Doc1-RadioNetworkPlanning and Engineering

1
Radio network planning Radio network planning

and and enginering enginering
Sami Tabbane Sami Tabbane
Damascus - Syria, 27-29 July 2009
ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on
ICT Applications for Rural Communications
2
Cellular Cellular
networks networks
fundamentals fundamentals
2
3
Cellular network fundamentals Cellular network fundamentals
Main issue: How accommodate the maximum number of
mobile subscribers with a limited resource of bad quality
and out of control?
4
4 4 propagation basic phenomenas propagation basic phenomenas
Rflexion Rfraction
Diffraction
Diffusion
Scattering
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
3
5
3D Rayleigh environment 3D Rayleigh environment
6
Cellular architecture Cellular architecture
Frequency reuse:
- More capacity,
- More coverage.
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
. . .
C
I1
I2
I3
f1
f1
f1
f1
..
< > ^
...
. . .
4
7
Engineering Engineering
Problem:
How to design/tune/optimise the network to:
1. Vehiculate the maximum maximum volume of
traffic,
2. To fullfil the QoS contraintes,
3. While minimising minimising the investments ?
8
Multiple access methods Multiple access methods
FDMA and TDMA: Concentration of the interference on
some channels.
CDMA: interference is
spread over all the channels.
Frquences
Temps
Codes/Puissance
f
t
f1
.
.
.
fi
f
t
f1
.
.
.
fj
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
Trame TDMA
Intervalle de temps ou time slot
Time slot
Power/Code
Time slot
Time
Frequencies
5
9
Cellular systems Cellular systems
specificities specificities
Subscribers mobility
management,
Radio interface management.
10
Mobility management Mobility management
.Active mobile (dedicated mode):
EHandover
Inactive mobile (idle mode): two
processes
ECells selection/re-selection
ELocation management (roaming).
6
11
Handover Handover or or Handoff Handoff
Station A
Station B
Station A
Station B
Avant le handover Aprs le handover
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
- Measurements,
- Criteria,
- Execution.
Before HO After HO
12
Cell Selection/Reselection Cell Selection/Reselection
Objective: Allow a mobile select a particular
network cell in order to:
Store the broadcast information,
Be ready to connect to the network in case
of communication,
Inform the network of its movements.
C Requires permanent listening of
neighbouring base stations.
7
13
Frequency reuse (1) Frequency reuse (1)
Definition: frequency reuse is the use of the same
radio channels to cover different areas separated
from each-others by distances high enough so
that the co-channel interference is not too high.
Mobile
Site C
Site B
Site A
..
< > ^
...
. . .
C
I
I
f
1
f
1
f
1
14
Frequency reuse Frequency reuse (2) (2)
Channel
15
Channel
6
Channel
15
SN
min
= 9 dB
8
15
Cluster Cluster
C1st case: R = 10 km with N = 7 frequencies.
E7 simultaneous communications.
C2nd case: r = 500 m
E(R/r)
2
= 400 therefore 400.1 = 400 simultaneous
communications.
f5
f1
f2
f3
f7
f4
Zone A Zone A
R
r
F
f6
F = f1 + f2 + f3 + f4 + f5 + f6 + f7
Cluster

16
Number of cells per cluster (1) Number of cells per cluster (1)
Given a cluster of hexagonal shape.
N: cells number per cluster,
a (A): cell area (whole cluster),
R: hexagon side.
Distance between two co-cells = D, Radius (side)
of the cluster (supposed hexagonal) =
(D/2)/cos(/6) = D/
C
2
3 3
2
R
a =
3
A
D
D
= =
3 3
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
30 cos
9
17
Number of cells per cluster Number of cells per cluster (2) (2)
Thus and: ,
a
A
N =
N
D
R
=
2
2
3.
D
R
N = 3
C
1
(2)
C
1
(3)
C
1
(1)
C
1
(6)
C
1
(5)
C
1
(4) C
1
Cluster
Ple
Cellule
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Example: 4/12 and 3/9 size clusters Example: 4/12 and 3/9 size clusters
=9 cells cluster: 3 BTSs with 3 sectors per BTS,
=12 cells cluster: 4 BTSs with 3 sectors per BTS,
D
1
D
2
D
3
A
1
A
2
A
3
B
1
B
2
B
3
C
1
C
2
C
3
A
1
A
2
A
3
B
1
B
2
B
3
C
1
C
2
C
3
Motif 4/12
Motif 3/9
10
19
Reuse Partitioning Reuse Partitioning
1
2
3
4
1' 2'
3'
4'
1' 2'
3'
4'
1' 2'
3'
4'
1' 2'
3'
4'
1'
3'
4
5
4
1 2
1 2
3
7
6
6
6
5
7
5 7
3
3
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 : Cellules du motif 7 (1)
1', 2', 3', 4' : Cellules du motif 4 (2)
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Reuse cluster: TDMA/FDMA and Reuse cluster: TDMA/FDMA and
CDMA CDMA
frequency frequency frequency frequency
TDMA TDMA
DS DS--CDMA CDMA
11
21
CDMA reuse cluster: multiple CDMA reuse cluster: multiple
access interference access interference
TDMA TDMA
DS DS--CDMA CDMA
Downlink Downlink
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D/R and C/I relationship D/R and C/I relationship
q = D/R: co-channel reuse ratio.
High q =low potential interference level.
q 7 =co-channel interference .
