1

Mc-lc
Ta Nc Vit Nam

T Ch Thi i (Thi k nam bc phn tranh) Thng C Thi i

Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Lch Triu lc k Nam triu - Bc triu Trnh Nguyn phn tranh S chin tranh Cng vic h Trnh lm ngoi Bc Cng vic h Nguyn lm min Nam Ngi u chu sang nc Nam Vn trung suy ca cha Nguyn H Trnh mt nghip cha Nh Hu L mt ngi vua Nh Nguyn Ty Sn Nguyn Vng nht thng nc Nam

Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng Chng

I II III IV I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV

H Hng Bng Nh Thc X hi nc Tu Nh Triu

Bc Thuc Thi i

Bc Thuc ln th nht Trng Vng Bc Thuc ln th hai Nh Tin L Bc Thuc ln th ba Kt qu ca thi i Bc Thuc

T Ch Thi i

Cn Kim Thi i

Nh Ng Nh inh Nh Tin L Nh L Nh L (tip theo) Nh Trn (Thi k th nht) Gic nh Nguyn - I Gic nh Nguyn - II Nh Trn (Thi k th hai) Nh Trn (Thi k th ba) Nh H Nh Hu Trn Thuc nh Minh Mi nm nh qun Tu Nh L
2

Chng I Chng II Chng III Chng IV Chng V Chng VI Chng VII Chng VIII Chng IX Chng X Chng XI Chng XII Chng XIII Chng XIV Chng XV Chng XVI Tng Kt

Nguyn-th Th T Thnh T Thnh T (tip theo) Hin T Dc Tng Ch tnh th nc Vit Nam cui i T c Nc Php ly Nam K Gic gi trong nc Qun nc Php ly Bc k ln th nht Tnh th nc Nam t nm Gip Tut v sau Qun nc Php ly Bc k ln th hai Cuc bo h ca nc Php Chin tranh vi nc Tu Lon Trung k Vic nh dp Trung k v Bc k Cng vic ca ngi Php ti Vit Nam

Ta
S l sch khng nhng ch ghi chp nhng cng vic qua m thi, nhng li phi suy xt vic gc ngn, tm ti ci cn nguyn nhng cng vic ca ngi ta lm hiu cho r nhng vn hi tr lon ca mt nc, nhng trnh tin ha ca mt dn tc. Ch ch l lm ci gng chung c cho ngi c nc c i i soi vo y m bit ci s sinh hot ca ngi trc phi lao tm lao lc nhng th no, mi chim gi c ci a v di bng mt tri ny. Ngi trong nc c thng hiu nhng s tch nc mnh mi c lng yu nc yu nh, mi bit c gng hc hnh, ht sc lm lng, vun p thm vo ci nn x hi ca tin t xy dng nn m li cho mnh. Bi nhng l y cho nn phm dn tc no c c quan v th l lm cho mt nc c lp, th cng c s c. Nc Vit ta khi u c s t i nh Trn, vo qung th k th XIII. T tr i nh no ln lm vua cng trng s lm s. Nhng ci li lm s ca ta theo li bin nin ca Tu. ngha l nm no thng no c chuyn g quan trng th nh lm s chp vo sch. M chp mt cch rt vn tt ct ghi ly chuyn y m thi, ch khng gii thch ci gc ngn v s lin can vic y vi vic khc l th no. Nh lm s li l ngi lm quan, vua sai coi vic chp s, cho nn du th no s chp s cng khng c t do, thng c thin v v nh vua, thnh ra trong s ch cn chp nhng chuyn quan h n nh vua, hn l nhng chuyn quan h n s tin ha ca nhn dn trong nc. V, xa nay ta vn chu quyn chuyn ch, vn cho vic nh vua l vic nc. C nc ch ct mt h lm vua, cho nn nh lm s c theo ci ch ngha y m chp s, thnh ra s i no cng ch ni chuyn nhng vua i y m thi. Bi vy xem s ta tht l t, m thng khng c ch li cho s hc vn l my. S ca mnh khng hay, m ngi mnh li khng my ngi bit s. L v ci cch hc tp ca mnh lm cho ngi mnh khng c th bit c s nc mnh. Bt k ln nh, h ai cp quyn sch i hc th ch hc s Tu,ch khng hc s nc nh. Ri th ph vn chng g cng ly in tch s Tu, ch chuyn nc mnh th nht thit khng ni n. Ngi mnh c ly chuyn nc nh lm nh mn khng cn phi bit lm g. y cng l v xa nay mnh khng c quc vn, chung thn ch i mn ting ngi, ch ngi m hc, vic g cng b ngi ta cm ha, ch t mnh th khng c ci g l ci c sc, thnh ra tht r nh cu phng ngn: "Vic nh th nhc, vic ch bc th sing!" Ci s hc vn ca mnh nh th, ci 3

cm tnh ca ngi trong nc nh th, bo rng lng v dn v nc m mang ra lm sao c? Nhng du th no mc lng, nc ta c s ta th cng c th bi m bit c nhng s qua nc ta, v c th bi m kho cu c nhiu vic quan h n vn mnh nc mnh t xa n nay xoay vn ra lm sao. Him v s nc ta th lm bng ch Nho c, m ch Nho th t ry tr i chc ri mi ngy mt km i. Hin nay s ngi c c ch Nho cn nhiu, m trong nc cn khng c my ngi bit c chuyn nc nh, hung chi mai sau ny ch Nho b khng hc na, th s kho cu v nhng vic quan h n lch s nc mnh s kh bit bao nhiu! Nay nhn s hc nc ta thay i, ch quc ng ph thng c trong nc, chi bng ta ly ting nc nh m k chuyn nc nh, ta son ra b Vit Nam S Lc, xp t theo th t, chia ra tng thi i, t thnh chng, thnh mc r rng, ai ai cng c th xem c s, ai ai cng c th hiu c chuyn, khin cho s hc s ca ngi mnh c tin li hn trc. B Vit Nam S Lc ny, son gi chia ra lm 5 thi i: Thi i th nht l Thng C thi i, k t h Hng Bng cho n ht i nh Triu. Trong thi i y, t chng th III, bn v x hi nc Tu trc i nh Tn, phn nhiu l nhng chuyn hoang ng, huyn hoc c. Nhng nh chp s i trc cng theo tc truyn m chp li, ch khng c di tch g m kho cu cho ch xc. Tuy vy, son gi cng c theo s c m chp li, ri cng ph bnh mt i cu t cho c gi bit rng nhng chuyn y khng nn cho l xc thc. Thi i th nh l Bc Thuc thi i, k t khi vua V nh Hn ly t Nam Vit ca nh Triu, cho n i Ng Qu, bn ta c h Khc v h Ng xng ln s c lp. Nhng cng vic trong thi i y, th s c ca nc ta chp rt l s lc lm. V rng trong thi i Bc Thuc, ngi mnh cha c tin ha, s hc hnh cn km, sch v khng c, cho nn v sau nhng nh lm s ca ta chp n thi i ny cng khng k cu vo u c, ch theo s Tu m chp li thi. V, ngi Tu lc y vn cho mnh l mt x bin a d man, thng khng ai lu tm n, cho nn nhng chuyn chp trong s, cng s lc lm, m i cng ch chp nhng chuyn cai tr, chuyn gic gi, ch cc cng vic khc th khng ni n. Thi i Bc Thuc dai dng n hn mt nghn nm, m trong thi i y dn tnh th tc nc mnh th no, th by gi ta khng r lm, nhng c

1 iu ta nn bit l t tr i, ngi mnh nhim ci vn minh ca Tu mt cch rt su xa, du v sau c gii thot c ci vng ph thuc nc Tu na, ngi mnh vn phi chu ci nh hng ca Tu. Ci nh hng y lu ngy tr thnh ra ci quc ty ca mnh, du ngy nay c mun tr b i, cng cha d mt mai m ty gi cho sch c. Nhng nh chnh tr toan s i c thay mi cng nn lu tm v vic y, th s bin ci mi c cng hiu vy. Thi i th ba l thi i T Ch, k t nh Ng, nh inh cho n s-dip nh Hu L. Nc mnh t thi i y v sau l mt nc dc lp, tuy i vi nc Tu vn phi xng thn v chu cng, nhng k thc l khng ai xm phm n ci quyn t ch ca mnh. Bui u, nh inh, nh L mi dy ln; cn phi xy p ci nn t ch cho vng bn, phi lo sa sang vic v b chng vi k th nghch, cho nn s vn hc khng c m mang lm. V sau n i nh L, nh Trn, cng vic trong nc thnh nn np, k cu ch ngoi cng khng quy nhiu na, li c nhiu vua hin ti gii ni nhau m lo vic nc, cho nn t tr i vic chnh tr, vic tn gio v vic hc vn mi ngy mt khai ha ra, lm cho nc ta thnh mt nc c th lc, bc c th chng c vi Tu, nam c th m rng thm b ci. Nh L v nh Trn li c cng gy nn ci quc hn mnh m, khin cho v sau n i Trn mt, nhn khi h H quy ri, ngi Tu toan ng kim tnh, ngi mnh bit ng tm hip lc m khi phc li giang sn nh. K n nh L, trong khong mt trm nm v bui u, nc mnh cng c th gi l thnh tr, nht l v nhng nm Quang Thun (1460-1469) v Hng c (1470-1497), th s vn tr v v cng l rc r lm. Nhng v sau gp nhng hn qun dung cha, vic triu chnh nt, k gian thn dy lon. Mi binh ao gy nn t , ngi trong nc nh git ln nhau, lm thnh ra nam bc chia r, vua cha tranh quyn. y tht l mt cuc bin ln trong nc vy. Thi i th t l Nam Bc phn tranh, k t khi nh Mc lm s thon ot cho n nh Ty Sn. Trc th nam L, bc Mc, sau th Nguyn nam, Trnh bc, s cnh tranh cng ngy cng kch lit, lng ghen ght cng ngy cng d di. Ngha vua ti mng mnh, o cng thng chnh mng: nc c vua li c cha. Trong Nam ngoi Bc mi ni mt giang sn, cng vic u, ch trng y. Tuy vy vic sa i ngoi Bc cng c nhiu vic hay, m vic khai khn trong Nam tht l ch li. Nhng cuc thnh bi ai u dm chc, cn gi bi khi u t ni Ty Sn, lm nt c ngi vua cng nghip cha. Anh em nh Ty Sn vy vng khng c 20 nm, th bn triu nh Nguyn li trung hng ln, m em giang sn v mt mi, lp thnh ci cnh tng nc Vit Nam ta ngy nay vy. 4

