=unmxm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vwfwavmtusKd;tjrwfudk a&&Snfom,m0ajyma&;ESifh
+idrf;csrf;a&;wdk‹xuf ydkI OD;pm;ay;aom udk,fusKd;&Smtkyfpkrsm;udk tajcðyI‚if;/ jynfolvlxkay;xm;aom
vkyfydkifcGifhtay:wGif tajcrcHbJ twif;t"rRvkyfr_tay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdk;&rsm;
&Sdaeor#umvywfvHk; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f/ jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&mu
pkaygif;ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;[lonfrSm wydkif;wpom taumiftxnfazmfEkdifaom
&nfrSef;csuftqifhwGif wnf&Sdaernfomjzpfygonf? vl‹rdom;pk0iftjzpf &&Sdxm;aom rdrdESifhcJGjcm;Ir&aom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&mwGif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif; cHae=u&olrsm;u rdrdwdk‹udk,frdrdwdk‹ tm;udk;I
±kef;uefóud;yrf;ae&onfh ae&ma'orsm;rSmrl qufvufwnf&Sdaernfjzpfygonf?
tppfrSefqHk;aom awmfvSefa&;[lonfrSm wkdif;jynfwdk;wufzHG‹òzd;a&;vrf;a=umif;udk yHkazmfonfh
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udk ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfae+yD[laom todrS aygufzGm;vmaom
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf? ±kyfydkif;tajctaersm; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef a&SŒ±_I
tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;ESifh &Sd+yD;om; vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf Oya'rsm;udkom ajymif;vJ&ef &nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;onf
ppfrSefaom atmifjrifr_udk &,lEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; rqifEJ$ygu pepfa[mif;wGif
rr#wr_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tiftm;pkrsm; qufvufv_yf&Sm;aernfjzpfI ðyjyifa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;
jyefvnf&Sifoefa&;jzpfpOfudk t+rJwrf; tEW&m,fay;aernf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfr_/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;wkd‹udk awmif;qdkae±Hkjzifh rvHkavmufyg? qENm*wd/ a'gom*wd/ arm[*wd/ b,m*wd wdk‹udk
wGef;vSef&ef xm0&wnf&Sdaom trSefw&m;twGuf tepfemcH&ef‚if;/ ckdif+rJaom ZJGvHk‹vjzifh wdkufyJG0if&ef‚if;
tm;vHk; wnDwnGwf jywfom;pGm oEMdXmefcs=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
olawmfpif/ olawmfaumif; [lonfrSm tjypfusL;vGefr_rsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; raumif;r_tukodkvfudk
a&SmifusOf&ef óud;yrf;&mY ZJG/ vHk‹v rav#mholrsm;jzpfonf[k tqdk&Sdygonf? xdk‹enf;wlyif
vGwfvyfolqdkonfrSmvnf; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk
umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;Ekdifaom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk rdrdESifhavsmfuefoifhjrwfa&;twGuf rav#mhwrf;
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=uaom tzdESdyfcHrsm;yif jzpfygonf? jynfh0I usOf;usyfr_r&Sdaom b0udk &&Sda&;twGuf
vlom;wdk‹ ar#mfvifhawmifhw=uaom tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;wGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;onf
enf;vrf;tjzpf‚if;/ aemufqHk;yef;wkdiftjzpf‚if; xif&Sm;pGm ay:vGifaeygonf? tpdk;&. +cdrf;ajcmufr_rS
vGwfuif;ap&ef tmrcHay;Ekdifrnfh 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; ckdifrmpGm tajcpdkufxm;aom wkdif;EkdifiHudk
wnfaxmifvdkolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹. a=umuf±HGŒpdwf/ vspfv#L±_pdwfrsm;rS vGwfajrmufatmif yxrqHk;
óud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
tajymESifhtnD tpOfðyvkyfavh&Sdaom atmifqef;onf owWdudk t+rJwrf; vufawG‹jyocJhygonf?
um,owWdudkomr[kwfbJ trSefw&m;udk ajymqdk&Jjcif;/ ajymonfhpum;twdkif; &yfwnfjcif;/ a0zefr_udk
vufcHjcif;/ rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csufudk 0efcHjcif;/ rdrd. trSm;udk jyifEkdifjcif;/ twdkuftcHudk ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;/
&efolESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;/ rdrdonf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfoifh/ rjzpfoifhudk jynfoltm; qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhay;jcif;
paom pGrf;&nfowWdrsm;udk vufawG‹jyocJhygonf? Todk‹aom udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m owWdrsm;a=umifh
atmifqef;tm; jrefrmwjynfvHk;u t+rJwrf; =unf!dkav;pm;cspfcifaernf jzpfygonf? ‚if;tm;
ol&Jaumif;ppfonfawmftjzpfESifhomrubJ wkdif;jynf. pdwf"mwfudk wufºuGoef‹pifaponfh
pHerlemxm;tyfoltjzpf cspfcifjrwfEkd;ae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifhywfoufI *s0g[vmae±l;
oHk;oGm;aompum;rsm;udk atmifqef;ta=umif; ajym&mwGifvnf; oHk;Ekdifygonf? “‚if;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;.
tESpfom&onf a=umuf±HGŒjcif;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh trSefw&m;yifjzpfI Tpdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;vkyfudkifum
vlxk. om,m0ajyma&;udk t+rJwrf; OD;wnfjcif;yif jzpfygonf?”
t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfudk a&SŒaqmifjzef‹csDol acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfaom *ENDESifh trsKd;om;ppfwyfudk
wnfaxmifcJhaom atmifqef;onf yifudk,fobm0t& uGmjcm;vSygonf? odk‹aomf umva'ora&G;
tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;rS ay:xGufvmaom pdefac:r_rsm;onf qifwl±dk;rSm;&SdouJhodk‹ xdkpdefac:r_udk
òydifqkdiftHwk&ef xGufay:vmolrsm;. t&nftaoG;rsm;onfvnf; wlnDavh&Sdygonf? *END.
t}uD;rm;qHk;aom atmifjrifr_w&yfrSm tdENd,jynfojl ynfom;rsm;wGif owWdpdwfoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf[k
,lqaom ae±l;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif acwfopftjrif&Sdoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ESpfq,f&mpk
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfaomtcgwGif a&S;a[mif;tdENd,jynf.
'\etawG;tac:rsm;txd jyefvnf&SmazGum a&;om;wifjyxm;onfum; “vlwOD; odk‹r[kwf
wkdif;jynfwjynftzdk‹ }uD;us,ftjrifhjrwfqHk;aom yg&rDonf tb, ac: a=umuf±HGŒr_r&Sdjcif;jzpf.?
um,owWdomr[kwf pdwfxJrSmyif a=umuf±HGŒr_uif;jcif;jzpfygonf?”
a=umuf±HGŒpdwfr&Sdjcif;onf yg&rDjzpfzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; xdkxufydkI tzdk;wefzG,f&m&Sdaom
owWdrsm; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh &&Sdvmaom owWd/ a=umufpdwfudk vdkufavsm&onfhtjzpfudk
ra&mufatmif ðypkysKd;axmifavhusifhI &&Sdvmaom owWd/ t=uyfudkifzdESdyfaeonfh=um;rS
wnf=unfodrfarG‹pGm &nfwnfEkdifjcif;/ =urf;wrf;cufxefpGm tqufrjywf zdESdyfaeonfh=um;xJrSm
xyfcgwvJ wnf=unfodrfarG‹r_udk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh &&SdaomowWd ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd[k jiif;y,fxm;aompepfatmufwGif a=umuf±HGŒpdwfom ae‹pOfESifhtr#
v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? axmifusrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ao&rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ rdwfaqGrdom;pk/ OpPmypPnf; odk‹r[kwf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;±H_;rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ qif;&Jrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ txD;usefjzpfrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ysufpD;qHk;±_H;rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf? arG;&myg vl‹*k%foduQmESifh rdrdudk,frdrd av;pm;r_wdk‹udk
rqHk;±_H;&avatmif xdef;odrf;umuG,f&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapaom owWdjyonfh
ae‹pOfvkyf&yfuav;rsm;udk tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfonf/ odk‹r[kwf t&mra&mufaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf/
t&rf;uma&mvkyfonf/ rdkufrJjcif;jzpfonf ponfjzifh jypfwif±_wfcsum rdrduyif b0ay;todOm%f
odk‹r[kwf ynmOm%f&SdouJhodk‹ [efaqmifjcif;onf wdwfwcdk;tEW&m,fay;onfh tqkd;0g;qHk;aom
a=umuf±HGŒr_rsKd;yif jzpfygonf? tiftm;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf[laom rljzifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaom
pepfatmuf. yHkoGif;jcif;udk cH&olrsm;tzdk‹ tiftm;ukefcrf;apaom a=umuf±HGŒr_tqdyfaiG‹rS
vGwfu|wfatmif ±kef;xGuf&efrSm rvG,fulvSyg? odk‹aomfvnf; a=umuf±HGŒr_onf ,Ofaus;aomvlom;.
obm0r[kwfaoma=umifh tzdESdyfqHk;aom tpdk;&,EW&m;atmufYyif owWdonf xyfcgwvJvJ
xºuGvmygonf?
txdef;tcsKyfr&Sdaom tm%mudk &ifqkdif&mwGif owWd&Sdr_ESifh cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_wdk‹tm; t+rJwrf;
&Sifoefaeapaom a&aomufjrpfrSm udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk
txGwftjrwfxm;onfhtay:wGif ckdifrmpGm,Hk=unfjcif;jzpf+yD; rnfr#yif ±_H;edrfhr_/ qkwf,kwfr_rsm; &Sdapumrl
vlom;onf aemufqHk;wGif ±kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m wkd;wufr_ESpfckpvHk;udk &&Sd&rnf[laom
orkdif;oabmudk ,Hk=unfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif óud;pm;jcif;/ rdrdukd,frdrd
raumif;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif óud;yrf;jcif; paom pGrf;&nfwdk‹onf vlom;wdk‹udk wd&p>mef±dkif;rsm;ESifh
txift&Sm;uJGjym;apaom t"dutcsufyifjzpfygonf? vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;. rlvt&if;tjrpfrSm
vHk;0tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvdkaompdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef
enf;vrf;&SmEkdifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;twkdif; vkdufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk
tqHk;wkdif rvdkufemEkdifonfhwkdifatmif udk,fydkifc|wf,Gif;csuftuef‹towfESifh
ywf0ef;usiftwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvGef&efvdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif
óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdI ,Ofaus;aomvlom;wdk‹ESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom
vl‹avmuudk vlom;wdk‹ pdwful;ar#mfjrif=uonfhtwGuf a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh csKdŒwJhr_rS uif;vGwfaom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef ra=umufr±HGŒ/ tepfemcHvkyf0Hh=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? opPmw&m;/
*±k%mw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_wdk‹udk +iD;aiG‹zG,f&m tawG;tac:a[mif;}uD;rsm;[kqdkum ypfy,fI r&yg?
&ufpufaom tm%mpufukd wGef;vSef&mwGif Tw&m;rsm;onfomv#if tumtuG,fay;aevsuf
&Sdwwfygonf?
4

“Adkvf” . t"dy`m,ftppftrSef

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfY xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 186-191 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *
Adkvf[laom a0g[m&rSm tpdk;&±Hk;toHk;tE_ef;wGif =unf;wyfrS Adkvf odk‹r[kwf “vufzfwifheifh” udk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;pum;wGif ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ trdef‹ay;olrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
“Adkvf” [k ac:avh&Sdygonf? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh wufºuGaeaom
xGef;opfp ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhajray:ajccsvmonfESifh ‚if;wyfrSt&m&Sdrsm;udk
&mxl;ra&G; “Adkvf” [k ac:a0:cJh=uygonf? vltrsm; pdwf"mwft&Sdefjrifhrm;I ab;tEW&m,fxlajymaom
ppfwGif;umvwGif vlpGrf;aumif;rsm; aps;aumif;av&m “Adkvf” wkdif;udk pJGrufzG,f&m
pdwful;,OfyHkjyifqefqef roJuGJaom tawG;jzifh ±_jrif=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf a&SŒqHk;rS xifay:aeolrSm
atmifqef;jzpfygonf? touf (27) ESpfyif rjynfhao;bJ pdwf"mwftvGefjyif;xef+yD;
ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfojzifh rsKd;cspfvli,f ppfaoemywdtoGifaqmifae&m ‚if;ESifhywfoufI oDcsif;/
uAsmrsm; a&pyf&mY pdwful;uGef‹jrL;vm=uygonf?

igwdk‹jrefrmjynfr,f
rdbwdkif;uuG,f
Adkvfatmifqef;vdk tmZmenftppfawG
arG;=u&r,f –
&mZ0iftwˆKywWdvnf; &Sd&r,f
armfuGef;vnf; xdk;avmufwJh
jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f

TuJhodk‹ csD;ajr‡mufjcif;a=umifh ydkI touftm;jzifh‚if;/ tawG‹tóuHtm;jzifh‚if; ydkrdkolrsm;yifv#if

,pfrl;oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf; atmifqef;rSmrl rdrd. udk,fydkifpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;a=umifh wnf=unfckdif+rJ
tjrif("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
ykodrfY pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf

(aqmif;yg;tquf vmonf)
&Sif;vif;jyefom;pGmjzifh vHk;0pdwfxm;rSefatmif xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? xkdpOfu usif;yavh&Sdaom
tcrf;tem;wckwGif atmifqef;tm; urBmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;rnf[k csD;rGrf;aom=obmpmudk
zwf=um;aomtcg urBmhorkdif;wGifrqdkESifh/ Armhorkdif;Yyif ae&mr&ao;yg[k atmifqef;u ºuGwfqyfqyf
rSwfcsufcsoGm;cJhygonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wav#mufwGif ppfwyfudk OD;aqmifcJhonfhaemufydkif;wGif
jyefvnfwnfaxmifvdkufaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh+yD; bk&ifcH. tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif
'kOuUXtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aomtcgYyif atmifqef;u “usKyfwdk‹ tck rp&ao;/ rvkyf&ao;bl;? 'ga=umifh
csD;rGrf;p&m&Sdvnf; tckcsD;rGrf;rcHcsifao;bl;” [k ajymaewkef;yif jzpfygonf? xdkpOftcsdefu ‚if;onf
trsKd;om;vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpf+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif “AdkvfcsKyf” [k od&Sd=uum
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfðycHae&olyif jzpfygonf?
“AdkvfcsKyf” [lonfrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmufwGif&Sdaom tqifhyifjzpfaomfvnf; atmifqef;u
&,lvdkufaomtcg ,if;&mxl;tqifhonfvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif twkr&Sd/ xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom
t"dy`m,foufa&mufr_&Sdvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyf[lonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcif/ tiftm;}uD;aom
udk,fusKd;r=unfhaom acgif;aqmifr_/ a0g[m&t"dy`m,ft& “Adkvfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol” [k oabm&ygonf?
“Adkvf” ygVdpmvHk; “Av” (cGeftm;) rS vmjcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; csD;usL;xdkufaom cGeftm;ESifh
rvdkvm;tyfaomtiftm;udk cJGjcm;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? “um,” ðyvkyfjcif;ESifh “Av” wdk‹
aygif;pyfvdkufygu AvuUm, t=urf;zufjcif;jzpfvmygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vufcHEkdifavmufaom
tuef‹towf twkdif;twmxufausmfvGefI cGeftm;udk toHk;ðyaomtcg zsufqD;jcif;tjzpfodk‹
a&muf&Sdvmygonf? TtEW&m,fudk udk,fusifhw&m;jzifh xdef;csKyfjcif; rðyygu EdkifiHa&; odk‹r[kwf
vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh 0±kef;okef;um; jzpfaeaom tcsdeftcgY t}uD;rm;qHk;aom
tEW&m,fjzpfvmEkdifrnfrSm txl;ajymp&mrvdkyg? Todk‹aom tcsdefumvwGif atmifqef;onf
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wdkufyJGudk OD;pD;OD;udkifvkyfcJh&onf? Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;xGufjzpfojzifh
‚if;onf pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfwdk‹. pGrf;tm;ESifhqkdifaom oabmw&m;ukd i,fpOfuyif od&SdrnfjzpfI Avig;yg;
(Áa¹ENig;yg; odk‹r[kwf pdwfudk xdef;odrf;Ekdifaomw&m;rsm;) udkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;cJhrnfjzpfygonf?
‚if;wdk‹rSm o'<g/ 0d&d,/ owd/ orm"dESifh ynmwdk‹jzpfygonf? avmuDtvdkt& Avig;wefjzpfaom um,/
Om%/ abm*/ rdwW/ pm&dwWAvwdk‹onf avmukwW&mtusKd;aqmifAvrsm;xuf edrfhus+yD; *k%foduQm&SdpGm
tusKd;ay;rnfhtiftm;rsm;jzpfvmEdkif&ef ‚if;wdk‹udk pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfðypkysKd;axmifjcif;jzifh
xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; cGeftm;. aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;udk todOm%fynmt&
em;vnfoabmaygufonfhtcsufonf atmifqef;udk rv$rf;rdk;yg? wm0ef&Sdaom ppftzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh
aygif;pyf&rnfh ay:xGef;p ppfwyf. ppfaoemywdtjzpf‚if;/ rwnf+idrfaom yk*~dKvfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeonfh
trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmiftjzpf‚if; pnf;urf;jzifh rxdef;xm;aom tiftm;.
vufawG‹tEW&m,frsm;udk ‚if;u aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;olyifjzpfygonf?
atmifqef;onf ‚if;wnfaxmifxm;aom wyfrawmfudk pnf;urf;}uD;I *k%fusufoa&&Sdaom
tzJG‹tpnf;tjzpf &nfrSef;xm;ygonf? tepfemcHjcif;/ udk,fhpnf;udk,fxdef;jcif;/ azmufjyefr_uif;jcif; paom
ausmufom;yuwdcdkifrmonfh jrifhjrwfaom*k%ft*Fgrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aomwyfrawmf/
udk,fydkiftusKd;tjrwfrar#mfudk;bJ wkdif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rdrd.cGeftm;udk vHk;0ay;vªxm;aom
wyfrawmfomjzpf&rnf[k atmifqef;u ,lqygonf? vufeuftiftm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&m
ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xifrSwfaprnfh oabmxm;rsm;/ &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg&ef
ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;qHk;rcJhygonf? tm;}uD;olu tm;enf;oludk
tEdkifusifhvdkaom vl‹obm0udkaxmufjyI rw&m;ðyusifhaom tm;}uD;olwdk‹tm;
ra=umufr±HGŒqef‹usif&efESifh tm;enf;olwdk‹tay:wGif ajzmifhrSefw&m;r#wpGm ðyusifh&ef atmifqef;u
wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? “'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEkdifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG&JŒ udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/
qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd;jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ 'Dwyfrawmf[m EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;awG&JΠpdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf[m tvum;yJjzpfr,f”
[kvnf; owday;cJh. (31-1-44)? wkdif;jynfu udk;uG,fqnf;uyfxdkufaom
xl;c|efonfhwyfrawmfjzpfvmap&ef tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf
xl;c|efojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ay;&ef txl;tcGifhta&;&Sdaom vufa&G;pifvlwpkjzpfvm&rnf r[kwfyg?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf/ wzJG‹/ vlwpk/ wygwDtwGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ
wjynfvHk;twGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k atmifqef;u &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymqdkxm;ygonf?
‚if;wdk‹Yomv#if jynfcspfpdwf&SdEkdifonf[laom t,ltqudk cH,lxm;=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;.
ao;odrfarS;rSdefaom tjrifudkvnf; atmifqef;u y,fcsygonf? “wjcm; ppfom;r[kwfayrJh EdkifiHtwGuf
trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyfwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh
pdwf"mwfoabmxm;udk ajymif;=u&r,f” (13-3-44)?
atmifqef;u ppfom;rsm;udk wif;rmjyif;xefpmG owday;qHk;rae&onfhtcsufrSm wyfrawmfudk
ESdrfvdkaoma=umifhr[kwfbJ “igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifvlawGjzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EkdifiH&JŒ
&efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;oabmaygufatmif ajymjyjcif;yJ” [k
udk,fwdkifrdef‹=um;cJhygonf (13-3-44)? wkdif;jynf. *k%foduQm[lonfrSm jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmjzpfonf/
jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmonf ‚if;ESifh ‚if;ppfom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh cJGjcm;Ir&[k atmifqef;u
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? olvdkvm;aom pHjyvufeufukdifwyfzJG‹qdkonfrSm ppfr_xrf;wkdif;.
tðytrltusifhwdk‹onf 18 &mpk eef;wGif;pmqdkawmf vuf0JokEN& (1723-99) a&;om;zJG‹qdkxm;aom
eENdaoeysKdŒyg oabmw&m;jzifh jynfh0aernfjzpfaom wyfzJG‹yifjzpf&ayrnf?
ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvdkomvnf;
pJGudkifvufeuf/ b,fvdkxufvnf;
jynfol‹ESvHk;/ rodrf;óuH;v#if
jynfol‹cGeftm;/ rudk;pm;v#if
"g;oGm;vnfaºuG/ vSHvnf;acGtHh?
(vuf0JokEN&/ eENdaoeysKdŒrS)
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tjrifhrm;qHk;tqifhodk‹ a&muf&SdvmonfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
jynfol‹pdwfESvHk;udk odrf;óuH;I/ jynfol‹tiftm;udk udk;pm;a=umif; ydkI odomxif&Sm;vmygonf?
“vlwOD;wa,mufonf rnfr#avmuf pGrf;yum;&Sdapumrl vlxk. tm;ay;,kdif;yif;r_r&SdbJvsuf
&mZ0ifwGifavmufaom vkyfief;rsKd;udk jzpfajrmufatmif raqmif&GufEkdif” [k ,Hk=unfonfhtavsmuf
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif jynfolwdk‹udk ‚if;aemufrS +rJ+rHpGm }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif &yfwnf=uyg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
ppfrSefaom tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh r&,lEkdifa=umif; ‚if;u od&Sdxm;ygonf?
r[kwfrrSefaom uwdrsm;ay;I‚if;/ ajr‡mufyifhajymqdI k ‚if;/ axmufcHr_&,laomenf;udk ‚if;u roHk;yg?
ppfa=umifh t}uD;tus,fysufpD;ae&onfh ajray:wGif vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fx wdkif;EkdifiHudk
wnDwnGwfwnf; 0dkif;0ef;wnfaxmif&ef ‚if;ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfr_ESifh
±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹. wckwnf;aomtajccHrSm ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfyGifhvif;r_yif jzpfonf[k
AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u ,lqygonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ aumufuspfpOf;vJr_wdk‹udk
OD;pm;ay;usifhoHk;aejcif;onf jynfolvlxkudk apmfum;&ma&mufonfhtjyif rdrd. oduQmorm"dudkvnf;
azmufzsuf&ma&mufygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf todw&m;jzifh trSm;xuf trSefudkom wefzdk;xm;+yD;
trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,lqI atmifqef;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
,if;,lqcsufonf rSm;,Gif;jcif;r&Sdyg? ‚if;. óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk jynfolvlxku tjynfht0
em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; pnf;vHk;nDnmpGm axmufcHtm;ay;I wHk‹jyef=uojzifh 1947 ckESpf {+yDvY
usif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; (zqyv) tzJG‹rS
0ifa&muf,SOfòydifoltrsm;pk tEkdif&cJhygonf? atmifqef;onf tpdk;&tm%m. tqift,if/
taqmifta,mifrsm;udk *±kpdkufvSolr[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolwdk‹u a&G;cs,fxm;aom
acgif;aqmifqdkonfh*k%fudkrl ±dk;om;pGmjrwfEdk;olyifjzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk atmifqef;
av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;ygonf? acgif;aqmifr_[lonfrSm ao&rnf odk‹r[kwf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsrnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ rdrdrSefonf[k ,lqaomudpPukd owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfudkif&Jojzifh vlxku
,Hk=unfpGmay;tyfxm;aom t&mjzpfonf[k atmifqef;u jrifygonf? wkdif;jynftay:wGif xm;&Sd&rnfh
‚if;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ysufuGufygu ay;xm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolu
jyefvnfodrf;,l&rnf[kvnf; vufcHygonf? ‚if;ESifh ‚if;. tpdk;&tzJG‹udk wkdif;jynfu
±dkaoav;pm;jcif;r&SdawmhaomtcgwGif ‚if;wdk‹ &mxl;rS E_wfxGufrnf[k atmifqef;u ajymaomtcg
tajymoufoufomr[kwfbJ zsufrnfr[kwfaom uwdudk ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k jynfolwdk‹u
od&Sd=uygonf? tiftm;qdkonfrSm w&m;r#wrSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf toHk;ðyrSomv#if
wefzdk;&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfaom EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif ppfonfwOD;tzdk‹ *k%foduQmr&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf
ESpfvdkzG,f&mr[kwfyg?
jynfol‹vlpGrf;aumif;[lonf jynfol. ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufudk udk,fpm;ðyygonf? vufawG‹b0&Sd
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl jynfolwdk‹. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfay;Ekdifrnfh twkdif;twmudkom
a&mifjyef[yfae=uygonf? óuHcJvSaom orkdif;tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufESifh
wu,fhvufawG‹b0wdk‹ wxyfwnf; wkdufqdkifoGm;aomtcgY jynfolvlxkonf udk,fa&mpdwfyg
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpGrf;ukefvkyfaqmif=u+yD; tcsif;csif; nDnGwf=uygonf? ,if;tcsdeftcgudk
owd&aejcif;jzifh oduQmrJhI atmifjrifr_ajcmufcrf;aom umvrsm;wGif tm;arG;/ *k%f,lEkdifygonf?
atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkawmif;vSonfh umvtwGif;Y jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf
‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ xdkufxdkufwefwef ,Hk=unftm;udk;cGifh&=uolrsm;wGif&Sdaom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;/
vkyfcsifudkifcsifaom tiftm;rsm;jzifh jynfhòzd;ae=uygonf? ‚if;wkd‹. AdkvfcsKyfu ‚if;wdk‹udk pnf;urf;ESifh
vHk‹v0d&d,r&Sd[lI ol‹0oDtwdkif; wHk;wHk;wdwd jypfwif}udrf;armif; qlylonfhtcgYyif ‚if;wdk‹onf
pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd=ubJ AdkvfcsKyfonf rdrd. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif jyifqif&ef qEN&SdouJhodk‹
‚if;wdk‹udkvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifapvdkonf[k taotcsmod&Sdxm;=uojzifh ydkIyif
óud;pm;csifpdwf aygufvm=uygonf?
“b0[lonfrSm trSefw&m;ESifh tjypfuif;pifr_udk &SmazGaom rGefjrwfonfh c&D;pOf” [k
atmifqef;u ,lqxm;ygonf? Todk‹ &SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif olESifhtwl wkdif;jynfudkyg o,faqmifoGm;&ef
óud;pm;cJhygonf? vufawG‹rusavmufatmif jrifhrm;onf[k qdk&avmufaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&mY tHh=ozG,f&matmifjrifr_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. t&nftcsif;udk‚if;/
ajymonfhtwkdif; vkyfI oduQmorm"dESifh ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_onf vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;.
xda&mufaomtajccHjzpfEkdifa=umif; jyocJhaom atmifqef;. pGrf;&nfudk‚if; *k%fðy&ma&mufygonf?
atmifqef;onf ppfonfawmfwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkv#if
taotcsmwdkufoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomf wdkufyJG+yD;aomtcgwGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ vufeufudk
ab;z,fum +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk vdkufcJholjzpfygonf? ‚if;. vufxJodk‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%m
a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGifvnf; “usKyfu arwWmESifh opPmudk a&SŒxm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfr,f” [k [efrvkyfbJ
±dk;om;pGmajymEkdifolyifjzpfygonf? ‚if;tm; axmufcHolrsm;u ‚if;onf rdrdwdk‹. touf/ rdrdwdk‹.
csrf;omr_ESifh rdrdwdk‹. ,Hk=unfr_wdk‹udk rqifrjcif tusKd;rJhatmif vkyfrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsEkdif=uygonf? ol.
pum;twkdif; qdk&v#if atmifqef;onf wkdif;jynfudk “t&rf;rJh ajAmif;qefatmif” vkyfrnfh
“EkdifiHa&;pwef‹rif;om;” r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxku ‚if;. acgif;aqmifr_udk ,Hk=unfrnfqdkygu wESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;udk twwfEkdifqHk; +idrf;csrf;pGm&,lrnf[k &J&J}uD; tmrcHcJhygonf? “usKyf[m usKyfuwdudk
rzsufcJhbl;qdkwm cifAsm;wdk‹ odw,fr[kwfvm;”? Tpum;udk 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&D (4) &ufae‹wGif
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom orwEkdifiH[k ra=unmrD (11) vwdwdtvdku
ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&aomtcgwGif atmifqef; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? olwyg;tm;
qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufcHI pdwfaumif;apwemaumif; tppftrSefudk wHk‹jyefwwfaom todOm%f&Sdonf[k
,lqonfh tajccHoabmxm;&Sdol atmifqef;onf tm%m&&Sda&;udk udk,fusifhw&m;xufydkI
*±kðy=uaom EkdifiHa&;òydifzufwdk‹. opPmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;. '%fudk cHoGm;&ygonf? jrefrmjynftwGuf
‚if;xm;&Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif *±kwpdkufpOf;pm;awG;ac:
t}uHOm%frsm;xkwfouJhodk‹ ‚if;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmvHkòcHr_twGuf *±kwpdkuf&SdcJhygu atmifqef;onf
vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&rnfr[kwf[k ajymolrsm;&Sd=uygonf? odk‹aomf olom xdkuJhodk‹ udk,fusKd;iJholjzpfcJhygu
“acgif;aqmifonf EkdifiH.tiftm;jzpfonf” [laomxHk;udk toufoGif;ay;vdkufaom AdkvfwumhAdkvf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u ‘igwdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf’ [k owfrSwfxm;aom Adkvfatmifqef;jzpfawmhrnf r[kwfyg?

&nfrSef;csufrsm;

“jynfol‹ ol&Jaumif;trsKd;orD; &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;jyjcif;” [laom acgif;pOfjzifh atmifqef;pk=unfESifh c&ifomyg

(Karan Thapar) wdk‹. awG‹qHkar;jref;cef;udk atmufygtwdkif; 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 19 &ufae‹xkwf
“onfwdkif;rfpf” (The Times) owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?
* * *

ar;? &efukefeJ‹ jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ vuf&SdtajctaeawGu tawmfuav; ±_wfaxG;aeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ

tajctaeudk b,fvdk&Sdw,fvdk‹ qdkEdkifrvJ?
ajz? tajctaeuawmh cef‹rSef;EkdifwJhtwdkif; awmfawmf}uD;udk wif;rmaeygw,f? tpdk;&,EW&m;[m
wkdif;jynfae&mtrsm;tjym;rSm &yfwef‹oGm;oavmufjzpfaeyg+yD? 'gayrJh 'DtcuftcJudk
ausmfv$m;bdk‹ jynfolawGu vkyfp&m&SdwmawG vkyfae=uygw,f? qENjyyJGawGudk pepfwus
usif;yaeygw,f? &yfuGufvHkòcHa&;udkvnf; t&yfom;uif;apmifhtzJG‹awGu wm0ef,laeygw,f?
pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=ubdk‹twGufvnf; jynfolawGu a&SŒwef;u v_yf&Sm;ae=uygw,f?

ar;? r=umcif &ufydkif;awGrSm cifAsm;[m tckjzpfaewJh jynfol‹v_yf&Sm;r_rSm t"duacgif;aqmiftjzpfeJ‹

ay:xGufvmygw,f? bmtwGuf wdkufaewmygvJ? cifAsm;&JΠ&nfrSef;csufawGudk b,fvdkazmfjyrvJ?
ajz? 'Drdkua&pD&bdk‹ jrefrmjynfrSm óud;yrf;ae=uwJh jynfoltrsm;xJrSm usrwa,mufvnf; ygygw,f?
aemufxyf taotaysmuf t=urf;zufr_awG r&SdawmhbJ jynfolawG 'Drkdua&pD&atmif usr
ulnDbdk‹ &nf&G,fygw,f?

ar;? “'kwd,ajrmuf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_” vkyfzdk‹vdka=umif; r=umcifuyJ

cifAsm;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'g wdwdusus bmudkqdkvdkwmygvJ?
ajz? jynfolvlxkudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tjynfht0 cHpm;cGifhray;wJh EkdifiHa&;pepf[m jynfh0wJhvGwfvyfa&;&JŒ
tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufeJ‹ qef‹usifaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tckvdk jrefrmjynfolvlxku
'Drkdua&pDawmif;qdkaewm[m olwdk‹&JŒ 'kw, d t}udrfvGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_jzpfw,fvdk‹
usrajymwm jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGudpPeJ‹ywfouf+yD; vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGvkyfr,f/ rvkyfzl;qdkwm qHk;jzwfzdk‹

pufwifbmv 12 &ufae‹ 1988 rSm txl;ygwDnDvmcHusif;yr,fvdk‹ orwarmifarmifu
urf;vSrf;xm;wmudk cifAsm; b,fvdkjyef=um;rvJ?
ajz? vGefcJhwJhvu yxrqHk; p+yD; tqdkðypOfwkef;u tm%m&ygwDuom vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGvkyfzdk‹
oabmwlcJh&if jynfolvlxku aus;Zl;wifpGmeJ‹ vufcHvdkufrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tckawmh
tJ'DudpP[m ta&;rygawmhygbl;? “odyfaemufus+yD; odyfeJaew,f” qdkwJh pum;vdkjzpfaeyg+yD?
jynfolawGu qENjy+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD vdkcsifw,fqdkwmudk eJeJav;rS
oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkatmif jyo+yD;yg+yD? tJ'Dawmh vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGqdkwm vHk;0 tydkjzpfaerSmygyJ/
rvdkawmhygbl;?

ar;? tJ'Dvdkqdk&if jynfolvlxkudk vuf&Sdtpdk;& ðywfusoGm;wJhtxd qufvufawmif;qdkzdk‹u cifAsm;u

qdkvdkygovm;?
ajz? 'DudpPu tpdk;&udk ðzwfcszdk‹yJ r[kwfygbl;? usr&JŒ vdkvm;csufeJ‹vnf; rqkdifygbl;? jynfolvlxk[m
olwdk‹vdkvm;wJh EdkifiHa&;pepfudk r&rjcif; qufvufawmif;qdkae=urSmygyJ?

ar;? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m a,bk,stm;jzifh tvdktavsmuf rpnf;±Hk;&bJ jzpfay:aewmrdk‹

jrefrmjynfrSm Oya'pnf;urf;r&Sd/ xdef;csKyfr,fhtm%mydkifvnf; r&SdbJeJ‹ rif;rJhtajctae
a&mufoGm;rSmudk cifAsm; pdwfrylbl;vm;?
ajz? [kwfygw,f/ 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_[m jynfolvlxku pdwfysufvGef;vdk‹ tvdktavsmufqENjy=uwmu
pwifcJhayrJh tckawmh wae‹xufwae‹ pepfwus pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; jzpfvmyg+yD? jynfolvlxk[m
tck &yfuGufvHkòcHa&;tpDtpOfawG vkyfaeygw,f? pepfwus oydwfawGarSmufzdk‹/ qENjy=uzdk‹vnf;
pDpOfaeygw,f? 'Dawmh pdk;&drfr_awG ydkaep&m rvdkygbl;?

ar;? ppfwyfqDu b,fvdktultnD&r,fvdk‹ ar#mfvifhxm;ygovJ?

ajz? ppfwyfqDu tultnD&zdk‹ usr rar#mfvifhygbl;? =o*kwfv 25 &ufae‹u usr ajymoGm;wmu
wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolt=um;rSm oabmuJGvJGr_ r&Sdoifhbl;qdkwmygyJ? wyfrawmf[m jynfolvlxku
av;pm;+yD; ,Hk=unf&wJhtiftm;wpk jzpfoifhygw,f? wyfrawmf[m ol‹oduQmol
xdef;odrf;zdk‹twGufeJ‹ wdkif;jynfaumif;zdk‹twGuf EdkifiHa&;rSm rygoifhygbl;vdk‹ usr tckdiftrm
,Hk=unfygw,f?
ar;? tu,fI 'Dtpdk;&usqif;oGm;&if ol‹ae&mrSm b,folu ,lrSmvJ? b,fvdktul;tajymif;
tpDtpOfrsKd;awG jzpfEkdifygovJ?
ajz? jynfolu ,Hk=unfwJh =um;jzwf,m,Dtpdk;&[m wkdif;jynfudk wnf+idrfatmif jyefvkyfEkdifrSmjzpf+yD;
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGusif;yzdk‹ tajctaeawGu zefwD;ay;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?

ar;? tJ'Dtul;tajymif;umvrSm cifAsm; b,fae&mu yg0ifzdk‹ &SdygovJ?

ajz? usrtaeeJ‹ txl;oD;oef‹ae&mu yg0ifzdk‹ r&Sdygbl;? b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJqdkwmudk
apmifh=unfh+yD;awmh +idrf;csrf;pGm tul;tajymif; vkyfEkdifatmif usr b,fvdktwwfEkdifqHk;
tultnDay;&r,fqdkwmyJ &Sdygw,f?

ar;? uJ tem*wfudk =unfh&atmif/ tif;/ wu,fawmh tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; odyfa0;awmhr,f

r[kwfygbl;? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDjzpfay:vmr,fqdk&if jrefrmjynfrSmuvnf; bmygwDrS
&Sdwmr[kwfygbl;? b,fvdkygwDrsKd;awG ay:aygufvmwmudk jrifcsifygovJ?
ajz? taumif;qHk;uawmh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk xdef;odrf;zdk‹twGuf &nfpl;t"dXmefðyxm;wJh/ pGrf;&nf&Sd+yD;
±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfwJhyk*~KdvfawG OD;aqmifwJhygwDawGudk jrifcsifygw,f?

ar;? cifAsm;ua&m ygwDxlaxmifrSmvm;?

ajz? a&Smif&Sm;vdk‹ &r,fqkd&ifawmh rxlaxmifcsifygbl;?

ar;? EdkifiHa&;avmurSm aZmufcs+yD;vkyfzdk‹ pdwful;ygovm;? vkyfr,fqdk&if EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;tjzpfeJ‹

cifAsm;&JŒ yifudk,ft&nftaoG;eJ‹ u|rf;usifr_udka&m b,fvdkoHk;oyfygrvJ?
ajz? EkdifiHa&;xJrSm epfrGef;ae&r,fh b0rsKd;[m usrtwGuf rufzG,f&mr[kwfygbl;? tck
avmavmq,frSm usrtaz&JŒ emrnfa=umifh‚if;/ usruvnf; ae&mvkzdk‹
pdwfr0ifpm;wma=umifhwa=umif; usr[m aygif;pnf;nDnGwfatmif vkyfay;wJh
tiftm;wcktaeeJ‹om yg0ifaewmjzpfygw,f?

ar;? tJ'Dvdkqdk&if cifAsm; b,fol‹udk tem*wfacgif;aqmiftjzpf axmufcHrSmvJ?

tajymif;tvJumvrSm OD;aqmifzdk‹ayghav?
ajz? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajz&r,fqdk&if usr twwfEkdifqHk; a&SmifusOfaewJh EkdifiHa&;rsKd;rSm yg0ifvmwJhoabm
jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f?

ar;? cifAsm;taeeJ‹ 'grSr[kwfvnf; tem*wftpdk;&taeeJ‹ ynmwwfjrefrmawG wkdif;jynfudk

jyefvm&atmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJ? 'grSr[kwf b,fvdkajymjyrvJ?
ajz? jynfolawGudk olwdk‹&JŒ u|rf;usifr_pGrf;&nfawGudk toHk;cscGifh tvHktavmufay;wJh
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&[m jrefrmawGtrsm;}uD; wkdif;jynfudk jyefvmatmif qJGaqmifrSm aocsmygw,f?
'gayrJh jynfwGif;rSm&SdaewJh twwfynmeJ‹ u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk av#mhwGufwm[m rrSefuefygbl;?
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwJh EkdifiHa&;eJ‹ pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk z,f&Sm;vdkufr,fqdk&if rdrdwdk‹t&nftcsif;udk
tckxufxd jyocGifhr&ao;wJh vkyfEkdifudkifEkdifwJh vlawG trsm;}uD;ay:vmrSmyg?