D: function of K
I
(nbr of co-channel cells in the
first ring) and of C/I.
with C proportional to R
-
and
I proportional to D
-
.
C
I
C
k
k
I
I
K
=
=
1
( )
C
I
R
D
k
k k
I
K
k
q
I
K
= =

1 1
1
12
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The cell The cell
Geographic area which limits are
determined by:
1. The transmitted power and the receivers
sensibility,
2. C/I ratio fixed by the system,
3. Capacity to managed the maximum
number of communications on the
allocated are with the required QoS,
4. Integration of the cell in its environment
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Relations between cells Relations between cells
Service area
Cross-coverage
Co-channel interference
13
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1. UMTS main 1. UMTS main
procedures procedures
UMTS Radio Functionalities (1) UMTS Radio Functionalities (1)
The UE scans all RF channels in
WCDMA and searches for the
strongest cell signal on each
carrier.
The UE displays those PLMNs
that are allowed as well as those
that are not allowed based on the
strongest signal cell on each
frequency.
The user can select a PLMN
manually from the list
2. Manual mode
3.
1.
f
1
f
2
f
n
Strongest cell
0. 2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 x 107
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Frequency
Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)
PLMN A
PLMN B
PLMN D
PLMN E
2.
Idle mode: PLMN selection
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14
Initiate Cell Synchronization
P-CCPCH
(PSC + SSC + BCH)
UE monitors Primary SCH code, detects peak in matched filter output
Slot Synchronization Determined ------>
UE monitors Secondary SCH code, detects SCG and frame start time offset
Frame Synchronization and Code Group Determined ------>
UE determines Scrambling Code by correlating all possible codes in group
Scrambling Code Determined ------>
UE monitors and decodes BCH data
BCH data, Super-frame synchronization determined ------>
UE adjusts transmit timing to match timing of BS + 1.5 Chips
Cell Synchronization complete
Idle mode: search process
Idle mode behavior: Cell search procedure
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Squal = Qqualmeas- qQualMin > 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas qRxLevMin Pcompensation > 0
Where Pcompensation = max(maxTxPowerul P;0)
qQualmin: sent in the broadcast information and indicates the
minimum required quality value. The UE measures the received
quality, Qqualmeas; on the CPICH (CPICH Ec/N0) and
calculates Squal.
qRxLevMin: sent in the system information and indicates the
minimum required signal strength. The UE measures the received
signal Code Power (CPICH RSCP) and obtains Srxlev
Cell selection process
28
15
Qqualmeas
Qrxlevmeas P-CCPCH
CPICH
qQualmin
qRxLevMin
maxPowerul
maxTxPowerful: the maximum transmission power during
random access on the RACH. Value sent in the system
information.
P: the UE maximum output power according to its class
Cell selection process
Idle mode behavior: Cell selection process
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Squal > 0 (only WCDMA cells)
Srxlev > 0
In order to always camp on the best cell the UE performs the cell
reselection procedure in the following cases:
When the cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable.
When the UE, in camped normally state, has found a better
neighboring cell than the cell on which it is camping.
When the UE is in limited service state on an acceptable cell.
When the UE triggers a cell reselection evaluation process, it
performs ranking of cells that fulfill the following criteria:
Cell reselection process
30
16
Cells are ranked according to the R criteria:
R(serving) =Qmeas(s) + qHyst(s)
R(neighbor) = Qmeas(n) - qoffset(s,n)
Qmeas is the quality value of the received signal.
Qmeas may be derived from the averaged CPICH Ec/No or
CPICH RSCP for WCDMA cells.
Qmeas uses the averaged received signal level for GSM cells.
CPICH RSCP is always used as a measurement quantity when
WCDMA cells are compared with GSM cells. 31
Qmeas(n)
Qmeas(s)
qoffset(s)
qHyst(s)
R(s)
R(n)
treSelection
Cell reselection
time
Quality
Idle mode behavior: Cell reselection procedure
32
17
Cell reselection criteria are used for intra-frequency, inter-frequency
and inter-RAT cells.
Decision on when measurements on intra-frequencies should be
performed is made using the parameter sIntraSearch in relation to
Squal.
If Squal > sIntraSearch the UE does not need to perform
intrafrequency measurements.
If Squal sIntraSearch the UE performs intrafrequency
measurements.
If the sIntraSearch is not sent to the serving cell, the UE
performs intrafrequency measurements.
33
The decision on when measurements on GSM frequencies should
be performed is made using the parameter sRATSearch.
If Squal > sRATSearch the UE does not need to perform
measurements on GSM cells.
If Squal sRATSearch the UE performs measurements on
GSM cells.
If sRATSearch is not sent for the serving cell, the UE performs
measurements on GSM cells.
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18
The UE is also supposed to be able to measure on inter-
frequency cells. The decision on when measurements on inter-
frequencies should be performed is made using the parameter
sInterSearch in relation to Squal.
If Squal > sInterSearch the UE does not need to perform
interfrequency measurements.
If Squal sInterSearch the UE performs interfrequency
measurements.
If the sInterSearch is not sent for the serving cell, the UE
performs interfrequency measurements.
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Frame with
PI Indicator
Associated
S-CCPCHframe

PICH
S-CCPCH
PICH
= 2ms = 3 TS
When the UE is in Idle mode, two different physical channels are
used in order to deliver proper information from the WCDMA
RAN to the UE: the PICH and the S-CCPCH (carries the PCH).
