Evaporation

Evelyn R. Laurito Ch.E. 206

Learning Outcomes

To describe when and how evaporation is used as a separation technique in unit operations Determine the boiling point of solutions Differentiate Single and Multiple effect evaporation with multiple feeding To set up the material and enthalpy balances and heat transfer equation for single effect evaporators To solve the area and economy of evaporation systems

Evaporation

Definition

The conversion of a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through the removal of solvent Requires the use of a heating medium, usually steam which is in indirect contact through a steam chest Operating pressure is low, usually in vacuum units. (Ex. 100 mm Hg vac.) Boiling temperatures must be reached for evaporation to take place.

Boiling Point Concepts

Boiling point is the temperature at which the confining pressure becomes equal to the vapor pressure of the liquid. Boiling Point of Solution (TI) is greater than the Boiling Point of Solvent (T1) Boiling Point Elevation or Rise (BPR) = T I T1 Strong electrolytes have significant BPR, but organic solutions usually have negligible BPR. Determination of BPR

Colligative Property Equation: BPR = i Kb m Duhrings Rule: The boiling point of solution varies linearly with the boiling point of pure solvent. (See Foust, Fig. 19.11/502) Boiling Point Nomograph (See Fig. 11-124/11-112 or 11-115/8th ed))

Single Effect Evaporator

Duhrings Chart for NaOH

H-x-T diagram for NaOH-H2O

Single Effect Evaporator

E, TI,HI P1 Vo, Ps Ts, Hs F, xF TF, hF L, xL TI, hL C, Ps Tc1, hc1 F = feed or thin liquor rate L = thick liquor rate x = solute fraction E = evaporation rate or capacity P1 = operating pressure Ps = steam and condensate pressure Vo = steam rate = C = condensate rate Ts, Tc1 = steam, condensate temperatures TI = boiling point of L = T of vapor TF = feed temperature H, h = enthalpy symbols

Material Balances

Overall Balance

F + Vo = E + C + L (but Vo = C) F=E+L F xF = L xL = Throughput Rate Throughput Rate = constant

Solute Balance

Enthalpy Balance

General Form F hF + Vo Hs = E HI + C hc1 + L hI For systems w/ h-x-t Data (Ex. NaOH-H2O, F- p.504) Vo (Hs- hc1) = E HI + L hI F hF = q hI, hF based on (x L,TI), (xF, TF) Hs, hc1 based on steam table For systems with negligible heat of dilution (no enthalpy data) with liquid enthalpy as zero at the boiling point of solution. hF = CPF (TF TI); hI = CPI(TI- TI) = 0 HI = CPW(T1 TI) + L1 + CPS (TI T1) CPW = 4.187, CPS = 1.884, L1 = latent heat at T1 HI = L1 2.303 BPR

Negligible Heat of Dilution: Using TI as reference Temperature:

hF = CpF (TF - TI) HL = CpL (TI T4) HE = 4.187 (T1-TI) + L1 + 1.884 (TI-T1) E starts as liquid water at TI, boils at t1 and becomes superheated vapor at TI or HE = L1 - 2.303(TI-T1) = L1 - 2.303 BPR In Engl Units: HE = L1 - 0.55 BPR Substituting into the Enthalpy balance eqn gives the following: Heat Balance Equation: q = Vo(Hs-hc) = E [L1 - 2.303BPR] + F CpF (TI-TF)

Evaluation of Hs - hc1

Saturated Steam Condensing without subcooling: HS - hc1 = Lo = latent heat at To = satn temp. Superheated Steam Condensing without subcooling: HS - hc1 = 1.884(TS - To) + Lo Superheated Steam Condensing with subcooling: HS - hc1 = 1.884(TS - To)+ Lo + 4.187(To - Tc) Saturated Steam Condensing with subcooling: HS - hc1 = Lo + 4.187(To - Tc)

Heat Transfer Equation

q = U A T q = heat rate supplied by steam = Vo (Hs hc1) U = overall heat transfer coefficient A = heat transfer area needed T = effective temperature driving force = To TI = To T1 - BPR To = saturation temperature of steam

Evaporator Economy (e)

This is the ratio of evaporation rate or capacity to the steam rate e = E/Vo Ideally, e must be at least 1 to compensate for the steam condensation Single effect evaporation does not usually result in a high economy.

Example 1
Ex.1] A single effect evaporator will handle 18,000 kg/hr of an organic colloid in water. The solution will be concentrated from 15% to 60% solids. Steam available is at 275 kPa and 140oC. The feed enters at 24oC with a specific heat of 3.768 kJ/kgK. A pressure of 660 mm Hg vacuum shall be maintained in the vapor space. The solution has a negligible BPR. Overall heat transfer coefficient is 2840 W/m2K. Calculate the economy and evaporator area.