ar;? 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmEdkifiHtaeeJ‹ jyifyurBmeJ‹ b,fvdkqufoG,fa&;rsKd;udk usifhoHk;rSmygvJ?

ajz? jrefrmEkdifiH[m t+rJwrf; bufrvdkufvrf;pOfudk usifhoHk;wmrdk‹ 'Dtwdkif;yJ
qufvufusifhoHk;oifhygw,f? 'gayrJh jyifyurBmeJ‹ qufqH&mrSm ydk+yD;yGifhvif;wJh oabmxm;eJ‹
qufqH&rSmjzpfygw,f?

ar;? jrefrmawGtaeeJ‹ a&S;±dk;pOfqufuwnf;u ta&;w}uD; pdk;&drfcJh=uwmu olwdk‹&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_eJ‹

bmom,Hk=unfr_ oef‹pifa&;udk xdef;odrf;zdk‹jzpfw,f? 'g[m cifAsm;twGufa&m ta&;}uD;ygovm;?
ajz? udk,fh,Ofaus;r_eJ‹ bmom,Hk=unfr_udk xdef;odrf;ay;zdk‹ vlrsKd;wkdif;twGuf ta&;}uD;w,fvdk‹
xifygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ owdxm;&rSmu wdk;wufwJhEkdifiHqdkwm[m tcsdefumveJ‹twl
wdk;wufv_yf&Sm;oifhw,f? w,loeftpJGeJ‹ tjrifusOf;ajrmif;wJh oabmxm;awGudk
a&Smifoifhw,fqkdwmygyJ?

ar;? cifAsm;&JŒ zcif[m orkdif;pOft& jrefrmhwyfrawmfeJ‹ wJGzufvmcJhwmrdk‹ tem*wf

'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppfwyf[m b,fvdkae&mu ygoifhw,fvdk‹ cifAsm; xifygovJ?
jrefrmEkdifiHvdk wkdif;jynfrSm ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;rSm ae&m,lzdk‹ Oya'pnf;rsOf;awGvkyfzdk‹ vdkw,fvdk‹
,lqygovm;?
ajz? wyfrawmf[m EdkifiHa&;rSm ryg&bl;vdk‹ usrtazu ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'Dt,ltqudk usr
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; axmufcHygw,f?

awmfvSefa&;tv,fA[dkwGif

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aompmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 209-213 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *
vHk;0r,Hk=unfp&m/ a'goxGufp&m/ a=umufvef‹zG,f&m/ a=uuJGzG,f&m tcsdefumvrsm;/ odk‹aomf
cHpm;r_taygif;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;onfrSmum; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0cHpm;vdkonfh
rwGef;vSefrz,f&Sm;Ekdifaom jynfol‹vdktifqENrsm;rS tvdktavsmufaygufzGm;vmonfh v_yf&Sm;r_
taotcsm atmifjrif&rnf[laom ,Hk=unfcsuf? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_udk‚if;/
udk,fydkifwDxGifr_rSefor#udk‚if; cGifhrðycJhaompepfatmufwGif jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. pGrf;&nfrsm; (26)
ESpfvHk;vHk; ESdrfeif;csKyfcs,fjcif; cHcJh&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jynfolwdk‹. vsifjrefpGmpOf;pm;I
qHk;jzwfvkyfudkif&rnfh tajctaersm;udk ta&;,ludkifwG,fEkdifa=umif; vGefcJhaom &ufowWywf
tenf;i,ftwGif; jyocJhygonf? tpdk;&,EW&m; vnfywfjcif;r&SdawmhbJ &JtzJG‹uvnf; vHkòcHa&;udk
tmrrcHEkdifawmhonfhtwGuf Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; t"dutm;jzifhyg0ifaom
&yfuGufuif;apmifhtzJG‹rsm; wjynfvHk;wGif ay:aygufvmygonf? 'Drdkua&pD&,l&ef
tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwfxm;onfh rsm;jym;vSaom or*~tkyfpkrsm;onf wckwnf;aom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf
vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&ef qufoG,fr_rsm; ðyvkyf=uonfrSm vGefcJhaomvurS vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
toif;tzJG‹rsm; w&m;0ifr[kwfaomfvnf; pkpnf;EkdifcJhaom wdkif;jynftwGuf tHhzG,f&myif jzpfygonf?
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; ysufjym;oGm;&onfESifhtwl qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&; tcuftcJrsm;
jzpfay:vmojzifh pm;ukefypPnf;rsm; &Sm;yg;+yD; aps;E_ef;jrifhwufvmygonf? TudpPwGif‚if;/ aq;0g;jzef‹a0a&;
udpPwGif‚if;/ oufom&m&ap&eftwGuf jynfolwdk‹uyif ‚if;wdk‹udk,fwkdif pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmif=uygonf? ,ae‹
(pufwifbmv 8 &uf 1988) vlaygif;woef;ausmf yg0ifzG,f&m&Sdaom vlxkqENjyyJGrsm;udk txdtcdkuf
tvGJtacsmf wpHkw&mr&SdbJ atmifjrifpGm usif;yEkdifjcif;onf &Sifoef}uD;xGm;vmaom pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ESifh
pnf;urf;user_rsm;udk vufawG‹jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
wdkufckdufvk,ufr_/ rD;±_dŒr_ESifh tjcm;zsufqD;onfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk trsm;odatmif
owif;v$ifhxm;=uygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tqdk;0g;qHk;aomjzpf&yfrsm;udk ,cifu‚if;/ ,cktcgwGif‚if;
tpdk;&zufrS tkyfpkwpku v_H‹qGay;aeonfrSm odomxif&Sm;vSygonf? jynfolwdk‹u pnf;urf;&Sda&;ESifh
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk xdef;odrf;&ef óud;yrf;ae=upOf tpdk;&bufrS tkyfpkwpku rif;rJhtajctaeodk‹
a&muf&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukefóud;pm;tm;xkwfaeonfrSm em;rvnfEkdifavmufaom a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹p&m
tajctaeyif jzpfygonf? ,cktajctaexuf ydkI rqkd;0g;bJ jzpfae&onfrSm
jynfol‹'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifhom jzpfygonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&xJrS tcsKdŒaom tzJG‹0ifwdk‹onf
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EkdifiHa&;t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd; &Sd=uaom 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;tcsKdŒu usrudk vufawG‹tultnDay;aeonfrSm
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oabmw&m;awGudk wkdif;jynfom,m0ajyma&;xufydk+yD; OD;pm;ay;aomvlrsm;udk
tjyif;txefqef‹usifygonf? wkdif;EkdifiHwdkif;/ jynfoljynfom;wkdif;onf ‚if;wdk‹. tajctaeESifhudkufnDrnfh
EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk &SmazG&rnfjzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif usronf ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;yg0ifaom
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ygwDEdkifiHa&;rsKd;Yyif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifrnfjzpfygonf?
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&nf&G,fygoenf;[laom ar;cGef;yifjzpfygonf? usr wae‹wGif jyefvm+yD; wkdif;jynfrSm aexkdif+yD;/
jynfol‹pm=unhfwkdufrsm; wnfaqmuf&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynmoifqkrsm; pDpOfay;rnf[k usr
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EkdifiHa&;qufvkyfonfjzpfap/ rvkyfonfjzpfap ,if;rlv&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef
ar#mfvifhygonf?
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jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd pdwf"mwftajctaeESifh vHk;0tqufjywfaeaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;u
óudwifa[mudef;xkwfxm;onfhtwkdif; jzpfrvmbJ jynfolvlxkonf 'Drdkua&pDudk atmifjrifpGm
&&Sdrnfhtjyif wkdif;jynfwdk;wufxGef;um;a&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkvnf; atmifjrifpGm usifhoHk;Ekdifrnf[k
usr ,Hk=unfygonf?
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Tvli,fuav;rsm;onf tcsdefusa&mufvmaomtcgwGif wkdif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmif=urnf[k
awG;rdaomtcg rsm;pGm tm;wufrdygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfta&; pdwfat;&+yD[lIom usr
cHpm;rdygawmhonf?
ukvor*~vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 222-224 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * *
1? urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyyg&Sdaom vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk Oya't&
tumtuG,fay;rnfh +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrf wdk;wufaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;jzpfay:&ef tmrcHrnfh vlr_a&;ESifh
EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk ay:aygufap&efrmS jrefrmjynfY 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&wnfaxmif&ef
vkyfaqmifaeaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (NLD) ESifh tjcm;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. t"duOD;wnfcsufyif
jzpfygonf?

2? vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf w&m;Oya't&

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom v$wfawmfrS jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk w&m;r#wajzmifhrwfpGm
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;[k t"dy`m,f&aom “w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;” ESifh jynfolvlxk. axmufcHr_udk
r&&Sdaom tpdk;&u xifovdk pdwfóudufxkwfjyefxm;onfh a=unmcsufrsm;udkom
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;jzpfaom “+idrf0yfydjym;a&;” [lonfwdk‹udk jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drkdua&pDta&;wGif
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeolrsm;u uJGjym;jcm;em;pGm odomapvdkygonf?

3? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ,Hk=unfjrwfEkd;olrsm;onf +idrf0yfydjym;a&;oabmudk y,fcsonfr[kwfyg?

odk‹aomf Oya'qdkonfrSm “}uD;rm;aomtkyfpk. vdktifqEN” om jzpfraeap&ef‚if;/
pnf;urf;&Sdr_qdkonfrSmvnf; “ae&mwumY a=umuf&GHŒae&onfudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif;” r[kwfonfudk‚if;
taotcsmtmrcH&ef vdkvm;=uygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf "rRESifh tb, ac:
udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefr_ESifh a=umuf&GHŒjcif; uif;rJhr_wdk‹udk xdef;odrf;rnfhtpdk;&udk jrefrmjynfwGif
vdkvm;=uygonf?

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trdef‹a=unmcsufrsm;onf tpdk;&trdef‹r#omjzpf+yD; w&m;aom Oya'tqifhodk‹ jr‡ifhwif&efvdktyfaom
oDv/ pGrf;tm;ESifh Oya'qkdif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;. axmufcHr_r&Sd[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf?

5? w&m;aomOya'tm;vHk;udk axmufcH&efESifh ±dkaoav;pm;&efrSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu

tpOfwpdkufvdkufemcJhaom vrf;pOfjzpfygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ckdifrmaom/ +idrf;csrf;aom/
wkdif;jynfwnfaxmifvdkolrsm;onf vl‹*k%foduQmESifh trSefw&m;. tajccHrsm;udk wkdufckdufonfh
ta&;,lvkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk wGef;vSef&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k jynfoltrsm;pkESifhtwl
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu od&Sdem;vnfxm;ygonf?

6? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ,ae‹zrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh rsm;jym;vSaom EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm;onf

&mZ0wfrr_ sm; usL;vGefonfqdkI pJGcsufwifxm;ygonf? trSefpifppfrSm ‚if;wdk‹onf
urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;tydk'f 19/ 20 ESifh 21 wdk‹udk axmufcHumuG,f&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=ujcif;a=umifh ta&;,lcHae&jcif;jzpfygonf? xdk‹tjyif tydk'f 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11 ESifh 12
wdk‹ESifh qef‹usifI ‚if;wdk‹tm; udkifwG,fqufqHaeygonf?

7? EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh twd'kuQa&mufae=u&onfh jynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm;

xyfrHIom 'kuQay;Ekdifaom yÉdyuQrsKd; &ifqkdifawG‹r_rsKd;ukd trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfESifh ‚if;tm;
axmufcHa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmjyaeaom jynfolwdk‹u rvdkvm;=uyg? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfonf 1988
ckESpfwGif pwifay:aygufvmonfrSpI aqG;aEG;aphpyfn‡dE_dif;jcif;jzifh em;vnfr_&,laom 'Drkdua&pDtpOftvm
rl oabmw&m;udk ckdif+rJpGm vufcHusifhoHk;cJhygonf?

8? “vlom;wdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹. tcGifhta&;udk ray;bJ jiif;qdkaejcif;onf vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;

rjidrfoufr_jzpfay:ap&ef vrf;cif;ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf” [laom azmfjycsuf cdkifvHkonfudk
'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&pepfodk‹ apmapmpD;pD; +idrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;vdkolrsm;u vufcHtodtrSwfðy=uygonf?
xdk‹a=umifhvnf; vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;r+idrfroufr_rsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;rnfh tajctaersm; ay:aygufvm&ef
OD;wnfI ‚if;wdk‹u óud;yrf;ae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlrsm;pk. pdwfqENudk ±dkaoav;pm;&ef
tm%mydkifwdk‹u jiif;qefaeojzifh ,if;odk‹ óudf;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;onf [ef‹wm;jcif; cHae&ygonf?

9? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl‹tcGifhta&;jr‡ifhwifvdkolrsm; (txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;) taejzifh

‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif‚if;/ ‚if;wdk‹.rdom;pk odk‹r[kwf taygif;toif;tay:Y‚if; &efwHk‹jyefr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmrnfh
ab;tEW&m,fudk ra=umufr&GHŒ&bJ ‚if;wkd‹. t,ltqrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGm xkwfazmfEkdifaprnfh
tajctaersm;udk ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Siftaejzifh awmif;qdk&ef jzpfEkdifvdrfhrnf[k
ar#mfvifhygonf?

10? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHrnfh EkdifiHa&;pepf&&Sd&ef óud;yrf;±kef;uef&mY atmifjrifr_&&ef ‚if;wdk‹.

udk,fydkifowWd/ ZJG/ vHk‹vESifh cHEkdif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;udkom tm;udk;&rnfudk em;vnfoabmayguf=uaomfvnf;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. w&m;r#waom OD;wnfcsufudk ukvor*~aumfr&Sifu
axmufcHrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf

atmifqef;pk=unfonf ‚if;.aetdrfY txdef;odrf;rcH&rD 19 &uftvdkjzpfaom Zlvkdifv 1 &ufae‹ 1989 ckESpfY

at;&Sm;0dcf (AsiaWeek) rS a'grepfazgvf'g (Dominic Faulder) ESifh atmufygtwdkif; tar;tajz
vkyfxm;ygonf?
* * *
ar;? vuf&Sdtajctaeudk b,fvdk&Sdw,fvdk‹ qdkEkdifrvJ?
ajz? usru t"duypfrSwfjzpfaewm xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dvdkjzpfaewmvnf; tawmfav;=umyg+yD? 'gayrJh
tckawmh ajAmifvkyfvm+yDaygh? usrwdk‹udk jynfolawGu taxmufcHqHk;rdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹udk OD;wnf+yD;
 wkdufcdkufae=uwmygyJ? usrwdk‹ +idrf+idrfav;xkdif+yD; apmifh=unfhae±HkeJ‹ ta&G;cH&rSm aocsmw,fvdk‹
wcsKdŒu xif=uygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Davmuf rvG,fygbl;? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh tajccH
EkdifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhawG[m wae‹+yD;wae‹ ydk+yD; qHk;±_H;ae&ygw,f? e0wtzJG‹ (EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_
wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹) [m usrwdk‹ wkdifxm;wJh rw&m;r_awG/ wzufowfusr_awG tm;vHk;udk
vHk;0*±krpdkufygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ b,fvdktrSefwu,fjzpfysufaew,fqdkwmudk usrwdk‹u
ajymae&wmyg?

ar;? a&G;aumufyJGpnf;rsOf;opfudk avhvm+yD;+yDvm;?

ajz? [kwfuJh/ usr aoaocsmcsm zwf=unfh+yD;yg+yD? t}uHOm%fawG wyHkwacgif; 0dkif;ay;xm;wmawGudk
eJeJav;awmif *±kpdkufwmr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹uvnf; t}uHawGtrsm;}uD; ay;xm;ayr,fh
tm;vHk;udk vspfv#L±_xm;wm awG‹&ygw,f? tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;eJ‹qdkifwJh txl;pnf;rsOf;awG
xnfhoGif;ay;bdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajymxm;wmawGudk vHk;vHk; razmfjyxm;ygbl;?

ar;? a&G;aumufyJGusif;yjzpfw,fqdk&if a&G;aumufyJG+yD;&if bmjzpfr,fxifygovJ?

ajz? usrwdk‹vnf; rodygbl;? 'gu jy\emygyJ? b,folyJ ta&G;cH&/ cH& tm%mtvJ$tajymif;rvkyfcif
yxrqHk; zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJG+yD; twnfðy&rSmjzpfygw,f? zGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
b,fvdktwnfðy&r,fqdkwmudkvnf; ajymao;wmr[kwfygbl;? vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGvkyf+yD;awmh
twnfðy&rSmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f? 'Denf;uawmh ESpfeJ‹r[kwf&ifawmif veJ‹csD+yD; =umEkdifygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;awG[m odyfta&;}uD;ygw,f? tm%mudk
b,fvdkvJ$ajymif;ay;r,fqdkwmudk usrwdk‹ rodrjcif; e0w u 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t&
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJh tpdk;&udk zJG‹pnf;ay;r,fvdk‹qdkwmudk usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹
rjzpfao;ygbl;?

ar;? 'gayrJh twdkuftcHawGtaeeJ‹uvnf; zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;tay:rSm

oabmwlcsufr&Edkifao;bJ jzpfaew,fr[kwfvm;?
ajz? ygwD (200) ausmf&Sdaeawmh vlwkdif;vufcHEkdifavmufwJh zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qJGzdk‹qdkwmu
vG,fwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? 'gtpm; e0w ua&m aqG;aEG;yJGawG rpEkdifbl;vm;? 'g[m
EkdifiHa&;jy\emawGudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹&Sif;wJh enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? olwdk‹ raqG;aEG;Edkifao;wmu
OD;ae0if;u trdef‹ray;ao;vdk‹bJ jzpfr,fvdk‹ usr xifrdygw,f? e0w u b,foleJ‹aqG;aEG;wmudkrS
OD;ae0if; =um;csifr,f r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dawmh e0w u olwdk‹udk wdkufaewJhygwDawGeJ‹
pum;rajymEkdifbl;/ rwdkufwJhygwDeJ‹yJ ajymr,fvdk‹ qdkvmjyefygw,f? tJ'gudk tpuawmh
bma=umifhrajym=uovJ? 'g[m qifajcoufoufygyJ? usrwdk‹u “e0w [m 'D[mawG
[dk[mawG rvkyfbl;? aus;Zl;ðyI vkyfzdk‹óud;pm;yg” vdk‹ ajym&ifawmif oem;p&maumif;vSwJh e0w
crsmrSm bmrS vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdwm r[kwfygbl;?

ar;? oem;p&maumif;wJh e0wwJhvm;?

ajz? [kwfygw,f/ oem;p&maumif;wJh e0w ygyJ? b,ftzJG‹tpnf;yJjzpfjzpf tm%m&SifwOD;&JŒ =oZmcH
vHk;0jzpfae&if oem;p&mvdk‹ ajymEkdifygw,f? olckdif;wJhtwkdif; vkyf=uwmygyJ? OD;ae0if;u
tm%mudk óud;udkifaeor#awmh vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGqdkwmvnf; &SdEkdifr,f
rxifygbl;?
ar;? tm%mydkifawGu cifAsm;bufudk OD;wnfwdkufcdkufvmr,fvdk‹ xifovm;?
ajz? olwdk‹óud;pm;r,fxifygw,f? usrta=umif; r[kwfwmawG/ t"dy`m,fr&SdwmawG 0g'jzef‹zdk‹ olwdk‹
t+rJwrf; óud;pm;ae=uwmygyJ? usrrSm tdrfaxmifav;quf/ oHk;quf/ ESpfquf&Sdw,f
pojzifhayghav? aemufawmh usr[m uGefjrLepfvdk‹vnf; ajym=uw,f? wcsKdŒtodkif;t0dkif;rSmawmh
usru pDtkdifat vdk‹ qdkygw,f? usru Ak'<&Sifawmfudk apmfum;aeygw,fvdk‹ xif&Sm;ausmf=um;wJh
bkef;awmf}uD;awGu rdef‹qdkatmifvnf; olwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmygyJ? usr EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹
vufxyfxm;w,fvdk‹awmh olwdk‹ ajymEkdifygw,f? 'gudkvnf; usru &Sif;&Sif; 0efcHxm;wmygyJ?
zHk;uG,fzdk‹ óud;pm;aewmrSr[kwfbJ?

ar;? cifAsm;ajymwmudk jynfolvlxk em;axmifatmif vkyf&wm cufovm;?

ajz? rcufygbl;? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifwmyg? jy\emuawmh vlawG[m
a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹wwfwJh tusifhawG pJGaeygw,f? ZGefv (19) &ufae‹ 1989 ckESpfu
EkdifiHjcm;"gwfyHkq&mwOD;[m usrudk "gwfyHk±dkufaewkef; taESmuft,SufcH&wJhtcgrSm olu
jyefajymawmh usreJ‹twl&SdwJh vlwcsKdŒ[m awmfawmf tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uygw,f? “tJ'Dvdk
vkyfwm[m vGwfvyfwJh vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;u vmwJhvlawGtzdk‹ yHkrSefyJjzpfw,f” qdkwmudk usru
&Sif;jy&ygw,f? a=umuf&GHŒw,fqdkwmuvnf; wjcm;tðytrlawGvdk tavhtxyJ jzpfygw,f?
a=umufa=umuf&GHŒ&GHŒeJ‹ aexdkifvm=uwm =umvm&if a=umufwwfvmwmygyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹ usrudk
vlawGu odyfowWdaumif;w,fvdk‹ ajym=uwm xifygw,f? usru a=umufvef‹ae&wJhtusifh
r&cJhvdk‹om jzpfrSmyg?

ar;? cifAsm;[m EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifr_udk pD;yGm;a&;zHG‹òzd;r_xuf ydk+yD; OD;pm;ay;xm;ygvm;? e0w owfrSwfxm;wJh

a&G;aumufyJGrvkyfcif &Sd&r,fh tajctaeawGxJrSm ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m ºuG,f0r_[mvnf; wcktygt0if
jzpfw,fav?
ajz? usrajymwmu 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGuae vlawG tm±Hkajymif;oGm;atmif pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifr_qdkwmrsKd;eJ‹
rqG,foifhbl;qdkwJhtcsufygyJ? EkdifiHa&;pepfudk usrwdk‹ rajymif;bl;qdk&if pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf;
wdk;wufzHG‹òzd;rSm r[kwfygbl;? tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHcsuf ray;EkdifwJh tpdk;&[m
pD;yGm;a&;&m tcGifhta&;awGudk tmrrcHEdkifrSmuawmh aocsmygw,f?

ar;? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf tm%m&vm&if cifAsm; bmvkyfrvJ?

ajz? tpdk;&tzJG‹xJrSm usryg0ifvm&r,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'guvnf; usrvkyf&r,fh udpPwck
jzpfaeygw,f? aemufwufr,fh tpdk;&awmh oufomr,fr[kwfbl;vdk‹ usr ajymEkdifygw,f?
ESpfaygif; 26 ESpf/ 27 ESpfavmuf wdww f qdwf 'kuQcHvmcJh=u&wJh jynfolawG[m
&ifzGifh=uawmhrSmygyJ? vlwkdif;udk auseyfr_ay;Edkifavmufatmif jrefqefwJh
ðyjyifa&;vkyfief;awGudkvnf; b,ftpdk;&urS vkyfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? jynfolawGuawmh
aemufwufvmr,fh tpdk;&udk aumif;aumif;}uD; uoduatmufjzpfatmif vkyf=uawmhrSmygyJ?
9

EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaomrdef‹cGef;

atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhaomtcgwGif rvma&mufEkdifojzifh olrudk,fpm;

om;}uD;jzpfol armifjrifhqef;atmif (Alexander Aris – tvufZENm;tJ&pf) u atmufygrdef‹cGef;udk
zwf=um;ygonf?
* * *
bk&ifrif;jrwf/ rdzk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm;cifAsm;?

qkrsm;xJwGif t}uD;tus,fqHk;aom TEdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk usaemfhrdcif

a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fpm; vufcH&ef vl}uD;rif;rsm;a&SŒarSmufwGif usaemf ,ae‹
a&muf&Sdaejcif;jzpfygonf? usaemfhrdcifonf tajctaeta=umif;rsm;a=umifh udk,fwkdifrvma&mufEkdifojzifh
olrtaejzifh xkwfazmfajymqdkrnfh cHpm;csuf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf,lqaom cHpm;r_rsm;udk azmfjyEkdif&ef usaemf
tpGrf;ukefóud;pm;ygrnf?
yxrOD;pGm olronf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk olrtaejzifhr[kwfbJ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;
tm;vHk;udk,fpm; vufcHa=umif;ajymqdkI pwifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf od&Sdem;vnfygonf? Tqkonf olrESifh
roufqkdifbJ usaemf ,ck pum;ajymaepOfYyif jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf ‚if;wdk‹.
udk,fusKd;aumif;pm;r_/ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_ESifh toufwdk‹udk qufvuftepfemcHae=uaom trsKd;om;/
trsKd;orD;/ uav;oli,frsm;ESifhom oufqkdifaomqkjzpfa=umif; olru ajymrnfjzpfygonf? Tqkonf
‚if;wdk‹. qkjzpfouJhodk‹ jrefrmjynf +idrf;csr;f a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGufjzpfaom
a&&SnfwdkufyJGwGif aemufqHk;&&Sdrnfh atmifyJGrSmvnf; ‚if;wdk‹.atmifyJGyif jzpfygrnf?
odk‹aomfvnf; olr. om;taeESifh usaemf jznfhpGufajymvdkonfrSm olrudk,fwkdif pdwfa&mudk,fyg
jr‡KyfESHvkyfudkifjcif;/ udk,fwkdiftepfemcHjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh olronf jrefrmjynfoljynfom; tm;vHk;.
qdk;0g;aomtajctaeudk trsm;u todtrSwfðyvmap&ef tm;vHk;udk,fpm; &yfwnfxdkufaom oauFw
jzpfvm&ygonf?
,if;tajctaeqdk;rsm;udk rnfolur# av#mhrwGufoifhyg? òrd‹&Gmaus;vufwGif qif;&JrJGaw
csKdŒwJhEGrf;yg;ae=ujcif;/ tusOf;axmifxJwGif t±dkuftESufcH/ tESdyfpufcHae=u&jcif;/ jrefrmjynf.
ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzpfaom vli,fvl&G,frsm; ‚if;wdk‹xGuaf jy;&mawmxJY iSufzsm;rd+yD; 'kuQa&mufae=ujcif;/
Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;rsm; t±dkufcH/ oduQmcscHae=u&jcif; ponfhtajctaeqdk;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?
usaemfhrdciftjyif txl;±dkaoav;pm;cH&aom 0g&ifhacgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; tusOf;cscHae&onfudk
usaemfwdk‹ rarhoifhyg?
Todk‹ tjrifhqHk; *k%fðycH&onfudku ‚if;wdk‹udk,fpm; usaemfu v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ aus;Zl;wifa=umif;
ajymtyfygonf? TuJhodk‹ tvGefa0;vHaom wkdif;jynfwGif rdrdwdk‹. 'kuQa0'em cHpm;ae&r_rsm;udk
em;pdkuf*±kðyaeaoma=umifh jrefrmjynfolwdk‹taejzifh ,ae‹ tenf;i,f acgif;armhEkdifrnf jzpfygonf?
tapmifhxlxyfpGmcsxm;aom &efukefòrd‹aetdrfwGif wOD;wnf; qifEJ$aeaomwkdufyJGonf
pdwf"mwfa&;&m ESdyfuGyfr_ESifh EkdifiHa&; t"rRtEkdifusifhr_wdk‹rS vlom;wdk‹ vGwfajrmufatmif urBmESifhcsDI
us,fjyef‹pGm óud;yrf;aeaom wkdufyJG}uD;. wpdwfwydkif;yifjzpfa=umif; usaemfwdk‹ owd&=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
Tqkonf TwdkufyJG}uD;xJwGif rnfonfht&yfrSrqdk yg0ifaeolrsm;udkvnf; *k%fðy&ef &nf&G,fonf[k
usaemf ,Hk=unfrdygonf? ,ae‹ atmfpvdkòrd‹wGif ðyvkyfaom Ttcrf;tem;udk wurBmvHk;wGif
usif;yaeaom urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;ae‹Y usif;y&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;&Sdygonf?
 OuUX}uD;cifAsm;/ vl}uD;rif;wdk‹ aumfrwD. a&G;cs,fcsufudk urBmhrdom;pkwckvHk;u
aumif;csD;=obmay;ae=uygonf? vGefcJhaom &uftenf;i,fcef‹u ukvor*~onf wnDwnGwfwnf;
orkdif;0ifqHk;jzwfcsufw&yf csrSwfum Tqk. ta&;ygyHkESifhywfoufaom taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyf
yJ&pf'DuJGv,m; (Perez de Cueller) . xkwfjyefcsufudk óudqdk=u+yD; usaemfhrdcif vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
‚if;u xyfcgwvJ yef=um;xm;onfrsm;udkvnf; axmufcHvdkufygonf? jrefrmjynf.
vl‹tcGifhta&;tajctae tvGef pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfaeonfudk wurBmvHk;u
od&Sdem;vnfxm;=uonfudkvnf; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxm;ygonf? urBmhwkdif;EkdifiHtm;vHk;xJwGif
wudk,fwnf;uif;uGmI txD;usefaecJhaom &efukef tpdk;&xHrSom wckwnf;aom oabmxm;uJGvJGoHudk
=um;&ygonf? aemufususef&pf+yD; tm;enf;aeaom toHyifjzpf.?

("gwfyHkvmonf)
om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) 1991 ckESpf 'DZbFmv 10 &ufae‹Y
rdcifudk,fpm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk vufcH&if; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym=um;aepOf

(aqmif;yg;tqufvmonf)
Ttpdk;&onf ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg; rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfhtwGuf wcsdefu
}uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhaom jrefrma&$0gajronfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wGif urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiHb0odk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf? =oZmtm%mudk xda&mufap&ef +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ a=umuf&GHŒr_/ zdESdyfr_/ rkef;wD;r_wdk‹udk
toHk;ðycJhaom tjcm;tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;. uH=urRmuJhodk‹ aemufqHk;wGif ‚if;wdk‹. uH=urRmvnf;
jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfudk &efukef&Sd tm%mydkifwdk‹. twGif;pdwfxJY od&Sd=u&rnf jzpfygonf? vuf&Sd
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDóud;yrf;r_wkdufyJG 1988 ckESpfu/ vrf;rrsm;ay:Y aygufuJGxGufay:vmjcif;onf ta&SŒOa&my/
tm&SESifh tmz&duwdk‹wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD 'Da&v_dif;}uD;. yxrqHk;aom
v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfyif jzpfygonf? ,ae‹ 1991 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom/ acgif;rmaom
EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ vufatmufwGif qufvuf 'kuQcHae&ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHonf
odomxif&Sm;aeygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'Drkdua&pDatmifyJGcHoGm;aom om"uonf
jrefrmjynfolwdk‹twGuf ta&;}uD;aom owif;yg;csufyifjzpfygonf? tm%m&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;onf vHk;0
pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf vuf&Sdtpdk;&onfvnf; usqHk;&rnf[laom ta=umif;=um;csuf
jzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif jrifhwufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvJGvJGtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
wefzdk;r&Sdaom usyfaiGwdk‹ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdrdwdk‹ ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif;
cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg?
odk‹aomfvnf; vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;& usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; vHk;0
òydusysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umifh rjzpfygapESifh[k usaemf av;eufpGm ar#mfvifhygonf? ,ckESpftwGuf
qka=unmpOf EdkbJvfaumfrwDu azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; vl‹tajccH*±k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;onfudk
tm%m&tpdk;&u *±kðyrdaumif; ðyrdygvdrfhrnf? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fI a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹atmif ðyvkyfaeaom
vuf&Sdvrf;pOfrsm;onf jrefrmhAk'<bmomtpOftvm. rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqum &GHrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpdk;&tzJG‹wGif yg&Sda=umif; usaemfodygonf?
TonfrSm tcsnf;ESD; udk,fvdk&mudk,fqJG+yD; awG;ac:jcif;r[kwfbJ usaemfhrdcifudk,fwkdif tm%mydkiftqifh&Sd
yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh xdawG‹qufqH&if; &&Sdvmaom ,Hk=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ppfr_xrf;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹
rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifaom rJqENe,fajrrsm;wGif olr. ygwD tEdkif&&SdonfrSmvnf;
Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;pGm om"ujyjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;xJrS ,if;odk‹ r#wvdkaom/
oifhjrwfvdkaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvdktyfqHk;aom tcsdefumvY ‚if;wdk‹. cHpm;csufrsm;udk
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usaemfhrdcifom ,ae‹ vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymqdk&if;
zdESdyfolESifh zdESdyfcHae&olwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. vufeufrsm;udk pGef‹ypfI twlwuG yl;aygif;um
+idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh *±k%mw&m;wdk‹tay:wGif tajccHaom wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmufapEkdif&eftwGufyg
qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wdk‹tm; yef=um;rnf[k usaemf odygonf?
usaemfhrdciftm; 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &,lvdkaom
EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajymqdk a&;om;=uaomfvnf; olr óud;pm;&SmazGaeonfrSm
tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m ajymif;vJr_jzpfonfudk usaemfwdk‹ owd&oifhygonf? “tppfrSefqHk;aom
awmfvSefa&;onf pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD;” ,if;odk‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&mwGif “vdktyfaom
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;” ESifh ywfoufIvnf; olr. a&;om;xm;csufrsm; &Sdygonf? ,if;
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&efrSm vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;tay:wGif vHk;0 rlwnfaeygonf?
vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;odpdwf. rlv t&if;tjrpfrSm “vHk;0 tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI
tjypfuif;pifvdkaom pdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef enf;vrf;&SmEdkifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;udk
vdkufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk tqHk;wkdif rvdkufEkdifonfhwkdifatmif rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csuf
tuef‹towfudk ausmfvGef&ef vdktyfaomtwkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹
jzpfygonf”? b0wGif jynfh0pGm aexkdi&f eftwGuf olwyg;. vdktyfcsufwm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifvdkaomowWd &Sd&rnfjzpf.? Twm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk&rnf[k olru qdkcJhygonf? Ttcsufudk
olr.,Hk=unfr_ESifh qufpyf,l&mwGif “owW0gtaygif;wdk‹teuf vlom;ppfppfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfudk &&SdEkdifojzifh vlom;tm; tvGefwefzdk;xm;onfh jrefrmh±dk;&m
,Ofaus;r_tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g't& vlwkdif;onf rdrdqENt& óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh opPmw&m;udk
odEkdifpGrf;&Sd+yD; olwyg;udk odap&eftwGufvnf; ulnDEkdifaom tvm;tvm&Sdonf” [k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemufqHk;wGif olru “jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u
urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfaom wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexdkifEkdif&ef
±kef;uefr_}uD;yif jzpfygonf? TonfrSm rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrd. obm0c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm;
ausmfvGefEdkifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef vlom;wdk‹u tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_.
tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfygonf”[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemfa0;wGif rdciftwGuf usaemfESifh usaemfhnDwdk‹ qkxl;}uD;udk vufcH=u&onfrSm Tt}udrfonf
'kwd,t}udrfyif jzpfygonf? ,refESpfuvnf; odka&mhzf&mzfwdk (Thorolf Rafto) vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk
vufcH&ef bm*if (Bergen) odk‹ usaemfwdk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? ,ckESpftcrf;tem;. y%mryif
jzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwdk‹wGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdae=u+yD jzpfygonf?
r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwdk‹rdcifonfvnf; TcHpm;csufudk r#a0cHpm;Ekdif+yD; usaemfrSwqifh odk‹r[kwfbJ
rdrdudk,fwkdif wkduf±dkuf pum;ajymEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf ar#mfvifhygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESifh
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm; Todk‹ }uD;rm;xl;jcm;pGm axmufcHjcif;onf urBmhtpGefqHk;
qef‹usifbufae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifae=uaom jynfolESpf&yftm; ydkrdkeD;uyfatmif pkaygif;ay;&mus+yD;
,ckuJhodk‹ jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf
,Hk=unfygonf?
vl}uD;rif;tm;vHk;udk usaemfhtaejzifh pdwfxJESvHk;xJrS aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymvdkygonf?
,ae‹rSpI emusnf;csufrsm;/ tmCmwrsm; pwif ys,fajymufI jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&mwGif 1991
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkonf orkdif;wGifrnfh ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwdk‹ qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvifh&rnf
jzpfygonf? twdwf. oifcef;pmrsm;udk arhavsmhrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; tem*wf ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf
usaemfwdk‹ ,ae‹ tcrf;tem; qif,ifusif;yjcif;yif jzpfygonf?

10

EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ay;pm

56/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
&efukef
14 ar 1992

ygarmuQ vGef'Dpwuf&Sifh

1991 ckESpftwGuf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk usrudk ay;tyf&efqHk;jzwfvdkufa=umif; usr yxr

=um;od&aomtcgwGif csufcsif;jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;csufrsm;rSm av;eufaom ed0gwpdwfESifh
txl;aus;Zl;wifpdwfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drkdua&pD&&Sd&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfwdkufyJG0ifae=uolrsm;. tepfemcHr_ESifh qif;&J'kuQcHr_rsm;a=umifhom usrudk Todk‹
*k%fðyjcif;jzpfonfudk usr od&Sd&ojzifh ed0gww&m; yGm;rsm;&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf
wkdufyJG0ifae=uonfudk vl}uD;rif;rsm;u todtrSwfðyjcif;jzifh 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGudk tvGeftzdk;wefvSaom
taxmuftulay;vdkufonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifpdwf ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?
usrwdk‹. pkaygif;óud;yrf;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;tm;vHk;udk,fpm; Tqk}uD;udk vufcH&,la=umif;
usrom;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u ajym=um;cJhonfrSm usr. cHpm;csufudk wdwdusus
azmfjyjcif;yifjzpfygonf? usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. ta&;udk *±kðya=umif; jyoonfhtwGuf usr
v_dufv_dufvJSvSJ aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvdkygonf?
usr&&Sdaom qkaiGrsm;jzifh jrefrmjynfynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;b¾mxdef;tzJG‹ wnfaxmif&efvnf;
usrcifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pftm; ajym=um;xm;ygonf? usrudk,fwkdif ,if;b¾mxdef;tzJG‹udk tjynfht0
}uD;=uyfEkdifrnfh tcsdefumvrwdkifrjcif; Tb¾mxdef;vkyfief;ESifhqkdifaom Oya'a&;&mudpP&yftm;vHk;udk
usr cifyGef;tm; usrudk,fpm; aqmif&GufydkifcGifh ay;xm;ygonf?
usrtaeESifh ajym&rnfqdkygu usrom;}uD;u aemfa0;jynfoljynfom;rsm;ta=umif;
cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm aEG;axG;aom arwWmpdwfjzifh ajymoGm;onfudk =um;odvdkuf&onfhtwGufvnf; usr rsm;pGm
ESpfouf=unfEl;rdygonf? qkay;yJGtcrf;tem;udk =unfEl;zG,f&m/ rarhEkdifzG,f&m jzpf&yftaejzifh/ txl;ojzifh
wufa&muf=uaom jrefrmrsm;twGuf ðyvkyfay;&ef/ óud;pm;aqmif&Gufay;=uonfrsm;udk
=um;&aomtcgwGifvnf; usr pdwfv_yf&Sm;&onftxd =unfEl;rdygonf?
aemfa0;EkdifiH&Sd awmifapmufawmif=um;twGif;rS yifv,fajrmifrsm;ta=umif;udk usr
uav;b0wGif zwf±_&pOfuwnf;rSpI aemfa0;EkdifiHonf usrpdwftm±Hkudk txl;pJGaqmifcJhygonf?
usrudk,fwkdif wae‹wGif vma&mufI EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;a[majymyJGudk ðyvkyfEkdifrnfhtcsdeftcgudk
pdwftm;xufoefpGm apmifhar#mfaeygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf
11

tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl‹tcGifhta&; Oya'tzJG‹rS ay;aom

qktwGufrdef‹cGef;

tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk vufcH&mwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;I

olrudk,fpm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u 1992 arv 14 &ufae‹wGif 0g&Sifwefòrd‹awmfY
zwf=um;aom rdef‹cGef;jzpfygonf?