The PICH is used to indicate to the UE when it should read the S-
CCPCH and the PCH is used to carry the RRC message paging
type 1, which contains the actual paging information
Idle mode: Paging
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19
Master
Information
Block
System
Information
Block 1
System
Information
Block 2
System
Information
Block 3
The System Information elements are broadcast in System
Information Blocks (SIBs). A SIB groups together System
Information elements related to the same kind of activity controls.
Different types of SIB exist, and each type contains a specific
collection of information.
A Master Information Block (MIB) gives reference to a number of
SIBs.
Idle mode behavior: system information grouping
System information
37
x
SIB12
x
x
SIB11
x
MIB
x
x
x
SIB1
x
SIB3
x
SIB5
Location and routing
updating
x
Power Control on
common channel
Timers and counters in
Idle mode
Cell and common
channel configuration
Measurement
management
Paging parameters
Cell selection and
reselection parameters
PLMN Identity
SIB7 Contents
Idle mode behavior: system information details 38
System information
20
39
RRM algorithms implementation RRM algorithms implementation
- Power control
- Quality measurements
- Measurement report
- Packet scheduling
- Load control
- Fast power control
- Rate adaptation
- H-ARQ, MIMO
- Admission control
- Load control
- HO control
- Outer loop power
control
UE UE
Node B Node B RNC RNC
4 types of HO:
Soft handover: between 2 (or more) cells in two
different sites
Softer handover: between 2 cells belonging to same site
Inter-frequency handover: between 2 WCDMA
frequencies
IRAT handover: GSM UMTS or UMTS GSM
40
Handover
21
SRNC
CN
Good block
Block in error
Decrease BLER = Increase the end user perceived throughput:
Rp = (1-BLER)*R
41
Soft Handover
RBS
Sector 2
Sector 1
Handover: softer handover
42
Softer Handover
22
Content Description
Measurement type Intra-frequency, inter-frequency or IRAT HO
Measurement Identity number To reference measurement reports in UL
Measurement command Setup, modify or release
Measurement objects Measured cells (GSM + UMTS)
Measurement quantity CPICH RSCP or Ec/N0
Measurement reporting criteria
The triggering for measurement report (event
1a .)
Measurement reporting mode Use acknowledge or unacknowledged mode
43
Softer Handover process
From the UE point of view, the WCDMA cells are divided into Active,
Monitored, and Detected Sets.
i. The Active Set: The radio links involved in the handover
ii. The Monitored Set: The neighbors of the Active Set cells, are
explicitly measured for handover (can contain both intra-frequency
and GSM neighboring cells).
iii. The Detected Set: The UE is also required to detect intra-frequency
cells that are not in the Active or Monitored Sets
The active set size is configured by operator using
maxActiveSet parameter (from 2 4 cells)
44
23
reportingRange1a
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH best cell
Reporting
event 1b
reportingRange1b
Reporting
event 1a
P_CPICH 2
Soft HO procedure: Add / remove of radio link
45
hysteresis1c/2
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH 1
Reporting
event 1c
P_CPICH 2
P_CPICH 3
P_CPICH 4
Soft HO procedure: replace of radio link 46
24
hysteresis1d/2
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH 1
Reporting
event 1d
P_CPICH 2
P_CPICH 3
Soft HO procedure: change of the best cell
47
Measurement
Quantity
(Ec/No and RSSI)
UMTS Cell
GSM Cell
usedFreqTresh2f
usedFreqTresh2d
hysteresis2d/2
hysteresis2f/2
hysteresis2d/2
utranTresh3a
gsmTresh3a
hysteresis3a/2
hysteresis3a/2
Reporting
event 2d
Reporting
event 2d
Reporting
event 2f
Reporting
event 3a
Start measurement on
GSM cells
Stop measurement on
GSM cells
Perform HO to GSM
cell
IRAT handover: thresholds and hysteresis
48
IRAT Handover
25
11
5
1 2 3 4 12 13 1..15 14 15
Gap of 7 slots
Normal frame (SF =16) Normal frame (SF=16)
Compressed frame (SF = 8)
UE performs measurement on other frequencies
(IF or IRAT handover) RBS Total
power
RNC CPU
load
38 dbm 41 dbm 38 dbm
60 % 65 % 60 %
Lost codes = 16 codes of SF = 256
IRAT handover: compressed mode algorithm
49
Compressed mode
UE RBS RNC MSC BSS
Measurement report
Compressed mode control
Measurement control
Measurement report
Evaluation of MR
Evaluation of MR
Relocation required
Relocation command
GSM: HO request
GSM: HO ack
Handover from UTRAN command
GSM: HO access + HO complete
GSM: HO complete
Iu connection release
RRC release
50
IRAT Handover process
26
IRAT HO: from WCDMA to GSM (CS mode)
IRAT CC: IRAT Cell Change is from WCDMA to GPRS (PS mode)
The only difference is that in IRAT HO, the RRC connection remains
between UE and WCDMA RAN (also Iu connection) until receiving
a successful HO message from BSS (to RNC)
In case of a HO failure (WCDMA GSM) UE may return to
WCDMA system.
