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Seminar Report On: Fly Ash Utilization
Seminar Report On: Fly Ash Utilization
Submitted By: SHARBANEE PRUSTY ROLL NO: 107CE026 Department of Civil Engineering
2. Application of Fly ash 2.1 Recycling and reuse..6 2.2 Areas of Application.7 3. Application of Fly ash is roads and embankments 3.1 Advantages..8 3.2 Economy in Use..9 3.3. Environmental Impact9 4. Application in Concrete 4.1. Features of Fly ash concrete.....10 4.2. Contribution to workability..10 4.3. Contribution to Strength11 4.4. Environmental Impact11 5. Application in Bricks. 5.1. Features of fly ash bricks...13 5.2. Environmental Impacts...12 5.3. Economic Benefits.12 6. Indian Scenario in Fly ash application....13 7. Conclusion13 8. References.15
1. INTRODUCTION
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises of fine particles that rise with the flue gases. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal. Fly ash is produced through the combustion of coal used to generate electricity. After coal is pulverized, it enters a boiler where flame temperatures reach up to 1500 degrees Celsius. Upon cooling, the inorganic matter transforms from a vapour state to a liquid and solid state. During this process individual, spherical particles are formed. This is fly ash. It is then collected by either using electrostatic precipitators, bag houses or a combination of both. Fly ash from these systems is collected in hoppers and then transferred to storage silos. Fly ash is tested for physical properties such as fineness, loss on ignition, and moisture, before it is allowed to be shipped to its end user. 1.1.COMPOSTION They consist mostly of silicon dioxide (SiO2 ), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3). The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned (i.e., anthracite, bituminous, and lignite). Fly ash also contains environmental toxins in significant amounts, including arsenic (43.4 ppm); barium (806 ppm); beryllium (5 ppm); boron (311 ppm); cadmium (3.4 ppm); chromium (136 ppm); chromium VI (90 ppm); cobalt (35.9 ppm); copper (112 ppm); fluorine (29 ppm); lead (56 ppm); manganese (250 ppm); nickel (77.6 ppm); selenium (7.7 ppm); strontium (775 ppm); thallium (9 ppm); vanadium (252 ppm); and zinc (178 ppm). Fly ashes are generally highly heterogeneous, consisting of a mixture of glassy particles with various identifiable crystalline phases such as quartz, mullite, and various iron oxides. 1.2. CLASSIFICATION Two classes of fly ash are defined by ASTM C618: 1.Class F fly ash 2.Class C fly ash The chief difference between these classes is the amount of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash.
The recycling of fly ash has become an increasing concern in recent years due to increasing landfill costs and current interest in sustainable development. Recognizing the reutilization of fly ash, the huge pressures on land and water and the grave environmental consequences, power plants are shifting to separating the bottom ash and the fly ash and collecting ash to send it to alternative users The reuse of fly ash as an engineering material primarily stems from its 1)Spherical shape: Less water is needed which ultimately makes the concrete stronger and reduces particle segregation while the concrete sets and improves workability while the concrete is being finished. Pumping properties are improved as the round particles essentially act as a lubricant. Cohesion between the cement paste and aggregate is also improved since the particles are so fine. 2) Pozzolanic properties
3) Relative uniformity
2.2.
AREAS OF APPLICATION
Portland cement Embankments and structural fill Waste stabilization and solidification Raw feed for cement clinkers. Mine reclamation Stabilization of soils Road sub-base Agriculture related applications Aggregate Flowable fill Mineral filler in Asphaltic concrete
3. APPLICATION OF FLY ASH IN ROADS AND EMBANKMENTS 3.1.Advantages of using fly ash for road and embankment construction
Fly ash is a lightweight material, as compared to commonly used fill material i.e. local soils, therefore, causes lesser settlements. It is especially attractive for embankment construction over weak sub grade such as alluvial clay or silt where excessive weight could cause failure. Fly ash embankments can be compacted over a wide range of moisture content, and therefore, results in less variation in density with changes in moisture content.
Easy to handle and compact because the material is light and there are no large lumps to be broken down. Compaction can be done using either vibratory or static rollers. High permeability ensures free and efficient drainage. After rainfall, water gets drained out freely ensuring better workability than soil. Work on fly ash fills/ embankments can be restarted within a few hours after rainfall, while in case of soil it takes much longer.