* * *
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS ESppf OfcsD;jr‡ifhaom vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk orw
yufx&D±_d-tvf0if (Patricio Aylwin) ESifhtwl wcsdefwcgxJ vufcH&,l&onfudk rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf?
Tqkonf ,cktcgY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaom udpP&yfrsm;udk tm±Hkpl;pdkufvmap&ef
rD;armif;xdk;ouJhodk‹ jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEkdifiH orw}uD;onf trSefw&m;ESifh
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdk‹t=um; ckdif+rJaom qufpyfr_&SdaeyHkudk wae‹wjcm; vltrsm;
ydkrdkod&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif us,jf yef‹pGm ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vSonfh
acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf?
vSnfhjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl‹*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;r_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom a=umuf&HGŒr_ESifh
oHo,jzpfr_wdk‹onf vl‹tcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_a=umifh uJGtufae&aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;tay:Y
avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf&Sdygonf? Todk‹aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;udk
aysmufuif;atmif uko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? Todk‹ðyvkyfEkdif&ef
wjynfvHk;. csrf;ajrŒom,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk‹. usOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk‹xuf a&SŒwef;rS
xm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifhwOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom
tajctaevnf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
cg;oD;vSaom &efòid;zJG‹r_rsm; tcsdef=umjrifhpGm jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wOD;ESifhwOD;
jyefvnf,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmEkdifatmif jyefvnfðyvkyf&mwGif pdwfoabmuJGvJGr_ESifh aomu'kuQtaygif;udk
ay:aygufapaom tðytrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus trSefudk trSeftwdkif;
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oef‹pifaomapwemESifh ±dk;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm; arG;jrLjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif rvdkrkef;wD;r_ESifh
vdrfvnfr_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusK;d qufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnf[k
,Hk=unfaom o'<gpdwfudkvnf; arG;&efvdkygonf?
trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfIvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom
tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI udk,fpdwfESvHk;yg nDnGwfpGmjzifh
bHkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifEJ$ydkifcGifh
&Sd r&Sd/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd?
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifh‚if;/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; r¾Kdifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifh‚if;/
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,af y;jcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdk‹udk urBmu ,ae‹
apmifh=unfhavhvmaeygonf?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfoGm;aomtcgY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdk‹onf
vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k usr tpOft+rJ
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&SnfpGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmif umuG,f&ef
enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sda&;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom
tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usr ar#mfvifhygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&; odk‹r[kwf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh oufqkdifaom qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf[k
od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk‹,Hk=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;
tepfemcH=u/ pGef‹v$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹EdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk‹ qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf&Sdygonf? ,ae‹ csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?
usr. wkdif;jynfESifh usrudk TuJhodk‹ *k%fðyvkdufaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m
vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm av;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;&if;
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef 12 arv 1992

12

pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef;

atmufwGifazmfjyygpmpkonf 1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufae‹wGif pydefEkdifiHY tdkvHypfrD;±_; a&mufvmonfudk

óudqdkaomrdef‹cGef;jzpfygonf? ,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif txdef;odrf;cHae&ol 1991 ckESpf urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;
EdkbJvfqk&Sif atmifqef;pk=unfu a&;om;I olrudk,fpm; om;}uD;jzpfol armifjrifhqef;atmif (tvufZENm;tJ&pf)
u tifyl&dtmpfY zwf=um;ygonf?
* * *

bmpDvdkemodk‹ ukef;wwef a&wwef ,laqmifvmcJh&aom tdkvHyD,mrS TrD;awmufrD;v#Honf

ppf&yfqkdif;aom tvHozG,fjzpfygonf? urBmt&yf&yfrS trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;pk±Hk;um
+idrf;csrf;cspf=unfpGmjzifh wlnDaom0goemudk vdkufpm;avhusifhEkdif=uap&ef wdkufcdkufr_/ &efðyr_tzHkzHk
&yfqkdif;vdkufjcif;udk &nfn$ef;ygonf? tdkvHypftm;upm;yJGonf vlom;wdk‹ xl;c|efajymifajrmufa&;twGuf
óud;yrf;±kef;uefaom toGiftjyifw&yfudk azmfjyygonf? Todk‹aom óud;yrf;r_onf csrf;omokcESifh
qufEG,faeonf[k a&S;a[mif; *&dvlrsKd;rsm;u ±_jrifcJhonfhtav#muf ,ae‹tcrf;tem;onf
acwfaygif;rsm;pGmrSpI ,Ofaus;aom vlom;rsm; qGwfcl;&ef &SmazGcJhaom qk}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh +idrf;csrf;ESifh
csrf;omokcudk &nfpl;I usif;yonf[k qdkEdkifygonf?
um,pGrf;tm;udk Om%ESifh pdwWpGrf;tm;rsm;enf;wl vdrRmpGmynmOm%fjzifh ysKd;axmifjcif;udk
tav;ay;aom a&S;*&dwkdif;&if;om;wdk‹. trGefjrwfqHk; pHowfrSwfcsufonf tdkvHypfxHk;pH"avh. ZpfjrpfY
wnf&Sdygonf? um,/ Om%ESifh pdwWAvoHk;oG,f oifhjrwfnDnmpGm v_yf&Sm;ygu vlom;. pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_
abmife,ferdwfrsm; csJŒxGifEdkifa=umif;udk pHcsdefa[mif;rsm; tzefwvJvJusKd;I pHcsdefopfrsm; wifEkdifjcif;jzifh
oufaojyEkdifygonf? ydkrdkoefpGrf;+yD; pGrf;&nfomaom tm;upm;orm;rsm; arG;xkwf&mwGif
acwfopfody`HynmudkrDS;aom ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh avhusifhenf;rsm;ESifh usef;rma&;xdef;odrf;enf;rsm;.
tcef;u¾ t"duusonfrSm rSefygonf? odk‹aomf aemufqHk;Y tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfonfom
tdkvHypfol&Jaumif;udk atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;ay;Ekdifygonf?
yef;wkdifodk‹a&mufcgeD;wGif tpGrf;ukef tm;oGefI t}udwfte,f vHk;yrf;&I emusifvmonfudk
avsmhyg;oGm;atmif rnfuJhodk‹ avhusifhygoenf;[k a&$wHqdyf& tajy;orm;wOD; tar;cH&zl;ygonf? ‚if;.
tajzum;- emusifr_onf rnfonfhtcgwGifrS ravsmhoGm;cJhyg? emusifvsuf
qufvuftm;pdkufoGm;Ekdif&efudkom avhusifhxm;&ygonf? b0ZmwfcHkay:rSmuJhodk‹yif
tm;upm;uGif;Yvnf; vlom;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_pHcsdefudk wdk;jr‡ifhvdkygu cHEdkif&nfarG;um rdrd.
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ausmfvGef&ef rdrdudk,fwkdif jyefvnfvHk;yrf;&ygonf?
tusKd;tjrwfESifh ausmfv$m;r_udk ar#mfrSef;um vlom;onf tqrwef}uD;rm;aom
tcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;udk tHwk&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tusKd;tjrwfudk
rpOf;pm;bJ pdefac:r_udk twwfEkdifqHk;/ taumif;qHk; &ifqkdifrnf[laom pdwf"mwfuomv#if
yuwdjynfhpHkaom atmifjrifr_udk &apEkdifygonf? ppfrSefaom tm;upm;pdwf"mwfudk uav;wOD;u
jyocJhygonf? rdrdxuf rsm;pGm}uD;olrsm;ESifh twlajy;yJG0ifcJh+yD; pdwfrav#mhbJ ,SOfòydifcJh&m tm;vHk;.aemufrS
yef;wkdifodk‹ a&mufaomtcgY atmifyJGcHaomavoHjzifh “usaemf aemufqHk;uEkdifw,f” [k
a=unmvdkufygonf? pdwftm;xufoefpGm ajy;cJhaom òydifyJGY ±_H;edrfhjcif; r&SdEkdifyg?
ppfjzpfyGm;cJhaomEkdifiHrsm; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf acwfopftdkvHypfudk
wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? urBmhtxl;c|efqHk; tm;upm;orm;rsm; t}udwfte,f òydifqkdif=uaomfvnf;
oduQm&SdI rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf pdwf"mwfv$rf;rdk;aom òydifyJGwGif yg0ifqifEJ$=uaomtcgY e,ferdwfowfrSwfcsuf/
ta&SŒ/ taemuf/ vlrsKd;ESifh Zmwdqkdif&m jcm;em;r_rsm; r&Sdawmha=umif; jyojcif;jzifh +idrf;csrf;aom EkdifiHwum
o[Zmw&&Sda&;udk tm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsuf qufvuf&Sifoefaernfjzpfygonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; usrwdk‹ urBmonf ,ckwkdif b,m/ avmb/ a'go/ arm[ wnf;[laom
wHwkdif;}uD;rsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif; cHae&ygonf? vlom;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹udk xdcdkufysufpD;apI rdrdwdk‹
qufvuf&Sifoefa&;twGufyif tEW&m,fðyrnfh tiftm;rsm;udk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufjcif;r&SdbJ tcsif;csif;
òydifqkdifwdkufcdkufaeaoma=umifh urBmay:wGif 'kuQyifv,fa0aeygonf? usOf;ajrmif;I t&mra&mufaom
pdwf"mwfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;I +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wdk‹udk toufoGif;ay;rnfh pdwf"mwfrsm;
TurBmY ay:aygufvm&efrSm vGefpGmvdktyfaeygonf?

("gwfyHkvmonf)
tdkvHypfrD;±_; pydefEdkifiHodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmonfudk óudqdkaom atmifqef;pk=unf.
rdef‹cGef;tm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u
1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufae‹Y zwf=um;aepOf

(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmonf)
arG;&myg t&nftaoG;rsm;udk txl;c|efqHk;tqifhwkdif zHG‹òzd;apEdkifrnfh b0rsKd;twGuf
pdwftcs&qHk;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;yif jzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_a=umifh ydjym;pdwf+idrfaejcif;/
wzufowf w,loeftawG;tac:rsm; ydkufzufxm;onfh acgif;aqmifydkif;Y ya,m*a=umifh rv_yfr&Sm;
+idrfoufaeonfh pdwftajctae[lonfh o±kyfysuftwkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg?
w&m;r#wr_/ *±k%mpdwf/ nDnmoifhjrwfr_/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_/ trsm;jynfol xdef;odrf;tyfaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom nDr#r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtay: xm;tyfaom wm0efodpdwfESifh
tjynfjynfqkdif&m todtjrifem;vnfr_rsm;udk r#watmifjrifatmif ðyvkyfr_ ponfwdk‹tay:wGif
tajccHaom +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkygonf?
 tdkvHypfrD;±_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh
pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoef‹pifjrifhrm;apr_wdk‹. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk‹. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fðyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom
tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usi;f yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y
EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk‹
a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydk‹ovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom
ydkrdkus,fjyef‹onfh ±kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh
tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef
8-6-1992

13

ppfrSefaom vHkòcH&modk‹

tXrajrmuf ‘*|dKufpf yDtmpf’ txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGwGif atmifqef;pk=unf udk,fpm; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfu

1993 ckESpf ar 19 &ufae‹ atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfY zwf=um;aompmwrf;?
* * *

1993 ckESpf ‘*|Kdufpf yDtmpf’ txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGY a[majym&ef ta=umif;=um;vmaomtcg

usr rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf? ‘rpPfyDtmpf’ . vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;udk =um;odcJh&onfh
twdwfumvrsm;/ txl;ojzifh usrtm; =uifemr_/ ulnDapmifha&Smufr_ ponfwdk‹udk oGefoifjyoay;cJhonfh
cspfcif&if;ESD;&aom ‘av'Dyufx&pf&Sm *dk;bGwfof’ ESifh ‚if;.cifyGef; uG,fvGefol ‘aygvf’ wdk‹xHrS
=um;od&onfh twdwfumvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&rdojzifh aEG;axG;aom arwWm"gwfudk cHpm;rdygonf?
Ta[majymyJGudk ‘tJvDZbuf bk&ifraqmif’ u urux ðyvkyfI usif;yrnf[k od&ojzifhvnf;
usrtaeESifh txl;ESpfouf =unfEl;rdygonf? Tae&mYyif usronf ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrsm;/ a[majymyJGrsm;udk
wufa&mufI tusKd;jzpfxGef;aom tcsdefumvrsm;udk jzwfoef;cJh&+yD;/ urBmt&yf&yfrS yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhvnf;
awG‹qHkcJh&ygonf? atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf. aygif;oif;qufqHr_/ wnf+idrfat;jrr_ESifh awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_wdk‹udk
awG‹óuHcJh&onfh ,if;tcsdefumvrsm;udk usr jyefvnfowd&rdygonf? xkd‹a=umifh
‘'kuQonfavhvma&;tpDtpOf’ ESifh ‘*|KdufpfyDtmpf txdrf;trSwf ESpfvnfa[majymyJGaumfrwD’ wdk‹tm;
usrudk zdwfac:onfhtwGufwifomrubJ/ ‚if;wdk‹. zdwf=um;r_a=umifh ESpfouf=unfEl;zG,f&m
twdwfumvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&rdonfhtwGufyg aus;Zl;wifrdygonf?
‘*|KdufpfyDtmpf’ onf tcsdef&Sdor#/ pGrf;&nf&Sdor# 'kuQonfrsm;twGuf aqmif&GufcJhojzifh
Ta[majymyJGY/ 'kuQonfrsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ajym&ef rvdkawmh[k usr
awG;rdygonf? 'kuQonfjy\emESifhywfoufI y&dowfrsm;taeESifh aumif;pGmod&Sd+yD; jzpfaernf[k
xifygonf? usrtaeESifh Tta=umif;t&mESifhoufqkdifaom aemufqHk;wdk;wufjzpfxGef;r_rsm;udk
tenf;i,fr#xuf ydkI od&SdEkdifaom tajctaewGif r&Sdojzifh Tta=umif;t&mudk udkifwG,f&ef
wGef‹qkwfrdygonf?
 odk‹aomfvnf; usr qufI pOf;pm;rdonfrSm refugee [laom toHk;tE_ef;udk
jrefrmjyefvdkufaomtcg ‘'kuQonf’ wenf;tm;jzifh ‘'kuQcHpm;ae&ol’ [k t"dy`m,faygufygonf?
Toabmtwkdif;om qdkygu 'kuQonfb0udk usrwkd‹tm;vHk; rvJGraoG od&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
b0&yfwnfr_. tESpfom&wefzdk;udkay;aom/ vHkòcHr_ESifh udk,fpdwfESpfjzmcsrf;omr_wdk‹udk csKd;zJhzsufqD;onfh
tiftm;pkrsm;. ab;&efrS uif;a0;vHkòcHa&;udk &SmazGae=uaom 'kuQonfrsm;yif jzpf=uygonf?
zsufqD;rnfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk od&SdrSomv#if rnfodk‹rnfyHk tumtuG,f,l&rnf[laom tajzudk
awG‹Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf? urBmwcGifvHk;udk wkefv_yfajcmufjcm; pdwfxdckdufoGm;aponfh vlodrsm;vSaom
twd'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm;onf tao;tr$m;udpPuav;rsm;uyif pwifavh&Sd=uygonf? xdkudpPuav;rsm;onf
ae‹pOfESifhtr# óuHawG‹&onfh avmuD'kuQrsm;xJwGif tusKH;0ifaom/ csKyfxdef;xm;Ekdifonfh udk,fa&;udk,fwm
pdwfqif;&Jr_uav;rsm;ESifh rjcm;em;vSyg? vlom;. zefwD;r_a=umifh jzpfay:&aom ab;'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm;onf
(acgr'¾m&DyHkjyifyg) e*g;rif;. tpG,frsm;rS aygufzGm;vmaom ppfonfrsm;uJhodk‹ wr[kwfjcif;
tifwkduftm;wkduf xGufay:vmcJhjcif; r[kwfyg? yHkjyifxJYyifv#if e*g;pG,frsm;udk vlom;wOD;u &atmif,lI
yuwd±dk;om;tjypfrJhonf[k rqdkEkdifaom &nf&G,fcsufESifh yx0Dajr}uD;ay:wGif pdkufysKd;xm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
obm0ta=umif;oufoufa=umifh ay:aygufvm&jcif;r[kwfaom 'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm;onf jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf[k
trsm;u owfrSwfxm;=uaom vlom;wdk‹. csKdŒ,Gif;csufwdk‹Y jrpfzsm;cHygonf?
TcsKdŒ,Gif;csufwdk‹onf ae&mwumwGif &Sd&efvdktyfygoavm/ ae&mwkdif;wGif&Sdonf[k qdkI
a&m*gydk;r$m;rsm;udk rwm;qD;bJ xm;ygu tumtuG,fr&SdolESifh tm;enf;olwdk‹om 'kuQa&muf=u&rnfudk
em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; jzpfygonf? xdk‹a=umifh vl‹avmuw&yfvHk;tm; ydkI tEW&m,fay;aeaom
jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf[k owfrSwfxm;onfh oabmxm;r_rsm;tm; rSefuefatmif ðyjyifonfhudpPudk ydkrdkI
tm±Hkrpdkufoifhygvm;[k ar;ygu rqDavsmfaomt&mr[kwf[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf? ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;udk
qxufxrf;ydk; t"duxm;vmaom avmu}uD;wGif ydkIom tm;}uD;vmyHk&aom oabmxm;rsm;ESifh
wefzdk;xm;r_tcsKdŒESifh pyfvsOf;aom usr. tawG;tac: t,ltqudk Ta[majymyJGY wifjyvdkygonf?
* * *

ppfat;acwfukefqHk;oGm;jcif;onf trsKd;om;a&;ESifh EkdifiHwumta&;wdk‹wGif oabmw&m;a&;/

EkdifiHa&; ponfwdk‹xuf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;wdk‹udk OD;pm;ay;oifhonfudk tcsufjyvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf[kvnf; ,lq=uygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; yÉdyuQESifh twd'kuQrsm;a=umifh yifyef;EGrf;e,fae+yDjzpfaom
jynfolrsm;ESifh wdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹u vdkvm;awmihfwae=uonfh vlodrsm;vSaom ‘urBmhpepfopf’ tm;
+idrf;csrf;om,mwdk;wufaom acwfwacwftjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJvmap&ef OD;pm;ay;vrf;pOfrsm;u
pGrf;aqmifEkdifrnfavm[k apm'uwufEkdifygonf?
ESpfq,f&mukefqHk;&ef eD;uyfvmonfESifhtr# vlom;. om,m0ajymr_udk wkdif;wm&mwGif
±kyf0wˆKudkufwHrsm;jzifhom wkdif;wmIr&Ekdif[lonfrSm odomxif&Sm;vmygonf? tvGeftajccHusvSaom
qif;&Jr_jy\emudk oHk;oyfavhvm&mYyif qif;&J&ygonf[laom cHpm;r_udk jzpfay:aponfh csKdŒwJhr_a=umifh
ay:aygufvm&aom pdwfydkif;qkdif&moabmudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf? qif;&Jr_ESifh pyfvsOf;aom/
acwfopftjrif[kqdkaom t,ltqonf jrefrmwdk‹tzdk‹ topftqef;r[kwfyg? ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;
rjynfhpHkygu‚if;/ udk,fpdwfrcsrf;omonfhtcgwGif‚if;/ vlom;wOD;tm; +yD;jynfhpHkapI b0udk
t"dy`m,f&Sdapaom ±kyfydkif;ESifh emrfydkif;qkdif&mpGrf;tifrsm; acgif;yg;jcif;onf qif;&Jjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
qif;&Jjcif;. qef‹usifbufrSm csrf;omjcif;jzpf+yD; ±kyf0wˆKºuG,f0r_udkomrubJ ukd,fvufom,mr_ESifh
aysmf&$ifr_[kvnf; oabm&ygonf? pdwfcsrf;omjcif;/ udk,fcsrf;omjcif;[lI&Sd+yD;/ usrwdk‹onf
udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk; csrf;omvdk=uygonf?
 r=umc% ajymqdkjcif; rðyonfhwkdifatmif us,fjyef‹pGm vufcHxm;onfhtcsufrSmum;
pdwfcsrf;omr_uJhodk‹ tvG,fwul t"dy`m,ftrsKd;rsKd;aumuf,lEkdif+yD; em;vnf&efcufcJI aocsmpGm
rodEkdifaomudpPrsKd;udk jr‡ihfwiftm;ay;&ef wm0ef,laqmif&Guf=urnfhtpm;/ ydkI odomxif&Sm;aom
'kuQtaygif;udk yaysmufa&;twGufom tjynfjynfqkdif&m at*sifpDrsm;ESifh tpdk;&wdk‹u
óud;pm;vkyfudkifoifhonf[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf? vkyfc/ usef;rma&;/ vkyfief;cGiftajctae/ tdk;tdrf/
ynma&;/ (ynma&;qdkonfrSmvnf; rnfumrwW usOf;ajrmif;aom ynma&;rsKd;) ponfwdk‹Y
tenf;qHk;&Sd&rnfh tqifhtwef;udk owfrSwf&ef &nf&G,fonfh vrf;pOfrsm;ESifh Oya'ðycsufrsm;onf vl‹b0
om,m0ajyma&;udk OD;wnfaom/ tjzpfEdkifqHk;[k ar#mfvifhEkdifonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzpfonf[k
a,bk,stm;jzifh ,lq=uayonf? ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m tajctae aumif;rGefvm+yD;aemuf vlr_oabmxm;/
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh '\eqkdif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;wGifvnf; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmrnf[k
rSwf,lxm;=uyHk&ygonf? “tlrawmifhrS oDvapmifhEkdifrnf” [laom usrwdk‹ jrefrmpum;onfvnf;
,Ofaus;r_abmifrsm;udk ausmfv$m;I us,fjyef‹pGm vufcHxm;=uaom oabmw&yfyif jzpfygonf? “yxr
t0t+yJpm;/ aemufrS udk,fusifhw&m;” [laom *smrefpum;udk trSwf&rdygonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; Todk‹ rSefuefonf[k ,lqxm;=uaom pum;&yfwdk‹onf vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;xJwGif
trSefwu,f jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk yuwdtwkdif; a&mifjyef[yfaeonf[k ajym&ef rvG,fulvSyg?
b0&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;twGuf raumif;r_rsm;udk usL;vGefI udk,fusifhw&m;ysufae=uonfh udpPrsm;rSm
rjiif;Edkifaom tcsufyif jzpfygonf? ±kyf0wˆKypPn;f tv#Hy,fºuG,f0ae+yD;rS olwyg;ypPnf;udkvdkcsif/
vk,lcsifaom tbdZÆmAsmyg' pdwfwdk‹udk rxdef;odrf;Ekdifojzifh/ raumif;r_'kp±dkufESifh 'kuQtrsKd;rsKd;
ay:xGufvm&onfrSmvnf; xif&Sm;vSygonf? xdk‹a=umifh vl‹b0tcGifhtvrf;rsm; qdk;0g;pGm
qHk;±_H;ae&olrsm;u ‚if;wdk‹.b0 aumif;rGefa&;twGuf xyfcgwvJ óud;yrf;=uojzifh ay:xGufvm&aom
tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;xufpmv#if/ ºuG,f0csrf;om+yD;olrsm;u qxufxrf;ydk; tqufrjywf
vdkcsifawmihfw &ruf avmb}uD;=uaoma=umifhom rw&m;r_/ udk,fusifhw&m;ysufr_/ qif;&J'kuQ ydkI
}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? vlom;. avmb[lonfrSm tqHk;r&Sdojzifh
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qif;&J'kuQjzpf&jcif; ta=umif;&if;trsKd;rsKd;ukd &SmazGaom Ak'<w&m;awmfwGif tawmrowfonfh
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r[m*E<m±Hkausmif;wdkufrS aus;Zl;awmf&Sif q&mawmfbk&m;}uD; t&SifZeumbd0Ho. tqdktrdef‹t&
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ewfjynfa&mufvdkjcif;onf avmb [k q&mawmfbk&m;}uD;u =o0g'ay;cJhygonf?
 arwWm/ *±k%m/ rk'dwm/ OyuQm[laom jA[Rmpdk&fw&m; av;yg;onf 'kuQudk oufomap+yD;
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t[ef‹twm;tjzpf wnf&SdaeonfrSm trsufa'go odk‹r[kwf rvdkrkef;wD;pdwfr[kwfbJ umv=um&SnfpGm
tpOfwpdkuf udk,fusKd;udkom usOf;ajrmif;pGm =unfhcJhojzifh ay:aygufvm&aom yHkaopdwfxm;yif jzpfygonf?
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tar#mftjrif&Sdjcif;wdk‹onf ppfrSefaom oabmxm;}uD;r_ukd t&if;cHonfh aumif;jrwfaom 'gew&m;ESifh
oufqkdifaeygonf?
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csrf;omokc[lonf wudk,faumif;pdwfudk auseyfatmif jznfhqnf;onfhudpPxuf ydkIus,fjyef‹aom
tajccHvdkaeonfudk em;vnfa=umif; jyo&ma&mufygonf? xdkrSwqifh wdk;wuf,Ofaus;aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufrnfqdkygu olwyg;. cHpm;csufESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
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udk,fusKd;twGufom OD;pm;ay; tav;xm;vdkaom qENudk Ak'<bmomESifh tjcm;bmoma&;/
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=oZmanmif;Ekdif+yD; vl‹tðytrlESifhywfoufI tjynfjynfqdkif&mtqifhtwef;udk pHowfrSwfEkdifonfh
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"eOpPmESifh xdk"eOpPmrsm;udk vdrRm rSefuefpGm toHk;cswwfaomESvHk;om;” wdk‹onfomv#if
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tmoifjyZmwfq&m}uD;u ,if;odk‹ a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
rdrd. om,m0ajyma&;ESifh roufqkdifaom ta=umif;t&mtm;vHk;udk zHk;uG,f&ef óud;pm;onfh
tjrifusOf;ajrmif;aom ±kyf0g'onf trSefpifppf rdrdESifhtoufqkdifqHk;aom udpPudkyg aemufqHk;wGif
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ta=umif;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif ygarmuQ ‘uif;euf-a*gb&dof’ u uHaumif;olESifh
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aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk‹udk r=umrDurS pGef‹pm;I raorcsmESifh usifhoHk;ae=uaom EkdifiHrsm;udk
,if;pdwf"mwfu ydkI tEW&m,frðyEkdifygoavm? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;&I
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vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHrsm;. ya,m*a=umifh jzpfonf[laom ra&r&m/ a[mif;EGrf;aqG;ajrŒvSonfh
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±kyfydkif;qkdif&mtjrifjzifhom wefzdk;jzwfjcif;onf vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk usOf;ajrmif;ap&ef
uef‹owfxm;aomtjrifyif jzpfygonf? Ttjrift&omqdkygu vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;qdkonfrSm
touf&Sifoefvdkaom pdwfavmufudkom od&SdcJh=uaom orkdif;rwdkifrDacwf vlowW0grsm;xuf
tenf;i,fr#om wkd;wufonfh twWjyif;aom pm;oHk;ukefpkaqmif;onfh tzJG‹tpnf;w&yfyif
jzpfaeygwmhonf? xdk‹xuf omvGefjrifhjrwfaom t&nftaoG;rsm; &Sdap&efrSm pdwfydkif;qkdif&mrsm;udkvnf;
wefzdk;xm;&rnf jzpfygonf?
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aphpyfzsefajzay;Ekdifaom oabmw&m;ESifh usifhpOfrsm;udk *±krpdkufbJ/ ESdyfuGufzsufqD;xm;aom
ae&ma'orsm;wGif jyif;xefpGmjzpfay:aeonfh bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;oabmxm; uJGvJGr_rsm;u
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tkyfpktusKd;pD;yGm;xuf ydkIvkyfaqmif&ef jiif;qefae=uI vlr_ab;'kuQqdk;}uD;rsm; jzpfay:vm&ygonf?
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xda&mufatmifjrifjcif;r&Sdatmif ðyvkyfaeaom tajctaersm;u ajymif;vJ&ef róud;pm;bJ
ulnDaxmufyHhaejcif;onf EkdifiHa&;t&‚if;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&‚if; rSefuefaomvkyf&yf[k rajymEkdifoavmufyif
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r[kwfyg?
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qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif; vsifjrefpGm òyduJGI vlrsKd;a&;udk t"duOD;pm;ay;=uonfh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;
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‘abmfvuef’ a'oY tqdk;0g;qHk;aom bmoma&;/ vlrsKd;a&; t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh óuHawG‹ae&jcif;yif
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twif;t"rRðyvkyfI‚if; &&SdEkdifrnf r[kwfyg? olwyg;. t,ltqESifh tcGifhta&;wdk‹udk ±dkaoav;pm;I
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pdwfoabmxm;rsm; rma=umcGifh &vmaomtcgrl acwfopf,Ofaus;r_wdk‹. tqifwefqmwdk‹onfvnf;
xdwfvef‹p&m t&Sdeft[kefjzifh a=urGysufpD;&ayawmhonf?
urBmay:wGif tEW&m,ftrsm;qHk; &ifqkdifae&aom a'orsm;Y onf;cHcGifhv$wfr_/ =uifemoem;r_ESifh
vHkòcHr_ ponfwdk‹ uG,faysmuf+yD; pm;oHk;ukefypPnf;rsm; tvGefyifavsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf;
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upOfhuvsm;jzpfr_rsm;rS vGwfajrmufEkdifrnfh wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm oufqkdifoltm;vHk; pka0; aqG;aEG;
aphpyf nd‡E_dif;I +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh tajz&Sm&efyifjzpfa=umif;/ od&Sd em;vnf oabmayguf
vmaomtcsdeftcgYrl qifjcifwHkw&m;udk jyefvnfusifhoHk;&ef rvG,fulawmhaom tajctaeodk‹
a&muf&Sdae+yD; jzpfygawmhonf? rw&m;r_udk w&m;0ifatmif jyXmef;I Oya'udk ysuf&,fðyum
vlr_pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;rnDr#r_wdk‹udk oufqdk;&Snfaponfh pepfrsm;u yHkoGif;ay;vdkufolwdk‹onf
*dk%f;*%tkyfpk tusKd;xuf w&m;r#wa&;ESifh trsm; om,m0ajyma&;udk ydkI OD;pm;ay;aom r#wonfh
oabmwlnDcsuf[laom t,ltqudk jrefqefpGm nd‡Ed_if;vufcHjcif; rðyEkdif=uyg? odk‹r[kwf – vHk;0
vufrcHEkdif=uyg?
ppfat;acwfwGif &ufpufaom tpdk;&rsm;ESifh vufeufudkiftkyfpkwdk‹. rw&m;r_rsm;udk
obm0w&m;a&;&m ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh cGifhv$wfxm;cJh=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh ay:xGufvmaom
&v'frsm;rSm auseyfzG,f&mr&Sdyg? ,cktcgwGif w&m;r#wr_ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;udk t"duxm;
tav;ay;vmaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; (txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;) tjrwf&r_udkom
xdyfwef;wifvdkonfh yk*~Kdvfrsm; &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; umv=um&SnfpGm
ºuG,f0csrf;omvmcJhaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; vlr_a&;a&m*g}uD;rsm; pJGuyfae=uI tem*wftwGuf
&ifav;ae=u&ygonf? csrf;omp EkdifiHrsm;uvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. OpPm"etawmfrsm;rsm;udk vufeufESifh
ppfwyftwGuf toHk;ðyae=uyHk &ygonf? xdk‹a=umifh ydkI csrf;omºuG,f0jcif;ESifh ydkI
+idrf;csrf;om,mjcif;wdk‹onf tajccH obm0tm;jzifh tquftoG,f r&SdonfrSm &Sif;vSygonf?
vl‹avmuwckvHk; om,m=unfEl;a&;twGuf csrf;omºuG,f0r_ESifh +idrf;csrf;r_ ESpfckpvHk; vdktyfygonf?
csrf;omºuG,f0r_u udk,fqif;&Jjcif;udk pdwfoufomapI +idrf;csrf;r_u pdwfwnf+idrf at;csrf;jcif;udk
jzpfay:apygonf? TESpfcsufudk tnDtr# OD;pm;ay;aom vrf;pOfrsm;onfomv#if udk,fpdwfcsrf;omr_udk
cHpm;Ekdifrnfh avmuudk jzpfay:apEkdifygonf? pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufatmif óud;yrf;&mwGif tjrifusOf;ajrmif;r_ESifh
vlrqefr_wdk‹udk tvG,fwul jzpfay:apaom avmbtEW&m,fudk owd&Sd=u&ef vdktyfygonf? rdrd.
aysmf&$ifr_udk jr‡ifhwifonfhtaeESifh olwyg;. aysmf&$ifr_udk vufcHóudqdkaom pdwfoabmxm;}uD;r_udk
jynfolrsm;ESifh wkdif;EkdifiHrsm;u ðypkysKd;axmifay;Ekdifygu rajz&Sif;Ekdif[k xif&aom jy\emwdk‹onf
cufcJvSawmhrnf r[kwfyg?
±kyfydkif;qkdif&m taxmuftulrSefor# qHk;±_H;cJh&olwdk‹wGif tm;udk;tm;xm;ðyp&m[lI rdrdwdk‹.
,Ofaus;r_ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m wefzdk;xm;r_"avhom usefawmha=umif;udk 'kuQonfrsm;ESifh
qufqHvkyfudkifolrsm; todqHk;jzpfygonf? bdk;bGm;pOfquf ,Hk=unfvufcHvmcJh=uaom o'<gw&m;/
*±k%mw&m;wdk‹rS aygufzGm;vmaom a0iSay;urf;vdkpdwfrsm;a=umifh/ tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpfae&ol qif;&Jom;uyif
rdrd. &SdpkrJhpk &duQmav;udk tv#Hy,fºuG,f0oluJhodk‹ olwyg;tm; =unfEl;pGm ay;urf;jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
wzef udk,fusKd;udkom t"duxm;onfh obm0udk =umjrifhpGm arG;jrLtm;ay;I ay:aygufvmaom tbdZÆm
Asmyg' pdwfrsm;. v_H‹aqmfr_a=umifh 'kuQonftcsif;csif;xHrSyif cdk;0Sufvk,uf=uonfrsm;yif &Sdygonf?
pifppfrSmrl urBmh'kuQonftrsm;pkonf vlrqefr_ESifh ynmOm%fuif;rJhr_a=umifh jzpfay:vm&aom
rcHomawmhonfh tajctaersm;rS uif;vGwf&m vHkòcH&mudk &Smae=uolrsm;jzpfygonf?
arwWmw&m;/ qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_}uD;pdk;aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk
pdwful;,Ofar#mfrSef;cJh=uonfrSm vl‹,Ofaus;r_oufwrf;wav#mufvHk;yif jzpfygonf? Tar#mfvifhcsufonf
pdwful;,Oftdyfruf jzpf&rnfavm/ 'kuQrsm;ajrmif Tvl‹abmifudk t+rJwrf; taumif;bufrSjrifaom
‘umvfayghyg;’ u tarSmifonf ,cifuwnf;u &SdaecJhaomfvnf; tvif;a&mif ay:aygufvmonfrSm
r=umao;[k qdkygonf? ay:xGef;pjzpfaom tvif;a&mifudk w,kw, =unfh±_apmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfygonf?
tao;i,fqHk;aom tvif;a&mifudkyif urBmwcGifvHk;&Sd tarSmifxku uG,faysmufatmif rvkyfEkdifyg?
tarSmif[lonfrSm vHk;0uif;rJhjcif;oabmudk aqmifygonf? tarSmif[lonfrSm tvif;a&mifr&Sdjcif;om
jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ao;i,faom tvif;a&mifonf us,fjyef‹pGm 0dkif;&Hxm;aom tarSmifxkudk
ròzdcGif;Ekdifyg? Ttvif;a&mifav; ydkrdk xGef;vif;awmufyvmEkdif&eftwGuf tm;aumif;&ef vdktyfygonf?
Ttvif;a&mifudk cspfjrwfEdk;vmEkdif&eftwGuf 'kuQa0'em[k oabmrxm;bJ aumif;r_r*Fvmtjzpf
ESvHk;oGif;I usifhom;&atmif=unfhzdk‹ vdktyfygonf? urBmay:wGif rSDwif;aexkdifol tm;vHk;tm; vHkòcHr_
tvHktavmufay;Ekdifaom ydkrdkxGef;vif;onfh urBmavmuudk usrwdk‹ tvGefyif vdktyfvsuf&Sdygonf?
(a':atmifqef;pk=unf "gwfyHkvmygonf?)

(pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)

tydkif;-c
1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom
rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;

14

a&$wd*kHapwDawmf taemufrkcf vlxkpnf;a0;yJG

&efukefòrd‹Y =o*kwfv 26 &uf 1988 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *

&[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxktaygif;wdk‹/ tck vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ qENudk

wurBmvHk;uodap&ef xkwfazmfjyovdkufwmygyJ? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvlxk tpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;rSm jynfolvlxk[m
pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ nDnDnGwfnGwf quf+yD; vkyfoGm;=uyg&ap? tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; wem&DeD;yg;
aemufuswmudkvnf; usr awmif;yefygw,f? 'DudkvmwJhtcgrSm vrf; tifrwef ydwfaewma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹
ra&mufvmEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?
'Duae‹ usif;ywJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;uawmh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
&csifaewJhqEN jyif;jyaewma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usif;y&wJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;jzpfygw,f? tck tpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;
jzpfEkdifwJhtajctaeudk b,folawGup+yD; OD;aqmifwmvJqdkawmh Armjynfu ausmif;ol/
ausmif;om;taygif; jzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;&JΠOD;aqmifr_a=umifh
'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;[m touftaocH+yD; OD;aqmifay;wma=umifhrdk‹ usrwdk‹
'Dvdktpnf;ta0;}uD;vkyfEkdifwJh tajctaea&mufcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ toufaysmufoGm;wJh
ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk wrdepfcef‹ *k%fðy+yD;aemuf tr#a0wJhtaeeJ‹ tm;vHk; wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf
+idrf+idrf wrdepfcef‹ aeapcsifygw,f?
tcrf;tem;rª;. toH (usqHk;oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tav;ðyaomtm;jzifh wrdepf
+idrfoufyg&ef arwWm&yfcHygonf cifAsm;)
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; 'DrSma&mufaewJh vlxky&dowf}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ar#mfrSef;+yD;awmh
'DrSma&mufaew,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufzdk‹&mrSm vlxktm;vHk;u
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ csDwufrSyJ a&mufEdkifrSmyg?
 ("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf)
tay: - armifaomfu (OD;baomf-uG,fvGef)/ atmifqef;pk=unfESifh cifoDwmxGef;
=o*kwfv 24 &uf 1988 ckESpfY &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;a&SŒwGif rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf
atmuf - 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &uf a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf

(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
'DudpPrSm usr tcef;u¾udkvnf; eJeJ&Sif;jyyg&ap? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh vltaygif;u
usrta=umif; odyf+yD;awmh rod=uygbl;? rod=uwJhtcgusawmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'guvnf;
rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? odawmhvnf; odxdkufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh wcsKdŒuvnf; ajym=uw,f? usr[m EdkifiHjcm;rSm
aew,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusaew,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ta=umif; bmodovJvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f?
yxr usr 'Duaep+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm
aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'gav;twGufa=umifheJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkeJ‹rS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?
aemufwck ajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrS em;rvnfbl;wJh?
wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk‹ cufaewmyJ? ArmEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf±_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D±_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz
b,favmufcHcJh&w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rdom;pk todqHk;ygyJ? azaz[m pdwfyef;udk,fyef;eJ‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;udk
vkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrS rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹vnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz
twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvdk ajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifygw,f?
tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS 'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f?
tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf;
azazh&JŒorD;vkyf+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh
'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;
vdkcsifwJhqEN jyif;jyvGef;vdk‹ jzpfay:vmwJh wdkufyJG}uD; jzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f?
'Dtcsufuawmh “usaemfwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udo k m acwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f? tJh'D 0g'rsKd;t&om
vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif óud;pm;&r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if usaemfwdk‹jrefrmjynfu
vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? usaemfwdk‹jynfudkvnf; urBmu =unfhaevdk‹ r&wJhwae‹ *syefeJ‹ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD;
tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk owd&Sd=u&r,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ qDavsmfw,f? 'D
0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f” tJh'g[m azazajymcJhwJh pum;awGyg?