However, in IRATCC, the Iu connection (also RRC) would be
released since the send of Cell change order message from SRNC
(include GSM cell details)
UE will not be ever connected to WCDMA system
51
IRAT HO Cell Change
UE RBS RNC MSC BSS
Measurement report
Compressed mode control
Measurement control
Measurement report
Evaluation of MR
Evaluation of MR
Cell change order from WCDMA RAN
GSM RA update
RRC release
Stop DL transmission
Iu release command
Iu release complete
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IRAT Handover process
27
Algorithm for IRATCC to WCDMA controlled by the network via
parameters FDDQMIN and FDDQOFF
Measurement
Quantity
FDDQMIN
FDDQOFF
CPICH Ec/No
GSM RLA
CPICH RSCP
t
5 seconds
IRATCC to
WCDMA
CPICH Ec/No
> FDDQMIN
CPICH RSCP >
GSM RLA+ FDDQOFF
IRAT CC GPRS UMTS
IRAT Cell Change: GPRS to WCDMA
53
o FDDQMIN is the minimum quality of a WCDMA cell for cell
reselection.
It provides a sufficient quality of the candidate WCDMA cell.
o FDDQOFF is the key parameter to control the behavior of the
IRATCC.
It defines an offset between signal quality of WCDMA and GSM
cells.
CPICH E c /N o > FDDQMIN
&
CPICH RSCP > RLA (serving +neighboring GSM cells) + FDDQOFF
(period time of 5 seconds)
RLA (Received Level Average): average of the received signal levels
measured in dBm for all monitored GSM frequencies in the BA list
IRAT CC GPRS UMTS
54
28
o Percentage of idle TCH in the serving cell ISHOLEV
o CPICH Ec/No > MRSL
Filtering
Allocation reply
Inter System Handover
algorithm
ISHOLEV = 20 %
Organizing the list
Urgency condition
Basic ranking
Radio Network functions
evaluations
Sending the list
WCDMA Cell
measurement
Traffic load
T T T T S T B
% idle TS: 1/6 16, 7%
Add WCDMA cell
to candidate list
% idle TS
ISHOLEV
Ec/No
> MRSL
IRAT HO GSM UMTS
IRAT Handover: GSM to WCDMA
55
RBS
1: Ensure that Eb>Eb
min
2: Modify Eb
min
to ensure that BLER < BLER
max
RNC
UE
Power control frequency = 1500 per second (at each TS)
Power Control
Power Control: Inner & Outer loop power control
56
29
Admission control: controls system load to maintain a sufficient
resources for urgent requirements and an acceptable service quality
for connected users .
Its based on following inputs:
Q Downlink transmit carrier power
Q Air-interface Speech Equivalent (ASE) usage in uplink and
downlink
Q Spreading Factor usage
Q Code tree usage
Q Number of Compressed Mode radio links
Admission Control
57
speech) factor (activity
link) radio factor (activity
speech) link radio (maxrate
link) radio (maxrate
= ASE
ASE of a radio link = relative value, defined as the air-
interface load relative to a speech radio link (12.2kbps,
50%activity).
A radio link with an ASE of 3 in DL, is expected to
generate as much interference in downlink as 3 speech
radio links in the cell.
General method of estimating ASE value for a specific
service:
58
Admission Control
30
ASE value for AMR: not equal to one due to the control
signaling (3.4 kbps) which contributes with 0.6 ASE
Admission control: ASE for different RABs
59
Admission Control
Q DL transmit carrier power: to keep sufficient power for UEs in
CMor experiencing a poor service quality due to fading
Q SF usage: Provides details about the number of codes of a certain
length that are in use. Limit the number of users of a certain SF.
Q Code tree usage: Provides a measure for code tree usage in the
downlink. Monitoring of this dedicated resource based on the
tracking of the fraction on the downlink code tree in use
Q Compressed mode radio links: Indication of the processor load
that the Compressed mode radio links causes in the RBS. Important
due to hardware limitations in the RBS
60
Admission Control
31
Resource request Is admission blocked
by Congestion Control?
Is admission blocked
by Congestion Control?
Yes,
then
block
Check if the requested
ASE UL + estimated ASE UL
>
aseUlAdm
ASE UL + estimated ASE UL
>
aseUlAdm
No
Yes,
then
block
DL Pwr + estimated Pwr
>
pwrAdm
DL Pwr + estimated Pwr
>
pwrAdm
No
Yes, then block
Check if the requested +
estimated # compressed mode RL
>
compModeAdm
Check if the requested +
estimated # compressed mode RL
>
compModeAdm
No
Yes,
then
block
No, then
accept
ASE DL + estimated DL ASE
>
aseDlAdm
ASE DL + estimated DL ASE
>
aseDlAdm
No
Yes,
then
block
Yes,
then
block
code usage + estimated code usage
>
dLCodeAdm
code usage + estimated code usage
>
dLCodeAdm
No
No
Yes,
then
block
DL SF + estimated DL SF
>
sfXAdm *
DL SF + estimated DL SF
>
sfXAdm *
Only checked if
BE-service requests
* X = 8 or X = 32
Admission control workflow
61
Admission Control
Main goal of the Congestion Control function = provide the ability to
solve overload situations.
Overloads occur due to a natural process caused by fluctuations in the
downlink power. Factors like fading, inter-cell interference, and
variations in the traffic on individual connections can cause these
fluctuations.