Thi i th nm l Cn Kim thi i, k t vua Th T bn triu cho n cuc Bo H by gi. Vua Th T khi u giao thip vi nc Php Lan Ty mn th lc m nh Ty Sn. Nhng v sau v nhng vua con chu Ngi i chnh sch khc, nghim cm o Thin Cha v ng ca khng cho ngoi quc vo bun bn. Nhng nh thn th nhiu ngi tr l hp hi, c nghim nhin t ph, khng chu theo thi m thay i. i vi nhng nc ngoi dng, th thng hay gy nn s bt ha, lm cho nc Php phi dng binh lc bnh vc quyn li ca mnh. V nhng chnh sch y cho nn mi thnh ra c cuc Bo H. i khi l nhng mc ln trong nhng phn m son gi theo tng thi i t ra. Son gi c sc xem xt v gp nht nhng s ghi chp cc sch ch Nho v ch Php, hoc nhNg chuyn ri rc cc d s, ri em trch b nhng s huyn hoc i m son ra b sch ny, ct ngi ng bang ta bit c chuyn nc nh m khng tin nhm nhng s huyn hoc. Thi i no nhn vt y v t tng y, son gi c bnh tnh c theo cho ng s thc. Thnh thong c mt i ni son gi c em kin ring ca mnh m bn vi c gi, th d nh ch bn v danh hiu nh Ty Sn th thit tng rng s l ca chung c quc dn, ch khng phi ring cho mt nh mt h no, cho nn mi phi ly cng l m xt on mi vic v khng v tnh ring phm n l cng bng vy. c gi cng nn bit cho rng b s ny l b S Lc ch ct ghi chp nhng chuyn trng yu hy tm gip cho nhng ngi hiu hc c sn quyn sch m xem cho tin. Cn nh vic lm thnh ra b s tht l ch ng, k cu v ph bnh rt tng tn, th xin dnh cho nhng bc ti danh sau ny s ra cng m gip cho nc ta v vic hc s. By gi ta cha c o la, ta hy mc tm o vi, tuy n xu x nhng n c th lm cho ta rt. Ngha l ta hy lm th no cho nhng thiu nin nc ta ngy nay ai cng c th bit mt i cht s tch nc nh, cho khi ti quc hn. y l ci mc ch ca son gi, ch c th thi. Nu ci mc ch y m c th ti c th tng b sch ny l b sch c ch vy. Trn Trng Kim

Nc Vit Nam
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Quc Hiu V Tr v Din Tch a Th Chng Loi Gc Tch Ngi Vit Nam S M Mang B Ci Lch S Vit Nam

Nc Vit Nam

Nc Vit Nam ta v i Hng Bng (2897 - 258 trc Ty lch) gi l Vn Lang, i Thc An Dng Vng (257 - 207 trc Ty lch) th gi l u Lc. n nh Tn (246 - 206 trc Ty lch) lc nh pha nam th t lm Tng Qun, sau nh Hn (202 trc Ty lch - 220 sau Ty lch) dt nh Triu, chia t Tng Qun ra lm ba qun l Giao Ch, Cu Chn v Nht Nam. n cui i nh ng Hn, vua Hin i Giao Ch lm Giao Chu. Nh ng li t l An Nam H Ph. T khi nh inh (968 - 980) dp xong lon Thp Nh S Qun, lp nn mt nc t ch, i quc hiu l i C Vit. Vua L Thnh Tng i l i Vit, n i vua Anh Tng, nh Tng bn Tu mi cng nhn l An Nam Quc. n i vua Gia Long, thng nht c c Nam Bc (1802), ly l rng Nam l An Nam, Vit l Vit Thng, mi t quc hiu l Vit Nam. Vua Minh Mnh li ci lm i Nam. Quc hiu nc ta thay i nhiu ln, tuy rng ngy nay ta vn theo thi quen dng hai ch An Nam, nhng v hai ch y c ng phi thn phc nc Tu, vy th ta nn nht nh ly tn Vit Nam m gi nc nh.

1. Quc Hiu.

2. V Tr v Din Tch.

Nc Vit Nam v pha ng nam chu t-, hp b ngang, di b dc, hnh cong nh ch S, trn pha bc v di pha nam phnh rng ra, khc gia min trung th eo hp li.

ng v nam gip b Trung Quc (tc l b Nam Hi); Ty gip Ai Lao v Cao Min; Bc gip nc Tu, lin vi tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty v Vn Nam. Din tch c nc rng chng 312.000 ki-l-mt vung chia ra nh sau ny: Bc Vit: 105.000 km2 Trung Vit: 150.000 km2 Nam Vit: 57.000 km2

5. Gc tch.

Theo kin ca nh k cu ca nc Php, th ngi Vit Nam v ngi Thi u min ni Ty Tng xung. Ngi Vit Nam theo sng Hng H ln xung pha ng nam, lp ra nc Vit Nam ta by gi; cn ngi Thi th theo sng M Kng xung, lp ra nc Tim La (tc l Thi Lan) v cc nc Lo.

3. a Th. Nc ta hin chia ra lm ba ci: Bc Vit, Trung Vit v Nam Vit. t Bc Vit c sng Hng H (tc l sng Nh H) v sng Thi Bnh. Mn trn gi l Thng Du lm rng nhiu ni, t ngi . Mn di gi l Trung Chu, t ng bng, ngi chen chc ng lm.
t Trung Vit th ch c mt gii men b b, cn trong c ni Trng Sn chy dc t Bc Vit vo gn n Nam Vit, cho nn ngi ch c mn gn b m thi. t Nam Vit th vo khc di sng M Kng (tc l sng Cu Long), li c sng ng Nai chy m trn, cho nn t tt, rung nhiu, dn gian tr ph v d lm n hn c Ngi Vit Nam c nhiu dn tc , nh l v min thng du Bc Vit th c dn Thi, (tc l Th), Mng, Mn, Mo; v min rng ni Trung Vit th c dn Mi, v Chm (tc l Hi), v min Nam Vit th c dn Mi, Chm, Ch V v Khch, v.v.... Nhng dn y trong ba ni tt c n non mt triu ngi. Cn th dn tc Vit Nam ht c. S ngi Vit Nam trong ba ni c th chia ra nh sau ny: Bc Vit: 8.700.000 ngi Trung Vit: 5.650.000 ngi Nam Vit: 4.616.000 ngi C thy cng li c chng non 19 triu ngi1.

Li c rt nhiu ngi Tu v ngi Vit Nam ni rng nguyn khi xa t nc Tu c ging Tam Miu , sau ging Hn Tc (tc l ngi Tu by gi) pha Ty Bc n nh ui ngi Tam Miu i, chim gi ly vng sng Hong H lp ra nc Tu, ri dn dn xung pha nam, ngi Tam Miu phi ln np trong rng hay l xung min Vit Nam ta by gi. Nhng kin y l theo l m suy ra thi, ch cng cha c ci g lm chng cho ch xc. Ch bit rng ngi Vit Nam ta trc c hai ngn chn ci giao li vi nhau, cho nn Tu mi gi ta l Giao Ch; m xem cc loi khc, khng c loi no nh vy, th tt ta l mt loi ring, ch khng phi l loi Tam Miu. Du ngi mnh thuc v chng loi no mc lng, v sau ngi Tu sang cai tr hng hn mt nghn nm, li c khi em sang nc ta hn bn mi vn binh, chc l ni ging c ca mnh cng lai i nhiu ri, mi thnh ra ngi Vit Nam ngy nay.

4. Chng Loi.

6. Ngi Vit Nam. Ngi Vit Nam thuc v loi da vng, nhng m ngi no phi i lm lng dm ma di nng lm, th nc da ngm ngm en, ngi no nhn h phong lu, trong nh lun, th nc da trng trng nh mu ng c.
Trc ngi th thp nh hn ngi Tu, m ln ln con ngi, ch khng to bo. Mt th xng xng, trng hi bn bt, trn th cao v rng, mt th en v hi xch v ng ui, hai g m th cao, mi hi tt, mi hi dy, rng th to m li nhum en. Ru th tha m t, tc th nhiu v di, en v hi cng. Dng iu i ng th nh nhng v xem ra b vng vng chc chn. o qun th di rng, n ng th bi tc v qun khn vnh ry, o mc di qu u gi, tay o th cht, ng qun th rng. n b Bc Vit v pha bc Trung Vit th i khn, m ch thnh th th mc qun, cn nh qu th hay mc vy. pha nam Trung Vit v Nam Vit th n b hay mc qun c, v bi tc, ch khng i khn bao gi. 6

S ny l theo sch a L ca ng H. Russier (1939) chp li ch khng chc ng s nht nh ca ngi mnh.