("gwfyHkvmygonf)
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &ufae‹ a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf

(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr[m usr&JŒtaz tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwzf dk‹ vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if
bmrqdk jzpfEkdifygw,f? rnDnGwf&if bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;?
 jynfolvlxk[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ r&SdEkdifvkd‹&Sd&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpf wkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;?
tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;pJGrSwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? pnf;urf;r&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEkdifygbl;? tJh'Dawmh
usrwdk‹ wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m nDnGwfzdk‹/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ t+rJvdkygw,f?
'DnDnGwfzdk‹ta=umif;awG ajymaewkef;rSm usrwdk‹ wckyJajymcsifygw,f? ,ck
usrajymoGm;wJhpum;awGxJrSm wcsKdŒuvnf; oabmusr,fhpum;vnf; ygr,f/ rusr,fh pum;awGvnf;
ygr,f? 'gayr,fh usrtaeeJ‹uawmh jynfolvlxkudk rSefrSefuefuefajymoifhw,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfw,f?
usrpdwfxJrSm&Sdovdk rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ? óuduf&ifvnf; axmufcH=uyg/ róuduf&ifvnf;
usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJhtwdkif;vkyfwmyJ? róudufwmawmh b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbl;? usr wckajymcsifwm[m
tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxkt=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGae=uygw,f? 'Dpdwf0rf;uJGr_}uD;[m
aemifwkdif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh
wyfrawmfyg?
azaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfqdkwm pum;t&om r[kwfygbl;? tppftrSefygyJ?
azazudk,fwkdif ca&aphwGif;us atmufajcuaep+yD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfudk b,fvdkxlaxmif&r,fqdkwm
ol‹vufa&;eJ‹ a&;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? azazu wyfrawmftwGuf
bm&nfrSef;csufawG &SdcJhovJ? tJh'D &nfrSef;csufwckavmuf usr zwfjyyg&ap?
“'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEdkifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh
taersKd; jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ wyfrawmfu EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG&JΠpdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdk&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum;
jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?”
usr rSefrSefyJ ajymyg&ap? usr[m wyfrawmftay:rSm tifrwef oHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f?
azazwnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? usrwdk‹qdkwmvnf; i,fi,fuwnf;u
&JabmfawGvufxJrSm }uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk}uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwef
arwWm&Sdw,fqdkwm usr odygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwef aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
azazðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfeJ‹ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&SdwJh vlxk}uD;xJrSm yÉdyuQ
rjzpfapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; usr 'DuaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxktm;udk;EkdifwJh
wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? wkdif;jynf&JΠ*k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;EdkifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpf+yD;cJhwJh[mawGudk óud;pm;cGifhv$wf+yD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm
arwWmrysufygapeJ‹vdk‹ awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ qufvufoGm;rSom
wnfwHhckdif+rJwJh jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif}uD;udk a&mufEdkifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;ygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudkawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;? ra&mufcifu uJGuJGjym;jym; r&SdygeJ‹? tm;vHk;
wnDwnGwfwnf; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk OD;wnf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uyg? tJh'Dvdk csDwufoGm;wJhae&mrSm
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;apcsifygw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdk‹[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹/
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ udk,fvdkwJhqENawGudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifw,fqdkwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJ‹jynfhpHkwJh
tðytrljzpfygw,f?
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±Hk;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD/ tckvnf;
quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'Dausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; tcsif;csif; nDnn D GwfnGwfeJ‹ quf+yD; vufwJGoGm;zdk‹ usr
arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? tckqdk&if ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvnf; tzJG‹tpnf;awG &Sd=uygw,f?
'DtzJG‹tpnf;awG[m tm;vHk;pk±Hk;+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf; jzpfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'D[mtwGufvnf;
ausmif;om;nDvmcHwck ac:r,fvdk‹ usr =um;aeygw,f? 'DnDvmcH}uD; jzpfay:wJhtcgus&if
ausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm;ygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;vdkufygw,f?
ausmif;om;av;awGu usrudk ar;=uw,f? usr&JŒaemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; &SdaeovJ/
'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m usrudk óud;qJG+yD;awmh olwdk‹udk eif;oGm;rSm pdk;&drfw,fvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymwm usr tifrwef0rf;omw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tifrwef yGifhvif;w,f?
oG,f0dkufwJh pum;awG rajymwwfbl;? usruvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ jyef+yD;awmh ajymvdkufygw,f?
usraemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rS r&Sdygbl;? usr tckvkyfaewJh vkyfief;[mawmh jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh
'Drdkua&pDjzpfajrmufa&; vkyfief;ygyJ? 'Drdkua&pD jzpfajrmufa&;twGufudk 0dkif;+yD;awmh ulnDcsifygw,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG &Sdygw,f? tJh'D EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudk usruawmh &Sif;&Sif;yJ
ajymxm;ygw,f? 'DvdkulnDvdk‹ aemif EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfr,fqdk&if usr vHk;vHk;raxmufcHbl;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymxm;ygw,f?
jynfolvlxka&SŒrSm usr jyef+yD;awmh ajymygr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG[m aemifEdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzdk‹ óud;yrf;&if usrudk,fwkdif wuf+yD;awmh 'Dvl}uD;awGudk
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ydk+yD;awmh pnf;eJ‹urf;eJ‹ xdef;zdk‹vdkygw,f? pnf;r&SdwJh tiftm;/ trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh tiftm;qdkwm
b,fawmhrS aumif;usKd; ray;Ekdifygbl;?
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quf+yD;awmh oHk;=uyg? trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udk roHk;ygeJ‹? tckvlxkbufuae
tm;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm tm;i,fwJh tpkt0dkif;udkvnf; EdkifhxufpD;eif; rvkyf=uygeJ‹? 'Dvdk
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jynfolvlxkbufuae+yD;awmh cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh oabmxm;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m tm;vHk; jynfolvlxktaygif;u bmudk vdkvm;aeovJqdkwm pOf;pm;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if
t"dutcsufuawmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkvm;ae=uygw,f? wygwDpepfudk ðzwfcscsif=uygw,f?
aemuf tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if orw a'gufwmarmifarmif[m vlxkqENcH,lyJGusif;yzdk‹/ rusif;yzdk‹
nDvmcHac:r,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? usrtaeeJ‹ ajym&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyJG[m rvdkawmhygbl;?
wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JΠqEN[m uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:aeyg+yD? tm;vHk;[m ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkyJ
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tm%mydkiftpdk;&awG&JΠwm0efjzpfygw,f?
yef;wdkifudk ra&mufao;bl;qdkwm rarh=uyge‹J ? 'Drkdua&pD&wJh tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if
b,fvdkjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk wnfwHhckdif+rJatmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wkdif;jynf&JŒ
tem*wfudk a&SŒ±_=uyg? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk rawG;vdk‹&Sd&if tckvufiif; jzpfay:vmwJh
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ay;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh azazajymcJhovdk
usrwdk‹ EdkifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m pnf;urf;±dkaozdk‹/ nDnGwfzdk‹qdkwmudk b,fESpfcgyJajymajym ajymvdk‹udk
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tck usrwdk‹[m vlxkqENcH,lyJG}udD; rvdkawmhygbl;? ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDpepfudkyJ vdkvm;ygw,f?
'D[mudk jrefjrefjzpfatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D[m jzpfay:vmatmifvdk‹ w&m;r#wwJh/ oef‹&Sif;wJh
a&G;aumufyJGudkvnf; jrefjrefqefqef jzpfEkdifatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D oef‹&Sif;wJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfEkdifzdk‹ tajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;ay;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:rSm t,Hkt=unf tifrwefrS ysufaew,f? tJh'Dawmh[m
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vkyf&rvJ/ vkyfay;zdk‹&m aumif;ygw,f?
t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/
aemuftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJ om,m0ajyma&;twGuf vkyfay;EkdifwJh
tpdk;&ygyJ? 'Dt"duudpPtay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ‹? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ‹?
arhoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if tck&&SdwJh atmifjrifr_[m aemifus qHk;±_H;r_ jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? tck usrwdk‹
b,ftajctaerSm a&mufae+yDvJ/ yef;wdkifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifaeyg+yD? jrifaewJh yef;wdkifudk tm;vHk;
vufwJG+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygpdk‹/ pdwf0rf;ruJG=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awGbufu txl; pdwf0rf;ruJGzdk‹
vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGudk pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvnf; xdk;qGray;=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awG[m
wkdif;jynf&JΠtem*wf acgif;aqmifay;r,fh vli,fav;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG&JΠpdwf"mwf
usatmifvkyfvdkufr,fqdk&if aemif wkdif;jynf nDnGwfa&;twGufvnf; xdyg;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
nDnGwfa&;ta=umif; ajymaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkta=umif; c%avmuf ajymvdkufyg&ap?
vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vHk;[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tck vlrsm;pk/ vlrsm;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f?
vlrsm;pk jrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ‹ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzpfzdk‹ tvGefóud;pm;zdk‹
vdkygw,f? ukd,fu tm;&SdaewJhvl/ udk,fu tm;rsm;aewJhvlrdk‹vdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f?
tm;rsm;aewJhvlqdkwm tm;enf;aewJhvludk tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh n‡may;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tJh'Dae&mrSm
'DwygwDpepfudk axmufcHaewJhvlawGeJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr wckajymyg&ap? ygwD0ifaygif;
tajrmuftjrm; 'DygwDtay:rSm t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhbl;qdkwm usr odygw,f?
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; 'DygwDu xGufvdkuf=uyg? ygwD0ifu'fjym;awGvnf; jyeftyfvdkuf=uyg?
'gayr,hfvnf; olwdk‹&JŒ t,Hkt=unft& ygwD0iftaeeJ‹ quf+yD; xrf;aqmifaewJh vlawGudkvnf;
tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm rm;rm;rwfrwf udk,fh,Hk=unfcsufudk,f&SdEkdifwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f?
olwdk‹u quf+yD;,Hk=unfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? udk,fhbmom udk,fvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudkom
nDnDnGwfnGwfwufyg? udk,fu tm;}uD;aevdk‹ tm;enf;wJhvludk jyef+yD; uvJhpm;acswJhudpPrsKd;
rjzpfay:ygapeJ‹? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹rSef;xm;wJh tcsdefxuf trsm;}uD; tcsdefvGefoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh usr
pOf;pm;xm;wmxuf eJeJ ydk+yD;awmh twdkcsKH;+yD;awmh ajym&r,fh tajctaersKd; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJGudk
aemufqHk; usr ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk‹vlxk[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f?
trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJhpGrf;tm;udk quf+yD;oHk;oGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? tJh'Dvdk oHk;oGm;rSom usrwdk‹vdkwJh
yef;wdkifudk a&mufEdkifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usr tEl;tnGwf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk awmif;yefyg&ap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; nDnGwf=uygap? pnf;urf;&Sdygap? trSefw&m;eJ‹udkufnDwJh vlrsKd;w&yfjzpfygap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; ab;b,mtjzmjzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufqHk;taeeJ‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ
aºuG;a=umfoHuawmh
* qENcH,lyJG rvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmuf=u
* w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay; qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHygyJ?
tcrf;tem;rª;

jynfolvlxk}uD;cifAsm;/ tck a':atmifqef;pk=unf tqdkðycsuftay:rSm usaemfwdk‹

vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; tqHk;tjzwfudk cH,lzdk‹ jzpfygw,f?
tqdkðycsuf (1)
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pHkyg0ifI tzrf;cH
aoG;ajruscH+yD; wygwDpepf zsufodrf;a&;eJ‹ ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufa&;wdk‹udk wcJeuf
qENðycJh=u+yDjzpfI xdkudpPtwGuf vlxkqENcH,lyJG usif;yðyvkyfay;&ef rvdktyfawmh+yDjzpfa=umif;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tqdkðycsufudk vlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3

tqdkðycsuf (2)
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;rS wcJeuf
qENjycJh=u+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh wygwDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh
tpm;xkd;wnfaqmuf=u&efom&Sda=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðycJhygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk
axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3

tqdkðycsuf (3)
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;ðy&aom jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufEkdif&ef w&m;r#w oef‹&Si;f aom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;udk tjrefqHk;
usif;yEkdifa&;twGuf =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay;&eftqdkukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðyygw,f?
jynfolvlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
usaemf tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdkifay;yghr,f?
* qENcH,lyJG tvdkr&Sd/ tvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufay;
* w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay;
* =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay; [laom aºuG;a=umforH sm;udk tcrf;tem;rª; OD;xGef;a0rSwkdifay;I
vlxky&dowf}uD;u wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfI eHeuf 11 em&D 30 rdepftcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk
atmifjrifpGm ±kyfodrf;vdkufygonf?

15

'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾

68 }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹txdrf;trSwf =o0g'cH,lyJGY trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;

a':atmifqef;pk=unf a[majymrdef‹=um;csuf 3-12-88
 * * *
ckvdk (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹tcrf;tem;udk zdwfac:wmudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
trsKd;om;ae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹awmh tcrf;tem;rª;u ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; trsKd;om;ae‹qdkwm 1920
ckESpfwkef;u ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; pcJhwJhae‹jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;oydwfudk a&$wd*Hkbk&m;rSm
paeaxmifhuae+yD;awmh wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10) &ufae‹rSm oydwfpzkd‹ oabmwlvdkuf=uw,f?
tJh'Dawmh wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10) &ufae‹[m trsKd;om;ae‹qdk+yD;awmh owfrSwfvdkufygw,f?
trsKd;om;ae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ xkwfvdkufwJh a=unmcsuf[m tck usrwdk‹ jyefzwf=unfhvdkufwJhtcgusawmh
cktcsdeftcgeJ‹ tifrwefrS oifhavsmfaeygw,f? tJh'ga=umifh usr 'gudk eJeJav; zwfjycsifygw,f? 'gu
oydwfarSmufaumifpD. 1920 jynfh 'DZifbmv 8 &ufae‹pJGjzifh wkdif;jynfodk‹ xkwfjyefonfh a=unmcsufwJh?
“wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;odk‹ -
&efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'\efaumvdyf&Sd usaemfwdk‹ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;wdk‹onf tqHk;Y
b,fvdkjzpfrnfudk aocsmrod&ao;aom udpPwckudk pwifðyvkyf=uygonf? odk‹&mwGif usaemfwdk‹onf
w&m;enf;vrf;rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefckdif+rJpGm od&Sd&ygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf wwdkif;wjynfvHk;
u|efwGif;u rnfonfhtcgrS rvGwfruif;Ekdifv#if AsL±dku&ufwdk‹onf ody`Hausmif;Oya'udk xkacszsufqD;&ef
t}uH&Sdygonf? usaemfwdk‹ wkdif;jynfom;wdk‹. pdwftm;xufoefaom tultnDtm;jzifh vli,frsm;wdk‹u
ckcHòzdzsufjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;jynfudk u,fq,fzdk‹&ef enf;vrf;r&Sd[k ,Hk=unfygonf?
usaemfwdk‹onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vltrsm;wdk‹. ynmtqDtESpfESifhjynfhpHkaom ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfrnfudk
&nfoefI ulnDapmifr&ef awmif;yefajym=um;ygonf? usaemf

("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf?)
1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf

(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
wdk‹pdwfxJ pJG+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaom Tvkyfief;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfY vdktyfaom tcsuf}uD;wckudk
xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;yif rnfygonf? Tum; tjcm;r[kwf? trsKd;om;ody`Hausmif;}uD;aywnf;?
xdkausmif;}uD;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifayonf? tdENd,EkdifiHY
trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvm=uay&m jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif
jrefrmwdk‹onf EkdifiHom;ppfI cspfcJhygv#if b,feHa&mtcgr# rwnfaxmifEkdifbJ &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
pdwfygvufygvkyfv#if rkcsjzpfygvdrfhrnf?”
'Dwkef;uawmh ajymwmuawmh 'DwuUodkvfudpPeJ‹ywfouf+yD;awmh ajymwmyJ? 'gayrJh
ajymoGm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;awGu tck 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf oHk;r,fqdk&ifvnf; tifrwef oifhavsmfygw,f?
'D[m aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,f rodayr,fhvnf; udk,fwwfEkdifor# rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefpGm/ cdkif+rJpGm
od&SdI vkyfygonfqdkwm/ tck 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? aemif b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwmvnf; rodbl;?
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tm;vHk;0ifcJh=uwmyJ? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
vkyfrSmvm;vdk‹ ar;&ifvnf; usr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymw,f? jzpfrSm/ rjzpfrSmudk rpOf;pm;aeygeJ‹/ udk,f
rSefwmuefwmudkvkyfwm vkyfvdkufyg? 'D aemuftusK;d qufawG[m ol‹zmomol jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DrSm
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0ifòydifwJhvl[m Ekdifr,fxifvdk‹ òydifwmyJ? xDxdk;wJhvlqdkwmvnf; xDaygufEkdifwJhudef; &Sdw,fxifvdk‹
xdk;vdkufwmyJ? b,folurSawmh rEdkifbl;xifvdk‹&Sd&if 0ifòydifrSmr[kwfbl;? rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
óud;pm;+yD;vkyfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD[m atmifjrifEkdifvm;vdk‹ar;&if usruawmh
rSefrSefuefuefyJ atmifjrifEdkifw,fvdk‹ jyefajz&rSmyJ? atmifjrifEdkifw,fxifvdk‹om 'DwkdufyJGrSm ygaewmyJ?
'Dtwdkif;yJ ausmif;om;vli,ftm;vHk;[mvnf; 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGxJ 0ifaewJhtcgus&if
atmifjrifEkdifr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGxm;+yD;awmh qufvuf+yD; vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh
tifrwefrS ±kef;uefzdk‹&Sdygao;w,f? óud;pm;zdk‹ &Sdygao;w,f? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;&r,fqdkwm[m
tckvydkif;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? ESpfydkif;eJ‹udk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;oGm;&rSmyg? 'Da&G;aumufyJGjzpfvdk‹
a&G;aumufyJG0ifòydifvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDbufu tEkdif&&ifawmifrS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;?
±kef;uefoGm;&r,fh tcsdef[m rukefao;ygbl;? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&rSmygyJ?
tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,frsm;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if touf (20) 0ef;usif&Sd=urSmaygh? touf (20) 0ef;usif&SdwJh
vlrsm;[m ArmawG&JŒ oufwrf;qdk&if tck 60 avmuf&Sdr,f? usrwdk‹ 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm
usef;rma&;awGbmawG aumif;oGm;vdk‹ (70) avmuftxd &SdoGm;r,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aemiftESpf (50)
avmufudk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&r,f? 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm woufvHk;xdef;odrf;oGm;rS &Sifoefr,fhudpPyg?
vlwa,muf&JŒ usef;rma&;vdkaygh? i,fi,fwkef;u udk,fhtaztaru aumif;aumif;au|;arG;xm;vdk‹/
aumif;aumif;=unfhxm;vdk‹ usef;usef;rmrm&Sdayr,fh udk,fu touf}uD;vmwJhtcgusawmh
jzpfovdkaer,f/ jzpfovdkpm;r,fqdk&if usef;rma&;u csKdŒwJhoGm;rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh
'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;qdkwm woufvHk;vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m udk,fhwoufwmrSm
udk,fhwkdif;jynftusKd; aqmif&GufoGm;r,fqdkwJh pdwf"gwfeJ‹vkyfoGm;r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfrSm
bmrSqkwf,kwfEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vufwJGvkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk
usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;awmh ac:oGm;csifygw,f? vufwJGw,fqdkwmvnf; rwJGcsif/ wJGcsif wJGenf;rsKd;udk
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? udk,faygif;pdwfcGmr[kwfygbl;? pdwfwloabmwlvufwJG+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhenf;rsKd;udk
usrwdk‹ ajymvdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Dae‹uaep+yD;awmh 'Dae‹[m trsKd;om;ae‹jzpfw,f/
trsKdom;ae‹rSm trsKd;om;a&;twGuf tm;vHk;uae aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk
csapcsifygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;qdkwm wkdif;jynf&JŒaumif;usKd;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&JΠtrsm;pk}uD;&JΠaumif;usKd; vkyf&r,fhudpPjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh
'DvdktrsKd;om;a&;udk vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dyk*~KdvfpJGwdk‹/ qENpJGwdk‹ r&Sdzdk‹qdkwm usrwdk‹&JŒ
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'xJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? tJh'Dawmh yk*~KdvfpJGawG rxm;=uygeJ‹/ 'g aumif;wJh
tpOftvmawG r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ qufoGm;&r,fh c&D;rSm tifrwefrS apwemoef‹oef‹/ pdwfoef‹oef‹eJ‹
vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh vlwkdif;udk usrajymw,f? jrifhjrifh}uHyg? tjrifhqHk;}uHyg? óud;pm;&if
bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ qdk±dk;&Sdyga&mvm;? bmhvdk‹ r}uHEkdif&rSmvJ? óud;pm;&if ±kd;±kd;omrefvl/
jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwmvnf; omrefvlygyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;awmifrS 'Dvdk bk&m;jzpfatmif usifh}uHEkdif&if
vlawG[m jrifhjrifh}uHEdkifygw,f? udk,f[m woufvHk; trSefw&m;t& vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwJhudpP[m
rjzpfEkdifwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? jzpfEkdifwJhudpPyg? wcsKdŒu xifw,f? vlyJuGm/ trSm;awmh&SdrSmyg? ykxkZOfyJ?
'gawGudk usrawmh vufrcHbl;? ykxkZOfvlom;rdk‹vdk‹udk óud;pm;+yD;awmh trSefw&m;eJ‹ ae&r,f? owW0gawGrS
r[kwfbJ? wd&p>mefawGawmifrS trSm;/ trSefukd odygw,f/ [kwfvm;? opPm&SdwJhae&mrSmqdk&if
acG;vdkwd&p>mefudk vlawGu rvdkufEkdifbl;? acG;[m vlxufydk+yD; opPm&Sdw,fqdkwm vlwkdif;odw,f? acG;vdk
wd&p>mefwaumifawmif opPm&SdEkdifw,fqdk&if vlrsm;[m bmjzpfvdk‹ opPmr&SdEdkif&rSmvJ? opPmrJhwm
vlawGyJ? vlawGxJrSmqdk&if opPmw&m;[m tifrwefeJw,fvdk‹ ajymvdk‹&Sd&if rSefvnf;rSefw,f/
opPmw&m;[m pOf;pm;=unfh&if opPmqdkwJhpum;[m pum;vHk;u tifrwefvSovdk t"dy`m,fvnf;
tifrwefvSw,f? tJh'Dvdk opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ tm;vHk;u vkyfoGm;rS usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf wdk;wufvmrSmyg? 'Dvdk
wdkif;jynfwdk;wufrS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;[m *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ urBmhtv,frSm &yfwnfEkdifr,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh 'Dae‹up+yD;awmh 'Dae‹ (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹up+yD;awmh
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m trsKd;om;a&;twGuf udk,fwwfEdkifor# aqmif&GufoGm;=ur,fvdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uygvdk‹
usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;
ac:oGm;csifygw,f?

16

owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 3

&efukefòrd‹Y 26-3-1989 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *

'Dowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyf&wJh ta=umif;uawmh tckwavm vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfeJ‹

jrefrmhtoHrSm a=unmaewJh owif;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹yJ jzpfygw,f? wevFmae‹u vSnf;wef;/
urm&GwfrSmjzpfwJh udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfeJ‹ jrefrmhtoHu owif;t&qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
uav;rsm;u oGm;+yD;awmh qlylatmifvdk‹ wcsKdŒEdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGu vkyfaqmifw,fvdk‹
qdkwJhoabmrsKd;eJ‹ a&;vdkufygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ tzJG‹csKyfemrnfudk odyf+yD;
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;}uD; a&;xm;w,f/ apmif;+yD;awmh tift,f'Duae+yD;awmh v_H‹aqmfvdk‹ uav;rsm;u
oGm;+yD;awmh qlylw,fvdk‹/ 'DoabmrsKd;eJ‹ a&;oGm;wmudk jrif&ygw,f?
'geJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr b,fvdkjrifvJqdkawmh tJh'Dae‹utjzpftysufudk usr wcsdefvHk; odygw,f?
pjzpfuwnf;u usr 'Duae=um;aew,f? uav;awG [dkrSmeJeJqlqlylyljzpfw,fqdkwmeJ‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu
+idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; +yD;oGm;atmifvdk‹ vdkuf+yD;awmh vkyfwmyJ? uav;awGudk usrwdk‹udk,fwkdifvnf;
vdkufxdef;w,f? vli,ftcsif;csif;vnf; vdkufxdef;w,f? aemuf+yD;awmh +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vlpkcJGzdk‹qdkwm
tJh'DrSmvm+yD;awmh wm0ef,lwJhwyfrawmft&m&Sdudk trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxJu
wm0ef&SdwJhyk*~Kdvfrsm;u oGm;a&muf+yD;awmh at;at;csrf;csrf; jzpfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJhw,f?
tJh'Dvkdvkyfwmudk wm0ef&SdwJh wyfrawmfyk*~Kdvfrsm;u od&Sdvsufom;eJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfeJ‹
jrefrmhtoHuae+yD;awmh v_H‹aqmfw,fqdkwJh oabmeJ‹ a&;vJqdkwm trsm;}uD;ar;p&mudk jzpfaeygw,f?
wyfrawmfu wm0ef&SdwJhyk*~KdvfeJ‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu wm0ef&SdwJh yk*~Kdvfuae oGm;+yD;awmh
+idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vlpkcJGa&;twGuf óud;pm;wm[m trsm;todyJ? tJh'Dawmh wrifoufouf
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk tjypf&SmcsifwJhoabm[m tifrwefudk xif&Sm;aeygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;?
rae‹ujzpfwJh udpPawGrSmvnf; xdkenf;‚if;ygyJ?
rae‹ujzpfwJhudpP[m usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf0if;xJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,f?
tpnf;ta0;vkyfaewkef;rSm jyifyuvli,frsm; vma&muf+yD; qENjyzdk‹ &nf&G,fw,fqdkwJh owif;=um;w,f?
=um;wmeJ‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;uvnf; *dwf0udk ydwfxm;w,f? usrwdk‹tdrfuvnf; *dwf0udk ydwfxm;w,f?
'gayr,fhvnf; 0kef;/ 0kef; qdk+yD;awmh vlpkvla0;a&mufvmw,f? tjyifu vli,fcsnf;yJ/ vlpdrf;awGcsnf;yJ?
'Dvdkjzpfvnf;jzpfa&m wyfuvnf; w0kef;0kef;eJ‹ a&mufvmwmyJ?
wyfom;rsm;u 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk oHql;óud;rsm;ywf+yD;awmh udkifxm;w,f? tJh'gvnf;
trsm;}uD;ar;p&myJ? jynfolvlxkudk 0g;&if;wkwf oHql;óud;ywf+yD;awmh ESdrfeif;csifwJhpdwfawG
bmjzpfvdk‹&Sd&ovJqdkwmukd usrwdk‹ ar;p&mar;cGef;wck jzpfaeygw,f?
owif;pmxJrSm b,fvdka&;vdkufovJqdkawmh 'D(44)wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf±Hk;a&SŒrSm jzpfw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tdrf0if;xJajy;w,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? trSeftm;jzifhawmh 'Dem;rSm&SdwJhtdrf0if;awG tm;vHk;txJudk
0ifajy;=uwmcsnf;yJ? usrwdk‹ tdrf0if;txJwif 0ifajy;wmr[kwfygbl;? [dkbuftdrfxJvnf; 0ifajy;ygw,f?
tzJG‹csKyfxJvnf; 0ifEkdifwJhvlawGu 0ifzdk‹ óud;pm;=uygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tdrfwtdrfxJudkyJ uGuf+yD;awmh
0ifajy;w,fqdkwm b,fvdkt"dy`m,feJ‹/ b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ‹ ajymwmvJ? usrwdk‹vnf; trsm;}uD;
ar;p&mjzpfygw,f?
usr&JΠtdrf0if;xJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,fqdkwm rSefw,f?
ausmif;om;rsm;[m usr&JŒtdrf0if;xJ 0ifajy;vmw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? 'gvnf; usrwdk‹ 0efcHygw,f?
'gayr,fh usrwdk‹tdrf0if;xJwif r[kwfbl;? tjcm;tdrf0if;xJawGvnf; 0ifajy;w,f?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu vl}uD;rsm;u xGuf+yD;awmh ajyajyvnfvnfjzpfatmif óud;pm;w,f? 'gudkvnf;
wyfrawmfu t&m&SdawGu odwmyJ? odayr,fhvnf; bmrS todtrSwfrðybl;? 'gudk bmrSrajymbJeJ‹ 'D
qlylr_jzpfatmif usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu vkyfw,fqdkwJh oabmxm;eJ‹a&;wm[m tifrwefrS r&Sif;wJhudpPvdk‹yJ
usrwdk‹ ,lq&rSmyJ? 'g wrifoufouf tzJG‹csKyfukd &r,f&Sm+yD;awmh tjypf,lcsifvdk‹ vkyfaeovdk
oabmoufa&mufw,fvdk‹ usrjrifygw,f? 'Dvm+yD;awmh qENjywJh uav;rsm;[m usrwdk‹eJ‹ rqkdifygbl;?
tzJG‹csKyfvli,fxJrSmygwJh vli,fawG vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;?
'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu OD;atmifa&$eJ‹ OD;cspfckdifwdk‹ rae‹u w0w ±Hk;udk
oGm;cJhygw,f? w0w ±Hk;rSmawG‹cJhwJh Adkvfrª;wifarmif0if;udk pHkprf;csifwm&Sd&if pHkprf;yg? ar;p&m&Sd&if ar;yg?
aqG;aEG;p&m&Sd&if aqG;aEG;yg? tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ vHk;vHk;oufqkdifwJh qENjyr_ ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)

1989 ckESpf o}uFefa&obifqifEJ$pOf

(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmygonf?)
r[kwfygbl;qdkwm ajymcJhygw,f? 'gudkvnf; bmrSpHkprf;jcif; r&Sdbl;? bmrS ar;jref;jcif;r&Sdbl;? bmrS
aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdbl;? olwdk‹ owif;pmeJ‹ a&'D,dkrSm ajymcsifwmudk ajymoGm;w,f? 'g[m odyf+yD;awmh
rSefuefwJh vrf;r[kwfbl;vdk‹ usrxifygw,f?
usrwdk‹uae+yD; qlylapcsifvdk‹ vkyfw,fvdk‹ajymw,f? rSefrSefuefuef +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
vkyfcsifwJhtzJG‹tpnf;udk qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfay;ygw,fvdk‹ ajymwmudku +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ rjzpfapcsifwJh
pdwfoabmrsKd;ygovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ 'gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uef‹uGufygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh armifzkef;armfudpP? armifzkef;armfae‹ &ufowWywfa[majymyJGawGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? b,fae&mawGrSm b,folawGu a[majymoGm;w,f/ wyfrawmfqef‹usifa&;awG
a[majymoGm;ygw,fayghav? a[majymoGm;wJh ae&mawGxJrSm usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awG ygw,fqdkwm
rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ 0efcHygw,f? 'g rjiif;ygbl;? usrwdk‹&JŒ tift,f'Dvli,fxJu
a[majymoGm;w,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;? 'Dvdkvli,frsm;udk usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awGrSm
a[majymcGifhay;wm[m ±kef;&if;qefcwf rjzpfoGm;atmifvdk‹qdkwJh qENeJ‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoGm;wmyg? usrwdk‹eJ‹
aqG;aEG;r,fqdk&if tajz[m ay:rSmyg?
armifzkef;armfudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;rsm;
vkyfcsifw,fqdkuwnf;u usrwdk‹udk wdkifyifygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyf=uyg/
wwfEkdifor# at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfatmif vkyf=uyg? jyifyrSm qENjyr_awG vkyfvdk‹&Sd&if ±kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfrSmpdk;vdk‹/ a[majymyJGawG olwdk‹u odyfvkyfcsifw,f/ 'Dawmh uJ 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh
taqmuftODawGtwGif;rSm vkyfyg? usrwdk‹ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;óud;pm;cJhygw,f?
'gudkvnf; wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if odzdk‹&m rcJ,Of;ygbl;? b,fum;eJ‹ b,fvlawG b,ftcsdefrSm
oGm;w,fqdkwm odEkdifwJholrsm;[m usrwdk‹b,fvdk xdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdk&if
odEkdifzdk‹ta=umif; trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? wdwdusus odcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹udk vm+yD;awmh ar;vdk‹&ygw,f?
usrwdk‹ ajymzdk‹tqifoifhygyJ? vli,fawGudk usrwdk‹ xdef;zdk‹ óud;pm;w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹udk b,ftcsdefar;ar;
ajymEkdifygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh w&m;r0ifwJhtzJG‹tpnf; ‘Auo’ u rif;udkEkdifudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;xJrSm
a[majymoGm;w,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usru ar;csifw,f? ‘Auo’ udk 'Dvdkajymawmh ‘ruo’
ua&m w&m;0ifwJh tzJG‹tpnf;vm;? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzJG‹csKyfqdkwJh ‘ruo’ vnf;
w&m;0ifwJhtzJG‹tpnf;r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbJeJ‹ Adkvfrª;csKyfcifnGef‹ udk,fwkdifac:+yD;awmh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;w,f?
pmawGbmawG a&;w,f? 'D[musawmh jzpfEkdifovm;? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfa&;/
+yD;awmh tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awGxJrSm ‘ruo’ udk a[majymcGifhay;wmusawmh tjypf}uD;jzpfoGm;a&mvm;? 'D[m
rSefuefwJhenf;r[kwfbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ xifygw,f? usrwdk‹udk w&m;0iftzJG‹tpnf;wckxJrSm wckckjzpfaevdk‹
rauseyfbl;qdk&if ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifygvm;? bmjzpfvdk‹ ‘ruo’ vdk w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;r[kwfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;usawmh aqG;aEG;vJ?
wu,fyJ wkdif;jynfxJrSm +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f/ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ e0wt=um;
bmrSyÉdyuQ rjzpfapcsifbl;qdk&if tcsdefra&G; usrwdk‹udk ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;vdk‹&ygw,f? nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifvdk‹
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awmifolv,form;rsm;u wcsdefvHk;ajymaewmyg? usrwdk‹ wu,fyJ qlylaomif;usef;r_
jzpfapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if e0w udk bmjzpfvdk‹ ta=umif;=um;rvJ? ta=umif;r=um;ygbl;? ta&;r,lapeJ‹?
ta&;r,lwmawmifrS aumif;ao;w,f? ydk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxk tHkºuGrSmyJqdk+yD; usrwdk‹ aoG;xkd;ay;rSmaygh?
jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewmudk rjrifcsifvdk‹ e0w udk wifjyygw,f? 'DvdkyJ 'kuQa&mufaeygw,f? 'DvdkyJ
jy\emawG jzpfaeygw,f? =unfh+yD;awmh vkyfay;ygqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ wifjyygw,f?
jynfolvlxkodatmifvdk‹ 'Dvdkawmifolv,form;rsm; 'kuQa&mufaew,fqdkwm/ usrwdk‹
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdkajym&jcif;rSm usrwdk‹jynfolvlxk[m udk,fh&JŒtcGifhta&;awGudk udk,fumuG,f&r,fqdkwm
usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ajymcJhwmyJ? tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ n$ef=um;csufwckxkwfxm;ygw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaevdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu wwfEkdifor# ulnD&r,f? 'g[m vlr_a&;t&yJ? 'g EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,f
r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmudk t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwm usr ajym+yD;om;yJ? usr vHk;vHk;
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;? usr 'DudpPvkyfwm rSew f ,fxifvdk‹vkyfw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaewmudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu ulnDcsifvdk‹ vkyfwJhudpPyJ jzpfygw,f?
usr òcH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckwavmrSm usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;udk oufouftjypf&Smaew,fqdkwm usr jrif&ygw,f? oufoufwdkufcdkufvmw,f?
usrwdk‹u qlylr_jzpfatmifvdk‹ v_H‹aqmfaew,fqdk+yD;awmh xyfwvJvJajymaeygw,f? 'Dvdkajymaewm[m
b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ‹ ajymaeovJqdkwm usr trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;&ygw,f?
rae‹ujzpfwJh udpPawGuvnf; wrifoufouf tuGufqif+yD;awmh usrwdk‹udk
vufn‡Kd;xdk;wmvm;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ar;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? wyfrawmfae‹twGuf pdk;&drfvdk‹vm;?
wyfrawmfae‹twGuf pdk;&drfw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹eJ‹ aqG;aEG;Ekdifygw,f? wyfrawmfae‹ ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;
b,fvdkrvkyfapcsifbl;qdkwm ajymyg? usrwdk‹ aqG;aEG;zdk‹ tqifoifhyJ? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk trsm;}uD;xdef;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfvli,frsm;udk wyfrawmfae‹rSm
pDwef;vrf;av#mufwmwdk‹/ qENjywmwdk‹ rvkyf&bl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'Dwyfrawmfae‹udk
wyfrawmfae‹taeeJ‹ vufrcHbl;qdk&if b,folrSroGm;=ueJ‹? b,folrS xGufr=unfh=ueJ‹? tJh'Dvdkenf;eJ‹
oydwfarSmuf&if arSmuf=uaygh? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rwfv (27) &ufae‹udk
awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹ vufcHw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'g jynfolvlxk&JŒ awmfvSefa&;ae‹yg?
1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;ºuGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk‹
awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae‹ jzpfygw,f?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹awmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;ae‹vdk‹ vufcHygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹vnf; azazu todtrSwfðycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹yJ
quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhae‹tjzpf todtrSwfðyygw,f?
usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w
eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm
usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ‹ tzJG‹csKyfudk oufouf
vufn‡dK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdk‹udk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r±_pdrfhvdk‹vm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹
ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m
jynfolvlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; wdkufcdkufwmeJ‹ twlwlygyJ? wu,fyJ ppfrSefwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfapcsifw,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m; wkdufcdkufr_awGudk &yfwef;u
&yfzdk‹vdkr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ‹ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk‹ &Sd&if ar;=uyg?