Congestion Control is triggered only in the case of (near) overload in
a cell
Congestion control based on 3 consecutive steps:
1. Restricts admission
2. Delay packet transmission, by reducing the packet bit rate
3. If this does not solve the congested situation, it releases radio links
until congestion ceases 62
Congestion Control
32
Time
DL Power
pwrAdm +
pwrAdmOffset
= pwrHyst
75ms 100ms
= tmCongAction
Start
releaseAseDl
Start
releaseAseDl
100ms
= pwrHyst
pwrOffset
Stopp
releaseAseDl
< pwrHyst
200ms
Congestion
Congestion
solved
Congestion control handling
63
Congestion Control
Core Network
SRNC
&
DRNC
Iu
Iur
over Iur:
SRNC
Iu
over Iu:
1. Best Effort users in HO
Best Effort users
3. CS users in HO
CS users
5. Speech users in HO
Speech users
2. Best Effort users in HO
Best Effort users
4. CS users in HO
CS users
6. Speech users in HO
Speech users
Congestion control: ASE release order
64
Congestion Control
33
2. UMTS 2. UMTS
CHANNELS CHANNELS
65
66
Codes, physical and logical channels (1) Codes, physical and logical channels (1)
2 spreading codes used in UMTS:
Channelisation codes: derived from the OVSF
(Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) tree. Vary
the spreading factor to keep codes orthogonality.
In the same cell: OVSF codes can not be all used
together.
Scrambling codes: each cell has its own code.
Allow to differentiate neighboring cells. Chosen
among 512 (reuse pattern = 512). For the mobiles:
2
24
different codes. Random allocation.
34
67
Transport channels:
- Dedicated channel: DCH (Dedicated Channel) UL DL.
- Physical channels: 6 different types.
Transport channels Link Fonction
BCH(Broadcast Control Channel) DL Information broadcast
FACH(Forward Channel) DL Control information
PCH(Paging Channel) DL Paging
RACH (Random Access Channel) UL Access
CPCH(Common Packet Channel) UL Data packets
DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel) DL Dedicated control data
68
Node B shares its power among all active connections
Power splitted among:
- Common control channels (10 to 20% of the total power, usually 2
Wfor CPICH for a total power of 20 W, that is a factor of 10 dB),
- User traffic channels.
Soft handover requires additional power.
BCCH
Sync.
Paging
User 1 User 2
User 3
35
69
Parameters and constraints Parameters and constraints
Parameters:
CDMA technology with new engineering
rules,
Deployment strategy with existing 2G and
2,5 G networks.
Radio constraints:
Services segmentation and related QoS,
Coverage/services tradeoff.
70
CDMA planning principles CDMA planning principles
Issues:
- Band shared among all active connections CSeparation
between Radio planning Dimensioning not possible,
- Coverage and capacity are linked together,
- The capacity depends on the traffic distribution and the
base stations location.
CDMA advantages:
- no a-priori limitation of the capacity as in TDMA =
Soft capacity,
- capacity allocation done according to C/I (bandwidth
allocation if SIR
min
SIR).
36
71
WCDMA systems specificities (1) WCDMA systems specificities (1)
Main features and constraints:
Node B power: shared among the N connected mobiles,
Noise maximum power: 10 dB,
Transmission power: between 6 and 10 dB,
Transmission power on each level: depends on propagation
conditions and activated service,
Mobiles distribution in the cell: if the mobiles are close to the
Node B, capacity can be up to 10 times that of when the mobile
are far from the Node B,
Cell breathing: access management achieved by call admission
control based on the noise rise and load control,
Power control is fundamental for the UL: outer loop to adjust
the target power according to the BER estimation and fast power
control against fast fading. Fast power control =continuous
transmission on the radio interface, packet transmission at layer 2.
72
Relation between power and service bitrate
P
r
Voice service
P
r
Email service
P
r
Video service
P
e
Power
level of the
signals
received by
the mobiles
Power transmitted by
the Node B
WCDMA systems specificities (2) WCDMA systems specificities (2)
37
73
3. UMTS networks 3. UMTS networks
planning planning process process
74
UMTS planning process UMTS planning process
Multiservice
offered traffic
Traffic analysis
WCDMA link budget
Cell number
Required channel number for the
considered configuration
Maximum cell range
Number of carriers per cell
38
Nominal Planning Nominal Planning Nominal Planning Nominal Planning
O Based on the result of network dimension, preliminary design
present Information of theoretical sites including following:
Site coordinates.
Engineering parameters such as Antenna height, azimuths and tilts.
Radio parameters such as scrambling code ,transmit power of
different channels , etc.
75
Simulation
Unlike GSM network, in CDMA coverage and capacity are too inter-
related to be predicted accurately. Monte Carlo simulation is used to
evaluate the performance of a radio network.
Monte Carlo is a static simulation
During Monte Carlo simulation, the performance of the network is analyzed over
various instances in time (snapshot), where UEs are in statistically determined
places with the given traffic model. The ability of each terminal to make its
connection to the network is calculated through an iterative process.
WCDMA simulation WCDMA simulation
39
Setup Setup
network network
Design Design
Run Pilot Run Pilot
Field Field
Strength Strength
Prediction Prediction
Pilot Pilot
Level Level
OK? OK?
Run Run
UMTS UMTS
Traffic Traffic
simulation simulation
Make predictions Make predictions
(Services) (Services)
Performance Performance
Requirements Requirements
Fulfilled? Fulfilled?