Fly ash has considerably low compressibility resulting in negligible subsequent settlement within the fill. Use of fly ash helps in conserving good earth, which is precious topsoil, thereby protecting the environment.
It has higher value of California Bearing Ratio as compared to soil thus, providing for a more efficient design of road pavement. Pozzolanic hardening property imparts additional strength to the road pavements/ embankments and decreases the post construction horizontal pressure on retaining walls.
Fly ash is amenable to stabilisation with lime and cement. It can replace a part of cement and sand in concrete pavements thus making them more economical than roads constructed using conventional materials.
Fly ash admixed concrete can be prepared with zero slump making it amenable for use as roller compacted concrete. Considering all these advantages, it is extremely essential to promote use of fly ash for construction of roads and embankments.
4. APPLICATION IN CONCRETE
4.1. Features of fly ash concrete
Higher durability It is more resistant to attack by sulfate, mild acid, soft water and sea water. Similar abrasion resistance to as that of normal concrete Relatively lower drying shrinkage The lubricating action of fly ash reduces the water content and thus drying shrinkage. Reduced heat of hydration The pozzolanic reaction between fly ash and lime generates less heat, resulting in reduced thermal cracking when fly ash is used to reduce Portland cement Reduced sulphate attack and reduced efflorescence. Fly ash ties up free lime that can create efflorescence and also combine with sulfates to create destructive expansion. High strength Fly ash continues to combine with free lime, increasing compressive strength over time. Decreased permeability Increased density and long term pozzolanic action of fly ash, which ties up free lime, results in fewer bleed channels and decreases permeability. Higher setting time This is beneficial in hot weather as it allows more time for transporting and placing concrete. In cold weather, excessive set retardation can be avoided by raising the temperature or using set accelerating admixtures.
Cement normally gains majority of its strength within 28 days. So the specifications normally require the 28-day strength as standard. Typically concrete made with fly ash will be slightly lower in strength than straight cement concrete upto 28 days, almost equal strength at 28 days and substantially higher strength within a years time. Conversely in cement concrete, this lime would remain intact and over time it would be susceptible to the effects of weathering and loss of strength and durability
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5. APPLICATION IN BRICKS
Bricks made of lime and sand, popularly known as calcium silicate bricks are hardened by high pressure steam curing. The process requires finely ground sand. Fly ash, which is already fine, replaces ground sand partially or totally, thus conserving on grinding costs. Being a pozzolan, fly ash also reacts with lime resulting in bricks of superior quality.
5.2. Environmental Impacts The Various environmental concerns regarding fly ash bricks are Potential for radon and mercury vapor emission Potential for leaching pollutants (heavy metals) Potential for polluting landfills when building is demolished and broken fly ash products enter landfills. But the bricks made out of fly ash have been found to be environmentally safe . Fly ash bricks made from class C fly ash do not emit mercury into air. On contrary they adsorb mercury from air, making ambient air cleaner . They emit radon but only 50% of what is emitted by concrete. So safe to use. Leaching of pollutants from fly ash bricks caused by rain is negligible They are non-hazardous for land fills.
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7. CONCLUSION Fly ash utilization has great potential to lower green house gas emissions by decreased mining activities and reducing carbon dioxide production during manufacture of materials that can be substituted by fly ash. Utilization of fly ash is beneficial not only from environmental considerations, but also to avoid land usage for fly ash dumping. Though there has been a steady progress in fly ash utilization from 1990, we have a long way to go to reach the target of 100 per cent fly ash utilization. Fly ash can become a wealth generator by making use of it for producing green building materials, roads, agriculture etc. Full utilization of the generating stock will provide employment potential for three hundred thousand people and result in a business volume of over Rs.4,000 crores.
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8. REFERENCES: Eco-friendly Techniques developed at Central Road Research Institute ,India Headwaters resources, Fly ash for concrete N.Bhanumathidas and N.Kalidas, Fly ash: The resource for construction industry, Indian Concrete Journal ,April 2003 Sciencedirect.com Wikipedia wealthywaste.com
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