17

wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;

jrpf}uD;em;òrd‹Y 28-4-1989 ae‹wGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *
wem&Davmuf apma&mufzdk‹yg? cyfcsKduxGufwm aemufuswm awmif;yefygw,f?
pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;xGufwJhtcg wcgwav usrwdk‹ tpDtpOftwdkif;rjzpfygbl;? vrf;rSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf;
wcgwav tcuftcJav;awG awG‹wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvdk aemufus&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
jrpf}uD;em;udk rvmcifwkef;uqdk&if =um;&wmawmh jrpf}uD;em;rSm 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_&JΠtajctae
odyfraumif;bl;vdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? jynfolvlxku odyf+yD; wufwufºuGºuG r&Sd=ubl;vdk‹ qdkygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh usru enf;enf;tm;i,frdygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; jynfolvlxku
ydk+yD;wufºuGw,fqdkwmjrif&vdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ tm;&SdoGm;ygw,f? *k%fvnf; *k%fðyygw,f?
ucsifjynfe,frSm&SdwJh awmifwef;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;[m owWd&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;yJ tpu
odxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'DvdkowWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ quf+yD;awmh trsKd;om;a&;twGuf
vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? i,fi,fuwnf;u usrwdk‹ em;vnfwmuawmh
awmifwef;om;rsm;[m tifrwefrS owWd&Sdw,f/ tifrwefrS ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfw,f/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf
&Sdw,fvdk‹ em;vnfcJhygw,f?
tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ±kd;±dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ‹
quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J
ae=u&ygw,f?
'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm
tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk‹&Sd&if usaemfwdk‹vlrsK;d pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf
bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taeeJ‹uawmh
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk‹&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ‹ wkdifyifn‡dE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk‹[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk
wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JΠarG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;
todtrSwfðy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹
tzJG‹csKyfwckwnf;&JŒ wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr c%c%
ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdk‹qdk&if usaemfwdk‹udk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk‹ ar;r,fhtpm;
'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹twGuf usaemfwdk‹ b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/
'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JΠtcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;
auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefudk usrwdk‹ azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef
azmfxkwfzdk‹qdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f
&Sd&r,f?
jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf
r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JŒtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u
jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ‹ vkyfzdk‹vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm
'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&Sdvdk‹bJ? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf
wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&SŒrxm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f?
wygwD tm%m&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxk[m rSefuefwJh
EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&Sdvdk‹bJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;?
usrwdk‹EkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk‹ vdkygw,f?
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?)
tay:
ucsifwkdif;&if;om;
0wfpHkwrsKd;udk
0wfqifxm;pOf

atmuf
yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu

tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl

EkdifiHa&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwdkif;eJ‹qdkifwJh udpPyg? EdkifiHwEkdifiH wdk;wufzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJzdk‹qdkwm

tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD; óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm ppfrSefwJh apwemxm;&ygvdrfhr,f?
udk,fhtzJG‹tpnf;tusKd;udkyJ vkyfaer,f/ udk,fhtodkif;t0kdif;tusKd;yJ vkyfaer,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh
ppfrSefwJhapwemvdk‹ rac:Edkifygbl;?
usrwdk‹EdkifiH (26) ESpftwGif;rSm usqif;cJh&wm[m wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJh apwemeJ‹ rtkyfcsKyfvdk‹bJ?
wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJhapwemeJ‹ tkyfcsKyfcJhw,fqdk&if 'DEkdifiH[m trsm;}uD; wdk;wufEdkifygw,f? ucsifjynfe,f
wckwnf;rSmyifv#if o,HZmwypPnf; b,favmufaygrsm;w,fqdkwm od+yD;om;yg? wEdkifiHvHk;udk òcH+yD;awmh
=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if usrwdk‹EdkifiH[m tifrwefrS csrf;omygw,f? 'Davmufcsrf;omvsufeJ‹ jynfolvlxk[m
qif;&Jae&w,f/ pdk;&drfae&w,f/ a=umifh=uae&w,fqdkwmawmh rrSefuefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifhyJ?
pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifr_qdkwm rSefuefwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf&SdrS jzpfrSmyg? 'DtcsdefrSm pD;yGm;a&;ukd OD;rwnfbJeJ‹
EdkifiHa&;udk OD;wnfzdk‹vdkygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;atmifjrifr_awG&rS pD;yGm;a&;bufudk wcgjyef+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ udk,fvdkcsifwJh ðyjyifr_awG
vkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolawGtaeeJ‹ tcktcsdefrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf
0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;[m vufwJG+yD;awmh
wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ udk,fh&JŒwkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf rSefreS fuefuef vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m ydk+yD;awmh csrf;om+yD; wdk;wufwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;rSm aeEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?
'DvdkOD;wnfcsufeJ‹ 0dkif;+yD;awmh óud;pm;oGm;=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcH&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

18

'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;

Trdef‹cGef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif &efukefòrd‹Y ajym=um;onf[k ,lq&aomfvnf; ajym=um;onfh ae‹&ufESifh

ae&mudk pmwnf;taejzifh odEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg?
* * *
 usrudk 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fvdk‹ owfrSwfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'gudk
*k%f,lygw,fvdk‹ ajym&rvm;vdk‹ usr pOf;pm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fpOf;pm;vdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'g
usrtwGuf *k%f,lp&mr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mvdk‹ usr
jrifygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh usrudk a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
udk,fhtzJG‹tpnf;twGuf&,fvdk‹ rpOf;pm;bJeJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifa&;twGuf ydk+yD;awmh
aumif;zdk‹twGuf vlwa,mufudk udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;vdkufr,fqdk+yD;awmh vkyfEkdifwJhtajctae
a&mufvmwm[m tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&myJvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? usr&,fvdk‹r[kwfygbl;/ b,fol‹udkyJjzpfjzpf
'Dvdktiftm;pk}uD;rsm;[m udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muftaeeJ‹ a&G;xkwfvdkufEkdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS
aumif;wJhvuQ%myg? 'gudkvnf; vlwkdif;uae+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyw,fqdkwm[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ
rdef‹cGef;xJrSmudk ygoGm;ygw,f? usreJ‹ tckvdk aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,fqdkvkd‹&Sd&if &Spfq,feJ‹ wa,muf
jzpfaewmayghvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'g[m nDnGwfr_&JŒtiftm;udk
todtrSwfðyoGm;wmygyJ? 'Dnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwm[m usrwdk‹tm;vHk; vdkvm;aeygw,f? ckewkef;u
OD;wifarmif0if;ajymoGm;wJh 'DudpPxJrSm 1962 ckEpS fwkef;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;[m ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eJ‹
nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;ydkifcGifhawmif;cJhw,f? nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfr_udk &SmcJhw,f? 'gayrJh r&cJhygbl;?
Aid to Civil Power vnf; roHk;bJeJ‹? Aid to Civil Power qkdwmvnf; usru
'Dvdkt*Fvdyfpum;ajymcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymcJhwJh toHk;tE_ef;twdkif; usr
oHk;vdkuf&wmjzpfygw,f? Aid to Civil Power t&vnf; rvkyfbJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkufwm
OD;ae0if;&JŒvufxufrSm pcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)

tay: - 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; OD;wifOD;wdk‹ESifhtwl 13 pufwifbm 1988

atmuf – vkyfazmfudkifzuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf

(tquf jyefvmygonf)
bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ
trdef‹tm%mt& usrwdk‹ wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹
a&Smifvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; òzdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk òzdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&yJ?
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t& nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&JŒ
oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m “u|ef” oabmxm;a&mufw,f
qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf;
ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,fol‹oabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJ‹awmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk‹
jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd
jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk‹ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gudk usr AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifa&m/ OD;ae0if;a&m odatmifvdk‹ 'Duae‹
ajymoGm;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;udk b,favmufyJ umuG,fay;ay;/ umuG,fvdk‹
r&ygbl;? orkdif;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSmyg? tck oHk;aewJh enf;vrf;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;&JΠenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrtaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf+yD;awmh &Sifoefaew,fvdk‹ ajym&wmyg?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf&Sifoefjcif; r&Sdygbl;qdkwm jycsifvkd‹&Sd&if
'Denf;'Dvrf;awGawmh quf+yD;awmh oHk;vdk‹rjzpfygbl;? nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;udk vufrcHwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ
enf;awGyg? jynfolvlxkudk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ESdrfeif;wm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;awGyg? “ppfwyfqdkwm
rdk;ay:axmif+yD;awmh rypfbl;? wnfhwnfhypfr,f” vdk‹ ajymoGm;wm[mvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ 'DtcsdefrSm trsm;}uD;yJ owdxm;&r,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ avoHudk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuwqifh v$ifhaejyef+yD? 'Dvdkv$ifhaewJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk
jyefpOf;pm;+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m tifrwefrS owdxm;&r,f? pOf;pm;qifjcif&r,fhtcsdefrSm
a&mufaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ odzdk‹vdkygw,f? aemufwcg tidkufrdvdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m
tEW&m,f&Sdw,fqdkwm em;vnf&r,f? 'DtEW&m,f[m b,fuvmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;vnf;
od&r,f? todtrSwfðy&rSmjzpfygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;awG[m
wae‹xufwae‹ ydk+yD;awmh xkd;ESufcsufawG cHae&ygw,f?
apmapmu obmywd}uD; OD;wifOD; ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJu acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;yHkqD;yHk[m w&m;Oya'eJ‹ rnDnGwfbl;? 'Dhtjyifvnf; OD;wifarmif0if; ajymoGm;wJhtwdkif;yJ/ t&ifwkef;u
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vHk;vHk;r&Sdygbl;? e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfxJrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ygayr,fhvnf;
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tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awGomru jynfolvlxk 'kuQqif;&Ja&mufrSm/ xdrSm/ emrSmtwGuf usrwdk‹ tifrwefrS
pdk;&drfygw,f? 'D[mawGtwGuf tumtuG,fawG ay;&r,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh
trdef‹tm%mudk zDqef&r,fvdk‹ ajymaewmyJ? qlylr_vdkcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? qlylr_qdkwm[m usrwdk‹twGuf
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'DtcsdefrSm rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mudk/ w&m;Oya'udk csKd;azmufaewJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk usrwdk‹
rwGef;vSef rzDqef&ifawmh jynfolvlxk aemufxyf 'kuQa&mufvdrfhr,fqdkwJh todtjrifawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹
'Dtm%mawGudk zDqefae&wmjzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
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&Jabmf}uD;wa,mufjzpfwJh rmwifvlomuif; u wcgwkef;u ajymoGm;ygw,f? olwdk‹rSm
tdyfrufwck&Sdw,fwJh? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSmvnf; tdyfrufwck&Sd&r,f? b,fvdktdyfrufvJ? 'Drdkua&pD
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usrwdk‹tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efrdk‹vdk‹ tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
xrf;aqmif&r,f? 'DudpPtwGuf usr yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmuwnf;u
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nDnGwfr_òyduJGrSmpdk;vdk‹ ygwDawGawmh raxmifhoifhbl;xifw,fvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u 'g[m usrwdk‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyef+yD;awmh =unfhvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if xif&Sm;ygw,f? ygwDrsm;axmifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m
pdwf0rf;uJGwwfw,f? 'g usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf&JŒ tm;enf;csufyJ? nDnGwfr_bufrSm odyf+yD;awmh tm;roefbl;?
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ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wufwufºuGºuG/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ 1988 u EkdifiH&JŒ tpOftvmtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm
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ausmif;om;rsm;[m aemifjyef+yD;awmh ynmudk at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ qufvufoif+yD;awmh
ynmjynfhpHkwJhtcgusawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;aqmifvmEkdifr,fh tajctaea&mufoGm;atmifvdk‹
usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ulnDay;&r,f? vli,frsm; a&SŒwufEkdifzdk‹twGuf vlvwfrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;uae+yD;awmh a&SŒu
vrf;cif;ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDvrf;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;+yD;cif;aeygw,f? 'Dvdk
tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD;awmh cif;aewJhae&mrSm wa,muftay:wa,muf apwem&Sd&Sd/ wa,muftay:wa,muf
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vrf;cif;orm;rsm;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm av#muf+yD;awmh
=unfhvdkufvdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if vrf;tvkyform;rsm;[m tyifyef;qHk;yJqdkwm tm;vHk; jrifygvdrfhr,f?
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tckacwfawmh uwW&mqDu enf;enf;eJ‹ oGm;vdk‹ tvkyfawmh enf;enf;oufomwmayghav? 'gayrJh
'DtvkyfawG[m r+yD;jywfao;ygbl;? tJhawmh usrwdk‹[mvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ? tifrwefrS yifyef;EGrf;e,fwJh
tvkyfawGudk vkyf&r,f? aeylusJusJ}uD;xJrSm aeylcH&r,f? 'D rawmfrw&m;whJ w&m;Oya'tkwfawGudk
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tajctaejzpfatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vrf;udk acsmarmatmifvkyfoGm;&r,f? 'DvdkacsmarmatmifvkyfoGm;rS
usrwdk‹&JŒ tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifygr,f? tdyfrufomrufwJh vlqdkwm tifrwefrS
tm;enf;wJhvlyg? 'gayrJh udk,fhtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifwJh vlqdkwm[m
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rsm;cJhw,f? 'gvnf; usr c%c% rdwfaqGrsm;eJ‹vnf; aqG;aEG;ygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ vli,frsm;eJ‹vnf;
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remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG rsm;ovJ? usr EkdifiHawG trsm;}uD; a&mufzl;ygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;awG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ‹ usr aqG;aEG;zl;w,f? 'DudpPawG ajymzl;w,f? wjcm;EkdifiHawGrSmvnf;
remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG r&Sdbl; r[kwfygbl;? vlawG&SdwJh todkif;t0dkif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'D0efwkdpdwfawG &SdrSmyJ?
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&Sm&r,f? 'Djy\em&JŒ Zpfjrpfudk&SmrS 'Djy\emudk usrwdk‹ ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?
tckvdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu tm;vHk;pka0;aewm[m yxrOD;qHk; 'Djy\emudk ajz&Sif;zdk‹
vrf;pOfay:udk a&mufvm+yDvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Djy\emudk usrwdk‹ ajz&Sif;&r,f? ygwDwcku
tm%m&Sif}uD;vdk‹ emrnf}uD;aevdk‹ igwdk‹ rvdkvm;bl;qdkwJh pdwfawG&Sdaevdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? 'DrSm usr
awmif;yefcsifygw,f? 'DrSm usr tm%mqdkwJh pum;vHk;av; oHk;rdw,f? 'D tm%mqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ roHk;wm taumif;qHk;yJvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ tm%mqufoHk;r,f/
tm%mqufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaewm[m tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;ygw,f?
usr =um;wkdif;/ =um;wkdif; e0wtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f? usrwdk‹EkdifiHtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f?
'DvdktkyfcsKyfaewJh vlwpk[m vufeufudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f/ tm%mudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f?
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vufeufrJhwJh jynfolvlxkudk tm%mqufoHk;r,fvdk‹ ajymaewm[m tifrwefrS
roifhawmfwJhudpPyg? 'gudk usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu 0dkif;+yD;awmh uef‹uGuf&r,f? 0dkif;+yD;awmh
jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? bmjzpfvkd‹ 'D EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awG zJG‹xm;ao;vJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹
tm%mydkifrsm;=um;xJrSm tcktcHwck&Sdzdk‹ zJG‹xm;wmaygh? tpwkef;u bmjzpfvkd‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awG
rSwfyHkwifcGifhay;ovJ? EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rSwfyHkwifcGifhay;w,fqdkuwnf;u
EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ EkdifiHa&;vdkvm;csufawGukd ajymqdkydkifcGifh&SdwJh
tzJG‹tpnf;awGqdkwm todtrSwfðyxm;wmeJ‹ twlwlyJ? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxk (39) oef;eJ‹aqG;aEG;zdk‹/
nd‡E_dif;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹qdkwm rvG,fwma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹awmh aqG;aEG;oifhw,f/
nd‡E_dif;oifhw,f/ wkdifyifoifhw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;uvnf; odrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;? 'D (200)
ausmfuae+yD;awmh wajz;ajz;aqG;aEG;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹/ nd‡E_dif;zdk‹ vG,fatmifqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹uae+yD;awmh
udk,fpm;vS,fawG wae‹eJ‹wae‹ ydk+yD; enf;vmatmifvdk‹ qdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;aeygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dbufu
b,fvdkyJ óud;pm;óud;pm; e0wbufuvnf; óud;pm;csifrS atmifjrifEkdifrSmyg? nd‡E_di;f zdk‹/ aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwm
ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;u vkyfrSjzpfwmyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ ordkif;&JŒ tjypfwifcHjcif;udk
rvdkvm;bl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;emawGudk quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;vdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? OD;ae0if;uJhodk‹
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif; rvdkvm;wJh taetxm;awGudk usrwdk‹ ajymif;vJ&r,f?
vlxkeJ‹ raqG;aEG;csifbl;/ rwkdifyifcsifbl;/ rnd‡E_dif;csifbl;qdkwm vlxkudk todtrSwfrðywmbJ? jynfolvlxkudk
ae&mrxm;wmbJ? 'Dawmh tcktcsdefrSm EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;eJ‹awmifrS rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ rwdkifyifEkdifbl;qdk&if
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t"duawmh 'D (38) oef;ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_,lEkdifzdk‹twGufyJ? 'gudk OD;wnfyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
tckcsdefrSmawmh wdkif;jynf&JŒ tpdk;&t}uD;tuJwa,muf jzpfaeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tpdk;&&JŒ
t}uD;tuJwa,mufqdkwm[m t}uD;tuJwa,mufyDyDawmh qufqH&r,f?
t}uD;tuJwa,mufyDyDawmh vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk usr ajymvnf; ajym/ pmvnf; a&;xm;ygw,f? 'Duae‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f?
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t&nftcsif;awG &Sd&r,f? wae&muae tumtuG,fay;vdk‹ rvHkavmuf&if aemufwae&muae
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jzpfygw,f? pdwf"mwfrus=uygeJ‹? usrwdk‹rSm pdwf"mwfusp&m r&Sdygbl;? tcktcsdefrSm +cdrf;ajcmufr_trsKd;rsKd;
&Sdygw,f? +cdrf;ajcmufr_trsKd;rsKd; =um;xJuae+yD;awmh usrwkd‹ owWdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if atmifjrifr,fvdk‹
xifygw,f? wae‹eJ‹wae‹ nDnGwfr_tiftm;[mvnf; rsm;vmwm usr awG‹&ygw,f? pnf;urf;[mvnf;
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usrwdk‹udk zsufqD;zdk‹/ xdk;ESufzdk‹ óud;pm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹[m owdeJ‹ 0d&d,eJ‹ pl;pl;prf;prf;/
qifqifjcifjcif wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? aemif qufvmr,fh
vawGxJrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf em;vnfrvJGatmifvdk‹
óud;pm;=uyg? tqufrjywf tquftoG,fvkyf=uyg? wa,mufudkwa,muf txiftjrifrvJG=uygeJ‹?
tiftm;awGudk pk=uyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹vnf; 'Dvdktiftm;pkawGudk pk+yD;awmh wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf
jynfol‹aumif;usKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJhqENawG &Sdygw,f? usrudk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒ
udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ‹ wifajr‡mufvdkufwJhtxJrSm usr[m azazhorD;jzpfvdk‹qdkwJh ta=umif;[m
t"duyJqdkwm usr odygw,f? usrudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;taeeJ‹ wkdif;jynfu vufcHwmr[kwfvm;vdk‹
ar;vdk‹&Sd&if usr [kwfygw,fvdk‹yJ ajymygw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf emusifp&mr[kwfygbl;? 'g[m
*k%f,lp&myg? usrtaeeJ‹ azazhorD;rdk‹vdk‹ ae&may;wmqdkvdk‹ remygbl;? 'g[m usr&JŒ pdwf"mwf/
pdwf"mwftm;jzifh tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&mudpPyJvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh azazvdkcsifwJh
jynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifzdk‹ qdk+yD;awmh usr tifrwefrS pdwfoefygw,f? azaz[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
jynfaxmifpk}uD;wckudk xlaxmifoGm;apcsifw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usr vkyfoGm;csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk usr uwday;Ekdifygw,f? azaz&JΠpdwf"mwftay:awmh usr b,fawmhrS
opPmrazmufbl;? azaz vdkcsifwJh 'DvkdopPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGay;wJh wm0efrSefor#udkvnf; usr
qufvuf+yD;awmh xrf;aqmifoGm;yghr,f? ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ‹ usrtay:rSm wm0efay;vdk‹&Sd&if usr
wwfEkdifoa&GŒ opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ xrf;aqmifoGm;ygr,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ wm0ef/ jynfol&JŒ wm0ef/
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wm0efudk tpOft+rJyJ xrf;aqmifoGm;&if;eJ‹ usrwdk‹tm;vHk;
'Drkdua&pDyef;wdkif}uD;udk a&mufr,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dae‹'D&uf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&wJh
ae‹vnf;jzpfw,f? 'Dvdkausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&vdk‹ usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;twGuf
tifrwefrS epfemoGm;ygw,f? tck usrwdk‹vkyfaewm[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk jyefvnf+yD;awmh
wnfaqmufzdk‹yJ? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfrdk‹vdk‹ vkyfaewmjzpfwma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tem*wftwGuf ypPKy`efrSm
bmyJ pGef‹pm;& pGef‹pm;&/ bmyJ pGef‹v$wf& pGef‹v$wf& pGef‹v$wfygr,f? pGef‹pm;ygr,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfeJ‹
qufvuf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ usr awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

19

Zlvkdif ckepf&ufae‹

zqyv tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;Y 7-7-89 ae‹wGif ajym=um;onfh rdef‹cGef;

* * *
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usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae‹[m ynma&;eJ‹vnf; oufqdkifw,f? EkdifiHa&;eJ‹vnf;
oufqkdifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;/ ynma&;udpPrsm; ajymwJhtcg twdwf/
ypPKy`efeJ‹ tem*wf[m qufpyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh twdwfu jzpfcJhwJh
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm tckypPKy`efrSm b,fvdkjzpfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =unfh&r,f?
ausmif;om;or*~udk bmjzpfvdk‹òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,folu òzdcJGoGm;ovJ?
b,fvdkta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&rSmyJ?
b,fvdkenf;awGeJ‹ òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfowfjcif;/ ausmif;om;or*~udk òzdcJGjcif;rjzpfcifrSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m
tJh'Dwkef;u ppftm%mydkifrsm;eJ‹ aqG;aEG;yg? nd‡E_dif;ygqdk+yD;awmh awmif;qdkcJhw,f? 'gudkvnf; jiif;cJhw,f?
'Dppftm%mydkifrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;eJ‹ ausmif;om;or*~ta&;udk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm Aid to Civil
Power vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwJh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufembJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh
ajz&Sif;wJhenf;/ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifwJhenf;udk jiif;qefcJhwJh Aid to civil Power qkdwJh wyfrawmfwcktaeeJ‹
xdef;oifhxdef;xdkufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGudk rxdef;cJhwmuawmh OD;ae0if;yJ? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;&ifqkdif&r,f?
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OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& vkyfw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? 'Dawmh e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ
OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%matmufuae+yD;awmh vGwfuif;w,fqdkwm jycsifvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;enf;awGudk
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taumif;qHk; tajz&SmwJhyJG jzpfygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; OD;wnf&r,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m
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ynma&;wm0efqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynm&Smzdk‹yJ? 'gayrJh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm bmvJ?
usrtjrifawmh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EdkifwJh ynmomjzpf&r,f?
trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf roHk;EkdifwJh ynm[m wefzdk;r&SdEkdifbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹
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tjyifrSm wyfawGu&Sdw,f/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ twGif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ tJovdk
wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ‹ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m
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xrf;aqmifzdk‹ ay;xm;wJhynmukd tvJGoHk;pm; vkyfvdk‹omjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh ynmqdkwm[m
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ppfynmudk ydkifqdkifEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk‹ (26) ESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJh
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'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tcktcsdefrSm ausmif;awGydwfaew,f? ynma&;eJ‹
uif;uGmaew,fqdkwm ausmif;ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,f? avmuxJrSm ynm&Smae&w,f?
avmu}uD;xJrSm ynm&SmaewJhtcg EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;xJrSm ynm&SmwJhtcgrSmvnf;
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tm;vHk;&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwkdif;jynfu EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f?
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tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? 'Dawmh rSefuefwJhynm &Sma&;qdkwm rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
wcgxJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;a&m/ ynma&;a&m atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f?
'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;rsm;ydwfaewmawmifrS atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Edkifygw,f?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7 Zlvdkif) owd&wJhtcgrSm tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;w,f?
wdk‹&JŒwdkif;jynfrSm tifrwefrS ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrloGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckrSm rjzpfoifh/
rjzpfxdkufwJh jzpf&yfawG[m jzpfoGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJhwkdif;jynfwck jyef+yD;awmhjzpfatmif usrwdk‹
óud;pm;&r,f? 'Dvdk,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckjzpfzdk‹qdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ vufxJrSm
&Sdygw,f? apmapmu 0d"l&OD;cspfarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;yJ tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; vli,fawG&JΠvufxJrSm
trsm;qHk;yJ&Sdygw,f? 'Dtem*wfudk csDwufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm rSefrSefuefuef csDwufoGm;=uyg?
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'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m tifrwefrS qif;&JwJh todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u vmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&r,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vkd‹ usrwdk‹rSm =uifempdwfawG &Sd&r,f? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGvkd ynmoif&wJh tcGifhta&;awG r&SdcJhbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm OD;ae0if;wdk‹vkd
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ppfynmawGtpm; rSefuefwJhtrsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfawG usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oGif;ay;&r,f? 'g tm;vHk;rSm
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wyfrawmf=um;xJrSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfvufxJrSm tcH&qHk;u ausmif;om;awGyJ?
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tJ'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdk‹rjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹
ydk+yD;awmh oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? ydk}uD;awmh tjrifus,f&r,f? oabmxm;}uD;}uD; tjrifus,fus,feJ‹
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óud;pm;=uyg?
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+cdfrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifqdkwm usr vHk;vkHk;rESpfoufygbl;? 'Dvdk tm%mudk udkif+yD;awmh/ vufeufudk
udkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfygbl;? enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹
r[kwfrrSefuefwmawG ajym+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk xdk;ESufaew,f? 'gawGu qdk;vS+yD? ckusawmh
tm%mpufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufvmwJhtcgusawmh tifrwefrS vGefaeyg+yD? usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm
tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;?
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usrwdk‹ 'Duae+yD;awmh &yfqkdif;&awmhr,f? e0w taeeJ‹ EkdifiHtay:rSm apwem&Sd&if/ e0w taeeJ‹
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mudk vGefqef&JwJh owWd&Sd&if tm%mpufqdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd vHk;vHk; quf+yD;awmh
roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyif&JwJh owWdudkom
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ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; twdwfujzpf&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;+yD;awmh
rSefrSefuefuefvkyfzdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uyg? usr 'g xyfwvJvJajymaewJhudpPyg? rSefrSefuefuefvkyf&if usrwdk‹
wae‹r[kwfwae‹ atmifjrif&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ rSefuefwJhtiftm;/ nDnGwfr_tiftm;udk b,folrS
a&&SnfvGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? e0w vnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfvnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm
r[kwfbl;? e0wwdk‹/ wyfrawmfwdk‹qdkwmuvnf; jynfolvlxku au|;arG;xm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxktay:rSm tifrwefrS aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f? aus;Zl;&Sifudk
aus;Zl;rodwwfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'kuQa&mufp+rJyJ? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;taeeJ‹
pdwf"mwfrusygeJ‹? +cdrf;ajcmufwma=umifh ra=umufygeJ‹? 'gayrJh owWdqdkwmawmh &Sdyg? usrudk
q&mawmf}uD;wyg;uae+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufovdkayghav? t&ifwkef;u azazhudkvnf; rdef‹cJhygw,fqdk+yD; usrudk
xyf+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufygw,f? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹ayghav?
ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹qdkwm[m owdxm;&r,f?
tumtuG,f,l&r,f? 'Dvdk+cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqkdwm em;vnf&r,f? b,fvdkoabmeJ‹
+cdrf;ajcmufaeovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ em;vnf&r,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ taumif;qHk;tumtuG,fuawmh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;yJ/ pnf;urf;yJ? usrwdk‹ nDnDnGwfnGwf pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk
&ef&Smzdk‹ tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f? tckvdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd wnDwnGwf
tcrf;tem;}uD; usif;yoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS tm;wufp&mjzpfygw,f? reufwkef;uvnf;
ygwDaygif;rsm;pGm[m (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; usif;yoGm;ygw,f?
'DvdknDnGwfr_tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ wufvmw,fqdkwm jrifawG‹&ygw,f? 'DvdkwufvmwJh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;eJ‹yJ usrwdk‹ atmifyef;udk qifEkdifygw,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;rSmyg?
wajz;ajz; r[kwfbJeJ‹ ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&mufa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;&r,f?
'Dhaemuf wv/ ESpfvtwGif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tcrf;tem;trsKd;rsKd; usif;y&r,fqdkwm usr
ajymcJhygw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv/ (19) &ufae‹
Zlvdkifvqdk+yD;awmh }udrf;armif;aew,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr }udrf;armif;aewm r[kwfygbl;?
owday;aewmyg/ jynfolvlxkudk? 'Dtcrf;tem;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm
EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;cJhvdk‹jzpfw,f? aemifxyf+yD;awmh vufeufenf;eJ‹
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm; rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹
óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? 'gyJ usr xyfwvJvJ ajymoGm;wmyg? usr pyDumraumif;vdk‹ atmfrdvdk‹
}udrf;armif;aew,fxifovm;awmh rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxku 'gudk pdwfxJrSmxm;yg? aemif
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ rajz&Sif;a&;/ rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹
óud;pm;&r,f? quf+yD; óud;pm;oGm;&rSmyJ? 'D ESpfv/ oHk;v&JŒ jy\emrsm;udk usrwdk‹ atmifatmifjrifjrif
ausmfv$m;Ekdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk jrefjrefqefqef &Ekdifw,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? t&ifht&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wkdif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifcJhovdk tckacwf
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh wdkif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk‹ usr
,Hk=unfygw,f? 'D,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;yJ tm;vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwf/ owWd&Sd&Sd/ owd&Sd&SdeJ‹
qufvufcsDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ usr ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
20

wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ

vl‹abmifopfygwD±Hk; taemf&xmvrf;wGif 10-7-89 ae‹u ajym=um;onf?

* * *

tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwkd‹[m Zlvkdifv 7 &ufae‹wkef;u ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;cJhjcif;/

or*~òzdcJGcH&jcif; tcrf;tem;udk ESpfywfvnf usif;ycJh+yD;yg+yD? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae‹rSm tmZmenfae‹jzpfwJh
azazeJ‹wuG tjcm;EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; vmygOD;r,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DtcsdefrSm
usrwdk‹tm;vHk; pOf;pm;p&mawG trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygw,f? t&iftywfu qdkvdk‹&Sd&if EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; OuUX
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu rdef‹cGef;awmfawmf&Snf&SnfyJ ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Drdef‹cGef;udk usr jyef+yD;awmh
oHk;oyfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh bmawGay:vmovJ? eHygwf (1) uawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹taeeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/
aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifjcif;udk r,Hk=unfbl;qdkwm jyygw,f? 'gudkawmh usrwdk‹ uef‹uGufygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,f? 'grSvnf; jynfolvlxk
rembl;aygh? aemufwckuvnf; usr awG‹cJh&wmuawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;xJrSm
jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufwmygw,fvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm eJeJrS roifhawmfygbl;?
wdk‹bufrSm vufeuf&Sdvdk‹ oHk;csifwkdif; oHk;Ekdifw,fvdk‹ ajymwJh oabm[m eJeJrS roifhawmfygbl;? 'g[m
tpdk;&taeeJ‹ oHk;oifhoHk;xkdufwJh pum;vHk;rsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? ajymoifhajymxdkufwJh udpPrsm;vnf;
r[kwfygbl;? xm;oifhxm;xdkufwJh oabmxm;rsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfua&m/
e0w ua&m xyfwvJvJajymygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmf&JΠzcifyg/
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;yg? tJh'Dawmh tck usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f? Zlvkdifv 19 &ufae‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if/
azazqHk;oGm;wm 42 ESpfjynfhawmhr,f/ tJh'Dawmh 'Dvdk 42 ESpfjynfhwJhtcrf;tem; rwkdifcif usrwdk‹
pOf;pm;&r,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifvdk‹ qdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmf[m azazvdkcsifwJhtwkdif;
vkyfae&JŒvm;? wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifqdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwfvdkufwJh vrf;pOftwdkif; 'Dwyfrawmf[m
quf+yD;awmh vkkyfae&JŒvm;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ar;&vdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkar;wJhtcgusrS usr b,fvdkjrif&ovJqdkawmh
azaz[m wyfrawmf vrf;rSm;oGm;rSm tifrwefrS pdk;&drfcJhw,f? xyfwvJvJ ajymcJhw,f? rif;wdk‹vufxJrSm
vufeuf&Sdvdk‹ vkyfcsifwkdifvkyfvdk‹&r,f rxifeJ‹? jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ ESdyfpufwm/ zdpD;wm/
'gawGrvkyfeJ‹qdkwm xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f? 'Dwyfrawmf[mvnf; vlwa,mufxJtwGuf r[kwfbl;?
tzJG‹tpnf;wcktwGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvnf; xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f? wyfrawmf vrf;rSm;oGm;rSmudk azaz
tifrwefrS pdk;&drfcJhw,f? 'DavmufawmifrS pdk;&drfaevsufeJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ vrf;rSm;oGm;&ovJ? OD;ae0if;[m
wyfrawmfudk vrf;rSm;ay: wifay;vdkufw,f? tck 'DrSm wyfrawmfxJrSm &SdaewJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;/
t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&JΠzcifqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdk+yD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;+yD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmfudk b,fvdktaetxm;&SdapcsifovJqdkwm jyef+yD;awmh oHk;oyfyg?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvfae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qdkwm qHk;jzwf&awmhr,f? usr 'gudk &Sif;&Sif;yJ
ajymjyr,f? c%c% trsKd;rsKd;ajymaevdk‹ tvum;yJ? aemufqHk;awmh 'Dar;cGef;yJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ
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usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ vrf;pOfudkvdkufr,fh wyfrawmfqdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxkeJ‹ waoG;xJ/
wom;xJjzpfoGm;r,fvdk‹ ,kH=unfygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m
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tifrwefrS qDavsmfwJhudpPawGudk azazajymoGm;cJhygw,f? 'gudk eJeJ usr zwfjyygr,f?
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ajymoGm;wm &Sdygw,f?
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toHk;tE_ef;udk vHk;vHk;vufrcHbl;? Arm pum;rSmvnf; r&Sdygbl;? vlwa,mufjzpfvmrSawmh zcifqdkwm
wOD;yJ&SdEkdifw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;tm;vHk; odygw,f? 'Dawmh wyfrawmfxJrSm zcifwOD;xJom
&Sdygap? 'D wOD;wnf;aom zcif&JΠn$ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdkufemyg? vdkufemjcif;tm;jzifh aemif
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'Dwkdif;jynfvnf; wdk;wufEkdifr,f? usrwdk‹[m rSefuefwJhvrf;pOfay:rSm av#mufoGm;csifwJh
jynfolvlxkjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh e0w taeeJ‹vnf; rSefuefwJhvrf;pOfay:rSm av#mufoGm;csifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ tcsdefra&G; vufwJGEkdifygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;ae0if;vrf;pOftay:rSm
av#mufoGm;csifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vrf;cJG&rSm jzpfygw,f?
aemufwck usr ajymcsifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m OD;ae0if; t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹
ajymygw,f? OD;ae0if; t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ajymvdk‹&Sd&if bmjzpfvdk‹ tpdk;&±Hk;awGrSm/ w&m;±Hk;awGrSm/
OD;ae0if;&JŒ "gwfyHkudk quf+yD;awmh csdwfqJGxm;ovJqdkwm usr ar;csifw,f? jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹vnf; 'gudk
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rcsdwfygeJ‹awmh? usrwdk‹[m xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif}uD;&JŒ "gwfyHkudkomcsdwfr,f? vuf&Sdtpdk;&&JŒ
OD;pD;wa,muf&JŒ "gwfyHkudkomcsdwfw,f? 'guawmh xHk;wrf;pOfvmjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh csdwfcsifvdk‹&Sd&if
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ "gwfyHkudkawmh csdwfEkdifygw,f? OD;ae0if;"gwfyHkudkvnf; ðzwfcsygawmh? OD;ae0if;&JŒ
trdef‹tm%matmufuvnf; vGwfajrmufatmifvdk‹ wyfrawmfeJ‹ e0w[m ±kef;xGufygawmhvdk‹ usr
'Duae arwWm&yfcHvdkufcsifygw,f?
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m at;csrf;om,mr_udk vdkvm;ygw,f?
usrwdk‹EkdifiH wdk;wufzdk‹twGuf/ at;at;csrf;csrf; aeEkdifzdk‹twGuf vdkvm;w,f? 'gtwGuf usrwdk‹[m
e0wudk nd‡E_dif;yg/ aqG;aEG;yg/ wkdifyifygvdk‹ zdwfac:ygw,f? usr quf+yD;awmh zdwfac:wmyJ?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ 2§88/ 8§88 wdk‹udk r±kyfodrf;ay;rSmrdk‹vdk‹ raqG;aEG;Edkifygbl;qdkwJhoabmeJ‹
ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr jyefajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm 2§88 eJ‹ 8§88 tjyif jy\emawG
trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? 'Djy\emtrsm;}uD;udk ajyvnfatmifqdkwm usrwdk‹ aqG;aEG;&r,f/ nd‡E_dif;&r,f/
wkdifyif&r,f? jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;uvnf; 'gudk em;vnfw,fvdk‹ usrxifygw,f? quf+yD;awmhvnf;
em;vnfapcsifygw,f? usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefaewmuawmh aqG;aEG;/ nd‡E_dif;/
wkdifyifr_ r&Sdvdk‹ygyJ? wu,fyJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ confrontation qdkwJh xdyfwdkufawG‹r_udk
rvdkvm;bl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹eJ‹ pm;yJG0kdif;rSm xkdif+yD;awmh ajyvnfr_&Smygvdk‹ usr 'Duae ajymoGm;ygw,f?
aus;Zl;wifygw,f? (pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vlpkcJGay;=uyg? usrwdk‹&JŒ ,mOfxdef;&Jrsm;&JŒ n$ef=um;csufrsm;udk
vdkufem+yD;awmh tm;vHk; pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vlpkcJGay;=uyg? usrwdk‹[m pnf;urf;udk vdkvm;w,f/ Oya'udk
vdkvm;w,fqdkwmjy=uyg? aus;Zl;wifygw,f?)