Neighbors Neighbors
planning& planning&
Scrambling code Scrambling code
allocation allocation
RNP Input & RNP Input &
Equipment Equipment
configuration configuration
Neighborhood Neighborhood
planning criteria planning criteria
Scrambling code Scrambling code
allocation criteria allocation criteria
Output Output
parameters parameters
YES YES
NO NO
YES YES
NO NO
Traffic model Traffic model
& forecast & forecast
Simulation flow Simulation flow--chart chart
77
Simulation output Simulation output
Simulation output
Pilot coverage (Ec, Ec/Io) in the
target areas
Best server plot
Coverage probability distribution of
each service
Access failure distribution and
statistic of each service
Continuous coverage areas of each
service
Cell load distribution of downlink
and uplink
Pilot pollution distribution
Soft handover areas statistic of each
service
40
For each theoretical site, a physical site will be acquired in this phase
through following steps:
Define search areas
Site ranking
Identify candidate sites
Site acquisition
Site Survey Site Survey
O A suitable physical site
Give adequate radio coverage.
Have connectivity into the transmission network.
Be politically acceptable to the local community.
Have power nearby, good access and a co-operative owner.
A3rd
D1st
C2nd
B - Unsuitable
79
Verification by system simulation Verification by system simulation
It is an iterative process to
verify the final design until all
the requirements are fulfilled
Coverage prediction
RNP
Planning
results
Are requirements
Fulfilled?
Traffic distribution
System simulation
80
41
81
4. CDMA link 4. CDMA link
budget budget
UL dimensioning UL dimensioning
L
pmax
= P
UE
S
RBS
B
IUL
- B
pc
- B
LNF
- L
BL
- L
BPL
- L
J
+ G
a
B
IUL
= 10*Log ( )
1
1 - Q
UL
Q
UL
= M ((for 1 cell) / M
pole
Q
UL
= M / (3 *N *M
pole
) N
1
=
3* M
pole
* Q
UL
M
Capacity
L
pmax
= a + b*log(R)
S
c
(cell area) = 9/83 * R
2
N
2
=
S (total area )
S
c
(cell area)
Coverage
82
42
DL dimensioning DL dimensioning
L
sa
= L
pmax
+ B
pc
+ B
LNF
+L
BL
+ L
BPL
+ L
J
- G
a
P
tot
=
P
CCH
+ H *
L
sa 1 - Q
DL
L
pmax
= P
tot
S
UE
B
IDL
- B
pc
- B
LNF
- L
BL
- L
BPL
- L
J
+ G
a
L
sa
= P
tot
S
UE
B
IDL
B
IDL
= 1 + K *
P
tot
L
sa
1
2
3
4
1
3 4
2
?
83
84
Link budget Link budget
+First dimensioning realized according to
the coverage: compute cell size for the
most constraining services.
- Uplink: MAPL, cell size determination,
- Downlink: Link budget balancing to
determine the BS power. BS power shared
by all the channels (common and traffic).
43
85
Node Node B transmission power B transmission power
- 37 dBm (5 W): low capacity and extended
coverage,
- 40 dBm (10 W): good coverage and medium
capacity,
- 43 dBm (20 W): good coverage and large
capacity per carrier,
- 46 dBm (40 W): large capacity and wide
coverage.
86
Power classes Power classes
EIRP (dBm)
Node B
UE
Macro Micro Pico
[40, 43] [30, 43] [20, 43] [10, 33]
44
87
Link Budget parameters (1) Link Budget parameters (1)
Load factor and noise rise
Noise riselevel of noise increase due to the increase
of the load in the cell.
+Noise rise is related to the load factor which measures
the load of each link (uplink or downlink).
Noise rise is important if the capacity and this the load
authorized in the cell is important (then reduced cell
size).
CUrban areas: large noise rise,
C Rural areas: reduced noise rise.
88
The more the noise rise, the smaller the cell radius but
the higher the potential traffic carried in the cell.
CNoise Rise = Traffic Margin.
Wideband interference
Narrowband interference
Noise
Uplink channel loading
Downlink channel interference
Coverage
and
capacity
Noise Rise
Capacity
45
89
L
p
(dB) = P
t
(dBm) + G
t
(dBi) P
r
(dBm) + G
r
(dBi)
= EIRP (dBm) P
r
(dBm) + G
r
(dBi)
EIRP depends on the UL or DL.
UL/DL link budget UL/DL link budget
Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL)
EIRP (dBm) =
P
Tx
(dBm) L
u
(dB) + G
t
(dBi)
EIRP (dBm) =
P
Tx
(dBm) L
c
(dB) + G
t
(dBi)
P
Tx
: transmission power,
G
t
: antenna gain,
L
u
: body loss (voice: [3, 10],
data: [0, 3]).
P
Tx
: transmission power,
G
t
: antenna gain,
L
c
: feeder losses.
90
Noise rise versus number of subscribers per cell
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Nombre d'abonns / cellule
N
o
i
s
e

R
i
s
e

(
d
B
)
Number of subscribers per cell
46
91
Planning/Dimensioning of the Planning/Dimensioning of the
cell for the UL cell for the UL
R
Traffic assumptions
Code/channel number required for the maximum estimated traffic
Noise rise value (statistical approach based on a mix traffic)
Link budget computation (Uplink)
MAPL computation
R: Maximum radius of the cell determined with a propagation model
- If R > R and Noise Rise < Max(Noise Rise) => New iteration with R> R
- Otherwise, add capacity (new carrier or new station) and repeat with new configuration
92
DL analysis (1) DL analysis (1)
(a) Area of radius R.
