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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Basic DC Circuit Analysis
Outline
Simplest DC Circuit
Ohms Law and Power Equation
Measuring Voltage and Current
Series and Parallel Circuits
Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Law
Concept of Ground
Internal Resistance
Ref: Electrical Engineering for All Engineers
W. H. Roadstrum and D. H. Wolaver
Section 2.2 to 2.8
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Simplest DC Circuit
+
E
B
R
Symbol of battery with polarity and
value (E
B
) in volt. Battery is a voltage
source which ideally supplies constant
voltage for all working condition.
Symbol of resistor with its value (R) in
ohm. Resistor current I
R
flows through it,
drops voltage, dissipates power and gets
heated. It is a load to the battery.
Connecting wire; ideally, has no
resistance and drops no voltage
Current flows through the loop
from higher voltage to lower
voltage. Unit of current is in
Ampere
V
R
Voltage drop across
resistor from higher to
lower voltage. Unit of
voltage is Volt
+
I
R
2
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Ohms Law and Power Equation
+
E
B
R
Current through R = I
R
Ampere (A)
Voltage drop across R, V
R
= I
R
.R Volts (V) .(Ohms Law)
Power Dissipation in R, P
R
= V
R
I
R
Watt (W)
Energy dissipated in time T sec, = P
R
.T Joules (J)
(Another unit of energy is kW-hour (kWhr), 1 kWhr = 3,600,000 Joules)
Q: If 12 V battery connects a 100 ohm resistor then what should be the
minimum power ratting of the resistor?
I
R
V
R
+
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Measuring Voltage and Current
+
E
B
R
Multimeter works as voltmeter as well as ammeter depending on its
measurement setting.
Q: A multimeter is connected like a voltmeter but setting is at ammeter by
mistake. What is expected in this situation?
A
V
3
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Series Resistor Circuit
Series circuit connects components in a single chain and current has only
one path to flow.
Series circuit makes a voltage divider circuit - R1 and R2 divides the
battery voltage between themselves.
Q1: What is the rule of the battery voltage sharing between the two resistors?
Q2: If R1 and E
B
are kept fixed and R2 is varying. What is the value for which
R2 will dissipate maximum power?
+
E
B
R2
I
R
R1
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
KVL: Algebraic sum of the voltages (drop or gain) at components around
any closed loop path in a circuit is equal to zero.
=> E
B
= V
R1
+ V
R2
+
E
B
R2
R1
V
R2
V
R1
+
+
4
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Parallel Resistor Circuit
Parallel circuit connects components in a way that current path is divided
into two (or more) and then merged together again. This is a current divider
circuit. R1 and R2 divides total battery current between themselves.
Q1: What is the rule of the battery current sharing between the two resistors?
Q: If R1 (or R2) is reduced to zero then what is expected?
+
E
B
R1
I
R1
R2
I
R2
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
KCL: Algebraic sum of the currents (incoming or outgoing) at a node in a
circuit is equal to zero.
=> I
R
= I
R1
+ I
R2
+
E
B
R1
I
R
R2
I
R2
I
R1
5
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Parallel Resistor Circuit
Q: Determine R3 in terms of R1, R2 and R4 for which voltage V
AB
is equal to zero.
+
E
B
R1
I
R1
R2
I
R2
R3 R4
A B
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Arbitrary Combination of Resistors
Q1: What is the total current of the battery? How do you calculate? (think
equivalent resistance)
Q2: Calculate current through and voltage across each of the resistors
Q3: What is the minimum power rating of each resistor?
+
E
B
R6
R5
R2
R1
R3 R4
E
B
= 100 Volts
R1 = 15 Ohms
R2 = 30 Ohms
R3 = 12 Ohms
R4 = 12 Ohms
R5 = 10 Ohms
R6 = 4 Ohms
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Concept of Ground
Q1: Calculate voltage at each node when ground is at node-A.
Q2: Calculate voltage at each node when ground is at node-B.
Q3: Calculate voltage at each node when ground is at node-C.
+
E
B
R6
R5
R2
R1
R3 R4
E
B
= 100 Volts
R1 = 15 Ohms
R2 = 30 Ohms
R3 = 12 Ohms
R4 = 12 Ohms
R5 = 10 Ohms
R6 = 4 Ohms
A B
C
D
E
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usic DC Circuit AnuIysis
Monzur Iobir of 12
Internal Resistance
Q: For a non-ideal voltage source what is the effect of
decreasing load resistance on load voltage?
Q: For a non-ideal voltmeter what is the effect of increasing
load resistance on load voltage measurement?
All practical voltage source, current source, voltmeter and
ammeter have internal resistance (R
i
). The device approaches
to be perfect one when R
i
approaches to its ideal value.
Q: What is the ideal value of R
i
for each of those devices?
R
i