21

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Trdef‹cGef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;cJhaomfvnf; ajymqdkonfhae&mESifh ae‹&ufudk pmwnf;taeESifh

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* * *

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pOf;pm;rdw,f? wcsKdŒvl}uD;awGu ajymygw,f? usrwdk‹[m e0w aumif;a=umif;vnf; wcgwav
ajymygOD;vdk‹ usrudk ajymygw,f? tJh'Dawmh e0w aumif;a=umif;ajymzdk‹ usr pOf;pm;aeygw,f?
bmawGajym&rvJvdk‹/ bmawGajym&rvJqdk+yD;awmh pOf;pm;wJhtcgusawmh usrwdk‹
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudkawmh w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcGifhay;ygw,f? tJh'D[m [m e0w vkyfaqmifcsufrSm
aumif;wJhtcsufwckjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvdk EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcGifh
ay;xm;+yD;awmh/ wu,fawmh EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;taeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf
vkyfydkifcGifhusawmh ray;bl;vdk‹ usrawmh ajym&rSmyJ? tJhvdkajymvdkufjyefawmhvnf; wzufuawmh
aumif;w,fvdk‹ajym+yD;awmh wzufuawmh tjypf&Smw,fvdk‹ tajymcH&rSmyJ? 'gayrJhvnf; tajymcH&ifvnf;
cH&rSmyJ? tck usrwdk‹ jy\em[m 'gygyJ? wzufuawmh ay;oa,mifa,mifeJ‹ wzufuawmh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifae&wmudk awG‹&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m uef‹uGufae&wmyg? rae‹u
AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ qdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrtay:rSm rauseyfcsufrsm;/ usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyftay:rSm rauseyfcsufrsm; ajymoGm;w,f? 'Dvdk rauseyfcsufrsm;
ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? rauseyfwm&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if ajymyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ jyef+yD;awmh
ajz&Sif;yghr,f? ta&;}uD;qHk; tcsufwcsufuawmh usrwdk‹udk oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh uGefjrLepfawGvdk‹
pGyfpJGoGm;wJhtcsufygyJ? 'D[muawmh usr xl;xl;axGaxG odyf+yD;awmh rajymvdkygbl;? r[kwfrrSefbl;vdk‹yJ
ajymcsifygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfrrSefwJh udpPwckudk xyfwvJvJ ajz&Sif;ae&wm[m t"dy`m,fawmh
odyfr&Sdygbl;? usr[m uGefjrLepfvnf; r[kwfygbl;? uGefjrLepf0g'udk axmufcHolwOD;vnf; r[kwfygbl;?
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uGefjrLepfawG v$rf;rdk;a&;twGuf vkyfaewmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tajccH vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf
vHk;yef;aewmjzpfygw,fvdk‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f?
'kwd,udpPuawmh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf[m xdyfwdkufawG‹csifw,f/ confrontation qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu oHk;oGm;ygw,f? 'gvnf; usr &Sif;jy&ygvdrfhr,f? Confrontation qdw k m
xdyfwdkufawG‹csifw,fqdkwJh oabmeJ‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Sif;jyoGm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹
'Dvdkrjrifygbl;? usrwdk‹[m xdyfwdkufawG‹csifwm r[kwfygbl;? 'gvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajym&vGef;vdk‹
tm;vnf; tm;emygw,f? usrwdk‹[m jy\emrsm;udk &ifqkdif+yD;awmhom ajz&Sif;csifwmygvdk‹ usr
ajymygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹awmh jy\emrsm;udk nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD;awmh
ajz&Sif;zdk‹qdkwm[m r&bl;qdkwJh taetxm;eJ‹ ajymoGm;w,fvdk‹ usr em;vnfygw,f? usrvnf;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wmtm;vHk;ukd odyf+yD;awmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;rvnfygbl;?
em;vnfoavmufom ajym&r,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvdk usrwdk‹eJ‹ raqG;aEG;Ekdifbl;vdk‹ ajymoGm;w,fvdk‹ usr
em;vnfygw,f? 'gayrJh usruawmh pdwf"mwfrusygbl;? quf+yD;awmh awmif;qdkrSmyJ? aqG;aEG;yg/ nd‡E_dif;yg/
wkdifyifyg/ em;vnfr_&Smyg? usrwdk‹[m em;vnfr_ tifrwefrS vdkcsifygw,f? em;vnfr_ vdkcsifwm[mvnf;
jynfolvlxktwGufyJ? tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk tjrefqHk; a&mufoGm;a&;twGuf
em;vnfr_ vdkcsifwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹taeeJ‹uawmh quf+yD;awmh awmif;yefygw,f?
nd‡E_dif;yg/ aqG;aEG;yg/ wkdifyifyg/ em;vnfr_&Smyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ usreJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
trsKd;rsKd;ajymoGm;w,fqdkawmh usruawmh wckajymcsifygw,f? usru AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemrSefw,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfcJhygw,f? tpuwnf;uvnf; usr ajymygw,f?
usrudk =um;wJhvlwkdif; odrSmyg? usr ajymygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuawmh a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk
vkyfay;csifw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%mudk rvGefqefEkdifvdk‹om
tcktajctae[m wdk;wufr_r&Sdwmvdk‹ xifygw,fvdk‹ usr ajymcJhygw,f? 'g usr xifwJhtwdkif;
rSefrSefuefuef ajymwmyg? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk usr apmfum;wmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? usr
em;vnfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹twGuf OD;ae0if; qdkwmuawmh i,fa=umufoabmrsKd;
jzpfaew,fqdkwm usr em;vnfygw,f? 'gvnf; usr apmfum;csifwJhpdwfeJ‹ ajymwm r[kwfygbl;?
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ajymoGm;rSmyg? tckawmh 'DvkdvkyfcGifh ray;bl;qdkawmh jynfolvlxkuwqifh wdkifwnf&awmhrvdkjzpfae+yD?
usr aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ygw,f? 'D (26) ESpf udpP? rqv (26) ESpftwGif; wkdif;jynfudk
zsufqD;oGm;wJhudpP? usr 'gudk (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; wkdif;jynfukd zsufqD;oGm;wJhvl[m OD;ae0if;jzpfygw,fqdkwm
usr ayghayghwefwefajymwm r[kwfygbl;? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;+yD;awmhrS/ wkdif;jynftajctaeudk
avhvm+yD;awmhrS ajymwmjzpfygw,f? 'g jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;uvnf; od+yD;om;vdk‹ usr xifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0wxJu vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ‹/ wyfrawmfxJu t&m&Sdrsm;taeeJ‹ aoaocsmcsm
avhvmvdk‹&Sd&if 'g[m ay:vGifygw,f? wkdif;jynfwwkdif;jynfrSm tkyfcsKyfol csrf;csrf;omomeJ‹ ae+yD;awmh
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tifrwefxif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹EdkifiH ysufpD;cJh&w,fqdkwm ae‹csif;/ ncsif; ysufpD;cJh&wmr[kwfygbl;? (26)
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oHk;oifhoHk;xdkufwJh t&nftcsif;wckawmh r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹[m tcktcsdefrSm OD;ae0if;&JŒ
=oZmtm%mu ±kef;uef+yD;awmh rxGufEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;jynf 'Dhxuf ysufpD;oGm;r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
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t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'gvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;orw}uD;vdk‹
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t+idrf;pm;awmh t+idrf;pm;ygyJ? 'gayrJh t+idrf;pm;wa,muftaeeJ‹ wkdif;jynf&JŒudpPawGrSm 0if±_yfaevdk‹
cufwmaygh? usrwdk‹/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹ e0wtaeeJ‹ rSefrSefuefuef wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd
xrf;oGm;apcsifw,f? rSefrSefuefuef wdkif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;oGm;r,fqdk&if jynfolvlxkuvnf; 0dkif;+yD;awmh
yHhydk;r,f/ ulnDr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? oufoufrJh usrwdk‹[m &efpaewm r[kwfygbl;? &efvnf;
rpcsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhyg? jynfolvlxkbufrSm vufeufvnf; r&Sdbl;? tm%mvnf; r&Sdbl;?
vufeufr&SdwJh/ tm%mr&SdwJh vlxk[m bmjzpfvdk‹ vufeuf/ tm%m&SdwJh tzJG‹tpnf;udk &efpcsif&rSmvJ?
b,f&efpcsifyghrvJ? usrwdk‹ tqifajycsifwmaygh? 'Dvdk pdwfxm;awGeJ‹ vkyfaewmudk bmjzpfvdk‹
em;rvnfovJ? bmjzpfvdk‹ oabmraygufvJqdkwm usrawmh pOf;pm;vdk‹ r&Ekdifatmif jzpfaeygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuvnf; nwkef;u pOf;pm;w,fvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? usrvnf; pOf;pm;ygw,f? wcsdefvHk;
pOf;pm;aewmyJ? 'D tajctaeawGudk ajyvnfatmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ? tJh'Dawmh usr pOf;pm;&if;
pOf;pm;&if;eJ‹ xGufvmwJhtajzu wckyJ&Sdw,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif xkdif+yD;awmh ajyvnfr_&Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk
ajyvnfr_&SmEkdifrS usrwdk‹ qufvufcsDwufoGm;EkdifrSmyJ? 'Dvdk ajyvnfr_ r&SmEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹
jynfolvlxk[m 'DavmufyJ tiftm;enf;ovm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ? usrwdk‹vlxk&JŒ tiftm;[m
tifrwefrS rsm;ygw,f? pnf;urf;&SdwJh tiftm;/ pepfuswJhtiftm;/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vkyfcsifwJhtiftm;/
'gudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif em;vnfapcsifw,f? usrtaeeJ‹ rae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGudk em;axmif&if;eJ‹ pdwfxJrmS trsKd;rsKd;jzpfwmayghav? 'gayrJh wu,fawmh
usrpdwfxJrSm tjyif;xefqHk;uawmh 0rf;enf;jcif;yJ? 0rf;enf;w,f usr? pOf;pm;&if; pOf;pm;&if;eJ‹/
em;axmif&if; em;axmif&if;eJ‹/ b,fhES,fh 'Dwkdif;jynf 'Dtajctaea&mufaeovJ? b,fhES,fh usrwdk‹&JŒ
tcktcsdeftcgrSm EdkifiH&JΠOD;pD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxktay:rSm
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0rf;enf;p&maumif;ygw,f? tck usr ajym&Jw,f? ajym&Jvdk‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymr,f? usruawmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m rSefrSefuefuef vkyaf y;csifwJh apwem&Sdw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfw,f? 'Dvdk
apwem&Sdvsufom;eJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJh udpPudk ajymaeovJqdkwm usr em;rvnfEkdifygbl;?
'Dawmh pOf;pm;p&m trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJh pGyfpJGcsufwifaeovJ?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk rSefuefwJh owif;awGudk ray;aevdk‹vm;? 'grSr[kwf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹
pdwfxJrSm&SdwJh[mudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rajymEkdifvdk‹vm;vdk‹ usr ar;&rSmyJ? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? usru/ usrvdk‹awmh rajymbl;vdk‹ayghav? 'gayrJh
t"duajymoGm;wm usrqdkawmh usrvdk‹ 0efcHyghr,f? e0wtxJrSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if pdwfoabmxm;
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[kwfw,f/ usr ajymygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usr 'Dvdkajym&ovJqdkawmh +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;
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trsm;jynfolodwJhtwdkif;yJ ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDbufudk xdk;ESufaew,f?
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rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;/ w&m;Oya'eJ‹ rudkufnDwJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqef=uygvdk‹ usrwdk‹
ajymwmyJ? wae‹ujzpfoGm;ovdk w&m;±Hk;rSm tmrcHay;&r,fh yk'frwckudk tmrcHray;wJh trdef‹tm%m/
w&m;Oya'udk azmufcsKd;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsKd;udk usrwdk‹ uGef‹uGuf&r,f/ zDqef&r,f?
aemufwck usr ajymcsifygw,f? tJh'D tif;pdefw&m;±Hk;rSm/ 'Dvdk rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mESifh
rw&m;wJh Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufoGm;wJh ±Hk;rSmqkdvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if; "gwfyHk}uD;udk csdwfxm;ygw,f? 'gudkvnf;
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ar;&rSmyJ? bmrS OD;ae0if;eJ‹ 'Dwkdif;jynfe‹J oufqkdifjcif;r&Sdawmhbl;vdk‹ usr ,lqygw,f?
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ygrSmayghav? yHkawGuawmh csdwfp&mawG trsm;}uD;yJ? 'Dawmh orwa[mif;rsm; "gwfyHkcsdwfwJh
tpOftvmawmh 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm rjzpfoifhbl;vdk‹ usr xifygw,f? aemufqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ±Hk;awGrSm
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'Dawmh e0w taeeJ‹ bmaumif;wmawG vkyfcJhovJqkad wmh usru pOf;pm;&if;/ pOf;pm;&if;eJ‹
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raumif;vm; usr rajymEdkifbl;? 'Dawmh 'DvkdudpPawGrSm 'DvdktajctaeawGrSm usr e0w udk
wifjycsifw,f? yef;+cHawGbmawG rvkyfaeygeJ‹? xHk;awG bmawG rokwfaeygeJ‹? jynfolvlxku 'gawG
rvdkvm;bl;? wHwm;awGvnf; rvdkcsifygbl;? jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh wHwm;[m wckyJ&Sdw,f? 'Drdkua&pD
jrefjrefqefqefa&mufr,fh wHwm;yJ? 'Dawmh tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;udk ausmfv$m;+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pD
jrefjrefqefqefa&mufEkdifr,fh tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkwJh wHwm;}uD;udk wnfaqmufay;yg?
'DwHwm;}uD;wckyJ wnfaqmufay;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m trsm;}uD;auseyfaerSmyg? 'gtwGufyJ
usrwdk‹ awmif;aewmyJ?
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usrwdk‹ ajymp&mawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ rawmfrw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkudk
+cdrf;ajcmufaeovJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wpn[m EkdifiHawmfb¾mrsm;/ EdkifiHawmfypPnf;rsm;
oHk;aewmudk b,fvdkta&;,lygovJ? 'Dvkad r;p&mawG usrwdk‹ trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ jynfolvlxkauseyfzdk‹twGuf vkyfay;p&mawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? usrwdk‹[m
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'Dawmh tcktcsdefrSm jynfolvlxk[m tifrwefrS pdwfyifyef;/ udk,fyifyef;&Sdygw,f? qefaps;awGuvnf;
}uD;w,f? ukefaps;awGuvnf; tifrwefrS }uD;w,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; qif;&Jw,f? wae‹xufwae‹
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;[mvnf; enf;vmw,f? usrwdk‹bufu tzrf;tqD;cH&wJhvlawGuvnf;
wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;vmw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdktcuftcJawG=um;xJu v_yf&Sm;ae&wJh jynfolvlxk[m
bmjzpfvdk‹ 'DavmufawmifrS 'kuQcHae&ovJqdkwm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif oHk;oyfapcsifygw,f?
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vdkcsifvdk‹yJ? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; vdkcsifvdk‹yJ? tcktcsdefrSm vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;±_H;ae&wm
epfemvGef;vdk‹/ tepfem quf+yD;cH+yD;awmh &wJhtxd vkyfr,fqdkwJh ZJGeJ‹ jynfolvlxk[m v_yf&Sm;aewmyJ?
'gudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif em;vnfapcsifygw,f? jynfolvlxk[m wyfrawmfeJ‹ xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifygbl;?
'gvnf; usr odwmyJ? vufeufr&SdwJh jynfolvlxk[m aoewfudkifxm;wJh wyfrawmfom;awGeJ‹
b,fxdyfwdkufawG‹csifyghrvJ? usrwdk‹uvnf; rawG‹apcsifygbl;? usr c%c% ajymygw,f? usrwdk‹
jynfolvlxkxJrS aemufxyf wa,mufrS aoG;ajrrusapcsifygbl;? wpn0ifyJjzpfjzpf/ usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf0ifyJjzpfjzpf/ omref b,fygwD0ifrrS [kwfwJh jynfolvlxkyJjzpfjzpf/
b,fol‹bufurS aoG;ajrrusapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfbufuvnf; jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yÉdyuQjzpfjcif;tm;jzifh
b,fol‹udkrS aoG;ajrrusapcsifygbl;? 'g[m rjzpfoifhwJhudpPyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif rdef‹cGef;xJrSmvnf;
ygoGm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m a&SŒwef;rSm trsm;}uD;yJ usqHk;ae&ygw,f? a&SŒwef;rSm
usrwdk‹ wyfrawmfom;rsm; usqHk;w,fqdkwm 0rf;omp&mudpPr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹EkdifiHtwGuf trsm;}uD;
0rf;enf;p&mudpPjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk a&SŒwef;rSm usrwdk‹ wyfrawmfom;rsm; usqHk;aewmvnf; =umyg+yD?
jynfwGif;ppf}uD;a=umifh 'DvkdyJ usqHk;ae=u&ygw,f? 'DjynfwGif;ppf}uD; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf (26) ESpftwGif;
OD;ae0if; bmvkyfcJhovJ? bmrSrvkyfcJhygbl;?

22

owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 6

Towif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGudk 1989 ckESpfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrfY usif;yonf[k ,lq&aomfvnf;

usif;yonfhae‹&ufudk pmwnf;taeESifh odEkdifpGrf;r&Sdyg?
* * *
usrwdk‹ 'Dae‹ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrSmawmh &Si;f p&mawGu trsm;}uD;ygyJ? b,fup&rSef;awmif
rodygbl;? tJh'Dawmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; pvdkufwmuawmh e0w&JΠowif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGuae pvdkufwm
ydk+yD;awmh tqifajyvdrfhr,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? tck e0w[m qdkvdk‹&Sd&if =umoyaw;ae‹wkef;u
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck vkyfoGm;ygw,f? 'Dowif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG&JΠt"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh
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'DudpPav;awGudkawmh usr ajz&Sif;csifygw,f? b,fbufu tjypf&Sdw,f/ b,fbufu tjypfr&Sdbl;qdkwm
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wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGuf usr ajymoGm;wmyg? wyfrawmfu nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ jynfolvlxkbufu
&yfwnfzdk‹twGuf ajymoGm;wmyg? wyfrawmf[m wEkdifiHvHk;twGuf jzpfygw,f? vlwa,muftwGuf
r[kwfygbl;? vlwpktwGuf r[kwfygbl;qdkwm azaz wyfrawmfudk xlaxmifuwnf;u ajymcJhwJhudpPyg?
'Dtwkdif;yJ usr quf+yD;ajymoGm;rSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh 'D[majymwmudk b,fvdkwyfrawmfòyduJGatmif
vkyfovJqdkwm usr ar;&rSmyJ? bmrS wyfrawmfudk òyduJGapcsifwJhpdwfawG rygygbl;?
 wcgxJ quf+yD;awmh ajym&rSm eJeJawmh uav;uvm;awmh qefygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf;
ajymp&m&Sdwmawmh ajymoGm;&rSmyJ? usruae+yD;awmhvnf; rdk‹rdk‹jrifhatmifvdk wyfrawmfudk
o0%fv$mawGbmawG ydk‹+yD;awmh tm;ray;bl;qdkwJhudpPyg? 'g usr rae‹u tif;pdefrSmvnf; ajymcJhygw,f?
usrtaeeJ‹awmh r,foa0grSm wyfrawmfom;awG wdkufaewm o0%fv$mawmh rydk‹cJhbl;? [kwfw,f?
tckvnf; ydk‹zdk‹rpOf;pm;ygbl;? 'gayrJh r,foa0grSmoGm;+yD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ESpfodrfhygqdk&if usr
ESpfodrfhr,f? reufjzefoGm;qdk&if usr oGm;r,f? usr oGm;&Jygw,f? usr wyfrawmfom;rsm;tay:
apwemtjynfht0xm;ygw,f? ta0;uae+yD;awmh pma&;ae±HkeJ‹awmh rauseyfaeygbl;? wu,fyJ
oGm;+yD;awmh usr ðypkay;yghr,f? tJ'Dawmh wu,fawmh wyfrawmftay:rSm apwem&Sdvm;/ r&Sdvm; e0w
u odapcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrudk r,foa0goGm;zdk‹ zdwfac:vdkufyg? usr oGm;yghr,f? 'Dvdk r[kwf/ rrSefwJh
ao;odrfwJhenf;awGeJ‹ usreJ‹ wyfrawmf=um; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfaewm usr eJeJrS róudufygbl;?
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSm usru pdwf0rf;uJaG tmifvkyfw,fvdk‹ ajymw,f? trSefrSmuawmh usreJ‹
wyfrawmf=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGatmif tck e0w u vkyfaew,f? 'g bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfaewmvJ? usr
ar;&rSmyJ? OD;ae0if;&JΠn$ef=um;csuft& vkyfaewmvm;qdkwm usr ar;csifygw,f? 'Dvdkar;wJhtcgusawmh
b,fvdkjyefajzrvJ/ usru wyfrawmfudk òyduJGatmifvyk fw,fvdk‹ jyefajzrSmvm;? bmrS usr wyfrawmfudk
òyduJGatmifvkyfwJhudpPawG rygygbl;? 'g yxrtcsuf? usr wyfrawmfudk ròyduJGapcsifbl;? wyfrawmfxJu
rSefrSefuefuef *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ EkdifiHawmf&JŒ opPmcHrsm; jzpfapcsifw,f? 'gawmh usr xyfwvJvJ
ajymoGm;rSmyJ? 'kwd,udpPuawmh Auy udpP? usrwdk‹udk uGefjrLepf/ uGefjrLepfqdk+yD;awmh pGyfpJGwm=umyg+yD?
enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹ pGyfpJGcJhw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u pGyfpJGcJhw,f? e0w u pGyfpJGcJhw,f? wyfrawmfxJu tcsKdŒu
pGyfpJGcJhw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wyfrawmfxJrSm rrSefuefwJh 0g'jzef‹csda&;awG&Sdw,fvdk‹ usr ajymcJhw,f?
usr xyf+yD;awmh ajymyghr,f? usr 'DudpPudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk rsufEmS csif;qdkif+yD;awmhudk ajymcJhw,f?
wyfrawmfxJrSm usreJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ r[kwfrrSefuefwJh 0g'jzef‹csda&;awG vkyfaew,f? 'gudk usr
róudufygbl;qdkwm usr ajymcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfxJrSm qkdvdk‹&Sd&if usrudk yk*~Kdvfa&;t&
wkdufcdkufwmawG&Sdw,f? uGefjrLepfqdk+yD; wdkufcdkufwmawG&Sdw,f? tJ'Dawmh bma=umifhrsm; usrudk
uGefjrLepfqdk+yD; wdkufcdkufovJ? wcgwavusawmh usrudk CIA qdk+yD;awmh wdkufcdkufvdkufao;w,f?
tJ'Dawmh CIA eJ‹ uGefjrLepfqdkwm/ rwlbl;qdkwm/ em;vnf=u&JŒvm;? uGefjrLepfeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pD
rwlbl;qdkwmvnf; em;vnf=u&JŒvm;? 'DvdkyJ usr ar;&awmhrSmyJ? [dkwae‹uvm;/ rae‹uvm;?
vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ uGefjrLepfqdkwm jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf;ygwJh?
rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ odygw,f? usrwd‹k u 'Drdkua&pDyg? 'Dawmh vkyfom;jynfol‹taeeJ‹ 'Davmufodae+yDqdk&if
usrwdk‹[m uGefjrLepfr[kwfEkdifbl;qdkwm odzdk‹vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
vkyfaewJhtiftm;pkawGyg? 'D Auy / Auy qdk+yD;awmh ajymaewm usrqdk&if Auy /
acgif;xJawmifrxnfhbl;? e0w uom Auy ta=umif; wcsdefvHk;pOf;pm;aewm? tJ'Dawmh Auy
enf;vrf;awGudk usrwdk‹u oHk;aew,fwJh/ usrwd‹k [m trdef‹tm%m/ rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%m/ 'guvnf;
e0w u oHk;pJGoGm;wJh toHk;tE_ef;ygaemf? usrwdk‹ajymwJhtwkdif;ygyJ/ rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udkom
usrwdk‹ zDqefrSmyg/ 'Dtwdkif; usrwdk‹ ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'gvnf; e0w owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrSmawmh
rSefrSefuefuef tJh'Davmufawmh ajymoGm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk zDqefzdk‹
&nf&G,fw,fvdk‹? [kwfygw,f? rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk usrwdk‹ zDqefrSmyg? rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%m
zDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹ pOf;pm;vdk‹&Sd&if usr acgif;xJrSm Auy &,fvdk‹ b,fawmhrS ray:vmbl;?
r[wWr*ENDwdk‹/ tJh'DvdkvlawGyJ usracgif;xJrSm ay:ay:vmygw,f? 'Dvdk r[wWr*ENDwdk‹vdk rSefrSefuefuefeJ‹
rdrdwdk‹&JŒ wdkif;jynftusKd;twGuf xrf;aqmifoGm;wJh yk*~Kdvf}uD;awG&JŒ rsufESmom usr rsufpda&SŒrSm
ay:vmygw,f? e0w rsufpda&SŒrSmawmh b,fhES,fh Auy ay:ay:aerSef; usr rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwkd‹[m
Auy enf;vrf;awGudk oHk;wmr[kwfygbl;? pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;ususeJ‹
rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mawG zDqefzdk‹qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f? aoaocsmcsmvnf; usrwdk‹
ta=umif;=um;ygw,f?
(21) &ufae‹ ajreDukef;wkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ r0w±Hk;ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;wJhtcgwkef;u
'DAdkvfrª;}uD;udk usr ajymcJhygw,f? usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mjzpfwJh usrwdk‹&JŒ vGwfvyfpGm
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifhudk [ef‹wm;wJhtrdef‹udk zDqefrvdk‹jzpfygw,f? 'DvdkzDqefwJhae&mrSm usrwdk‹[m pepfwus
pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd zDqefoGm;rSmyg? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wm0ef,lr,fhyk*~KdvfawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? tJh'Dawmh
'Dtm%mzDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ jzpfay:vmr,fhudpPrSefor#udk acgif;cHr,fhyk*~KdvfawG &Sd+yD;om;yg? usrwdk‹udk
vm+yD;awmh ta=umif;=um;yg? 'DvlawG[m wm0ef,lyghr,fvdk‹ usr aoaocsmcsm ajymoGm;ygw,f? bmrS
rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹/ v#KdŒ0SufwJhenf;awGeJ‹/ rlawGeJ‹/ qlylwJhenf;awGeJ‹ vkyfzdk‹r[kwfbl;/ r&Sdbl;qdkwm
&Sif;ygw,f? aoaocsmcsmudk usrwdk‹ b,fvdkvkyfrvJqdkwm ajymoGm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹[m quf+yD;awmh
xkwfoifhwJhpm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh xkwfyghr,f? 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk quf+yD;awmh
wwfEkdifor# jynfolvlxku jyef‹yGm;=uygvdk‹ usr awmif;cHyghr,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ vkyfoGm;r,fqdk+yD;awmh usr
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymoGm;ygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh usrwdk‹vkyfr,fh tcrf;tem;awGeJ‹
usif;yr,fhtcrf;tem;awGeJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹ aemuf wvESpfvtwGif; Zlvkdifv (7) &ufae‹/ Zlvkdifv (19)
&ufae‹/ =o*kwfv (8) &ufae‹/ pufwifbmv (18) &ufae‹ pojzifh tJh'Dae‹awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹
tcrf;tem;awG usif;yoGm;zdk‹ tpDtpOfawG&Sdygw,f? 'Dtcrf;tem;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ b,fv
usif;yr,fqdkwm odcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk aqG;aEG;yg/ wkdifyifyg/ nd‡E_dif;yg? b,fvdkjzpfapcsifw,fqdkwmvnf;
usrwdk‹udk ajymyg? usrwdk‹ aqG;aEG;yghr,f? usr 'Dtxd ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'gawG bmjzpfvdk‹ xnfh+yD;rajymvJ?
tqifajyEkdifr_twGuf usr óud;pm;wJhudpPawGudk zHk;uG,fxm;w,f? usru qlylatmif v_H‹aqmfaew,fvdk‹
wcsdefvHk; ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr qlylatmif wcgrS rv_‹H aqmfcJhbl;? qlylwmudk usr róudufbl;? aoG;ºuGwJh
EkdifiHa&;vkyfenf;udk róudufbl;qdkwmvnf; usr c%c% ajymoGm;w,f?
aemufawmhvnf; wyfrawmfxJrSm r[kwfwJh 0g'jzef‹csda&;wck[m usru ausmif;om;awGudk
trsKd;rsKd;aoG;qGay;aew,f? ausmif;om;awGudk toHk;ðyaew,f? ausmif;om;awGudk qlylatmifvdk‹
vkyfay;aew,f/ tm;ay;aew,fqdk+yD;awmh ajymaew,f? tJh'gvnf; vHk;vHk;rrSeyf gbl;? ausmif;om;awGudk
usr ajymwmyJ? vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD;awmh vkyfwJhEdkifiHa&;rsKd; róudufbl;? wcsKdŒausmif;om;rsm;[m
'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ rausreyfawmifrS jzpfoGm;ao;w,f? usr ajymw,f/ róudufbl;vdk‹ 'g aoG;xGufwJh
EkdifiHa&;rsKd;yJvdk‹? EdkifiHa&;vkyfw,fqdkwm acgif;at;at;eJ‹ vkyf&wm? pifay:wuf+yD;awmh vufckyfcsLwJh
EdkifiHa&;rsKd; róudufbl;qdkwm usr ajymoGm;w,f? tckvnf; usr 'Dtwkdif;yJ quf+yD;awmh ajymrSmyJ?
ausmif;om;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;vkyfzdk‹ wm0ef&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJhae&mrSm rSefrSefuefuef
vkyfoGm;&r,f? jynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmf+yD;awmh/ aoG;qlatmifvkyf+yD;awmh udk,fhudkudk,f
xifay:ausmf=um;wJh vlwa,mufjzpfcsifvdk‹ vkyfwJh EkdifiHa&;rsKd; rjzpf&bl;qdkwm usr c%c% ajymw,f?
'gawGusawmh e0w u bmjzpfvdk‹ xnfh+yD;awmh rajymovJ? 'gvnf; oufouf r[kwfrrSefwJhenf;eJ‹
usrudk wkdufcdkufwmyJ?
aemuf+yD;awmh wcgxJ ajymoGm;ao;w,f? usru jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apmfum;ykwfcwfaeovdkvkd?
'gvnf; usrudk oufoufrJh wdkufcdkufwmyJ? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ jrwfpGmbk&m;[m
omrefvlwa,mufomjzpfw,fvdk‹ ajymw,fqdk+yD;awmh usrudk pGyfpJGw,f? 'g tifrwefrS atmufwef;uswJh
pGyfpJGcsufyJ? usr ajymoGm;wJh[m óud;pm;&if bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,f? 'g usrwdk‹ qdk±dk;pum;yJ? usr wDxGifwJhpum;
r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ ArmvlrsKd;rSefor# 'Dpum;udk od&r,f? óud;pm;vdk‹&Sd&if bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,f? óud;pm;=uyg?
jrifhjrifh}uH=uyg? usru ajymw,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;[m vl‹b0uae+yD;awmh bk&m;jzpfoGm;wmyJ? tJh'Dawmh
óud;pm;&if bk&m;jzpfw,fqdkwJh tqdkudk acgif;xJrSm pJGpJG+rJ+rJxm;+yD;awmh udk,fhudkudk,f jr‡ifhwif=uyg? 'gudk usr
ajymoGm;wmyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk b,fvdkrS apmfum;wmr[kwfbl;? 'gudkvnf; odvsufom;eJ‹ e0w[m
uav;qefqef atmufwef;ususeJ‹ usrudk rrSefuefwJhenf;awGeJ‹ wdkufckdufoGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh
Ak'<bmomr[kwf=uvdk‹vm;? e0wrsm;[m/ e0w t&m&Sdrsm;[m Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; jzpfvdk‹&Sd&if
odoifhodxdkufygw,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwm vl‹avmuurS yGifhEkdifwm? jA[Rmavmuwdk‹/
ewfavmuwdk‹uae ryGifhEkdifbl;? vl‹b0urS bk&m;yGifhEdkifw,fqdkwm e0w u vl}uD;rsm; rod=ubl;vm;?
aemuf 'DavmufawmifrS Ak'<bk&m;udk udkif;±_dif;w,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if yxrOD;qHk; ig;yg;oDvudkom
+rJatmifvkyf=uyg? usrqdkwmvnf; wcgrS yg%mwdygwm rusL;vGefcJhygbl;? rkom0g'qdkwmvnf; wcgrS
rusL;vGefcJhbl;? tJh'Dawmh e0w vl}uD;rsm;[m wu,fyJ Ak'<bmomudk ±dkaow,f/ wu,fyJ usrwdk‹&JŒ
Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd ±dkaow,f/ av;pm;w,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if yg%mwdygwmeJ‹ rkom0g'udkawmh a&SmifusOf=uygvdk‹
usr ajym&rSmyJ?
tJh'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJhenf;awGeJ‹ wkdufcdkufaewm[m ajyvnfr_&Smaewmvm;? e0w u
ajymoGm;awmh nd‡E_dif;zdk‹/ aqG;aEG;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹ pOf;pm;wJhtcg usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ twdkuftcdkufawG rsm;vGef;vdk‹yJ
rnd‡E_dif;Ekdifovdkvdk/ raqG;aEG;Edkifovdkvdk/ rwdkifyifEkdifovdkvdk ajymoGm;w,f? b,fESpfcg&Sd+yDvJ? usrwdk‹
ajymoGm;wm/ aqG;aEG;yg/ nd‡E_dif;yg/ wkdifyifyg/ ajyvnfr_&Smyg? 'grSyJ wkdif;jynfoufomr,f? 'grSvnf;
vlxk[m oufomr,f? c%c% ajymvsufeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm; (200) ausmfw,f/
b,fvdkvkyfaqG;aEG;EkdifrSmvJ/ tcsdefray;Ekdifbl;qdk+yD;awmh ajymoGm;w,f? tckusawmh b,fhES,fh
wrsKd;ajymjyef+yD? tJh'Dvdk tckwrsKd;/ tckwrsKd; ajymvGef;vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m e0wtay:rSm
,Hk=unfr_r&SdEkdifwmaygh? 'gayrJh usr jyef+yD;awmh ajymyghr,f? e0w tm;vHk;ay:rSm r[kwfygbl;? e0wxJu
vlenf;pkyJ? e0wxJu OD;ae0if;&JŒ opPmcHwcsKdŒuom 'Dvdkvkyfaew,fvdk‹ usru ,Hk=unfw,f? 'Dawmh
usr ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;awmh usr ajymoGm;&rSmyJ? 'g[m rrSefbl;qdkvdk‹ usrudk ac:+yD;awmh &Sif;vif;yg?
usrudk em;vnfatmifajymvdk‹&Sd&if usr em;vnfEkdifygw,f? usr 'Davmuf rxHkygbl;? oabmaygufatmif
ajymEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if usr oabmaygufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk oabmaygufapcsifvdk‹&Sd&if ac:yg/ aqG;aEG;yg/
&Sif;jyyg? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹/ rrSefuefwJhenf;awGeJ‹ wdkufcdkufwm[m wkdif;jynftwGufvnf;
trsm;}uD; *k%foduQmusygw,f? usrwdk‹EkdifiH&JŒ wckwnf;aom owif;pmu 'Dvdkenf;awGeJ‹
wdkufcdkufaew,f/ 'Dvdkatmufwef;usus a&;om;aew,fqdkawmh usrwdk‹EkdifiHtwGuf
b,favmufepfemp&maumif;ovJ? b,favmuf0rf;enf;p&maumif;ovJ? usrvnf; 'DvHk;wdk‹/ om*pdk;wdk‹/
'dk;uav;wdk‹ acgif;xJrSmudk vnfaewmyJ? bmawGrSef;udk rodbl; ajymvdkufwmawGuvJ? tpr&Sd/ tqHk;r&Sd?
'g[m tjypfvm;/ [dk[m tjypfvm;? usruawmh tm;vHk;òcH+yD;awmh ajymvdkufcsifw,f?
wkdif;oljynfom;vlrsm; pdwfqif;&JapwJh udpPrSefor#[m tjypfyJ? 'gyJ usrajymr,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf
wkdif;oljynfom;vlrsm; pdwfqif;&Japcsifw,fqdk&if pdwfqif;&Japw,fqdkwJh udpPqdkwm tjypfyJ? 'gawGudk
qifjcif=uyg? r[kwfrrSefuefwmajymwmvnf; tjypfyJ? usrwdk‹ Ak'<bmomawGyJ? rkom0g'qdkwm tjypfaygh?
'g usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? rkom;qdkwm rajymoifhygbl;? 'Dawmh trsKd;rsKd;enf;awGeJ‹ usrwdk‹udk
wdkufcdkufvmw,f? usrwdk‹udk wdkufcdkufvmwJh txJrSmvnf; usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu
vli,fwa,muf udkpkd;odef;udpPvnf; qJG+yD;awmh xnfhvdkufao;w,f? usrwdk‹ em;vnfoavmufu
udkpdk;odef;udk 'DaxmufvSrf;a&;wdk‹/ tm%mydkiftzJG‹tpnf;rsm;u vdkufaew,fvdk‹ em;vnfygw,f?
aemufqHk;usawmh 'g[m vlr_a&;udpPvdk‹ ajymygw,f? vlr_a&;udpP azmufjym;vdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrSm pnf;awG/ urf;awG &Sdygw,f? 'Dpnf;rsOf;awGt&/
'Dpnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;Oya't& usrwdk‹[m ta&;,lrmS jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh tckwrsKd;/ tckwrsKd;ajym/
ta&SŒuwrsKd;ajym/ aemufuwrsKd;ajym/ tvkyfuwrsKd; tajymuwrsKd;qdkawmh usrwdk‹rSm tifrwefrS
pOf;pm;&cufygw,f?
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usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfzdk‹qdkwm b,favmufvdkvJqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? e0wtaeeJ‹
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGvkyfvdkufw,f? jrefrmhtoHuae a=unmvdkufw,f? vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfxJrSm
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wcsKdŒuawmh xifrSmayghav? ola&;xm;wm =unfhvdkufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh apwemeJ‹vkyfwm r[kwfygbl;qdkwm
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jynfhjynfhpHkpHk owif;pmxJrSm xnfhay;yg? rSefrSefuefuef vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfxJrSm ygvmr,f/
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ajreDukef;rSmayghav? tJ'Dvdk jrefrmhtoHuajymovdk vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfu a&;ovdkawmh usr
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usr jyef+yD;awmh &Sif;jy&r,f? 'Dtwkdif;jzpfwmvJ r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dae‹ prf;acsmif;rSm usrwdk‹
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jrifoavmufawmh ESpfaxmif/ oHk;axmifavmuf&Sdw,fvdk‹ jrifygw,f? 'gayrJh jrefrmhtoHuawmh
ig;&mavmufyJjrifw,fvdk‹ qdkw,f? usrwdk‹tjrifcsif;uawmh odyfrwlbl;ayghav? usrwdk‹ 'D±Hk;uae
jyefvmawmh/ jyefvmwJhtcgusawmh (wdyfacG =um;xJrSm jywfoGm;) a&mufvm+yD;awmh yef;pnf;av;csw,f/
yef;pnf;av;cs+yD;awmh tav;ðyw,f? odyfvnf;rrsm;ygbl; (15) a,mufavmuf? usrwdk‹rSm
"gwfyHkawG&Sdygw,f/ =unfhcsifvdk‹&Sd&if/ (15) a,mufavmufyJ? tm;vHk; at;at;aq;aq;yJ? bmrS
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awG‹vdkuf&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrajymw,f? jyefoGm;r,f? 'Dvdk ausmif;om;awGudk zrf;wmqD;wm usrwdk‹
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'Dvdkawmh vspfv#L±_xm;vdk‹ r&bl;qdk+yD; usr yef;pnf;wckoGm;,l+yD;awmh jyef+yD;awmhcsygw,f?
csvmwJhtcgusawmh usrwdk‹eJ‹ygvmwJh vli,fwa,mufudk zrf;oGm;w,f? usr bmrSrvkyfygbl;?
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aoewfazmufaewm[m jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaewmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaewmudk
usruae+yD;awmh OyuQmðy+yD;awmh ypfoGm;w,fqdkwm roifhawmfbl;qdk+yD; usr jyef+yD;vSnfhvmygw,f?
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“bmvJ/ armif;rajy;eJ‹ ypfr,f/” [m b,folu armif;ajy;aevdk‹vJ? wrifoufoufjyefvmwm?
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tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk; twlwlwufygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdefusawmh usrb,folvJqdkwm
ab;ut&m&Sdrsm;u aumif;aumif;odw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'DrwdkifcifrSmyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
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usr aoG;}uD;&ma&mufOD;r,f? rodvdk‹yJaygh? usrwdk‹udk TE 11 ay:rSm wufqdkwm/ wufygw,f?
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r0w±Hk;a&mufwJhtcgusawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk; xkdif+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;=uwmayghav?
aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgusawmh usr ajymygw,f? 'D 2§88 udkawmh vdkufemvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? vlig;a,mufeJ‹
EdkifiHa&;vkyfzdk‹qdkwmuawmh rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹[m bmrS qlqlylylvnf; vkyfrSmr[kwfygbl;?
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&Sif;jyoGm;+yD;om;yg? 'gayrJh 'gawGtm;vHk; jrefrmhtoHuvnf; r&Sif;jyoGm;ygbl;? 'Dawmh 'DudpPrSmvnf;
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ausmif;om;rsm;eJ‹ oHCmawmfrsm;jzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ ausmif;om;rsm;/
&[ef;&Sifvljynfolvlxkrsm;[m qlylcsifwJhvlxkr[kwfbl;? owfjzwfcsifwJh vlxkr[kwfbl;?
wa,muftay:wa,muf =uifemwJhvlxkqdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? OD;odef;rdk;[m tvkyform;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDxJu pnf;±Hk;a&;wm0efcHqdkwm oGm;+yD;awmh aumufwJh ausmif;om;av;awG
odygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG oGm;+yD;aumufwJh tcgwkef;u ol toufrxGufao;ygbl;?
olb,folqdkwm olajymEkdifygw,f? ol‹&JŒ u'fjym;awGbmawGvnf; ausmif;om;awGu awG‹ygw,f?
'gayrJhvnf; igwdk‹&efol}uD;qdk+yD;awmh rypfxm;ygbl;? ausmif;om;av;rsm;u o,foGm;ygw,f?
aq;±Hkta&muf vdkufydk‹ay;zdk‹ pDpOfygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGudk bmjzpfvdk‹ 'DavmufawmifrS
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'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%m zDqefw,fqdkwm/ 'Dvdk rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk
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pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk xkwfa0wJh yHkESdyfpufwckudkvnf; csdyfydwfcJhygw,f? trsKd;rsKd;yJ
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wu,fyJ ajyvnfapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if enf;wenf;yJ&Sdw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'g usr e0wudk 'Duae
ajymvdkufygw,f? wu,fyJajyvnfapcsifw,f/ wu,fyJ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkeJ‹
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zDqefoGm;wmyJ? usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkudk ajymw,f? trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%m[lor#udk
wm0eft& zDqef=uyg? wm0eft& zDqef&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm wm0ef&Sdw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fzdk‹ wm0ef&Sdw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usrwdk‹ ajymoGm;wmyJ? 'DtxJrSm qlylzdk‹
v_H‹aqmfwm rygygbl;? apmapmu usrajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? ararhpsmyeudpPwkef;uawmh
qlylcsifwJhtpdwftydkif;awGudk usrwdk‹ xdef;oGm;ygw,f? rvkyfygeJ‹/ 'g[m roifhawmfygbl;? tckvnf; usrwdk‹
xdef;oGm;rSmyJ? usrwdk‹bufuawmh usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudkawmh
aumif;aumif;xdef;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf vufwJG+yD;awmh
vkyfaewJhtzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; xdef;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tzsuform;awG
&Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ odygw,f? 'Dtzsuform;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDudk rvkdvm;wJh
vlawGuxnfhxm;wJh tzsuform;vdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf/ b,favmufyJ
at;at;csrf;csrf;vkyfzdk‹ óud;pm;/ óud;pm;/ wa,mufESpfa,mufu =um;0if+yD;awmh v_H‹aqmfvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if
jy\emwufwwfygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; usrwdk‹ tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if pepfwusvkyfxm;wma=umifh
'Djy\emawGudk xdef;oGm;EkdifwJh tajctaea&mufae+yDqdkwm usr xifygw,f? usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif+yD;awmh e0w u vkyfr,fqdk&if tm;vHk; tqifajyEkdifygw,f?
'Dawmh usr tm;vHk;òcH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdk&if/ bmjzpfvdk‹qdkawmh owif;pmq&mrsm;uvnf;
ar;p&m&SdOD;rSmyg? tm;vHk;òcH+yD;ajym&&if wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;udk usr vHk;vHk;rvdkvm;ygbl;? wyfrawmfudk
*k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ aeapcsifw,f? Auy eJ‹ usrqdkwmvnf; vHk;vHk;tqufr&Sdygbl;? usr uGefjrLepf0g'udk
,Hkvnf;r,Hk=unfbl;? tm;vnf;tm;ray;bl;? uGefjrLepfenf;vrf;awGeJ‹vnf; usrwdk‹ vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;?
usrwdk‹u 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& vkyfaewmyJ? usrwdk‹[m qlylv_H‹aqmfr_qdkwmudkvnf; 0goemrygygbl;?
qlylwmudkvnf; usrwdk‹ rvdkvm;ygbl;? tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vdkcsifwJh
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;apcsifygw,f? usr[m pnf;urf;trsm;}uD; tav;xm;w,fqdkwm e0w
odygw,f? usr&JŒrdef‹cGef;awG 'DavmufawmifrS aphaphpyfpyf avhvmaew,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Davmufqdk&ifawmh
odaumif;yg+yD? t+rJyJ pnf;urf;&Sd&r,f/ pnf;urf;&Sd&r,fvdk‹ usr ajymygw,f? nDnGwf&r,f?
pnf;urf;&Sd&r,f? wyfrawmfudk oufoufrJh/ tvum;oufouf ykwfcwfwm r&Sd&bl;qdkwm usr
c%c%ajymwJhudpPqdkwm usrrdef‹cGef;a[mif;awGudk 'DavmufawmifrS aphaphpyfpyfavhvmxm;wJh
e0wuawmh odrSmjzpfygw,f?
'gha=umifh ajyvnfr_ &Smapcsifw,f? wu,fyJ wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemxm;w,f/ wu,fyJ
jynfolawGvdkcsifwJh vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyJGrsm; vkyfay;csifwJhqEN &Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
nd‡E_dif;yg? aqG;aEG;yg? wkdifyifyg? wzufowf ykwfcwfwdkufckdufwJh udpPawGuadk wmh rvkyfaeygeJ‹vdk‹ usr
ajymcsifygw,f?