V ng tr tu v tnh tnh, th ngi Vit Nam c c cc tnh tt v cc tnh xu. i khi th tr tu minh mn, hc chng hiu, kho chn tay, nhiu ngi sng d, nh lu, li c tnh hiu hc, trng s hc thc, qu s l php, mn iu o c: ly s nhn, ngha, l, tr, tn lm 5 o thng cho s n . Tuy vy vn hay c tnh tnh vt, cng c khi qu quyt, v hay bi bc nho ch. Thng th nht nht, hay khip s v mun s ha bnh, nhng m i trn mc th cng c can m, bit gi k lut. Tm a th nng ni, hay lm liu, khng kin nhn, hay khoe khoang v a trng hong b ngoi, hiu danh vng, thch chi bi, m c bc. Hay tin ma qu, sng s l bi, nhng m vn khng nhit tin tng gio no c. Kiu ngo v hay ni khoc, nhng c lng nhn, bit thng ngi v hay nh n. n b th hay lm lng v m ang, kho chn, kho tay, lm c mi vic m li bit ly vic gia o lm trng, ht lng chiu chng, nui con, thng gi c cc c tnh rt qu l: tit, ngha, cn, kim. Ngi Vit Nam t Bc ch Nam, u theo mt phong tc, ni mt th ting2, cng gi mt k nim, tht l ci tnh ng nht ca mt dn tc t u nc n cui nc. Ngi ni ging Vit Nam ta mi ngy mt ny n ra nhiu, m pha bc th c nc Tu cng thnh, pha ty th lm ni nhiu rng, ng i li khng tin, cho nn mi theo b b ln xung pha nam, nh Lm p, dt Chim Thnh, chim t Chn Lp, m ra b ci by gi. T khi ngi Vit Nam lp thnh nc n gi, k hng my nghn nm, phi ngi Tu cai tr my ln, chu kh s bit bao nhiu phen, th m sau li lp c ci nn t ch, v vn gi c ci tnh c bit ca ging mnh, y l t ra rng kh lc ca ngi mnh khng n ni km hn cho lm. Tuy rng mnh cha lm c vic g cho v vang bng ngi, nhng mnh cn c th hy vng mt ngy kia cng nn c mt nc cng thnh.

Vy ghi chp nhng c hi gian trun, nhng s bin c ca nc mnh tri qua, v k nhng cng vic ca ngi mnh lm t i n qua i kia, cho mi ngi trong nc u bit, y l sch Vit Nam s. Nay ta nn theo tng thi i m chia sch Vit Nam s ra 5 phn cho tin s k cu. Phn Phn Phn Phn Phn I: II: III: IV: V: Thng C thi i. Bc Thuc thi i. T Ch thi i. Nam Bc Phn Tranh thi i. Cn Kim thi i.

7. S M Mang B Ci.

8. Lch S Vit Nam.

Tuy rng mi ni c mt t ting th m ring v ci ging ni nng nh khc nhau, nhng i th vn l mt th ting m thi.

CHNG I

H Hng-Bng
(2879-258 trc Ty Lch)
1. H Hng Bng 2. Nc Vn Lang 3. Truyn c tch v i Hng Bng: - Ph ng Thin Vng - Sn Tinh Thy Tinh

Phn I

Thng C Thi i

1. H Hng Bng. C theo tc truyn th vua Minh l chu ba i ca vua Thn Nng, i tun th phng nam n ni Ng Lnh (thuc tnh H Nam by gi) gp mt nng tin, ly nhau, ra ngi con tn l Lc Tc. Sau Minh truyn ngi li cho con trng l Nghi lm vua phng bc, v phong cho Lc Tc lm vua phng nam, xng l Kinh Dng Vng, quc hiu l Xch Qu.
B ci nc Xch Qu by gi pha bc gip ng nh H (H Nam), pha nam gip nc H Tn (Chim Thnh), pha ty gip Ba Thc (T Xuyn), pha ng gip b Nam Hi. Kinh Dng Vng lm vua nc Xch Qu vo qung nm nhm tut (2879 trc Ty Lch ?) v ly con gi ng nh Qun l Long N ra Sng Lm, ni ngi lm vua, xng l Lc Long Qun. Lc Long Qun ly con gi vua Lai tn l u C, mt ln c mt trm ngi con trai3. Lc Long Qun bo u C rng: "Ta l dng di Long Qun, nh ngi l dng di thn tin, n lu vi nhau khng c; nay c trm con th nh ngi em 50 a ln ni, cn 50 a ta em xung b Nam Hi". Gc tch truyn ny c l l t Lc Long Qun v sau, nc Xch Qu chia ra nhng nc gi l Bch Vit. Bi vy ngy nay t H Qung (tnh H Nam, tnh Qung ng v tnh Qung Ty) cn xng l t Bch Vit. y cng l mt iu ni phng, ch khng c ly g lm ch xc c.

C sch chp l u C ra mt trm ci trng n ra mt trm con.

Lc Long Qun phong cho ngi con trng sang lm vua nc Vn Lang, xng l Hng Vng. C theo s c th nc Vn Lang chia ra lm 15 b: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Vn Lang Chu Din Phc Lc Tn Hng V nh V Ninh Lc Hi Ninh Hi Dng Tuyn Giao Ch Cu Chn Hoi Hoan Cu c Vit Thng Bnh Vn (Bch Hc, tnh Vnh Yn) (Sn Ty) (Sn Ty) (Hng Ha - Tuyn Quang) (Thi Nguyn - Cao Bng) (Bc Ninh) (Lng Sn) (Qung Yn) (Hi Dng) (H Ni, Hng Yn, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh) (Thanh Ha) (Ngh An) (H Tnh) (Qung Bnh, Qung Tr) (?)

2. Nc Vn Lang.

c non 150 nm! Du l ngi i thng c na, th cng kh lng m c nhiu ngi sng lu c nh vy. - Xem th th bit truyn i Hng Bng khng chc l truyn xc thc.

3. Truyn C Tch V i Hng Bng. S chp rng i Hng Vng th nht, ngi nc Vn Lang lm ngh chi li, c hay b ging thung lung lm hi, vua mi bt dn ly chm v mnh nhng ging y tng l ng loi khng lm hi na5. S li chp rng thuyn ca ta ng mi thng hay lm hai con mt, cng c cho cc th thy qui sng b khng quy nhiu n.
Trong i Hng Vng li c hai truyn m ngy nay ngi ta thng hay ni n, l truyn Ph ng Thin Vng v truyn Sn Tinh Thy Tinh. Truyn Ph ng Thin Vng: i vua Hng Vng th 6 c m gic gi l gic n, hung mnh lm, khng ai nh ni. Vua mi sai s i rao trong nc tm ngi ti gii ra nh gic gip nc. By gi lng Ph ng, b V Ninh (nay l huyn V Ging, tnh Bc Ninh), c a tr xin i nh gic gip vua. S gi v tu vua, vua ly lm l, cho i vo chu. a tr y xin c cho mt con nga v ci roi bng st. Khi nga v roi c xong th a tr y vn vai mt ci, t nhin ngi cao ln ln mt trng, ri nhy ln nga cm roi i nh gic. Ph c gic n ri, ngi y i n ni Sc Sn th bin i mt. Vua nh n, truyn lp n th lng Ph ng, v sau phong l Ph ng Thin Vng6. Truyn ny l truyn tc truyn nh vy, ch khng c l tin lm s thc c. Ha chng i by gi c ngi tng gii, nh c gic, v sau ngi ta nh n lm n th th hp l hn. Hin by gi c n th lng Ging tc lng Ph ng. Nm no n mng tm thng t cng c hi vui lm, tc gi l c Thnh Ging. Truyn Sn Tinh Thy Tinh: Tc truyn rng vua Hng Vng th 18 c ngi con gi tn l M Nng, nhan sc tuyt trn. Sn Tinh v
S chp rng ngi Vit Nam ta c thi v mnh mi n i vua Anh Tng nh Trn mi b. C ngi chp truyn ny ni rng: Gic n l qun ca nh n bn Tu sang nh nc ta. Ni nh th tht l mt iu lm. V i nh n nc Tu ch vo mn sng Hong H l t tnh H Nam, Trc L, Sn Ty v Thim Ty by gi m thi. Cn nhng t bn ny sng Trng Giang l man di ht c. T Trng Giang sang n Bc Vit ta xa cch bao nhiu ng t. Du lc y bn ta c h Hng Bng lm vua na, th chc cng cha c k cng g, c l cng ging nh mt ngi lm Quan Lang trn Mng m thi, nh th th c giao thip g vi nh n m nh nhau. V li, s Tu cng khng c ch no chp n truyn y. Vy th l g m ni rng gic n l ngi nh n bn Tu.
6 5

Hng Vng ng Phong Chu (by gi vo a ht huyn Bch Hc, tnh Vnh Yn), t tng vn gi l Lc Hu, tng v gi l Lc Tng, con trai vua gi l Quan Lang, con gi vua gi l M Nng, cc quan nh gi l B Chnh4. Quyn chnh tr th c cha truyn con ni, gi l Ph o. V i by gi, s Tu c chp rng nm tn mo (1109 trc Ty lch), i vua Thnh Vng nh Chu, c nc Vit Thng, pha nam x Giao Ch sai s em chim bch tr sang cng, nh Chu phi tm ngi lm thng ngn mi hiu c ting, v ng Chu Cng n li ch ra xe ch nam em s Vit Thng v nc. Vy t Vit Thng v t Giao Ch c phi l t ca Hng Vng lc by gi khng? H Hng Bng lm vua c 18 i, n nm qu mo (158 trc Ty lch) th b nh Thc ly mt nc. Xt t i Kinh Dng Vng n i vua Hng Vng th 18, c thy 20 ng vua, m tnh t nm nhm tut (2879) n nm qu mo (258 trc Ty lch) th va c 2622 nm. C tnh hn b km, mi ng vua tr v
4

By gi cn c ni gi Chnh Tng l B nh, chc l bi B Chnh m ra.