(b) Traffic models =Mean potential traffic in the area.
(c) Estimated traffic = Compute the number of required
channels.
(d) For each user, estimate the required power for each link.
(e) Distribution of users in the cell and soft handover or not
=compute BS power transmission.
(f) Link budget established to determine the MAPL in the
cell.
(g) The process repeats in (a) until BS power value is lower
or equal to its maximum power.
47
93
Steps:
BS total power = summ of the powers of all the
established links taking into account the mobiles
sensitivities and propagation losses (estimated with a
propagation model). Additional power for control
channels. If no BS power is above its maximum
power, no link is deleted and the CIR value is
computed for each mobile.
After determination of total BS power: distribution
of the power among the various channels (pilot
channel, synchronisation channel, traffic channel).
Simulations stop: Most used criterium: power
fluctuations.
DL analysis (2) DL analysis (2)
94
UL power budget (example for 144 kb/s data service) UL power budget (example for 144 kb/s data service)
Value Formula
Transmitter
P: MS Tx Power (dBm) 23
MAG: MS Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 0
BL: Body Loss (dB) 3
PIRE: MS EIRP (dBm) 20 EIRP= P+MAG-BL
Receiver
FM: Fade Margin (dB) 5,4
FM = 0,675*SD (RC=90%, SD=8dB)
IM: Interference Margin (dB) 3 IM = 10log(1/1-loading)
PL: Pathloss (dB) 0 Dense Urban = 20 dB
BAG: BTS Antenna Gain (dBi) 16
BCL: BTS Cable Loss (dB) 3
SHG: Soft HO Gain (dB) 2
TM: Total Margin (dB) -6,6
TM=FM+IM+PL-BAG+BCL-SHG
S: BTS Rx Sensitivity (dBm) -115
UL_PL: UpLink Path Loss (dB) 141,6 UP_PL = EIRP-TM-S
48
95
DL DL link link budget budget
Value Formula
Transmitter
P: BTS Tx Power (dBm) 29
Power allocated to the pilot channel
BAG: BTS Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 16
BCL: BTS Cable Loss (dB) 3
PIRE: BTS EIRP (dBm) 42 PIRE = P+BAG-BCL
Receiver
FM: Fade Margin (dB) 5,4
FM = 0,675*SD (RC=90%, SD=8dB)
IM: Interference Margin (dB) 3 IM = 10log(1/1-loading)
PL: penetration loss (dB) 0 Dense urban = 20 dB
MAG: MS Antenna Gain (dBi) 0
SHG: Soft HO Gain (dB) 2
TM: Total Margin (dB) 9,4
TM=FM+IM+PL-MAG+BL-SHG
S: MS Rx Sensitivity (dBm) -110
DL_PL: DownLink Path Loss (dB) 142,6 UP_PL = PIRE-TM-S
96
5. 5. Load Load factor and factor and
noise noise rise rise
49
Uplink limited capacity: uplink M
pole
values
Uplink: M
pole
97
Pole capacity Pole capacity
Uplink: Noise Rise
Uplink interference degrade the RBS sensitivity with a
margin of B
IUL
,calculated as following
Where Q is the system load: Q = + +
M
1
M
pole
M
2
M
pole
M
n
M
pole
M
1
,. M
n
are the number of users on services 1 n
98
Noise rise Noise rise
50
Uplink: Noise Rise Uplink: Noise Rise
R
B
S

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
System load (Q)
100 %
99
Downlink: M Downlink: M
pole pole
: Downlink C/I target
: C/I compensation term for fast fading
: Non orthogonality factor
n
AS
: Typical size set
b: Number of active links
: Fraction of user in soft/softer handover
G
SHO:
Soft HO gain
G
DTX
: DTX gain
100
51
Downlink limited capacity: Downlink M
pole
values
Downlink: M Downlink: M
pole pole
101
102
Load factor on the UL (1) Load factor on the UL (1)
W: chip rate (3,84 Mchip/second),
i
: E
b
/N
0
(QoS) required for service i (or for the corresponding
service of user j),
i = inter-cell interference/ inner-cell interference. i depends on the
environment, the type of the cell (i = 55 % in case of
omnidirectional cells) and the type antenna,
R
j
: user j rate, depends on the used service,
u
j
: user j activity factor at physical layer level (67 % for voice and
100 %for data),
N
s
: number of sectors,
: sectorization gain.
( )
+
+
=
k
s k
k
k
/
N
. i 1 .
u
R
.
W
1
1
52
103
Load factor on the UL (2) Load factor on the UL (2)
W: chip rate (3,84 Mchip/second),
R
j
: j user bitrate, depends on the service,
u
j
: user j activity factor at physical layer level (67 % for
voice and 100 %for data),
N: number of subscribers in each cell.
The higher the load, the lower the radius.
=Cell breathing.
+
+ =
=
N
1 j
j
j
j
0
b
UL u
.
R .
N
E
W
1
1
) i 1 (
n
104
Noise Rise Noise Rise
Noise Rise = - 10log
10
(1 n
ul
).
Value used as interference margin in the calculation
of the link budget. Increases with transmission
bitrate and the number of communications.
Capacity of the system defined by the pole capacity.