23

jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf
1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae‹ tóudrdef‹cGef;
* * *
 usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk 'Dvdktm;ay;wJhtwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹&JŒ vkyfief;awGudk trsKd;rsKd;yJ wdkufcdkufaew,fqdkwm trsm;od+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tck
'Dvdkjynfolvlxk}uD;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ a&mufvmwmjrifwJhtwGufvnf; usr trsm;}uD;0rf;omw,f?
'DbufrSm vufeufudkifwyfawG r&SdwJhtwGufvnf; usrwdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ 0rf;omygw,f? usrwdk‹
t+rJyJajymygw,f? vufeufukdifwyfrsm; r&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdygw,f?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm; a&mufrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdwmyg? 'ga=umifh e0w taeeJ‹
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udkvnf; oufomapcsifw,f/ jynfolvlxkudkvnf; pdwfoufomapcsifw,f
qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk‹ pnf;±Hk;pka0;wJhae&mrSm vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;udk rv$wfzdk‹qdkwm tifrwefrS
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹u rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;/ trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh
trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ trsKd;rsKd; wdkufcdkufajymqdkaeygw,f? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJh
trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm Auy qefw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfygbl;?
rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;pOfjzpfygw,f? usr 'DudpPudk
&Sif;jyyghr,f?
ppf+yD;wJhtcg +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&uae+yD;awmh vGwfvyfa&;&atmifvdk‹ wdkufae&wJhtcsdefrSm
rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqef&r,fqdk+yD;awmh azazwdk‹ zqyv uae+yD;awmh ajymcJhygw,f?
'Dtwdkif;yJ aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? 1946 ckESpfrmS qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;
zDqef&r,fqdkwm[m zqyv nDvmcHrSmudk ajymoGm;ygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JΠvGwfvyfpGm a[majymydkifcGifh/
pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ pDwef;vrf;av#mufydkifcGifhudk csKyfcs,fwJh +Adwdo#tpdk;&&JŒ tm%mudk zDqefw,fqdk+yD;awmh
azazukd,fwkdifyJ ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefwm/
jynfolvlxk&JŒ vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefwm[m
atmifqef;vrf;pOft& vkyfw,fqdkwm usr e0wukd ajymjycsifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm e0wtaeeJ‹
qHk;jzwfzdk‹[m wckyJ&Sdygw,f? atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk vdkufrSmvm;/ ae0if;&JŒ rqv vrf;pOfudk vdkufrSmvm;?
'gyJ usr ar;&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ ESdrfeif;w,fqdkwm[m atmifqef;vrf;pOf
r[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zdESdyfw,f/ [ef‹wm;w,fqdkwmvnf;
atmifqef;vrf;pOf r[kwfygbl;? zqyvtaeeJ‹ +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&&JŒ rw&m;whJ trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk
zDqefaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfolvlxk[m tckxuf ydk+yD;awmh trsm;}uD; tcGifhta&;awG&Sdygw,f?
'gudk usr axmufjyr,f? tJ'Dwkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if owif;pmawG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ykdifcGifh&Sdw,f? tJh'DvdktcsdefrSmawmifrS vGwfvGwfvyfvyf jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ a[majym/
pDwef;vrf;av#mufykdifcGifh r&Sdvdk‹qdk+yD; azaz[m zqyvudk OD;aqmif+yD;awmh rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk
zDqef&r,fqdk+yD;awmh aqmf=ocJhygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jrefrmawGtkyfpdk;wJhtcsdefrS
vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifhawmifrS r&Sdbl;? 'DtcGifhta&;qdkwmvnf; w&m;Oya't& &Sdygw,f? 1962
ckESpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh Oya't&qdkvdk‹&Sd&if EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdk&SdwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk [ef‹wm;wJhtrdef‹tm%mudk usrwdk‹ zDqefaewmyJ?
'DtcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tmZmenfae‹tóudtcsdef jzpfygw,f? aemuftywfqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
tmZmenfae‹jzpfw,f? tmZmenfae‹[m bmvJ? vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk
ajz&Sif;wJhae‹wae‹yJ? OD;apmtaeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk vdkcsifvGef;tm;}uD;vdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹
r,lEkdifwJhtcgusawmh vufeufenf;eJ‹ ,lr,fqdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;vdkufwmyJ? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhygbl;?
aemufqHk;usawmh b,fvdkyJ vufeuftm;udk;/ vufeuftm;udk; jynfolvlxk&JΠaxmufcHr_r&SdwJh
pepfrSefor#[m usqHk;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr eJeJajymcsifygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if e0w taeeJ‹
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m (10) a,mufpD/ (10) a,mufpD oGm;Edkifw,f/ 'Dvkd pm&if;ay;+yD;awmh oGm;ygvdk‹
ajymygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ 'Dvdkuef‹owfjcif;udk usrwdk‹ vHk;vHk;vufrcHygbl;?
'Dvdkuef‹owfwm[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk jynfolvlxku v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ *g&0ðywmudk
rvdkvm;vdk‹vm;vdk‹ usr jyef+yD;awmh ar;&rSmyJ? usrwdk‹ vlxktaeeJ‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf 'DtcsdefrSm
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk *g&0ðyEkdif&r,f/ tav;ðyEkdif&r,f? usrvnf; jynfolvlxk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oGm;+yD;awmh *g&0ðyEdkifwJh tajctaersKd;udk vdkvm;ygw,f?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'DtmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹vlxk[m tzJG‹csKyfu b,fvdktpDtpOf&SdvJvdk‹
odaecsifr,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? usrwdk‹uawmh jynfolvlxk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pDwef;+yD;awmh
tmZmenfukef;udk oGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðy&r,fh tajctaeudk usrwdk‹ OD;wnfygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwm[m
qlylcsifvdk‹vnf; r[kwfygbl;? azazajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? 1946 ckESpfwkef;u +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk ajymcJhygw,f?
usKyfwdk‹[m qlyljcif; rvdkcsifygbl;? rqlylcsifygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tcGifhta&;awGudk rcsKyfcs,fygeJ‹?
tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJhvlrsm;uom qlylatmif v_H‹aqmfjcif;jzpfygw,f? tmZmenfae‹usvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ tmZmenfukef;udk csDwufoGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðyzdk‹ jzpfygw,f?
bmrS qlylzdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ v_H‹aqmfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ aºuG;a=umfzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk
tmZmenfukef;usrS vkyfrSmyg? *g&0ðyr,f/ tav;ðyr,f/ wkdifwnfcsifvnf; wkdifwnfEdkifygw,f?
'Dawmh tmZmenfae‹rSm jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk
axmufcHw,fqdkwm jy=uyg? 'g[m tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? e0weJ‹ wyfrawmftaeeJ‹ azazhudk
wyfrawmf&JŒ zcif}uD;/ zcif}uD; ajym+yD;awmh azazh&JŒ n$ef=um;csufrsm;t& vdkufem=uygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ?
yg;pyfuawmh zcif}uD;/ zcif}uD; ajymae+yD;awmh vufuawmh wjcm;vkyfckdif;wm vkyfaevdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? 'gudk
usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxktm;vHk; oabmaygufapcsifygw,f?
tck e0w vkyfyHkvkyfenf;awGuawmh atmifqef;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rudkufnDygbl;? azaz[m nd‡E_dif;/
aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifzdk‹ tifrwefrS vdkvm;cJhygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&udkvnf; nd‡E_dif;yg/ aqG;aEG;ygqdk+yD;
ajymcJhygw,f? bk&ifcH a':refprpf[m ppf+yD;cgp jyefvmwJhtcgwkef;u 'Dvdknd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyifjcif;udk
rvdkvm;ygbl;? aemufawmhrS rjzpfomvdk‹qdk+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;/ nd‡E_dif;/ wdkifyifoGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk
vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&uawmifrS aqG;aEG;Ekdif&if/ nd‡E_dif;Ekdif&if bmjzpfvdk‹ e0w u usrwdk‹eJ‹ raqG;aEG;Ekdif/
rwdkifyifEkdif&wmvJ? vlrsKd;jcm;e,fcsJŒtpkd;&avmufrS oabmxm;r}uD;Edkifbl;vm;? 'g usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ?
tJ'Dwkef;u bk&ifcH[mvnf; e0w usrwdk‹udk wdkufcdkufovdk azazhudkvnf; wdkufcdkufcJhw,f?
raqG;aEG;csifbl;qdkwmvnf; ajymcJhw,f? 'Dvdk rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk ajymvdk‹&Sd&if zrf;r,f/ qD;r,fqdk+yD;awmhvnf;
+cdrf;ajcmufcJhw,f? tck e0w u b,fhES,fh e,fcsJŒtpdk;&&JŒ yHko¾meftwdkif; xyfaewmvJ?
e,fcsJŒtpdk;&xufawmifrS qdk;ygao;w,f? rSefrSefajym&vdk‹&Sd&ifawmh? 'DtcsdefrSm e0weJ‹ wyfrawmf[m
jyef+yD;awmh qifjcifygawmh? atmifqef;vrf;pOfuae+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vufwJG+yD;awmh
csDwufoGm;rvm;? rSm;aewJh ae0if; rqv vrf;pOfeJ‹yJ quf+yD;awmh oGm;rvm;?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;qdk+yD;awmh owif;pmxJrSm
xnfhygw,f? ESpfckawmh xGufvm+yD? tJh'D[mukd usr eJeJaxmufjycsifygw,f?
tpdk;&t&mxrf;/ tr_xrf;awG[m rdrdwdk‹tay:udk w&m;ojzifh usa&mufvmwJh
wm0ef0wW&m;awGudk vlxkeJ‹ wkdif;jynf&JŒ rsufESmudk axmufxm;+yD; jywfjywfom;om;
aqmif&Guf=uapcsifw,f? w&m;ojzifhqdkwm ygygw,f? w&m;ojzifhqdkwm tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
azaz[m w&m;ojzifh vkyfapcsifwJhqENawG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkrS jywfjywfom;om;
raqmif&Guf0Hh=u&ifvnf; aqmif&Guf0HhwJhvlawGudk ae&mz,fay;=uapcsifw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usr ajym&rSmyJ?
w&m;r#r#wweJ‹ jynfol‹&JŒtusKd;udk jywfjywfom;om; raqmif&Guf0Hh&J&if aqmif&Guf0HhwJhvlawGudk
ae&mjrefjrefz,fay;yg? 'grSyJ at;rSmyJ? tpdk;&tr_xrf;/ t&mxrf;qdkwm trSefpifppfawmh udk,fh0wW&m;udk
ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifzdk‹yJ?
 AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;ygw,f? wyfrawmf[mvnf; 0efxrf;awGyJwJh? tJhawmh
0efxrf;rsm;[m udk,fh&JŒ 0wW&m;udk ausyGefatmif xrf;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒwm0ef[m jynfolvlxkudk
umuG,fzdk‹/ apmifha&Smufzdk‹ jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkudk ypfowfzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;qdkwm 'Duae‹ usrwdk‹
ajym&rSmyJ? 'Dvdk usr ajym&jcif;ta=umif;[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;[m
oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fvdk‹ usr em;vnfvdk‹ ajym&wmyg?
igwdk‹aeapcsifovdk raevdk‹&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if ypfowfr,fqdkwJh oabmxm;a&mufygw,f? 'gudk usr eJeJrS
vufrcHEkdifygbl;?
jynfolvlxk[m tpdk;& aeapcsifovdkaezdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? tpdk;&rsm;[m jynfolvlxk aeapcsifovdk
aezdk‹ jzpfygw,f? rae‹uqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; ygygw,f? vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfxJrSm azazh&JŒ
rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufwck/ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk w&m;aomenf;rsm;xJu rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk w&m;twdkif;
vkyf=uygwJh? w&m;aomenf;rsm;wJh? usrwdk‹ w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ vkyfaewmyJ? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;+yD? tJh'D[mudk
e0w &JŒ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrSmawmif ygygw,f? usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk
zDqefaewmyg? w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkawmifrS usrwdk‹[m &atmifvkyfaewm r[kwfygbl;?
w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;zdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkvkyfwJhvlawGudk
“w&m;Oya'eJ‹ avsmfnDpGm usaemfwdk‹u tpGrf;ukefumuG,fay;rnfwJh”? b,frSmvJ w&m;Oya'eJ‹
avsmfnDpGm usrwdk‹udk umuG,fay;aewm? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf0ifawGeJ‹ jynfolvlxkudk rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹
zrf;qD;aew,f? rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ zrf;qD;ae±Hkwifru usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf&JŒ twGif;a&;rª;jzpfwJh
OD;0if;wifqdkvdk‹&Sd&if w&m;Oya't& tmrcH ay;&r,fqdkwJh tr_rSmawmifrS w&m;Oya'udk azmufcsKd;+yD;awmh
tmrcH ray;bl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ tkyfpdk;aevdk‹/ w&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ umuG,fr_
ray;aevdk‹ usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mudk zDqefae&wmyJ? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mawGudk
zDqefwJhae&mrSm usrwdk‹[m at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; xyfwvJvJ
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdk xyfwvJvJajymaewJhtxJu oabmraygufwmawmh raygufcsifvdk‹bJvdk‹ usr
xifygw,f?
wyfrawmfeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m yifyifyef;yef; a&SŒwef;rSm
wkduf&w,fqdkwmudk c%c% ajymygw,f? a&SŒwef;rSm yifyifyef;yef;wdkuf&w,f? aemufwef;rSm
vHkòcHa&;vkyf&w,f? vHkòcHa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu wm0ef,lay;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfom;rsm; at;at;aq;aq; aeyg? 'Dvdk jynfolvlxktpnf;ta0;awG vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if
pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;/ vHkòcHa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ wm0efcH&Jw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGudk bmrS
'kuQray;csifygbl;? at;at;aq;aq; wyfwef;vsm;xJrSm 0if=uyg?
tJh'Dvkdaer,fqdk&if wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; oufomw,f/ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkvnf;
oufomw,f/ wyfrawmftwGufvnf; trsm;}uD;*k%foduQm&Sdygw,f? wyfrawmfqdkwm rvkyfoifh/
rvkyfxdkufwJhudpPawG vkyfaevdk‹&Sd&if *k%foduQm trsm;}uD;yJ usygw,f? 'Dvkd *k%foduQmusapwJhudpPawGudk
quf+yD;awmh rvkyfygeJ‹? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ wyfrawmfom;awGtay:rSm
apwem&Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfom;awG zwfzwfarmaeatmifvkd‹ wòrd‹vHk;udk vSnfhvnf+yD;awmh
jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufckdif;ygeJ‹?
tmZmenfae‹udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ jynfolvlxk[m vufeufudkifwyfrsm;
r&Sdbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ jzpfap&r,fvdk‹ usr tmrcH&Jygw,f?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;&SdrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfwmyg? 'Dawmh usr 'Duae+yD;awmh usreJ‹ raqG;aEG;/
rnd‡E_dif;/ rwdkifyifcsifwJh e0wudk 'Duae‹yJ ajym&rSmyJ? tmZmenfae‹rSm pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/
at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfzdk‹twGuf vufeufudkifwyfrsm; rcsxm;ygeJ‹? a0;a0;uae+yD;awmh ae=uyg?
aemufwckvnf; usr ajymcsifygw,f? 'D e0w tpdk;&vufxufrSm ydk+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹udk *k%f&Sd&SdeJ‹
vkyfoGm;r,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f?
tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfouf+yD; usr pOf;pm;ygw,f? orw}uD; ref;0if;armif vufxufwkef;u
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&vufxufwkef;uayghav/ jynfaxmifpkygwDtpdk;&vufxufwkef;u qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
tmZmenfae‹udk orw}uD; OD;0if;armifudk,fwkdif wufa&mufygw,f? aemufydkif; rqvtpdk;& wuf+yD;awmh
wajz;/ wajz; orwuae 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfuae aemufqHk;usawmh 0ef}uD;wa,mufyJ
tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem;udk wufygw,f? 'g[m bmoabmvJvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ? wae‹eJ‹wae‹
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awG&JŒ u¾udk arS;rSdefzdk‹ wrifoufoufvkyfwmvm;? 'DvdkvkyfcsifwJh
pdwfawGuawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒ pdwfawGyJvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'Dawmh wu,fyJ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk
vkyfcsifw,f? wu,fyJ wyfrawmf&JŒ zcif[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yg qdkwmudk em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
bmjzpfvdk‹ tmZmenfae‹rSm wyfrawmfu =unf;/ a&/ av (OD;pD;csKyf) awGu tav;rðyovJ? usr
ar;&rSmyJ? wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifyJ? wyfrawmfuvm+yD;awmh tav;ðy&rSmaygh?
tJhawmh wu,fyJ zcifqdkwm em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if =unf;/ a&/ av OD;pD;csKyfrsm;
tm;vHk;wuf+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹rSm tav;ðyyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk,fwkdifvnf; wuf+yD;awmh
tav;ðyyg? tJh'D[mudk =unfh/ jynfolvlxk 'gudk avhvm=uyg? tmZmenfae‹us&if b,folawG
oGm;+yD;awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk tav;ðyovJ? b,favmuf
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk av;pm;ovJqdkwm jynfolvlxk oHk;oyf=unfh=uyg? tJh'DawmhrS
odygvdrfhr,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh csDwuf+yD;awmh
tav;ðyrSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usr[m e0weJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktxd
rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ raqG;aEG;bl;/ rwkdifyifbl;qdk+yD;awmh bl;}uD;yJ jiif;aewmyJ?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ EkdifiHrSm jy\emawG trsm;}uD;&SdwJhtxJrSm qefjy\em[m
tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? 'Djy\emeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGuyJ vkyfvkd‹
qefaps;}uD;ovdkvdk/ qefr&Sdovdkvdk ajymaeygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudkawmh usrwdk‹ ajymcsifygw,f?
tpdk;&&JŒ vufxJrSm qefawG&Sdygw,f? wu,fyJ qefjy\emudk ajyvnfapcsifvdk‹&Sd&if tpdk;&[m
vkyfEkdifygw,f? e0w u vkyfvdkufyg? e0w vufxJrSm&SdwJh qefawGudk jzef‹jzL;vdkufr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm qefjy\emrwufygbl;? qefjy\emudk wu,fyJ ajz&Sif;csif&if e0wrSm ajz&Sif;EdkifwJh
pGrf;tif&Sdw,f? rajz&Sif;csifvdk‹om rajz&Sif;wmyJ? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ bmrS rqkdifbl;?
'DEdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGtxJrSm qef0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmifEkdifwJh taetxm;&Sdwm/ ydkufqH&Sdwm wpn
wckyJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh qefawG 0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmif+yD;awmh qefaps;wufatmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;[m b,f[mvJvdk‹ &Smvdkufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpn wckyJ awG‹rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh e0wtaeeJ‹
'Dvkdqefaps;}uD;atmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rauseyfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpnudk ta&;,loifhw,fvdk‹ usr
xifygw,f?
tck ar;cGef;av;awG wufvmygw,f? wufvmwJh ar;cGef;xJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh
ol‹&JŒrdef‹cGef;rSm usr[m wcgwkef;u (2) ESpfavmuf=umrS a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;w,fvdk‹
qdkygw,f? usr tJh'Dwkef;u ajymcJhwm rSefygw,f? usr 0efcHygw,f? usr b,fawmhrS vdrfrajymygbl;?
[kwfw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u u|HajymcJhw,f? wu,f ygwDrsm; awmifhawmifhwif;wif; jzpfatmifvdk‹
axmifzdk‹qdkwm tenf;qHk; (2) ESpfavmuf vdkr,f/ 'gvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfaum/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGaum zJG‹pnf;wJhae&mrSm yDjyifoifhoavmuf
ryDjyifao;bl;? tcsdefurS r&Sdao;bJ? 'gayrJhvnf; 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewJh
tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ usrwkd‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk
a&G;aumufyJGawG jrefjrefqefqefvkyfrS jynfolvlxk oufomrSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh usr tJ'Dwkef;u (2)
ESpf=umatmif apmifh&w,fvdk‹ ajymcJh&if usr rSm;ygw,f? usr 0efcHw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr
jrifwmuawmh tjrefqHk; a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh usrbufu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if usr 0efcHzdk‹
0efrav;ygbl;? 0efcHyghr,f? e0wbufuvnf; trSm;t,Gif;awG&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 0efcHygvdk‹ usru
awmif;yefcsifygw,f?
'gayrJh bmyJajymajym a&G;aumufyJGawGjzpfwJh tcsdefusvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usr ajymwJhtcsdefuae (2)
ESpfavmufeD;yg;awmh jzpfoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh odyfvnf; usr rSm;w,fvdk‹awmh rqdkEdkifbl;aygh? usrwdk‹
EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJhae&mrSm rrSm;wJhvlqdkwm r&Sdygbl;? ta&;}uD;wmu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if 0efcH&r,f? jyef+yD;awmh
jyif&r,f? tckjy\emu e0w u ae+yD;awmh trSm;qdkwm[m b,fawmhrS r&Sdbl;vdk‹qdk+yD;awmh
xm;aewmyJ? b,fawmhrS rSm;w,f&,fvdk‹ r0efcb H l;? vl}uD;wa,muftaeeJ‹/ txl;ojzifh vufeuf/
tm%mudk udkifxm;wJh vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹awmh rSm;w,fAsmvdk‹ 0efcHvdkuf&if b,favmuf
*k%foduQm&SdovJ? jynfolvlxk[m b,favmuf av;pm;oGm;rvJ? 'gawGudk rpOf;pm;=ubl;?
tcktcsdefusawmh 'Dvdk usKyfwdk‹rSm;w,fvdk‹ r0efcHbJeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹vufxJrSm aoewf&Sdw,fcsnf;yJ
ajymaewmyJ? 'g tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJh udpPawGyg?
'gvnf; ckeudpPa=umifh ar;wmyJeJ‹ wlw,f? c%av;aemf? “tmZmenfae‹ csDwuftav;ðy&m
tift,f'D trnfryg0ifI jynfolrsm; odk‹avm/ odk‹avm jzpfaeonfudk &Sif;vif;ay;&ef” wJh? usrwdk‹u
q,fa,mufxJeJ‹awmh rcsDwufygbl;? q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;ðywm[m
apmfum;&ma&mufw,fvdk‹ xifvdk‹ q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹ rcsDwufygbl;?
“uif;vGwfcGifhrSwfyHkwifwJh tift,f'Doabmxm;udk &Sif;vif;ay;yg” wJh? usrwdk‹oabm
apmapmu ajymcJh+yD;yg+yD? 1962 ckESpf w&m;Oya't& yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhOya't&qdk&if usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhr&Sdbl;qdkwJh
trdef‹tm%m rw&m;wm? usrwdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0wmu rw&m;wm r[kwfygbl;?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ uif;vGwfcGifhqdkwm usrwdk‹ &Sdxdkufygw,f? avhvmzdk‹twGuf av#mufv$mawGawmifrS
oGm;+yD;awmh ,l=unfhvdkufygw,f? b,fvdkuif;vGwfcGifh[m awmif;oifh/ rawmif;oifh/
uif;vGwfcGifhawmif;wJhae&mrSm rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGygw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ jrifygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ
EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh 0efcHcsufawGudk vufrSwfxdk;ckdif;xm;w,fqdkwm jrifygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ 'D0efcHcsufawGudkvnf; rxdk;Ekdifbl;? uif;vGwfciG fhvnf; usrwdk‹ rawmif;Ekdifbl;?
“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS tm%m&&Sdygu jynfwGif;ppfudk rnfodk‹ oabmxm;ygovJ” wJh?
jynfwGif;ppfudk uif;+idrf;atmif/ +yD;+idrf;atmif rvkyfcJhwmuawmh rqvyJ? usrwdk‹uawmh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&
wufvdk‹&Sd&if jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;oGm;atmifvdk‹ EdkifiHa&;enf;awG &Sm&r,f? vufeufenf;eJ‹
tESpfav;q,fausmf óud;pm;cJhwm jynfwGif;ppf[m r+yD;cJhbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ &Smr,f?
apwemrSefvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹vnf; &Smvdk‹&r,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? tck wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m
yifyef;aewm/ a&SŒwef;rSm aoae&wm/ ysufpD;ae&wm[m 'D jynfwGif;ppfa=umifhyJ? 'DjynfwGif;ppf
jzpfay:vmwm[mvnf; jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? jynfwGif;ppf ruif;+idrf;wmvnf;
jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? rqvtpdk;&[m apwemrSefrSefeJ‹ jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;a&;twGuf
rvkyfcJhvdk‹ jzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufrSmawmh 'Djy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ ajz&Sif;&rSmyJ?
“ppftpdk;&u tvkyform;rsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;rvkyfatmif wm;qD;zdESdyfr_rsm;udk bma=umifh
&Sif;vif;zGifhcsjcif; rðyao;ygovJ? ‚if;Oya'rsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; Oya'vm;/ u|efoabmufacwfu
Oya'vm; ajz=um;ay;yg&ef”? u|efoabmufacwfu 0efxrf;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdw,f?
e0wacwfusrS 0efxrf;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdwm? tJh'Dawmh [dkt&ifwkef;u
u|efoabmufacwfqdk&if 'gudk bmacwfvdk‹ ac:&rSef;awmif rodawmhbl;?
 “ppftpdk;&u vuf&SdaumufcHaewm tcGeftwkyfrsm; 200 &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaejcif;udk
bma=umifh zGifhcswdkufyJGr0ifao;ovJ” wJh? ckajymvdkufwm wdkufyJG0if&rSmaygh? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹
'D tcGeftaumufrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf e0w[m 'DavmufawmifrSyJ rJGaevdk‹
tcGefawG jr‡ifhwifae&wmvm;? tJh'Dawmh e0w u rJGawaevdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxkvnf; rJGawaewmyJ?
b0wlcsif;yJ? trJGtawcHygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹ 'DtcGefawG
jr‡ifhw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'D e0w&JŒ apwemrrSefbl;qdkwm &Sif;aewmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;?
jynfolvlxkudk ulnDzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;? e0w[m qHk;jzwfyg? jynfolvlxkudk wu,fyJ ulnDcsifwJh apwem&Sd&if/
jynfolvlxktay:rSm =uifemwJhpdwfawG &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if tcktcsdefrSm trsKd;rsKd;EdkifiHa&;enf;awGeJ‹
zdpD;ESdyfpufwJhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;awmh wif;usyfatmifvdk‹/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;pdwfnpfatmifvdk‹ tcGeftaumufudk rjr‡ifhwifygeJ‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹
ajym&rSmyJ?
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrSm t"du &efolESpfOD;&Sdygw,fwJh? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ
&efol[m ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDudkvdv k m;wJh jynfolawG&JŒ &efolvdk‹ em;vnfygw,f? eHygwfwpf&efol[m
trsm;jynfolvlxk od+yD;om;jzpfwJh OD;ae0if; trdef‹tm%mudk vufcHusifhoHk;aewJh ppft&m&SdtcsKdŒ
jzpfygw,f? eHygwfESpf&efoluawmh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ tvHawmfatmufrSm
'Drdkua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; atmfaewJh tacsmiform;awG jzpfygw,f?
'gvnf; rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;?
bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'DavmufawmifrS}uD;wJh EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tacsmiform;awGu
&SdaerSmyJ? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; rqvpepfatmufrSm (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; tacsmiform;awG
woGifoGifarG;xkwfvdkufawmh usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG rsm;aewmaygh? wajz;ajz;eJ‹
'Dtacsmiform;pepf ajymif;vJatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;pm;yghr,f? óud;pm;oGm;ygr,f? 'gayrJh (26) ESpfvHk;vHk;
vkyfcJhwJhudpPawGudk usrwdk‹u q,fvtwGif; jyef+yD;awmh rðyjyifEkdifwJhtwGufawmh awmif;yefygw,f?
trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u[k tjynfhtpHkazmfjy&r,fhtpm;
vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmY “trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh” [laom emr0daooe csefxm;cJh+yD;
csefvSyfcJhjcif;jzifh trsm;jynfol t"dy`m,faumufvJGEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdk rvkyfoifhyg?
“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf[m taxGaxG tm%mzDqefjcif; r[kwfbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f? zDqefaewJh
Oya'rsm;udk vufvSrf;rDor# &Sif;jyay;ygcifAsm” wJh? vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmu b,fwkef;ursm;
rSefrSefuefuef a&;om;cJhzl;vdk‹vJ? 'g[m tHh=op&mrvdkygbl;? 'gayrJh tm%mzDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr
apmapmu &Sif;oGm;+yDqdkawmh usr quf+yD;awmh r&Sif;awmhygbl;?
“EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ‹ pm;yJG0dkif;xkdifI raqG;aEG;Ekdifa=umif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ jiif;qdkjcif;[m
t+yD;tjywfjiif;y,fjcif;vdk‹ xifygovm;” wJh? t+yD;tjywfqdkwm b,fawmhrS r&SdEdkifygbl;? tajctae[m
ajymif;vJaeovdk usrwdk‹ vkyfyHkudkifenf;awGvnf; ajymif;vJ&rSmyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹
t+yD;tjywf jiif;y,fw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wdkif;jynftay:rSm apwemrJh±Hkwifrubl;/ tifrwefvnf;
rdkuf&musr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? ol‹taeeJ‹ t+yD;tjywfjiif;cJhvdk‹&Sd&if apmapmu usrajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&awmifrS aqG;aEG;cJhw,f/ nd‡dE_dif;cJhw,f/ wdkifyifcJhw,f? tJhawmh e0wtaeeJ‹
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&avmufawmh oabmxm;}uD;yg/ tjrifus,fygvdk‹awmh usrwdk‹u ajym&rSmyJ?
&&if& r&&ifcsqdk+yD; a&;xm;wJhvlawG[m 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJhvlawGvm; qdk+yD; ar;oGm;ygw,f?
usr wckyJ owday;csifwmuawmh &&if& r&&ifcsqdkwm azazajymoGm;wJhpum;awGyg? tJh'Dawmh azazhudk
rapmfum;ygeJ‹? usr 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; c%c% ajymygw,f? &&if& r&&ifcsvdk‹ajymwJh acwfwkef;u
vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaewJhacwfyg? 'ga=umifh tcktcsdefrSm udk,fhtcsif;csif;=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGaewJhtcsdefrSm 'Dvdk &&if& r&&ifcsqdkwJh oabmxm;awG tifrwefrS qifjcif&ygvdrfhr,f?
usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; usrwdk‹ rcscsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhav 'Dbufu tkwfwjcrf;awmif r&Sdbl;? [dkbufueJ‹
csvdk‹ usrwdk‹ b,fa&mufoGm;rSmvJ? 'Dawmh 'DvdkcscsifwJhpdwfawG usrwdk‹ r&Sdygbl;? usrwdk‹[m
at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ nd‡dE_dif;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;rsm; enf;vrf;t& jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudk
csDwufoGm;zdk‹ =um;csifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh e0w[m wu,fyJ jynfolvlxkudk at;csrf;csifovm;/ wu,fyJ
qlylv_H‹aqmfr_ rvdkvm;bl;vm;? rvdkvm;vdk‹&Sd&if nd‡E_dif;yg? wu,fyJ Confrontaion head on vdk‹
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? head on qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmayghav? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ head
on vdk‹ oabmrxm;ygbl;? Confrontation qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmr[kwfygbl;? &ifqkdifwmyg?
wa,mufeJ‹ wa,muf pm;yJG0kdif;rSmxkdif+yD;awmh &ifqdkifwJh Confrontation rsKd;om usrwdk‹ vdkcsifygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ e0wtaeeJ‹ wu,fyJ xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;/ ESmacgif;udk
a&Smifcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pm;yJG0kdif;rSm xdkif+yD;awmh nd‡E_dif;yg? 'Dvdkvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh e0w[m wu,fyJ
xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;qdkwm jy&ygvdrfhr,f? usrwd‹k uawmh xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifygbl;? usrrSmvnf;
ESmacgif;qdkwm wacsmif;yJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh ESmacgif;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; a&Smifcsif=uwmaygh?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹u a&Smifcsif=u&JŒvm;/ 'gudk ar;&rSmyJ? a&Smifcsifvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;odjynfodjyyg?
Confrontation udk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ xdyfwdkufawG‹wmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ ESmacgif;csif;±dkufwmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹
aqG;aEG;yghr,f/ nd‡E_dif;yghr,f/ wkdifyifyghr,fqdkwm vl}uD;yDyD oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ‹ a=unmyg? vl}uD;qdkwm
oabmxm;}uD;&w,f? wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk‹eJ‹rsm;
aqG;aEG;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹bufuae+yD;awmh axmufcHaewm ygwDaygif; (80)/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu
wa,mufxJqdkawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifbufuyJ tm;enf;oGm;rvkdvdk ajymoGm;ygw,f?
wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pOf;pm;=unfhyg? usru oGm;vdk‹&Sd&if wa,mufxJ oGm;&rSm?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifaemufrSm wyfrawmfwckvHk; aoewfawGeJ‹ &Sdygw,f? +yD;awmh tiftm;&SdwJhvl/
tiftm;vnf;&Sdw,f/ tm%mvnf;&Sdw,f? aoewfvnf;&Sdw,f? 0gtm;jzifh/ touftm;jzifh usrxuf
trsm;}uD; }uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ oabmxm;}uD;a=umif; jy+yD;awmh usrwdk‹eJ‹ awG‹yg? usrwdk‹u
tm;enf;wJhbufuyg? tm;}uD;wJhbufu tm;enf;wJhbufudk oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? tav#mhay;&r,f?
oD;cH&r,f? n‡mwm&r,f? 'DvdkpdwfawGxm;yg? tckawmh aoewfudkifxm;wJh vlcsnf;uyJ
+cdrf;ajcmufaewmyJ? usrwdk‹uudk r+cdrf;ajcmuf&bl;? tJh'g roifhawmfygbl;? "EkjzLoGm;wkef;uvnf; usreJ‹
awG‹cJhygw,f? qkdif;bkwfwck/ tJ – wyfrawmfudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹wJh? 'dk‹ra=umufwwfbl;wJh? usru
jyefajym&r,f? tJh'Dwkef;u jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹/ jynfolvlxkcrsm a=umufwwfygw,fvdk‹/
'Davmuf 'Dvdk vufeufudkif+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJhudpPyJ? tifrwefrS
*k%foduQmudk usqif;apwJhudpPawGyJ? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk
r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm &efrwdkufay;ygeJ‹? at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ jy\emawG
ajyvnfa&;twGuf nd‡E_dif;yg? usrwdk‹EkdifiHu jy\emawGqdkwm 2§88 eJ‹ 8§88 ESpfckxJ r[kwfygbl;?
'Dxufru jy\emawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? w&m;Oya'rpdk;rdk;wJh jy\em/ qefjy\em/
ukefaps;E_ef;jy\em? ckeuajymwJhtwdkif; tcGeftaumufjy\em/ jy\emaygif;
aomif;ajcmufaxmif&Sdygw,f? 'Djy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk‹vdk‹twGuf aqG;aEG;ygvdk‹ usrwdk‹u ajymwmyJ?
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;qdkwm[m pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹r[kwfbl;?
'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;awGtwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹yJ? tJh'Dawmh wu,fyJ
wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemxm;w,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk;tajzudk azmfxkwfyg?
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csKyfcs,fwJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;udk atmifqef;vrf;pOft&om zDqefaewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk
rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; z,f&Sm;vdkufr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh zDqefzdk‹[m
vdkawmhrSmr[kwfygbl;? trdef‹tm%mzDqefaew,fqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf0ifawGudk tcktcsdefrSm
zrf;vdkufwm wae‹+yD;wae‹yJ/ wokwf+yD;wokwfyJ zrf;aewmyJ? 'gayrJhvnf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh
qufvkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwm vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'g[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfrdk‹vdk‹yJ?
rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefzdk‹qdkwm[m azazudk,fwkdifu csrSwfoGm;wJh vrf;pOfjzpfw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvrf;pOfudk waoGrwdrf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd
at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk &efr&SmygeJ‹? &efrpygeJ‹? usrwdk‹[m
&efvdkwmr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; &efvdkwm r[kwfygbl;? at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom vdkcsifwJh jynfolvlxkjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tmZmenfae‹udk
OD;wnfwJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&JŒ vrf;pOfuae+yD;awmh
quf+yD;av#mufoGm;r,fh taetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;csifygw,fqdkwm usru
jynfolvlxkudk ajymcsifygw,f? jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹vnf; ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf usrwdk‹eJ‹ vufwGJ+yD;awmh
'Drkdua&pD&wJhtxd csDwuf=uyg? usrtaeeJ‹ jynfolvlxkukd b,fawmhrS r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGvnf;
rajymygbl;? jynfolvlxkudk wywf±dkufzdk‹qdkwmvnf; usr b,fawmhrS rpOf;pm;ygbl;? usrtaeeJ‹
vkyfcsifwm &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if &Sif;jyyghr,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usr 'gvkyfovJ/ bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJ/
'Dtrdef‹tm%mzDqefa&;vnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;yg+yD? bmjzpfvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJqdkwm
tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usruawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ q,fa,mufwwJG/ tzJG‹wzJG‹rSm
q,fa,muf/ wuf&r,fqdkwJh[mudk vufrcHovJqdkwmvnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;oGm;yg+yD? wwfEkdifor# usrwdk‹
vkyfor#udpPawGudk jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;jyoGm;yghr,f? jynfolvlxkudk wifjyw,fqdkwm 'Drdkua&pDenf;yg?
'Dvdk wifjywJhtcg jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ axmufcHcsifaxmufcHr,f/ raxmufcHcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tiftm;[m
avsmhoGm;rSmaygh? usrwdk‹[m vlxkudk tm;udk;+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJrSm yg0ifaewJh
yk*~Kdvfrsm;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vufwJGrsm; jywfoGm;r,f/ jynfolvlxkeJ‹ pdwf0rf;uJGoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹vnf; usqHk;±HkyJ? usqHk;&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? jynfolvlxk rvdkvm;wJhwae‹rSm
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;[m usqHk;=u&rSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? 'ga=umifh
jynfolvlxktwGuf/ wkdif;jynftwGufqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk apwemrSefrSefeJ‹
vkyfw,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfapcsifygw,f? oHo,&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf;
'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;t& usrwdk‹udk wifjyyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ &Sif;jyyghr,f? aemifvmaemufom;rsm;
aumif;usKd;twGuf tck&SdaewJh tckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m owWd&Sd&Sd rSefrSefuefuefeJ‹
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifa&mufwJhtxd quf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uEkdifygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;arwWmydk‹&if;eJ‹
ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

24

rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS xkwfa0aom rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfazmfjyonf?