Thy Tinh u mun hi lm v. Hng Vng hn rng ngy hm sau ai em l n trc th g cho ngi y. Ngy hm sau Sn Tinh n trc ly c M Nng em v ni Tn Vin (tc l ni Ba V tnh Sn Ty). Thy Tinh n sau, thy Sn Tinh ly mt M Nng, tc gin v cng, mi lm ra ma to gi ln, ri dng nc ln nh Sn Tinh, Sn Tinh trn ni khng vic g: h nc ln cao bao nhiu, th Sn Tinh lm ni cao ln by nhiu. Sn Tinh li dng sm st nh xung, Thy Tinh phi rt nc chy v. T Sn Tinh v Thy Tinh th nhau, mi nm nh nhau mt ln, dn gian tht l cc kh. Truyn ny l nhn v Bc Vit nm no n thng 6, thng 7 cng c nc l trn mn ngc chy xung trn vo trong ng ng, ngp mt c rung t. Ngi ta khng hiu l ti l g, mi tng tng m t ra cu chuyn Sn Tinh Thy Tinh nh nhau vy. Tm li m xt, nc ta khi u c quc s t cui thp tam th k: n i vua Thnh Tng nh Trn, mi c quan Hn Lm Hc S l L Vn Hu, son xong b i Vit S K, chp t Triu V Vng n L Chiu Hong. Hai trm ri nm v sau li c ng Ng S Lin, lm quan L B T Th Lang i vua Thnh Tng nh L, son li b i Vit S K: chp t h Hng Bng n vua L Thi T. Ngha l t ng Ng S Lin, v thp ng th k tr i, th s ta mi chp truyn v i thng c. Xem th th bit nhng truyn v i y kh lng m ch xc c. Chng qua nh lm s cng nht nhnh nhng truyn hoang ng tc truyn li, cho nn nhng truyn y ton l truyn c thn tin qu qui, tri vi l t nhin c. Nhng ta phi hiu rng nc no cng vy, lc ban u m mt, ai cng mun tm ci gc tch ca mnh ch thn tin cho v vang ci chng loi ca mnh. Chc cng bi l y m s ta chp rng h Hng Bng l con tin chu rng, v.v.... Nay ta theo s c m chp mi truyn, ngi xem s nn phn bit truyn no l truyn thc, truyn no l truyn t ra, th s hc mi c li vy.

CHNG II
(257 - 207 trc Ty lch)
1. 2. 3. 4. Gc Tch Nh Thc Nc u Lc Nh Tn nh Bch Vit Nh Thc Mt Nc

Nh Thc

Nh Thc chp trong s nc ta khng phi l nc Thc bn Tu, v rng c theo s nc Tu th i by gi t Ba Thc (T Xuyn) thuc v nh Tn cai tr ri, th cn c vua no na. V, s li chp rng khi Thc Vng Phn ly ly c nc Vn Lang th i quc hiu l u Lc, tc l nc u Lc gm c nc Thc v nc Vn Lang. Song xt trong lch s khng thy u ni t Ba Thc thuc v u Lc. Hung chi ly a l m xt th t t Ba Thc (T Xuyn) sang n Vn Lang (Bc Vit), cch bao nhiu ng t v c bao nhiu ni sng ngn tr, lm th no m qun nh Thc sang ly nc Vn Lang d dng nh vy ? S c li c ch chp rng An Dng Vng, h l Thc tn l Phn. Nh vy chc hn Thc tc l mt h no c lp gn nc Vn Lang, ch khng phi l Thc bn Tu. Sch "Khm nh Vit S" cng bn nh th.

1. Gc Tch Nh Thc.

2. Nc u Lc. S chp rng Thc Vng hi con gi ca Hng Vng th 18, l M Nng khng c, trong bng ly lm tc gin, dn con chu ngy sau nh bo th ly nc Vn Lang. Hng Vng by gi cy mnh c binh cng tng dng, b tr vic nc, ch ly ru ch lm vui th. Ngi chu Thc Vng tn l Phn, bit tnh th y, mi em qun sang nh ly nc Vn Lang. Hng Vng thua chy, nhy xung ging m t t.
Nm gip thn (275 trc Ty lch), Thc Vng dp yn mi ni ri, xng l An Dng Vng, ci quc hiu l u Lc, ng Phong Kh (nay thuc huyn ng Anh, tnh Phc An). Hai nm sau l nm bnh ng (255 trc Ty Lch), An Dng Vng xy Loa Thnh. Thnh y cao v t ngoi vo th xoy trn c, cho nn mi gi l Loa Thnh. Hin nay cn du tch lng C Loa, huyn ng Anh, tnh Phc An. 10

3. Nh Tn nh Bch Vit. Khi An Dng Vng lm vua nc u Lc bn ny, th bn Tu vua Thy Hong nh Tn, nht thng thin h. n nm inh hi (214 trc Ty lch). Thy Hong sai tng l Th em qun i nh ly t Bch Vit (vo qung tnh H Nam, Qung ng v Qung Ty by gi). An Dng Vng cng xin thn phc nh Tn. Nh Tn mi chia t Bch Vit v t u Lc ra lm ba qun, gi l: Nam Hi (Qung ng), Qu Lm (Qung Ty) v Tng Qun (Bch Vit).
Ngi bn x t Bch Vit khng chu ngi Tu cai tr, trn vo rng . c t lu qun ca Th, vn l ngi phng bc, khng chu c thy th, phi bnh rt nhiu. By gi ngi Bch Vit tha th ni ln git c Th. Chng c bao lu th nh Tn suy, nc Tu c nhiu gic gi, qun Nam Hi c quan y l Nhm Ngao thy c c hi, mun mu nh ly u Lc lp mt nc t ch phng nam. Nhng cng vic cha thnh, th Nhm Ngao mt. Khi sp mt, Nhm Ngao giao binh quyn li cho Triu thay mnh lm quan y qun Nam Hi. Nm qu t (208 trc Ty lch) l nm th 50 i vua An Dng Vng. Triu em qun sang nh ly nc u Lc, lp ra nc Nam Vit7. Tc truyn rng khi An Dng Vng xy Loa Thnh, c nhng yu qui quy nhiu, xy mi khng c. An Dng Vng mi lp n ln cu khn, c thn Kim Qui hin ln by php cho vua tr nhng yu qui i, by gi mi xy c thnh. Thn Kim Qui li cho An Dng Vng mt ci mng chn, lm ci ly n. Lc no c gic th em ci n y ra bn mt pht, gic cht hng vn ngi. Cng nh c ci n y cho nn Triu nh khng c An Dng Vng. Triu dng k, cho con l Trng Thy sang ly M Chu l con gi An Dng Vng, gi kt ngha ha thn do thm tnh thc. Trng Thy ly c M Chu ri, hi d v rng: "Bn u Lc c ti g m khng ai nh c?" M Chu ni chuyn ci n, v ly cho chng xem. Trng Thy bn ly ci mng ca Kim Qui i, lm ci ly gi thay vo,
7

ri nh v bo tin cho cha bit. Khi sp ra v, Trng Thy hi M Chu rng: "Ti v, m nh c gic gi nh ui, th ri ti bit u m tm?" M Chu ni rng: "Thip c o lng ngng, h khi thip c chy v u, thip s ly lng y m rc ra dc ng th ri s bit." Trng Thy v k li vi Triu tnh u mi s, Triu bn khi binh sang nh u Lc. An Dng Vng cy c ci n, khng phng b g c, n khi qun gic n gn chn thnh mi em n ra bn, th khng thy hiu nghim na. An Dng Vng mi em M Chu ln nga m chy v pha nam. Chy n ni M D (thuc huyn ng Thnh, tnh Ngh An) gn b b, vua thy gic ui kp qu, mi khn Kim Qui ln cu, Kim Qui ln ni rng: "Gic ngi sau lng nh vua y!" An Dng Vng tc gin qu, rt gm ra chm M Chu i, ri nhy xung b m t tn8. Trng Thy theo du lng ngng ca v rc, em binh ui n ni M D, thy xc v cht nm , thng xt v cng, vi vng em v cp tng, xong ri, nhy xung ci ging trong Loa Thnh m t t. Nay lng C Loa trc n th An Dng Vng c ci ging tc truyn l Trng Thy cht ging y. Tc li truyn rng M Chu b git i, v ni tnh thc m phi thc oan, cho nn mu nng y chy xung b, nhng con trai n phi ha ra c ngc trn chu. H ai ly c ngc y em v ra vo nc ci ging trong Loa Thnh l ch Trng Thy t t, th ngc y trong v p thm ra.