Corresponds to the case where n
ul
reaches1.
Pole capacity never reached as it assumes infinite
mobile transmission powers.
In practice: Maximum WCDMA cell load between
40 and 70 %.
Example: Load between 20 and 50 % Cnoise rise =
2 dB.
53
Downlink: Noise Rise Downlink: Noise Rise
Downlink interference degrade the UE sensitivity
with a margin of B
IDL
,calculated as following ;
L
sa
= L
pmax
+ B
pc
+ B
LNF
+ L
BL
+ L
BPL
+ L
j
G
a
N
t
: thermal noise power density (-174 dbm/Hz)
N
f
: Noise figure
Where
105
Cell breathing Cell breathing
Cell breathing phenomena
RBS
Q = Q
max
= 60 %
Q = 0 % (no traffic)
106
54
107
Cell breathing phenomena Cell breathing phenomena
Case 1 : 10 users Case 2 : 20 users
-10 < C/I < -5 dB -15 < C/I < -10 dB
-15 < C/I < -50 dB cells
108
Capacity, cell radius and Capacity, cell radius and noise rise noise rise

R
Charge de la cellule = 20 % de
la capacit maxi mum
Niveau dinterfrence = y dB

R

R
Charge de la cellule = 50 % de
la capacit maxi mum
Noise Rise = 2 dB
Niveau dinterfrence = y + 2 dB
R
R et R sont les rayons des
cellules dans les deux
situations de charge
Cell load = 20% of the
maximum capacity
Interference level = y dB
R and R: cell
radiuses in the 2 load
conditions
Cell load = 50% of the
maximum capacity
Interference level = y + 2 dB
55
109
Load factor on the DL Load factor on the DL
a
j
: DL signal orthogonality factor. < 1
because of multipaths. Value between 0.4
and 0.9. 0.6 for a vehicle and 0.9 for a
pedestrian.
i
j
: outer-cell interference/inner-cell
interference at user j location.
( ) [ ]
=
+ =
N
j
j j
j
j
j dl
i a
R
N
E
u n
W
b
1
1
0
.
110
Fast fading margin and Fast fading margin and
impact on coverage impact on coverage
Fast power control =increase mobile power to
compensate Rayleigh fading.
CPower margin at the mobile level.
Power margin MS = Fast fading margin.
Mobile speed =Fast fading characteristics and
Rayleign fading duration.
+High speed CPC is not fast enough to increase the
power on time no need of fast fading margin.
+Fast fading margin taken into account only for slow
mobiles.
Consequence: limited coverage for slow mobiles.
56
111
6. Coverage and 6. Coverage and
services services
112
Coverage and services (1) Coverage and services (1)
Link budgetService throughput
+Relation between coverage and service throughput
Yellow = 12.2 kbps Orange = 64 kbps - Red= 384 kbps
57
113
Blue = 144 kbps Red = 384 kbps
Coverage and services (2) Coverage and services (2)
114
Traffic location and BS capacity Traffic location and BS capacity
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
..
< > ^
...
. . .
58
115
Benefits for locating the sites close to Benefits for locating the sites close to hot spots hot spots
Minimises the power on downlink channels;
Reduction in the number of mobiles in soft
handover and increase in the BS average
capacity;
Reduction of the interference on the uplink;
Increase of BS capacity: terminals close to the
BS require less power and thus minimise the DL
interference. Furthermore, mobiles connected to
neighbour base stations de base being far from
current one, inter-cell interference is low, and
thus increasing the capacity of the neighbour BS
on the UL.
116
Coverage/capacity versus distance (1) Coverage/capacity versus distance (1)
High bitrates = high power,
High transmission bitrates only available close
to the base station.
59
117
Coverage/capacity versus distance (2) Coverage/capacity versus distance (2)
HSDPA capacity limits HSDPA capacity limits
118
60
119
Conclusions Conclusions
UMTS planning process is complex due to:
CDMA technology (planning + dimensionning
linked, cell breathing, intra + extra cell
interference, )
Multimedia services (many QoS, various capacity
constraints for the coverage, the power, ).
Deploying UMTS/HSPA in rural areas requires an
estimation of the traffic in order to suitably plan
the network. Having been assigned the 900 MHz
band (or any other lower frequency band) will
allow minimize the cost of the infrastructure.
120
Glossaire Glossaire
SCH: Synchronisation Channel,
CPICH: Common Pilot Channel,
P-CCPCH: Primary Common Control
Physical Channel,
S-CCPCH: Secondary CCPCH,
PICH: Paging Indication Channel
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel,
AICH: Acquisition Indication Channel,
BCH: Broadcast Channel,
PCH: Paging Channel,
FACH: Forward Access Channel,
RACH: Random Access Channel,
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel,
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control
Channel,
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel,
PCPCH: Physical Common Packet Channel,
AP-AICH: CPCH Access Preamble
Acquisition Indicator Channel,
DCH: Dedicated Channel,
DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel,
CPCH: Common Packet Channel,
CSICH: CPCH Status Indicator Channel,
TSTD: Time-Switched Transmit Diversity,
PSC: Primary Synchronisation Channel,
SSC: Secondary Synchronisation Channel,
TDD: Time Division Duplex,
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex,
TrCH: Transport Channel,
TTI: Transmission Time Interval,
UMTS: Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Systems,
MBS: Mobile Broadband Systems.

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