* * *

usrwdk‹[m usrwdk‹&JŒEdkifiHxJrSm tusOf;om;jzpfae&w,fqdkwm urBmu odapcsifw,f? (20-7-89)

usr 'Duae‹up+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm

aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh
'gav;twGufeJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkrS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?
(a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)

EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecJhcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS

bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dta&;tcif;rSm 0ifygaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m
wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf; azazh&JŒorD; vkyfae+yD;awmh
acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;}uD;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹
ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? (a&$wd*Hktaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)

usr[m usrtaz&JŒ tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGudk 0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef

jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfzdk‹vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if bmrqdkjzpfEkdifygw,f?
(a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)

v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f?

ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±kef;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD? tckvnf;
quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf
vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)

tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxkqENeJ‹udkufnDr,fh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk aqmif&Gufzdk‹ tcsdefuef‹owf apckdif;xm;wJh

opPmt&SdqHk; jynfol‹0efxrf;yJjzpf&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ewfarmufòrd‹ 1-11-88)

tzJG‹csKyf&nf&G,fcsufudkuvnf; a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf,SOfòydifzdk‹ oufoufrSr[kwfbJ? 18 &uf

pufwifbmv ppftm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm jyef‹}uJoGm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;awGudk
wpkw±kef;wnf;jzpfatmif pkpnf;+yD;/ tJh'Dpkpnf;xm;wJh tiftm;awGudk pepfwusjzpfatmif aygif;+yD;awmh
vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG usif;yEkdifr,fhf tajctaersKd;udk zefwD;ay;zdk‹ygyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/
yk*Hòrd‹ 2-11-88)

jrefrmrif;awGxJrSm usefppfom;eJ‹ bk&ifhaemif[m odyfcsD;usL;zdk‹aumif;w,f? olwdk‹ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m

usefppfom;qdk&if taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemifqdk&if wyifa&$xD;udk ykefuefjcm;em;EkdifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sdw,f?
'gayrJh usefppfom;a&m/ bk&ifhaemifyg opPm&Sd=uygw,f? vlawmfwa,muf/ t&nftcsif;&SdwJh
vlwa,muf[m opPm&Sdzdk‹ odyfta&;}uD;w,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yk*Hòrd‹ 2-11-88)

ppf±_H;+yD;p *syefbk&ifajymcJhwJh pum;wck&Sdygw,f? usKyfwdk‹[m rcHEdkifwJhudpPawGudk cHEkdif&nf&Sdatmif

vkyf&r,f? rjzpfEkdifwJhudpPawGudk jzpfEkdifatmifvkyfEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sd&r,fwJh? tJh'DvdkyJ usrwdk‹
jynfolvlxkuvnf; 'kuQqif;&JcH+yD; ZJG&Sd&Sd/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ rjzpfrae óud;pm;vkyfaqmif=ur,fqdk&if bmrS
ratmifjrifEkdifp&mr&Sdygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ausmufyef;awmif; 2-11-88)

tqdk;qHk;tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxk &GH&Smrkef;wD;wJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxuf eJeJaumif;wmu jynfolvlxku

a=umufwJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxufydk+yD; aumif;wmuawmh jynfolvlxku csD;rGrf;wJhtpdk;&/ taumif;qHk;uawmh
jynfolvlxku &SdrSef;awmif rodwJhtpdk;&wJh? usrwdk‹ tdrfwtdrfrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tarvdkaygh? tar&SdrSef;awmif
owdrxm;rdbl;? pm;csdefwef pm;&r,f? 0wfcsdefwef 0wf&r,f? tm;vHk; tqifoifhyJ? tJh'Dvdk jzpfae&r,f?
em;vnfxm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ jrif;+cH 3-11-88)

("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)
tay: - rdwˆDvmòrd‹e,fwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
atmuf – uav;rsm;cspfwJh tefwDpk

'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm trwfvkyfcsifolawG[m tyifyef; tqif;&J cHEdkif&r,f? tpGrf;ukef tvkyfvkyf&r,f?

udk,fusKd;riJhbJ trsm;tusKd;udk yDyDjyifjyif ausausyeG fyGef xrf;aqmifEkdif&r,f? (jrawmifausmif;wdkuf/
rEWav; 6-11-88)

EdkifiHa&;todtjrifqdkwm vlr_a&;todtjrifyJjzpfygw,f? udk,f[m tdrfeD;em;csif;wa,muf yDovdk‹&Sd&if

wajz;ajz;eJ‹ vlr_a&;uae p+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;wa,muf yDoaerSmyJvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f?
(ajrmufOuUvmyòrd‹e,f 10-12-88)

'Drdkua&pDpepfqdkwm vlwkdif; wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf av;pm;wJhpepfygyJ? (ajrmufOuUvmyòrd‹e,f 10-12-

88)

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk xlaxmifcJhwm[m jynfolvlxk vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_

atmifjrifa&;twGuf xlaxmifcJhwmyJjzpfw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ usrwdk‹ wpnf;w±Hk;xJ rvkyfEdkifvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf}uD;[m zsufzdk‹yJ &Sdawmhw,f? tJ'Dawmh tzJG‹0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ oabmxm;udk
em;vnf&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ oabmtwdkif; vkyf&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88)

vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwkdif; ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdw,f? udk,fwifr[kwfbl;? udk,fh&efolrsm;yifv#if

vl‹tcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f? tJh'Dawmh wae‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifjrifoGm;wJhtcgus&if
±_H;wJhvlawG[m olwdk‹tcGifhta&;awGudk jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;Ekdif&r,f? 'g[m usrwdk‹&JŒ
'Drdkua&pDwm0efjzpfw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88)

rufvHk;ay;+yD;awmh pnf;±Hk;r_rsKd;udk usr rvdkcsifbl;? igwdk‹tpdk;&wuf&if 'gawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwJh

pnf;±Hk;r_rsKd;awmh rvkyf=uygeJ‹? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88)

'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifwJhtcgus&if ausmif;wdkif;/ ausmif;wkdif;rSm udk,fhwkdif;jynfrSm&SdwJh bmomxJu

tenf;qHk; bmomESpf&yfudk vlwkdif;vlwdkif; oifr,f? ArmeJ‹ &Srf;jzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ‹ u&ifjzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ‹ rGefjzpfjzpf
oifoifhw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKdufxdkòrd‹ 14-12-88)

rGef/ Arm/ u&if/ ucsif/ &Srf; ponfjzifh cJGjcm;+yD;awmh rawG;ygeJ‹? igwdk‹tm;vHk;[m

jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfw,f qdk+yD;awmh pdwfxJrSm xm;+yD; twlwlvkyfoGm;apcsifw,f?
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHwck jzpfoGm;w,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;&JŒ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk usrwdk‹
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk ay;csifw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&JŒ bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ ponfjzifh usrwdk‹
tm;ay;csifw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh trsm; tawG;tac:/ trsm; ,Ofaus;r_awGeJ‹
wnfaqmufxm;wJh EkdifiH}uD;[m b,folawG&JŒ tawG;tac:eJ‹ b,folawG&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_eJ‹ wnfaqmufcJhwJh
EdkifiH}uD;xuf trsm;}uD; ckdifcHhvmayr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; wdk;wufEkdifr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; usrwdk‹twGuf
tzdk;wefEkdifr,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKdufxdkòrd‹ 14-12-88)

wcsKdŒu ck 'DrSmwrsKd;ajym/ [dkrSmwrsKd;ajym/ 'DrSm 'D[mvkyfr,fajym/ ck 'DrSm [dk[mvkyfr,fajym/ pdwfawGu

ajymif;vdkuf/ tajymawGu ajymif;vdkuf/ 'gawGudk olwdk‹u 'g EkdifiHa&;yJvdk‹ ajymw,f? usruawmh 'g
EdkifiHa&;yJvdk‹ em;rvnfbl;? 'g uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmyJvdk‹ em;vnfw,f? 'DvdkEkdifiHa&;awGudk usrwdk‹
vufcHvdk‹ rjzpfbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88)

EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwm wu,f aocsm=unfhvdkufawmh uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmcsnf;yJ? 'D

EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmvnf; txifr}uD;ygeJ‹? y&d,m,fqdkwm pum;vHk;udk usr róudufbl;? udk,fhudk
xdyg;vm&ifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sd&r,f? rSefrSefuefuefyJ vkyfyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88)

aemuf wdkif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGufqdk&if ckuaep+yD;awmh usrwdk‹vufcHr,fh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m

pum;wnf&r,f? pum;rSef&r,f? trsm;oabmudk vdkufem&r,f? tJh'Dvdk acgif;aqmifrsKd;om usrwdk‹
vdkcsifygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88)

ArmvlrsKd;rsm;[m vlrsm;pk}uD;jzpfaevdk‹ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk av;pm;yg? wkdif;&if;om;rsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_udk

av;pm;yg? pdwf0ifpm;=uyg? avhvm=uyg? tJh'Dvdk wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_/
wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf&JŒ ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk avhvmem;vnfrS usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; wu,fh
oabmxm;wlawGtjzpfeJ‹ &EdkifrSmyg? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹)

wkdif;jynfwjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJh acgif;aqmif[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_eJ‹ tkyfcsKyfwmyJjzpf&r,f?

vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwm rjzpfoifhbl;qdkwm arG;uwnf;u usrudk oifxm;wJh/ odcJhwJh
oifcef;pmygyJ? (òrd‹e,ftzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹)

rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;pepfrSm usrwd‹k vdkcsifwJh acgif;aqmifawGudk usrwdk‹u azmfxkwf&r,f? vdkcsifwJhyHk

oGif;&r,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyHk udk,froGif;vdk‹&Sd&if acgif;aqmifvkyfwJholrsm;u wkdif;jynfudk olwdk‹vdkcsifwJhyHk
olwdk‹ oGif;oGm;vdrfhr,f? t"dy`m,fu bmjzpfrvJqdkawmh tm%m&Sifpepf}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ?
(òrd‹e,ftzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹)

'D jrefrmjynf}uD;[m bmjzpfvkd‹ 'DavmufawmifrS ESpfq,fhajcmufESpfvHk;vHk;

wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm aecJh&vJ? bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdkqif;&J'kuQawGudk cHcJh&ovJqdkwm usr
pOf;pm;w,f? wcgjyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;vdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxk}uD;u tcsif;csif; rnDvdk‹yJ? (rGeftrsKd;om;
'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)

tpdk;&[m rw&m;ojzifhvkyfovm;/ r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGudk vkyfovm;? udk,frvkyfbJeJ‹ olrsm;awGudk

vkyf&ifvnf; rcH&bl;? udk,fh&efoludkyif rw&m;vkyfvdk‹&Sd&if rcH&bl;? 'Dae‹ udk,fh&efoludkvkyfw,f/ aemufae‹
udk,fhudkvkyf&if vkyfvdrfhr,f? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)
rw&m;ojzifh vkyfwJholawGudk rkef;zdk‹qdkwm uav;av;awGudk oifxm;&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk
uef‹uGuf&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk igwdk‹ toufay;+yD;awmh ckcHr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGudk
uav;vli,fawGxJrSm oGif;xm;yg? usrwdk‹udk,fwkdifuvnf; 'DvdkpdwfawGarG;yg?
(rGeftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)

'Drkdua&pDtyif}uD;[m &Sifoefvdk‹&Sd&if 'DtyGifhawG toD;awG[m usrwdk‹ vlvwfykdif;/ vl}uD;ydkif;awGu

cHpm;csifrS cHpm;&r,f? 'gayrJh vli,fydkif;eJ‹ uav;av;awG }uD;vmvdk‹&Sd&if toD;tyGifhawG
cHpm;Ekdif&r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹ auseyfygw,f? (urm0uf 16-12-88)

vlwa,muf[m arG;vm+yD;awmh udk,fhtwGuf udk,fvkyf+yD;awmh udk,fyJpm;+yD;awmh aooGm;+yDqdk&if

bmvkyfawmhrSmvJ? vljzpf&usKd;reyfbl;? tJh'Dawmh wudk,faumif; r}uH=uygeJ‹? trsm;twGuf vkyf=uyg?
trsm;tusKd;aqmifwJhvlrsm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfraobl;? (urm0uf 16-12-88)

vli,fawG&JŒb0udk om,mygap? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,mrS usrwdk‹&JŒ wdkif;jynf[m wdk;wufEdkifrSmyg?

vli,frsm;&J‹b0 om,matmif zefwD;ray;Ekdif&if aemufacwftqufquf usrwdk‹vlrsKd;rsm; om,mr_
&EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD/ rk'Hkòrd‹ 16-12-88)

t&if vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vlrsKd;jcm;wa,mufudk wdkufcJh&wm? vlrsKd;jcm;udk

wkduf&wmxuf udk,fhtcsif;csif; jyef+yD;wdkuf&wmu tifrwefrS pdwfnpfp&maumif;w,f? rjzpfoifh
rjzpfxkdufwJh udpP}uD;yJ? (urmau; 17-12-88)

wkdif;jynfwjynfrSm tpdk;&,f/ wyfrawmf&,f/ jynfolvlxk&,f waygif;wpnf;wnf; rjzpfEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if

b,fenf;eJ‹rS wdk;wufr_r&SdEkdifygbl;? jynfolvlxkudkvnf; ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r,f/ wyfrawmfeJ‹
jynfolvlxk=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfr,fqdk&if 'Dwkdif;jynftay:rSm apwem enf;enf;rS r&Sdbl;vdk‹
usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? (urmau; 17-12-88)

jynfolvlxkeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfaew,f? 'Dvdk pdwf0rf;uJGatmif vkyfaewm[m

jynfolvlxku vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;vkyfwJholawGuvnf; vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;?
wyfrawmfudk udk,fusKd;twGuf oHk;csifwJholrsm;u vkyfaewmyJjzpfw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkpepfrsKd;udk
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh twdkuftcHvkyf&r,f? (urmau; 17-12-88)

'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if trsm;pk&JŒ oabmwlnDcsuft& tenf;pku vkyf&w,fqdkayr,fh

tenf;pkudk trsm;pku twdkuftcHvkyfw,f/ ESdyfpufw,f/ n‡Of;yrf;w,f/ trsKd;rsKd;
taESmifht,Sufay;w,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r&Sd&bl;? (urmau; 17-12-88)

EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f?

wcsKdŒuawmh rdrdtusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh EkdifiHa&;oufouf
vkyfpm;csifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;wm tusifhjzpfae+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;yJ
vkyfpm;awmhr,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;&Sdygw,f? 'D EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;xJrSm wdkif;jynftusKd;udk
aqmifEkdifr,fh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;udk a&G;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvkd EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;[m Avig;wefeJ‹ jynfhpHk&ygr,f?
(trsKd;om;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDygwD/ acsmif;qHk 17-12-88)
acgif;aqmifwa,muf&JŒ t&nftcsif;udk cef‹rSef;csifvdk‹&Sd&if t&ifwkef;u 'Dacgif;aqmif[m
b,fvdkvkyfcJhovJ? wu,fyJ o,fydk;cJhovm;? wkdif;jynfuyJ 'Dacgif;aqmifudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;?
'Dacgif;aqmifu wkdif;jynfudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;qdkwm[m trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? (acsmif;qHk 17-12-
88)

trSefudkvkyf&wm trSm;udkvkyf&wmxuf tifrwefrSudk cufygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; aemufqHk;usawmh

trSefvkyfwJholuom atmifjrif&rSmyg? trSefw&m;vkyfwJholawGuom ±_H;&ifvnf; Ekdif&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf;
Ekdif&r,fqdkwm ajymvdk‹&ygw,f? trSefw&m;t& rvkyfwJholawGuawmh ±_H;&ifvnf; ±_H;&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf;
±_H;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)

usrwdk‹ 1988 u usqHk;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;av;awGqdk&if toufomaysmufoGm;w,f/ olwdk‹udk

qHk;±_H;w,fvdk‹ rqdkEdkifygbl;? olwdk‹[m atmifjrifjcif;yJ? tJh'D[mudk pdwfxJrSm pJGxm;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif
14-1-89)

'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;vdkcsifw,fqdkwm b,fol‹udkrS wdkufcdkufcsifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? b,fol‹udkrS pJGðzwfcsifvdk‹

r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktrsm;}uD;[m pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_uif;a0;pGmeJ‹ udk,fhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;Ekdifatmifvdk‹qdkwJh pdwfrsKd;eJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf wdkufae=uwmyJ? tm;vHk;u
'DtcGifhta&;vdkcsif&if tm;vHk;u 0if+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;&rSmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)

usrwdk‹acwfrSm usrwdk‹ ukodkvfuHa=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynf jynfolvlxkudk ta=umufw&m;uae+yD;awmh

vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJhtcGifhta&;awG &vmw,f? 'DtcGifhta&;udk vufv$wfqHk;±_H;rcHygeJ‹?
'Dvdkjynfaxmifpktopf wnfaxmifzdk‹ tcGifhta&;awGudk vufv$wfvdkuf&if usrwdk‹[m orkdif;ay;wm0ef
rausyGefolawGtjzpf orkdif;rSm tifrwefrS tjypfwifp&mjzpfrSmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)

usrwdk‹u jynfolvlxkudk tm;udk;w,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; udk,fhudkudk,f tm;udk;=uyg? udk,fhudkudk,f

txifrao;=uygeJ‹? vlxk&JŒ tiftm;qdkwm tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? vlxk&JŒ tiftm;qdkwmudk rav;pm;bJ
raeEkdifygbl;? usrwdk‹uvnf; av;pm;w,f? aemifvnf; tpdk;&tqufqufu av;pm;oifhw,f?
jynfolvlxkudk av;pm;wJh tpdk;&rsKd;udk usrwdk‹u jzpfapcsifygw,f? 'grS wkdif;jynfrSmvnf; tusKd;jzpfapr,f?
jynfolvlxkvnf; pdwfcsrf;omvmr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89)

'DtcsdefrSm owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if aemifus&if usrwdk‹[m ra=umuf=u&wJhacwfudk

a&mufoGm;Edkifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm a=umuf+yD;awmh vkyfoifhoavmuf rvkyfcJhvdk‹&Sd&if aemuf quf+yD;awmh
a=umufae&wJhpepfudk &Sifoefatmif vkyfay;ovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f? vlwa,muftaeeJ‹vnf; trsm;}uD;
*k%foduQmusygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk;u rSefwmvkyf&vdk‹&Sd&if a=umufaevnf; vkyf&rSmyg?
(jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89)

'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJhvlrsm;[m rkef;wJhpdwfeJ‹ wdkufaewmr[kwfbl;? arwWmpdwfeJ‹ wdkufaewmyJ?

jynfolvlxktay: arwWm&Sdvdk‹/ wkdif;jynftay: arwWm&Sdvdk‹/ jynfolvlxkcHae&wm/ wkdif;jynfcHae&wm/
jynfaxmifpk}uD; epfemaewmudk r=unfh&ufvdk‹ arwWmpdwfeJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGudk 0ifaewmjzpfw,f?
(jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89)
usrwdk‹ tck 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvdkcsifvdk‹ yg0ifvmwmr[kwfbl;?
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcsifvdk‹ yg0ifvm=uwmyJ? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyftwGufa&m/ v_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifae=uwJh
jynfolvlxktwGufa&m/ t"dupum;vHk;[m tm%mr[kwfygbl;? wm0efyg? jynfaxmifpkeJ‹
jynfolvlxktay:rSm&SdwJh wm0eft& 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;yg0ifae=uwmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-
89)

usrwdk‹[m rSefuefwJhenf;eJ‹ vdkcsifwmudk vkyfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;awG &Sdatmifvdk‹ udk,fhudkudk,f

ðypkysKd;axmif&r,f? wjcm;vlawGudkvnf; 'Dvdkt&nftcsif;awG&Sdatmif ðypkysKd;axmifay;&r,f? 'Dvdkqdk&if
usrwdk‹[m tqifhjrifhwJhEkdifiHa&; vkyfEkdifr,f? tqifhjrifhwJhEdkifiHa&;vkyfEdkifrS tqifhtwef;jrifhwJh
EkdifiHwckjzpfvmr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)

wcsKdŒu 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm tm;vHk;u Adkvfcsnf;yJvdk‹xifw,f? wu,fawmh 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm

tm;vHk;wef;wl&nfwlvdk‹ ajymwmr[kwfbl;? tm;vHk;[m wef;wlnDwltcGifhta&;&Sdw,fvdk‹
ajymwmyJjzpfw,f? tm;vHk;rSm&SdwJh wef;wlnDwl tcGifhta&;eJ‹ trsm;tusKd;aqmifr,fh olawGudk
a&G;xkwfydkifcGifhqdkwm &Sdw,f? 'gudk ajymwmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)

&yfuGufnDvmcHawG vkyfwJhtcg tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;cs,fyg? ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJhvludk

a&G;cs,fyg? tusifhpm&dwWeJ‹ t&nftcsif; ESpfck=um;rSm a&G;&r,fqdk&ifawmh usruawmh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
ajym&&if tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)

tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxk qif;&JaewJhtcgrSm Zdrfe‹J aezdk‹ rpOf;pm;oifhbl;? aemufwufr,fh tpdk;&[m

tifrwefrS ±kef;uef&r,fh tpdk;&yg? tJh'Dawmh aemufwufr,fhtpdk;&xJrSm 0dkif;0ef;+yD; ulnDyg0ifvdkwJh
olrsm;[m ae&mvdkcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ tm%mvdkcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ csrf;omcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ jynfol‹tusKd;zdk‹
tepfemcHvdkwJhvlrsKd; jzpfzdk‹vdkygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89)

olrsm; rSm;vdk‹/ olrsm; r[kwfwmvkyfvdk‹ udk,fvnf; vkdufvkyf&r,fqdk&if udk,fvnf; olwdk‹eJ‹twl

wef;wljzpfoGm;rSmyJ? uav;u idkvdk‹ vl}uD;uyg vdkuf+yD; ajcaqmifhidkvdk‹&Sd&if vl}uD;om oduQmusrSmaygh?
uav;uawmh uav;rdk‹vdk‹ idkw,fqdk+yD; ab;uae cGifhv$wf=u&rSmaygh? vlrsm;awG *k%foduQmr&Sdvdk‹ udk,fu
*k%foduQmr&SdwJhtvkyfudk vkyf&r,fqdkwm rjzpfap&bl;? rjzpfoifhbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹
pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfwJhtcg b,fol‹udkrS ykwfcwfwm/ rrSefuefwJhenf;eJ‹ wdkufcdkufwm rvkyf=uygeJ‹? rlawGudkyJ
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csKyfxm;Ekdifr,f? pdwfudkawmh rcsKyfxm;Ekdifbl;? 'Dvdk rcsKyfxm;EkdifwJhpdwfa=umifh 'DavmufawmifrS 26
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15-1-89)

azazu ajymcJhw,f? vkyf&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? cH&Jwm[m owWdwJh? cH&Jw,fqdkwmvnf;

trSefw&m;twGuf cH&Jwmudk ajymwm/ rrSefuefwJhudpPtwGuf cH&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? 'g[m vlrdkuf&JŒ
xHk;yJ? usrwdk‹[m vlrdkufawGr[kwfbl;? tifrwefrS ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJh vlxkqdkwm usr jzpfapcsifw,f?
'Dvdk tajrmftjrif&SdwJh jynfolvlxkurS acwfopf jrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;udk wnfaxmifEkdifrSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf/
vyGwWm 15-1-89)

udk,fhwkdif;jynftwGuf toufudkay;&w,fqdkwm tifrwefrS =unfEl;p&maumif;w,f? tifrwefrS

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vlwdkif;vlwkdif;twGuf tpGef‹EdkifqHk;/ wefzdk;t&SdqHk;t&muawmh rdrd&JŒ toufyJ? tJh'Dawmh
udk,fh&JŒwefzdk;t&SdqHk; toufudk pGef‹v$wfoGm;wJh 'Drdkua&pD&JabmfawGudk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh
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jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹ cscJhwJh tkwfjrpfay:rSm 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH}uD;udk wnfwnfwHhwHh
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*k%f,lp&mjzpfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89)

ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m b,fvdkyJ zdESdyfr_awG&Sd&Sd/ b,fvdkyJ olrsm;awG b,fvdkvkyfvkyf/ b,fvdkyJ

olrsm;awG npfywfnpfywf/ wddk‹wawGuawmh oef‹oef‹&Sif;&Sif; pifpif=u,f=u,feJ‹ wkdif;jynftusKd;aqmifwJh
vli,fawGjzpfatmifaer,f? aemifwacwfusvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; wkdif;jynftusKd; quf+yD;aqmifr,fh
vl}uD;awGjzpfatmif aer,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufawG xm;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89)

'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m tifrwefrS csrf;omw,f? jynfolvlxk[m tifrwefrS qif;&Jaew,f? 'g

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jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;aqmifoGm;r,fh tpdk;&rsm;[m jynfolvlxkudkvnf; csrf;omatmif
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a0\EW&m[mqdk&if tvGefw&mrS jrifhjrwfwJh tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;jzpfayr,fhvnf; jynfolvlxkudk

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rvdkufavsmwJhrif;qdkwm rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;eJ‹vnf; rudkufnDbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
vufrcHbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ Ak'<bmomw&m;t&vnf; vufcHcJhw,f? c&pf,mefw&m;rSmvnf;
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm;[m *±k%meJ‹ arwWmeJ‹ qufqH&r,fqdkwm ygygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹
b,fbmomyJjzpfjzpf/ bmomra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G; rif;aumif;rSef&if jynfolvlxkudk rqef‹usifoifhygbl;?
(tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ajrmif;jr 16-1-89)

trsm;jynfol pdwf'kuQa&mufaewJh wdkif;jynfrSm pdwfcsrf;omwJhvlqdkwm tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;w,f?

'DavmufawmifrS udk,fhab;uvltrsm; qif;&J'kuQa&mufaevsufom;eJ‹ udk,fu pdwfcsrf;csrf;omomeJ‹
aeEkdifw,fqdkwm udk,fhrSm vl‹ESvHk;om;r&Sdvdk‹bJvdk‹ owfrSwf&ygr,f? udk,fwa,mufxJ/ udk,fhrdom;pk/
udk,fhtodkif;t0dkif;yJ pdwfcsrf;om&if awmf+yDvdk‹qdkwJh olrsm;[m vlrqefygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-
89)

usr[m wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm vHk;vHk; pdwf0rf;ruJGapcsifbl;? tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmf[m

azazjzpfapcsifwJh jynfoludk umuG,fr,fh/ jynfoludk apmifha&Smufr,fh/ EkdifiH&JΠ*k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;r,fh
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jyef+yD;awmh jzpfoGm;apcsifw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89)

azaz t+rJyJrSmcJhw,f? uav;awGudk bmudkrS ra=umufapeJ‹? olwdk‹a=umufzdk‹&m ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f?

rw&m;wJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹ a=umuf&r,f? rrSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹ a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufzdk‹qdkwm
'DESpfckyJ &Sdygw,fwJh? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ rdbjynfolrsm;udkvnf; tJh'DvdkyJ em;vnfapcsifygw,f?
(vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89)

usrwdk‹vlrsKd;awGudk opPm&SdwJh vlrsKd; jzpfapcsifw,f? wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf wdkufcdkufwJh ae&mrSmawmifrS

jrifhjrifhjrwfjrwf wdkufcdkufwJhenf;rsm;eJ‹ wdkufcdkufEdkifygw,f? &efolqdkwm jrifhjrwfwJh&efoleJ‹ ,kwfrmwJh&efol
ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f? jrifhjrwfwJh &efolqdkwm ,kwfrmwJh rdwfaqGxuf trsm;}uD;ydk+yD;awmh wefzdk;&Sdygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m &efoljzpfaewJh olawGtay:rSmvnf; jrifhjrwfwJh pdwfxm;&Sd&r,f?
(vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89)

aemif wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfr,fh vli,frsm;[m tckuaep+yD;awmh udk,frSm;ovm;/ rSefovm;qdkwm

oHk;oyf&JwJh owWdvnf;&Sd&r,f? rSm;wJhtcg udk,fhudkudk,f jyef+yD;awmh ðyjyifEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;vnf; &Sd&r,f?
'Dvdk usrwdk‹wdkif;jynfrS vli,frsm;[m udk,fhudkudk,f rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if oHk;oyfEkdifr,f/ 0efcHEkdifr,f/ rrSm;atmif
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jzpfygw,f? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89)

tck 'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJh pdwfqENrsm;[m jrpf}uD;ozG,fyJ pD;qif;aeygw,f? 'Djrpfa&awGudk b,folrS

wm;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf[m 'Djrpfa&awGudk rSefwJhuefwJh vrf;uae+yD;awmh
oGm;Ekdifatmifvdk‹/ jrpfa&awG[m v#H+yD;awmh tEW&m,frjzpfEkdifatmifqdkwJh wm0efawG&Sdygw,f?
jynfolvlxk&JŒ tifrwefrS wufºuGwJh pdwfqENawGudk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;vkyzf dk‹ vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm nDnGwfr_eJ‹ xyfwlta&;}uD;wmuawmh pnf;urf;&Sdr_yJvdk‹ usrwdk‹ twefwef
ajymaewmjzpfygw,f? (taemufòrd‹e,f±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89)

tckwkdufyJG[m jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif; wkdufyJGoabmrsKd;jzpfvdk‹ tifrwefrS

&ifemp&maumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf v_yf&Sm;w,fqdkwm trSefw&m;udk
atmifjrifapcsifvdk‹/ trsm;tusKd;twGuf jzpfapcsifvk‹d v_yf&Sm;wmyJ? udk,fusKd;tjrwfxGufcsifvdk‹vnf;
r[kwfbl;? b,fol‹udkrSvnf; rqHk;±_H; repfemapcsifbl;? tJh'Dawmh trSefw&m;udk atmifjrifapcsifwJh
pdwfapwemoef‹oef‹eJ‹ usrwdk‹tm;vHk; qufvkyfoGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ acsmif;0 18-1-89)

jrefrmEkdifiHvdk qif;&JwJhEdkifiHrSm csrf;omae&wm tifrwef &Sufzdk‹aumif;ygw,f? usrwdk‹

EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;awG[m r&SufoifhwJhae&mrSm &Sufae=uygw,f? awmifolv,form; aus;vufvlxku
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tusifhpm&dwWaumif;+yD; pdwfoabmxm; jrifhjrwfwJhvlrsm;taeeJ‹awmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rdrdcsrf;omzdk‹
óud;pm;&wm[m &Sufp&m b,favmufaumif;rvJvdk‹ awG;xif=urSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89)

ae&mvdkcsifw,fqdkwm udk,fhwa,mufxJtwGufyg? ae&may;csifw,fqdkwm trsm;tusKd;twGufyg?

tJh'Dawmh ae&mrvdkcsif=uygeJ‹? ae&may;csif=uyg? t&nftcsif;&Sd+yD; tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJholawGudk
ae&may;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89)

rdbawGu 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmygwJh vli,fawGudk [ef‹wm;ae=uw,fqdkwm od&ygw,f?

r[ef‹wm;=uygeJ‹? udk,fa=umufvdk‹ udk,fhom;orD;awGyg a=umufzdk‹ oifay;w,fqdk&if odyf+yD;qdk;wmaygh?
(tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89)

acgracwfu pygwmEkdifiHrSm ajymavh&Sdw,f? ppfwdkufoGm;zdk‹ 'dkif;udkif+yD; xGufoGm;wJhtcg tdrfuae

tarawG/ trawGu t+rJyJrSmvdkufw,f? 'dkif;udkif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'dkif;ay:tdyf+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/
ao+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'grSr[kwf ppfudkEkdif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ ppf±_H;+yD;awmh jyefrvmygeJ‹qdkwJh
t"dy`m,feJ‹ ajymwmyJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m 'Dvdkpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89)

usrwdk‹[m aemif 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf xlaxmifa&;twGufudk yifvHknDvmcHvdk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;

tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh nDvmcH}uD;wck ac:zdk‹vdktyfw,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'D nDvmcHuae+yD;awmh
jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JΠ&oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;/
udk,fydkifjyÏmef;csufrsm; pwJhudpPawGudk aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;+yD;awmh tm;vHk;&JŒ oabmwlnDcsuft&
taumif;qHk;tajzudk &Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89)

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf vufeufudkifenf;eJ‹ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk &SmcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh

ckxufxd r&ao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&zdk‹qdkwm EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ‹
&Sm&r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89)

usrwdk‹[m tEkdif,lcsif&if tEkdif,lEkdifwJhpdwfawG arG;&ygr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

q,fh&Spf&uf pufwifbmrSm ppftpdk;&uae+yD;awmh tm%mt&yf&yfudk odrf;+yD;wJhaemuf

wkdufyJGyHkpHajymif;&r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf zJG‹cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD;
13-2-89)

b,fpepfrsKd;rqdk atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm acgif;aqmifaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? aemufvdkufaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f?

tJh'Dawmh aemufvdkufaumif;wa,muf&JΠt&nftcsif;[m bmvJqdk&if ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh
acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; azmfxkwfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif; &Sd&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

vlwa,muf&JŒwefzdk;udk 'Dvl&JŒtoufudk =unfh+yD;awmh rqHk;jzwfEkdifygbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹[m

vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wefzdk;udk rSefrSefuefuef a0zef+yD;awmh ay;oifhay;xkdufwJh ae&mudkay;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/
awmif}uD; 13-2-89)
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zsufodrf;ay;zdk‹ tqifoifhygyJ? 'DtzJG‹csKyfu a&SŒu aeay;rS/ umuG,fay;rS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m
atmifjrifr,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ a&SŒuae+yD; umuG,fay;yghr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm EkdifiHa&;ygwD t&Sdeft0geJ‹vnf; uif;a0;&r,f? ygwD=oZmeJ‹vnf; uif;a0;&r,f?

ausmif;om;or*~wck xlaxmifay;+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;qdkwm ppfrSefwJhor*~wck jzpfrSmr[kwfbl;?
ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm 'Drdkua&pD&rS/ ausmif;awGtm;vHk;zGifhrS ausmif;om;tm;vHk;&JΠoabmwlnDqENt&
wifajr‡mufxm;wJh or*~rS jzpfEkdifrSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

atmifqef;vrf;pOfqdkwm EdkifiHtwGuf taumif;qHk;vrf;pOfyJ? vrf;pOfwck&,fvdk‹r[kwfbl;? EkdifiHhtwGuf

taumif;qHk;vrf;pOf? 'Dvrf;pOf[m usrwdk‹ wcsdefvHk; tajz&Smae&r,f? 'DESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf[m
aemufESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf jzpfcsifrSjzpfr,f? aemufESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf[m aemif
q,fESpf=um&if aumif;wJhvrf;pOfvnf; jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvrf;pOfawGtm;vHk;rSm wlnDwJh
oabmwck&Sdw,f? vrf;pOfwdkif;/ vrf;pOfwkdif;[m EdkifiHtusKd;twGuf/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;twGuf
OD;wnf+yD;awmh cif;vdkufwJhvrf;pOf[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

jynfolvlxku apmifh=unfhr,fvdk‹ajym&if usru ar;csifygw,f? bmudk apmifh=unfhrSmvJ? olrsm;awG

vkyfoGm;+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pD&wJhtxd apmifh=unfhrSmvm;? usrwdk‹ apmifhvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk;
0dkif;0ef;+yD;awmh vkyf=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmifyef; 15-2-89)

'Dwkdif;jynfrSm awmifolv,form; aus;vufjynfolvlxk[m wkdif;jynf&JΠtrsm;pk}uD;yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh

aus;vufjynfolawG[m udk,fhudkudk,f txifrao;=uygeJ‹? tm;vHk;u 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;zdk‹
vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹uvnf; aus;vufvlxk}uD;udk tm;udk;ae&wmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z,fcHk 16-2-89)

qdkif;bkwfwifw,fqkdwm bHk&efoludk jyzdk‹yJjzpfw,f? 'g igwkd‹&JŒae&mvdk‹ tm;vHk;u wpkwpnf;wnf;eJ‹

bHk&efoludk jyvdkufwJhtaeeJ‹ qdkif;bkwfwifwmjzpfw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z,fcHk 16-2-89)

jynfaxmifpkwck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm ArmawG&JŒ uwdtay:rSm rwnfygbl;?

jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; wa,mufay:wa,muf opPm&Sdr_tay:rSm rlwnfygw,f?
(arGawmf"mwfqifapwD/ rdk;+AJ 16-2-89)

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pD&&Sdzdk‹qdkwm jynfrrSmyJ 'Drkdua&pD&vdk‹rjzpfbl;? jynfe,fwcsKdŒrSmyJ

'Drdkua&pD&±HkeJ‹vnf; rjzpfbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm 'Drdkua&pD&rS 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHwck xlaxmifEkdifrSmyg?
(arGawmf"mwfqifapwD/ rdk;+AJ 16-2-89)

ausmif;om;vli,frsm; e,fpyfa&mufoGm;&wJhudpP/ vufeufudkif+yD; 'Dpepfudk wdkufcdkufcsifw,fqdkwJh

udpPrsm;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&&JΠwm0efjzpfygw,f? t&ifESpfujzpfcJhwJh vufeufudkif+yD; jynfolvlxkudk
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk ESdrfeif;cJhwJhudpPrsm;&JŒ tusKd;qufyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z±l;qdk; 17-2-89)

EkdifiHa&;tvkyf vkyfwJhtcgrSm jynfolvlxkeJ‹ usrwd‹k [m wwfEkdifor# yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHcsifygw,f?

(tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ wyfukef; 19-2-89)
a&G;aumufyJGrSm vGwfvyfzdk‹/ w&m;r#wzdk‹qdk&mrSm jynfolvlxku vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&zdk‹ vdkygw,f?
vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pk±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm
a&;om;ydkifcGifhqdkwJh tcGifhta&;awG &zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'DvdktcGifhta&;awG r&bJeJ‹ vGwfvyf+yD;awmh
w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwm enf;enf;rS t"dy`m,fr&Sdygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ wyfukef; 19-
2-89)

("gwfyHkvmygonf)

txdef;odrf;cHae&pOf 1992 ckESpf arvY om;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfawG‹qHkpOf

(aemufausmzHk; twGif;bufpm&Gufwjcrf;wGif xnfhoGif;&rnfh pmom;jzpfygonf)

atmifqef;pk=unfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. wOD;wnf;aomorD;tjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHolEkdifiHom;wkdif; od&Sd=u.?

1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGY tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk
OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJholjzpfonf? 1991 ckESpfwGif EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJholjzpf+yD; urBmay:wGif
emrnftausmf=um;qHk;/ vlodtrsm;qHk; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;vnf;jzpfonf? olr. a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh
a[majymcsufrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfoifhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh
=uef‹=umcJh&onf? xdk‹a=umifh atmifqef;pk=unf. vufa&G;pifpmwrf;rsm;ESifh rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk
jrefrmbmomjzifh yxrqHk;t}udrf pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? 1991 ckESpf pma&;ol
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk &&SdcsdefwGif xkwfa0cJh+yD; bmomaygif;rsm;pGmodk‹ jyefqdkcJhaom rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfudk
tajccHI jrefrmjyefqdkxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ckpmtkyfudkrl jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf t"du&nfpl;I
ðypkxm;onfhtwGuf rl&if;pmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;tcsKdŒudk csefvSyfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhaom pmwrf;ESifh
rdef‹cGef;tcsKdŒudk xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;onf? pma&;olonf vGwf&uf rcef‹rSef;Edkifonfh txdef;odrf;cHb0rS
&nfn$ef;csufESifh trSmpmudk a&;om;xm;ygonf? Tpmtkyfonf ae&mtESH‹tjym;rS jrefrm
pmzwfy&dowftwGuf txl;wvnf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfrnf[k xkwfa0olu ,Hk=unfonf?

rsufESmzHk;yef;csD OD;ay:odrf;

(Tae&mwGif pmtkyfwtkyfvHk; tqkHk;owfygonf)