4. Nh Thc Mt Nc.

Xin ng lm nc Nam Vit ngy xa vi Nam Vit ca nc Vit Nam hin nay.

8 Nay trn ni M D, gn x Cao i, huyn ng Thnh, tnh Ngh An, c n th An Dng Vng. y c nhiu cy ci v c nhiu chim cng, cho nn tc gi l n Cng hay Cung.

11

CHNG III

X-Hi Nc Tu V i Tam i V i Nh Tn
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Phong-Kin Quan-Ch Php-Ch Binh-Ch in-Ch Hc-Hiu Hc-Thut Phong-Tc

nh xong nh n, vua V-Vng phong cho hn 70 ngi lm vua ch-hu, chia ra lm 5 bc l: cng, hu, b, t, nam. Nc phong cho tc cng, tc hu th rng 100 dm gi l i quc; nc phong cho ngi tc b th rng 70 dm, gi l trung quc; nc phong cho ngi tc t, tc nam th rng 50 dm, gi l tiu quc. Nhng nc khng 50 dm, th gi l nc ph-dung.

81 nguyn s.

2. Quan-Ch.

Nh H t tam-cng, cu-khanh, 27 i-phu,

Nh n t hai quan tng, su quan thi l: thi-t, thi-tng, thit, thi-chc, thi-s, thi-bc; nm quan l: t-, t- m, t-khng, t-s, t-khu; su ph l: t-th, t-mc, t-thy, t-tho, t-kh, t-ha; su cng l: th-cng, kim-cng, thch-cng, thy-cng, th-cng v tho-cng. n nh Chu, ng Chu-Cng t ra su quan gi l: thin-quan, aquan, xun-quan, h-quan, thu-quan, ng-quan. Mi mt quan li c 60 thuc-quan, cng c li l 360 ngi. Ngi lm u thin-quan, gi l trng-t, thng c vic chnh-tr trong nc, vic thu-np c nm v mi vic trong cung. Ngi lm u a quan gi l i-t- gi vic nng, vic thng, vic gio dc v vic cnh st. Ngi lm u xun-quan gi l i-tng-b, gi vic t-t, triu, snh, hi-ng v.v... Ngi lm u h-quan, gi l i-t-m, gi vic binhm v vic i nh dp. Ngi lm u thu-quan gi l i t-khu gi vic dn, vic hnh v vic kin-tng. Ngi lm u ng-quan gi l i-tkhng, gi vic khuyn cng, khuyn nng v vic th mc v.v... Trn lc quan li t tam cng, l: thi-s, thi-ph, thi- bo; tam c l : thiu-s, thiu-ph, thiu-bo, bn xt vic tr nc yn dn, ch khng d vo vic hnh chnh.

Khi Triu sang nh An-Dng-Vng th bn Tu nh Tn suy, nh Hn sp ln lm vua, nc Tu ang vo lc i lon, phong tc, chnh tr u i khc c. V li Triu- l ngi Tn, cho nn n khi ly c u-Lc, gm c cc qun phng nam, lp lm mt nc t ch, bn em chnh tr, php-lut nc Tu sang cai-tr t Nam-Vit9. Vy trc khi ni n chuyn nh Triu, ta nn xt-xem x-hi nc Tu lc by gi l th no .

1. Phong-Kin. Nguyn v i thi-c, nc Tu chia ra tng a-phng mt. Mi mt a-phng th c mt ngi lm th-lnh, lp thnh mt nc, gi l nc ch-hu, phi triu cng nh vua.
S nhng nc ch hu y th mi i mt khc. Xem nh khi vua i-V nh H, hi cc nc ch-hu ni -sn, k c hng vn nc. n khi vua V-vng nh Chu i nh Tr-vng nh n, th cc nc chhu hi li c thy c 800 nc.
9

3. Php-Ch. V i thi-t th c nm hnh, ngoi nm hnh li c php nh bng roi da v ti lu. n i nh H, nh n v nh Chu th li t php chn, gt u v ti . n cui i nh Chu th t ra ti bu u, x thy lng tr, m, mui v.v... 4. Binh-Ch. Binh-ch nh H v nh n th khng r, n i nh Chu th t 5 ngi lm mt ng; 5 ng tc l 25 ngi thnh mt lng; 4 lng tc l 100 ngi lm mt tt; 5 tt tc l 500 ngi lm mt
12

Xin ng lm nc Nam-vit ngy xa vi Nam-vit ca nc Vit-nam thi nay.

l; 5 l tc l 2500 ngi lm mt s ; 5 s tc l 12500 ngi tc l mt qun. Qun th t quan mnh-an lm tng, s th t quan trung-iphu lm sy, l th t quan i-h lm sy, tt th t quan thng-s lm trng, lng th t quan trung-s lm t-m. Thin t c 6 qun; cn nhng nc ch hu, nc no ln th c 3 qun, nc va c 2 qun, nc nh 1 qun. Trong nc chia ra lm tnh, mi tnh 8 nh, 4 tnh lm mt p 32 nh; 4 p lm mt khu, 128 nh; 4 khu lm mt in, 512 nh. C mi in phi chiu mt c binh xa, bn con nga, 12 con b, 3 ngi gip s, 72 ngi b tt, 25 ngi khing-ti nhng nng. C thy l 100 ngi . V i thi-c th khng bit chia rung t ra lm sao. T i H tr i th chia 50 mu lm mt gian, 10 gian lm mt t. C 10 nh cy mt l rung, hoa-li c bao nhiu chia lm 10 phn, nh nc ly mt gi l php cng. Nh n v nh Chu th dng php tnh in, ngha l chia t ra lm chn khi hnh ch tnh. Nhng khu chung quanh lm t-in, khu gia lm cng-in. Mi mt tnh cho 8 nh , u phi xut lc cy cy cng in ri np hoa li cho nh vua. V i nh n th mi tnh c 630 mu, mi nh c 70 mu; php nh thu gi l php tr. n i nh Chu th mi tnh c 900 mu, mi nh c 100 mu, php nh thu gi l php trit. Nh Chu li t ra l c 20 tui th c 100 mu rung, n 60 tui th tr li cho nh nc. Nh no c con th nh gi l d phu n 16 tui th c lnh 25 mu rung. Nh c php chia rung nh th nn lc by gi khng c nhiu ngi ngho lm m cng khng c ngi giu lm. V sau n i Chin Quc, ngi L Khi lm tng nc Ngy, bt dn ht sc lm rung, khng nh hn nh trc na; ngi Thng ng lm tng nc Tn, b php tnh in, m thin mch, cho mi ngi c t tin lm rung. Php chia t t mi mt dn dn i.

6. Hc-Hiu. Nh H t nh ng t lm i hc, nh Ty t lm tiu hc. Nh n t l Hu-hc lm i hc, nh T-hc lm tiu hc. Nhng nh i-hc, tiu hc y, l ch tp bn, nui nhng ngi gic v tp vn ngh.
Nh Chu th t Tch-ung hoc nh Thnh-qun lm i hc, cho con vua, con cc quan v nhng ngi tun t tuyn cc thn x n hc; cn chu, ng10 th t nh tiu hc gi l T v nh Tng cho con dn-gian vo hc. Li t l c t 8 tui n 14 tui lm nin hn cho tiu hc, t 15 n 20 tui, lm nin-hn cho i hc. i hc th dy l, nhc, thi, th; tiu-hc th dy cch knh trn nhng di v cch ng i, v.v... Hc-thut nc Tu v i nh Chu thnh lm, cho n i nh Xun-thu c nhiu hc-gi nh l Lo-t bn o; Khng-t bn hiu, , nhn, ngha; Mc ch bn l kim-i, nn chung s tit kim b m-nhc; Dng Chu th bn l v-k, nn t-trng thn mnh v khng chu thit mnh li ngi. Li c nhng php-gia nh Thn Bt-Hi, Hn-Phi bn vic tr thinh th ch nn dng php-lut, ch khng nn dng nhn ngha. Cn nhng ngi nh Qu Cc, Thi Gio, in Bin, v.v..., mi ngi u xng mt hc thuyt dy ngi ng thi.

7. Hc-Thut.

5. in Ch.

8. Phong-Tc. Nc Tu ly s cy rung lm gc, nhng m vic nui tm, dt la, vic hp ch, vic bun-bn cng pht-t c.
Dn trong nc chia ra lm 4 th: s, nng, cng, thng, nhng m con ngi lm quan li lm quan, con ngi lm rung c lm rung, ch con ngi lm rung khng c lm quan. Tuy vy, n i Xun-thu nhng ngi th dn ln lm tng vn tng v cng nhiu. Trong gia-nh th gi tr trn di phn bit nghim lm. Con phi theo cha, v phi theo chng, con-trai con-gi t 7 tui tr i, l khng c n mt mm, nm mt chiu na. Con trai 30 tui mi c ly v, gi 20 tui mi c ly chng m hai ngi cng h khng c ly nhau. Nc Tu v i Tam-i cng sng s t-t lm. Thng cng-t thin, a, nht, nguyt, sn, xuyn, lm, trch. Nh vua lp n Nam-giao t Thng-. Li c nh X-tc t Th-thn v Hu-tc. Cn s th10

C 12500 nh mt chu, v 500 nh lm mt ng th c nh T, ng th c nh Tng.