Given: Req'd: a) Economy b) A Sol'n: OMB: 18000 = L+E SB: 18000(.15) = L(.6) L = 4500 E = 13500 at Po = 275 kPa, To = 130.6oC, Lo = 2171.8 kJ/kg at 660 mm Hg vac or 100 mm Hg abs (13.33 kPa), T1 = 50.6oC L1 = 2379.1 kJ/kg HBE: q = Vo[Lo + 1.884 (Ts-To)] = EL1 + F CpF (T1 - TF) Vo[2171.8+1.884(140-130.6)] = 13500(2379.1)+18000(3.768)(50.6-24) solving: Vo = 15492 kg/hr a) Economy = E/Vo = 13500/15492 = 0.87 HTE: q = UA (To-T1) = 2840 (3600/1000) A ( 130.6-50.6) solving : A = 41.47 m2

Ex.2
Ex 2] A single effect evaporator is used to concentrate 20,000 lb/hr of a 20% solution of NaOH to 50% solids. Saturated steam is at 20 psig and the vapor space at 100 mm Hg. Overall heat transfer coefficient is 250 BTU/hr ft2-oF. The feed enters at 100oF. Calculate the economy and evaporator area.

Duhrings Chart for NaOH

H-x-T diagram for NaOH-H2O

Given: Reqd: a)Economy b) A Soln: OMB: 20000 = L+E SB: 20000(.2) = L(.5) L = 8000 E = 12000 lb/hr EB: q = VoLo = EHE + LhL - FhF for steam at 20 psig or 34.7 psia, To = 258.7oF Lo = 939.5 BTU/lb for vapor: at 100 mm Hg or 1.93 psia, T1 = 124.7oF H1 = 1115.6 BTU/lb From Duhring's Chart: TI =(T1=124.7,xL=0.5) = 197oF BPR = 197 -124.7 = 72.3oF From Enthalpy- Concentration Diagram: hF = (TF=100oF, xF=0.2) = 55 BTU/lb hL = (TI=197oF, xL=0.5) = 221 BTU/lb Substituting in EBE: Vo(939.5) = 12000 [1115.6 + .45(72.3)] + 8000(221) -20000(55) Vo = 15375.8 lb/hr a) Economy = 12000/15375.8 = 0.78 HTE: q = VoLo = UA(To-TI) = 250 A (258.7-197) A = 936 ft2

Ex.3
Ex 3] A single effect evaporator is used to concentrate 1000 kg/hr of a 10% solution of NaCl to 30% solids. Saturated steam is at 20 psig and the vapor space at 100 mm Hg. Overall heat transfer coefficient is 250 BTU/hr ft2-oF. The feed enters at 100oF. Calculate the economy and evaporator area.

Example
5 MT/hr of an aqueous solution with 10% sugar will be concentrated to 50% in a single evaporator system operating at 694 mm Hg vacuum. Saturated steam at 113oC will condense without subcooling in the steam chest. Assume that the feed has a specific heat of 3.5 kJ/kg-K, and the evaporator has an over-all coefficient of 2500 W/m2-K. Determine the steam requirement, economy and heat transfer area Needed for the evaporator if the feed enters at: at a) 25oC b) 43oC c) 70oC

Answers: a)A = 15.7381m2 b)A = 15.2381m2 c)A = 14.4881m2

Solution
F 5000 xF 0.1 CpF 3.5 Pv 694 xL 0.5 Pb 760 Ts 113 U 2500 ( Pb Pv ) 1 P 760 1.01325

P 0.08571 bar

M ate rial Balance s: F = E + L F xF = L xL L F xF xL L 1000 E F L E 4000

Solution
Case of Ne g ligible BPR/ No Enthalpy Data Enthalpy Balance : Vo (Hs - hc1) = E H + L hI - F hF I From ste am table : T1 316 273 BPR 0 T1 43 L1 2579 179 TI T1

HI L1

hI 0

To Ts 273 Lo 2222.6

To 386 HI 2400

Lo 2696 473.4

Solution
TF 25 Vo hF CpF TF TI hF 63 E HI L hI F hF Lo e 0.89666 T 70 A 15.7381

Vo 4460.99163

E e Vo

T Ts T1 Vo Lo A U T 3.6

Solution
TF 43 Vo e hF CpF TF TI hF 0 E HI L hI F hF Lo E Vo e 0.92608 T 70 A 15.2381

Vo 4319.26572

T Ts T1 Vo Lo A U T 3.6

Solution
TF 70 Vo e hF CpF TF TI hF 94.5 E HI L hI F hF Lo E Vo e 0.97402 T 70 A 14.4881

Vo 4106.67686

T Ts T1 Vo Lo A U T 3.6

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