law or parallelogram law of vector addition while addition of more than two vectors can be aected by polygon law.

Dot product of two vectors. Dot product of two vectors is given by

A.B =AB cos

Study Material Scalars. These are quantities which have magnitude only. Vectors. These are the quantities which have magnitude as well as direction. Addition of Vectors. Two vectors can be added according to the triangle's

It is a scalar quantity. It has following characteristics. (i) It is commutative.

A.B = B.A

(ii) It is distributive
A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C

(iii) Collinear vectors

A.B =AB cos 0 = AB A.B =AB cos 90 = 0 = k = k. = 0 i.j j. i

(iii) Perpendicular vectors (iv) Dot product in terms of components If A =Ax + Ay + Az k and B =Bx + By + Bz k, then i j i j

Cross product of two vectors. cross product of two vectors is given by

It is a vector quantity. It has following characteristics. (i) It is not commutative (ii) It is distributive
A (B + C) = A B + A C AB=BA A B = AB sin = C n

A.B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

(iii) Collinear vectors

A B =(AB sin 0 ) =null vector n = = k k = 0 i i j j

(iv) Perpendicular vectors

A B = (AB sin 90 ) = (AB) n n = k = k i j j i k = j i i k = j j k = i k = i j

(v) Cross product in terms of rectangular components

|A B| =

Triple product of vectors

(i) Scalar triple product (ii)Vector triple product

i j k Ax Ay Az Bx By Bz = (Ay Bz Az By ) + (Az Bx Ax Bz ) + (Ax By Ay Bx )k i j

P = A.(B C) = Ax (By Cz Cz Cy ) + Ay (Bz Cx Bx Cz ) + Az (Bx Cy By Cx ) P = A (B C) = B(A.C) C(A.B)

1

d (i) dF = Lt F = dt (Fx ) + dt Fy + k dt (Fz ) id jd dt t0 t d (ii) dt [KA] = A dK + K dA dt dt d (iii) dt (A.B) = dA .B + A. dB dt dt d (iv) dt (A B) = dA B + A dB dt dt

Dierentiation of a vector

Line integral of a vector is dened as the sum of the dot product of vector, representing the segment and the vector eld at that segment subject to condition that the length of the segment tends to zero. Line integral= L F(r).dl It is dened as the sum of the dot products of the eld vector with elemental vectorial area, subject to the condition that the area has a magnitude which tends to zero. Surface integral = E(r).dS

Line integral of a vector

Surface integral of a vector eld

Volume integral
Volume integral =
V

dV

Gradient of a scalar function is a vector quantity and is dened as the maximum value of spatial rate of change of the scalar eld at that point n grad = d dt grad = + + k i x j y z
max

Gradient of a scalar function

It is the total normal ux per unit volume through a closed surface drawn around a point, subject to condition that the enclosed volume tends to zero. div E = Lt E.dS

Divergence of a vector Field

V0 S

Curl of a vector eld

curl A =
i

div E = .E = Ex + Ey + Ez x y z

A per unit area, around that point, as the area tends to zero.
j k A=
x y z

It is dened as the limiting amount of maximum circulation (line integral) of

It states that if in a vector eld F, there is a closed surface S enclosing a volume V, then the surface integral of F over the closed surface S is equal to the volume integral of divergence of F over the same volume.
F.dS= ( .F)dV

Gauss divergence theorem

Ax

Ay

Az

It states that surface integral of the curl of a vector eld F over the surface of any shape is equal to line integral of the vector eld F over the boundary of that surface.
curlF.dS = F.dr

Stoke's theorem

Green's Theorem

If and are two continuously dierentiable scalar functions such that are again continuously derivable, then ( 2 2 )dV = ( ).dS
V S

and