13

phng t-tin th t vua cho n th-dn u ly lm mt vic quan trng trong i ngi. Xem nh th, th x-hi nc Tu v i Tam-i vn minh lm, nhng sau n cui i nh Chu, v nh vua suy-nhc, cho nn ch hu, ngi xng hu, k xng vng ri tranh nhau, nh nhau nh Ng-B i Xun-Thu, Tht-Hng i Chin-Quc, lm cho trm h lm than kh s. Sau nh Tn thng-nht c thin-h, mi b l phong-kin, lp ra qun huyn; b php tnh in, lp thin-mch; cm nho hc t sch v, vic chnh-tr th ct dng php-lut, ly quyn lc m p ch. ang khi phong-tc nc Tu bin ci nh th, th Triu lp ra nc Nam-Vit (3), em vn-minh nc Tu sang truyn-b phng nam, cho nn t v sau ngi nc mnh u nhim ci vn-minh y.

CHNG IV
(207-111 tr. Ty-lch)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Triu V-Vng V-Vng th-phong nh Hn V-Vng xng V-Vng thn phc nh Hn Triu Vn-Vng Triu Minh-Vng Triu Ai-Vng Triu Dng-Vng

Nh Triu

1. Triu V-Vng (207-137 tr. Ty-lch). Nm qu-t

(207) Triu nh c An-dng-vng ri, sp-nhp nc u-lc vo qun Nam-hi, lp thnh mt nc gi l Nam-Vit, t xng lm vua, tc l V-vng, ng Phin-ngung, gn thnh Qung-chu by gi.

2. V-Vng th-phong nh Hn. Trong khi Triu VVng gy-dng c-nghip Nam-Vit, th bn Tu, ng Lu Bang trit c nh Tn, dit c nh S, nht-thng thin h, ri ln ngi Hong- tc l vua Cao T nh Hn. Vua Cao-t thy Triu V-Vng c-lp phng nam, bn sai Lc Gi sang phong cho V-Vng. By gi l nm tt (196 tr. Ty-lch), nm th 12 i vua V-Vng nh Triu, v nm th 11 i vua Cao-t nh Hn.
V-Vng vn l ngi kiu-cng, c khng mun phc nh Hn, n khi Lc Gi sang n ni, vo yt-kin V-Vng, V-Vng ngi xp vnh trn, khng ng dy tip. Lc Gi thy vy mi ni rng: "Nh vua l ngi nc Tu , m m v thn thch c chu Chn-nh. Nay nh Hn lm vua thin h, sai s sang phong vng cho nh vua, nu nh vua khng-c s-thn, khng lm l th-phong, Hn- tt l tc gin, hy-hoi m m v git hi thn-thch ca nh vua, ri em qun ra nh th nh vua lm th no?" V-vng nghe li y vi-vng ng dy lm l t, ri ci m ni rng: "Tic thay ta khng c khi nghip nc Tu, ch khng th ta cng chng km g Hn-!" 14

3. V-Vng xng . Nm mu ng (183 tr. Ty-lch) vua Cao-t nh Hn mt ri, b L-hu lm triu tranh quyn Hu-, ri li nghe li gim pha, cm khng cho ngi Hn bun bn nhng vng, st v nhng in-kh vi ngi Nam-Vit. V-vng ly lm tc gin, li ng cho Trng-sa-vng xui L-hu lm nh vy, bn t-lp lm Nam-vit Hong-, ri c binh-m sang nh qun Trng-sa (tnh H-nam by gi).
Nm Canh thn (181 tr. Ty-lch) Hn-triu sai tng em qun sang nh Nam-vit. Qun nh Hn chu khng c thy-th phng nam, nhiu ngi phi bnh-tt, bi vy phi chy thua v bc. T thanh-th Triu V- lng ly, i u dng xe nga theo nghi-v Hong-, nh vua nh Hn vy. n khi L hu mt, Hn Vn- ln ngi, li sai Lc Gi a th sang khuyn V- thun phc nh Hn. Th rng: "Trm l con trc-tht vua Cao-, phng mnh ra tr nc i , v non sng cch tr, thn mnh phc-lu, cho nn lu nay cha tng a th sang hi thm nh vua . T khi c Cao- xa b qun-thn , c Hu- qua i, b Caohu lm triu, khng may b bnh, cho h L chuyn quyn, toan em con h khc ni-c Hu-. May nh nh Tng-miu linh-thing, cc cng thn ra sc dp k tim-nghch. Trm v cc vng-hu cng bch quan c p, cho nn phi ln ngi Hong-. Mi ri trm nghe nh vua c a th cho Long-l-hu, nhn tin v xin anh em h-hng qun Chn-nh, v xin bi binh qun Trng-sa. Trm cng nghe li th ca nh vua, th bo tng-qun Bcdng-hu bi binh v, cn anh em h hng nh vua Chn-nh th trm cho ngi thm nom, li sai sa sang phn-m nh vua, tht t-t. Th va ri trm nghe nh vua cn em binh quy-nhiu ngoi bin, qun Trng-sa tht kh, m Nam-qun li cn kh hn. Lm nh th, nc nh vua c chc li c mt mnh khng? Tt l tng-t qun-s cht nhiu, lm cho v ngi ga chng, con ngi m-ci b, cha m mt con, c mt mt mi, trm khng lng no n lm nh vy. V li c t nh vua cng khng ly lm to, c ca nh vua cng khng lm giu. Vy th t pha nam ni Lnh th mc nh vua t tr ly. Nhng nh vua c xng hiu, hai bn cng l -quc m khng sai s giao-thng, th chng ha ra ganh nhau ? Ganh nhau m khng nhng , th ngi nhn khng thm lm. 15

Trm nay xin cng nh vua gc b iu c, t ry tr i, thng s nh xa. Vy trm sai Lc Gi sang em trm khuyn nh vua nn nghe, ch lm chi nhiu s cp bc tai-hi" Xem th ca Hn-Vn- li-l t-t, tht l c nhn-t, v th cho nn Triu V- phi chu phc, v p th li rng: "Nam di i-trng lo-phu thn, , mui t ti bi, dng th ln Hong- b-h. Lo-phu l k c-li nc Vit, khi Hiu Hu Hong- ln ngi, tnh-ngha khng dt, vn hu i lo phu. n khi Cao-hu lm triu, li phn-bit ra Trung-hoa, ngoi-di, h lnh cm khng c bn cho Namvit nhng vng st v in kh; cn nga, tru d th ch bn cho ging c, ch khng bn cho ging ci. Lo-phu li phong vn rng nh Hn em hy-hoi c phn m lophu cng git c anh em tng-tc lo phu, cho nn c bn ring vi chng rng: nay trong khng v-vang vi nh Hn, ngoi li khng c g hn c nc Ng, cy c xng -hiu; m chng qua t nc mnh, khng dm hi g thin-h. Cao-hu nghe thy th, ly lm tc gin, em tc b s Nam-Vit i, khng cho thng s, lo phu trm ngh rng hn v Trng-sa-vng gim pha, cho nn Lo-phu c em binh nh. Lo-phu t Vit bn mi chn nm nay , by gi c chu ri, nhng m sm khuya trn-trc, n khng ngon, ng khng yn, mt khng dm trng sc p, tai khng dm nghe n vui, l ch v c khng c phng th nh Hn. Nay nh b -h oi thng, cho phc li hiu c, thng s nh xa, lo-phu nh n, du cht xng cng khng nt. Vy xin ci hiu t y, v xin c cng-phm phng-hin Hong- b-h." T khi Triu V-Vng chu b -hiu, Nam Bc li giao thng ha hiu khng c iu g na. Nm gip-thn (137 trc Ty-lch), Triu V-Vng mt. S chp rng ngi th c 121 tui v lm vua c hn 70 nm.

4. V-Vng thn phc nh Hn.

5. Triu Vn-Vng (137-125 trc Ty-lch).

Triu V-vng truyn ngi li cho chu ch tn, tn l H tc l Triu Vnvng, tr c 12 nm. Triu Vn-vng vn l ngi tm thng, tnh kh nhu nhc, khng c nh Triu V-vng. Khi mi ln lm vua c hai nm, th vua Mn-Vit (tnh Phc-kin by gi) em qun sang nh ph ch bin thy

nc Nam-vit. Triu Vn-vng khng dm c binh-m ra chng c, sai s sang cu cu bn Hn-triu. Vua nh Hn sai Vng Khi v Hn-An-Quc Hn n ni, bn bt Quc-vng git i, a u np cho quan nh Hn, v xin hng. Mn-vit bnh ri vua nh Hn sai Trang Tr sang d Triu Vn-Vng vo chu, nhng m nh-thn xin ng i, bn cho thi t l Anh T i thay. Anh T bn Hn-Triu mi nm, n nm bnh-thn (125 tr. Ty lch) vua Vn-vng mt th mi v ni ngi.

ngi Tu chim ly, ci l Giao-ch-b, chia ra lm 9 qun, v t quan caitr nh cc chu qun bn Tu vy.

ln lm vua tc l Triu Minh-Vng , tr v c 12 nm.

6. Triu Minh-Vng (125-113 tr. Ty lch). Anh T

Khi Anh T bn Hn c ly v l l C-th, c mt ngi con tn l Hng. n khi v lm vua Nam-vit, Minh Vng lp C-th ln lm hong-hu v Hng lm Thi-t.

7. Triu Ai-Vng. Mu-thn (113 tr. Ty lch) Triu MinhVng mt, thi t Hng ln lm vua, tc l Triu Ai-Vng, tr-v c mt nm.
By gi vua nh Hn cho An-quc Thiu Qu sang d Nam-Vit v chu. Thiu Qu nguyn l tnh-nhn ca C-th lc trc, n khi sang NamVit gp nhau, li t thng vi nhau ri d-dnh Ai-vng em nc Namvit v dng nh Hn. Khi C-th v Ai-vng nh v Hn-triu, th c quan T-tng l L Gia, bit r tnh-, can-ngn mi khng c, mi truyn hch i mi ni ni rng vua v C-thi-hu sp em nc dng cho nh Hn; ri L Gia cng vi my ngi i thn em qun cm-binh vo git s nh Hn, CTh v Ai-Vng. on ri tn Kin c ln lm vua. Kin c l con trng ca Minh-Vng m l ngi Nam-Vit lm vua.

8. Triu Dng-Vng. Kin c ln lm vua, tc l Dng-Vng. Dng-Vng mi ln lm vua c mt nm th vua V nh Hn sai Phc-ba tng-qun l L- Bc-c v Dng Bc em 5 o qun sang nh ly Nam-Vit. Quan Thi-ph L Gia ra chng c khng ni, phi em Dng-Vng chy. Qun nh Hn ui theo bt c, vua ti u b hi c. Nm y l nm canh-ng (111 tr. Ty-lch), nc Nam b
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CHNG 1

Bc-Thuc Ln Th I
(111 tr. Ty-lch - 39 sau Ty-lch)
1. Chnh-Tr nh Ty-Hn 2. Tch Quang v Nhm Din

PHN II

1. Chnh-Tr nh Ty-Hn. Nm canh ng (111 tr. Tylch) vua V- nh Hn sai L-Bc-c v Dng Bc sang nh nh Triu, ly nc Nam-vit ri ci l Giao-ch-b, v chia ra lm 9 qun, l nhng qun ny:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Nam-hi: (Qung-ng) Thng-ng: (Qung-ty) Ut-lm: (Qung-ty) Hp-ph: (Bc Vit v my Giao-ch: (Bc Vit v my Cu-chn: (Bc Vit v my Nht-nam: (Bc Vit v my Chu-nhai: (o Hi-nam) m-nh: (o Hi-nam)

Bc-Thuc Thi-i
(11 tr. Ty-lch-931 sau Ty-lch)

tnh tnh tnh tnh

pha pha pha pha

Bc Bc Bc Bc

Trung-Vit) Trung-Vit) Trung-Vit) Trung-Vit)

Mi qun c quan thi-th coi vic cai-tr trong qun v li c quan th-s gim st cc qun. trong qun Giao-ch th c nhng lc tng hay lc hu vn c th tp gi-quyn cai tr cc b lc ta h nh cc quan lang mn thng-du t Bc-Vit by gi. Quan th-s trc tin l Thch i , ng ph cai tr Long-uyn. C sch chp l ph tr tha y ng Lng-kh, thuc ph Thun-thnh by gi. T i vua V- cho n ht i nh Ty-Hn khng thy s ni g n t Giao-ch na. Mi n nm k-su (nm 29 Ty lch) l nm Kin-V th 5 i vua Quang-v nh ng Hn th mi thy chp rng th-s Giaoch l ng Nhng sai s v cng nh Hn. Bi v khi Vng Mng cp ngi nh Hn, bn ng-Nhng, Tch Quang v Mc Giao ch gi chu qun, khng chu phc Vng Mn. n khi vua Quang-V trung hng ln, bn ng Nhng mi sai s v triu cng. 17

V u th-k nht c hai ngi sang lm thi-th tr dn c nhn-chnh. Mt ngi tn l TCH QUANG lm thi-th Giao-ch, mt ngi tn l NHM DIN lm thi th qun Cu-chn. Tch Quang sang lm thi-th qun Giao-ch t i vua Bnh- nh Ty Hn, vo qung nm th hai, th ba v th k nht. Ngi ht lng lo vic khai-ha, dy dn ly iu l-ngha, cho nn dn trong qun c nhiu ngi knh phc. Nhm Din Cu-chn c 4 nm th c thng chc v Tu i lm quan ch khc. Dn-s qun y i-m Nhm Din, lm n th. C ngi v c nh quan thi-th cho nn sau sinh con ra, ly tn Nhm m t tn cho con t lng bit n.

2. Tch Quang v Nhm Din.

CHNG II

TRNG-VNG
(40-43)
1. Trng-Th khi binh 2. M Vin sang nh Giao-ch

1. Trng-Th khi binh. Nm gip-ng (34) l nm Kin-v th 10, vua Quang-v sai T nh sang lm thi th qun Giao-ch.
T nh l ngi bo ngc, chnh tr tn c, ngi Giao-ch c lng on gin lm. Nm canh-t (40) ngi y li git Thi Sch ngi qun Chu-Din (ph Vnh tng, trc thuc v Sn Ty, nay thuc v tnh Vnhyn). V Thi Sch l Trng-Trc con gi quan lc tng huyn M-linh (lng H-li, huyn Yn-lng, tnh Phc-yn) cng vi em gi l Trng-Nh, ni ln em qun v nh T nh. Bn T nh phi chy trn v qun Nam Hi. Lc by gi nhng qun Cu-chn, Nht-nam v Hp-ph cng ni ln theo v vi hai b Trng-Th. Chng bao lu qun hai b h c 65 thnh-tr. Hai b bn t xng lm vua, ng M-linh, l ch qu nh.

2. M-Vin sang nh Giao-Ch. Nm tn-su (41) vua Quan-v sai M Vin lm Phc-ba tng-qun, Lu Long lm ph tng cng vi quan Lu-thuyn tng qun l on Ch sang nh Trng-vng.
M Vin l mt danh-tng nh ng-Hn, lc by gi ngoi 70 tui, nhng vn cn mnh, em qun i men b ph rng o ni lm ng sang n Lng-bc, gp qun Trng-Vng hai bn nh nhau my trn11. Qun Trng-vng l qun -hp khng ng ni qun M Vin, tng nh gic nhiu phen. Hai b rt qun v ng Cm-kh ( ph Vnhtng, tnh Vnh-yn). M Vin tin qun ln nh, qun hai b v tan c. Hai b chy v n x Ht-mn, thuc huyn Phc-lc (nay l huyn Phc Th tnh Sn-ty), th bc qu, bn gia mnh xung sng Ht-giang (ch
11

S chp rng Lng-bc l H-ty gn H-ni, nhng c ngi bc i bo khng.

18

sng y tip vo sng Hng-h) m t tn. By gi l ngy mng 6 thng 2 nm qu -mo (43). Nhng tng ca hai b l bn Dng chy vo gi huyn Cphong thuc qun Cu-chn. Sau M Vin em qun vo nh, bn Dng u phi ra hng. Hai b h Trng lm vua c 3 nm, nhng ly ci ti-tr ngi n b m dy c ngha ln nh th, khin cho vua ti nh Hn phi lo s, y cng ci ting thm v mun i. n ngy nay c nhiu ni lp n th hai b nghi-tc ci danh-ting hai ngi n anh-hng nc Vit-nam ta12. S-gia L vn Hu ni rng: "Trung Trc, Trng Nh l n b ni ting nh ly c 65 thnh tr, lp quc xng vng d nh gi bn tay. Th m t cui i nh Triu cho n i nh Ng hn mt nghn nm, ngi mnh c ci u b tay lm ti-t ngi Tu, m khng bit xu-h vi hai ngi n-b h Trng!"

CHNG III

Bc-Thuc Ln Th II
(43-544)
I . Nh ng Hn 1. Chnh Tr nh ng Hn 2. L Tin v L Cm 3. S Nhip II. i Tam Quc 1. Nh ng Ng 2. B Triu (Triu th Chinh) 3. Nh Ng chia t Giao-chu III. Nh Tn 1. Chnh-tr nh Tn 2. Nc Lm-p quy nhiu Giao-chu IV. Nam Bc-triu 1. Tnh th nc Tu 2. Vic nh Lm-p 3. S bin lon t Giao-chu

I. Nh ng-Hn (25-220)
M Vin nh c Trngvng em t Giao-ch v thuc nh Hn nh c, ri chnh n binh lng, em qun i nh dp cc ni, i n u xy thnh p ly n y v bin ci mi cch chnh tr trong cc chu qun. em ph-tr v ng Mlinh13 v dng cy ng tr ch phn a gii, khc su ch: "ng tr chit, Giao-ch dit." Ngha l cy ng tr m th ngi Giao-ch mt ni. S chp rng ngi Giao-ch i qua li ch y, ai cng b vo chn ct ng-tr mt hn , cho nn v sau ch y thnh ra ni, ph mt c, n by gi khng bit ct y ch no.
12

1. Chnh-Tr nh ng-Hn.

Nay lng Ht-mn, huyn Phc-th, tnh Sn Ty v bi ng-nhn, gn H-ni c n th hai b, n ngy mng 6 thng 2 th c hi .

13

V cui i ng Hn li di v Long Bin.

19

T chnh-tr nh ng Hn cng ngy cng ngt thm, m nhng quan-li sang cai-tr Giao-ch thng c lm ngi tn-c, tham nhng, bt dn ln rng xung b tm nhng chu-bu. Dn qun Hp-ph c phi xung b m ngc trai kh qu, n ni phi b x m i. Triu nh th xa, quan-li ra cai-tr th tha h m tung-honh, ting oan-c ku khng thu vo u, cho nn thng hay c s lon-lc, lm cho dn-gian phi nhiu s kh-s.

Nhip mi tu xin vua nh Hn cho my anh em lm Thi-th qun Cuchn, qun Hp ph v qun Nam-Hi. S Nhip gi c t Giao-chu khi lon v vn gi l triu cng nh c, cho nn vua Hin- li phong cho chc An-vin tng qun Long- nh-hu S Nhip tr dn c php tc, v li chm s dy bo dn cho nn lng ngi cm-m cng-c, mi gi tn ln l S-vng. Nh lm s thng cho nc ta c vn hc l khi u t S Nhip. Ci kin c l khng phi. V rng t khi nh Hn cai tr t Giao-ch n i S Nhip c hn 300 nm, ngi Giao-ch c ngi hc hnh thi hiu lim, mu ti. Vy ni rng n ng S Nhip mi c nhohc th chng sai lm ru. Hoc gi ng y l mt ngi c vn hc trong khi lm quan, lo m-mang s hc-hnh, hay gip nhng k c ch-ngha, cho nn v sau mi c, ci ting lm hc t nc Nam tng nh th th c th hp l hn.

2. L Tin v L Cm. Quan cai-tr tn-c, nh vua li bc i ngi bn x. i by gi ngi mnh du c hc hnh thng thi cng khng c gi vic chnh-tr. Mi n i vua Linh-(168-189) cui nh ng-Hn mi c mt ngi bn x l L Tin c ct ln lm Th -s Giao-ch. L Tin dng s xin cho ngi Giao ch c b i lm quan nh Trung-chu bn Tu. Nhng Hn- ch cho nhng ngi mu ti hoc hiu-lim c lm li-thuc trong x m thi, ch khng c i lm quan chu khc. By gi c ngi Giao-ch tn l L Cm lm lnh tc-v hu vua trong in, r my ngi bn x ra phc xung sn m ku cu thm thit. Hn- mi cho mt ngi Giao-ch mu-ti i lm quan-lnh H dng v mt ngi hiu-lim lm quan-lnh Lc-hp. V sau L Cm lm n quan T-l Hiu -y v li c Trng Trng cng l ngi Giao-ch lm thi th Kim-thnh. Ngi Giao-ch ta c lm quan nh ngi bn Tu, khi u t L Tin v L Cm vy. 3. S Nhip (187-226). V cui i nh ng-Hn, gic cp ni ln khp c bn phng, triu-nh khng c uy-quyn ra n ngoi, thin-h ch no cng c lon. t Giao-ch by gi nh c quan thith l S Nhip cng vi anh em chia nhau gi cc qun huyn, cho nn mi c yn.
Tin-t nh ng S Nhip l ngi nc L, v lc Vng Mng cp ngi nh Hn, mi trnh lon sang t Qung-Tn, qun Thng-ng, n i ng thn sinh ra S Nhip l su i. ng thn sinh tn l S T lm thi th qun Nht-nam, cho S Nhip v du hc t Kinh-s, hiu lim c b Thng-th-lang, v vic quan phi cch, ri v chu tang cha. Sau li mu-ti c b sang lm Thi-th qun Giao-ch. Nm qu-mi (203) l nm th 3 i vua Hin- quan Th-s l Trng Tn cng vi quan Thi-th S Nhip dng s xin ci Giao-ch lm Giao-Chu. Vua nh Hn Thun cho. Sau v trong chu c lm gic-gi, S 20

II. i Tam-Quc (220-265) 1. Nh ng-Ng (222-280). Nh ng-Hn mt ngi th nc Tu phn ra lm ba nc: Bc-ngy, Ty-thc, ng-ng. t Giaochu by gi thuc v ng-ng.
S Nhip Giao-chu c 40 nm, tuy thit c uy-quyn ci Giaochu, nhng vn theo l triu cng nh Hn, v n khi nh Hn mt th li triu cng nh Ng. Nm bnh-ng (226) l nm Hong-v th 5 nh Ng, S Nhip mt, con S Huy t xng lm Thi-th. Ng-ch l Tn quyn bn chia t Giaochu, t Hp ph v bc gi l Qung-chu. Sai L i lm Qung Chu th s, i Lng lm Giao-chu th s, v sai Trn Th sang thay S Nhip lm thi-th qun Giao-ch. Bn i Lng v Trn Th sang n Hp-ph th S Huy em qun ra chng gi. Th S Qung chu l L i mi tin qun sang nh dp, v cho ngi n d S Huy ra hng. S Huy em 5 anh em ra hng, L i sai bt S Huy em chm i, cn my anh em th em v Ng-triu lm ti. Ng-ch li hp Qung-Chu v Giao-Chu li lm mt, v phong cho L i lm Th-s. L i em qun i nh qun Cu-chn c cng c phong lm Giao-chu-mc.

Nm mu-thn (248) l nm xch- th 11 nh ng ng, Ng ch sai Lc Du sang lm th-s Giao-chu. Nm y qun Cu-chn c ngi n b tn l Triu Th Chinh khi binh nh nh Ng. S ta chp rng b Triu l ngi huyn Nng-cng by gi. Tha nh cha m mt c, vi anh l Triu quc t, dn 20 tui gp phi ngi ch du c nghit, b y git i ri vo trong ni. B y l mt ngi c sc mnh, li c ch-kh v lm mu-lc. Khi vo trong ni chiu m hn 1,000 trng s lm th h. Anh thy th mi can b, th b bo rng: "Ti mun ci cn gi mnh, p ng sng d, chm c trng-knh b ng ch khng thm bt-chc ngi i ci u cong lng lm t-thip ngi ta." Nm mu-thn (248) v quan-li nh Ng tn-c, dn-gian kh-s, Triu quc t mi khi binh nh qun Cu-chn. B em qun ra nh gip anh, qun s ca Triu quc t thy b lm tng c can m, bn tn ln lm ch. Khi b ra trn th ci voi v mc o gip vng l Nhy-kiu tng-qun. Th s Giao-chu l Lc Dn em qun i nh, b chng nhau vi nh Ng c nm su thng . Nhng v qun t th c, nh mi phi thua, b em qun chy n x B-in (nay l x Ph-in thuc huyn M-ha) th t-t. By gi mi 23 tui. V sau vua Nam nh Tin-L, khen l ngi trung-dng sai lp miu th, phong l: "Bt chnh anh lit hng ti trinh nht phu-nhn". Nay x Ph-in, tnh Thanh-ha cn n th. Nm gip-thn (264) l nm Nguyn-hng nguyn-nin, vua nh Ng li ly t Nam-hi, Thng-ng v Ut-lm lm Qung-chu, t chu-tr Phin ngung; ly t Hp-ph, Giao-ch, Cu-chn, v Nht-nam lm Giao Chu, t chu-tr Long Bin. t Nam-Vit ca nh Triu ngy trc thnh ra Giao-chu v Qung-chu t y.

2. B Triu (Triu Th Chinh)14.

t Giao-chu i by gi c lon-lc mi, nhng quan-li nh Ng th thng l ngi tham-tn, v-vt ca dn, bi vy ngi Giao-chu ni ln git quan thi-th i ri v hng nh Ngy. Nm t du (256) nh Tn cp ngi nh Ngy, ri sai quan sang gi Giao-chu. Nh Ng sai o Hong sang ly li. o Hong c phong l Giao-chu mc. Nm canh t (280) nh Ng mt nc. o Hong v nh Tn, c gi chc c. t Giao-chu t thuc v nh Tn.

III Nh Tn (256-420)
Ngy v th c m mt, bn i phong cho h-hng v sai ra trn cc ni lm vy cnh cho nh vua. Nhng cng v l y m cc thn vng thng v lng tham danh-li c dy binh nh git ln nhau, lm cho anh em trong nh, ct nhc tng tn, m ngi vua cng thnh ra suy nhc. Thi by gi pha ty-bc c nhng ngi nhung-ch thy nh Tn c ni lon, bn l-lt ni ln chim gi dn dn ly c vng pha bc sng Trng-giang ri xng , xng vng, nh nc Triu, nc Tn, nc Yn, nc Lng, nc H, nc Hn v. v... c thy trc sau n 16 nc, gi l lon Ng-H15. t Giao-chu ta vn thuc v nh Tn. Nhng quan li sang cai-tr cng nh quan li i nh Hn, nh Ng, thnh thong mi gp c mt vi ngi nhn t t t, th dn gian mi c yn n, cn th l nhng ngi tham lam, c-c, lm cho nhn dn phi lm than kh s. Cng lm khi bn quan li c nhng ngi phn nghch nh git ln nhau, lm cho trong nc c phi lon lc lun.

1. Chnh-Tr Nh Tn. Nh Tn c thin-h ri, thy nh

3. Nh Ng chia t Giao-Chu.

2. Nc Lm-p quy nhiu Giao-Chu. t Giaochu lc by gi trong th c quan li nhng-nhiu, ngoi th c ngi nc Lm-p vo nh ph.
Nc Lm-p (sau gi l Chim-Thnh) t qun Nht-nam vo cho n Chn-Lp, ngha l vo qung t tnh Qung-Bnh, Qung-Tr cho n t Nam-Vit by gi. Ngi Lm-p c l l ni ging M-lai, theo tng gio v chnh tr n . Nc y cng l mt nc vn minh v cng thnh
15 Ng H l 5 r: Hung N v r Yt (chng loi Mng C), r Tin Ti (chng loi Mn Chu), r Chi v r Khng (chng loi Ty Tng)

14

B Triu, cc k xut bn trc l Triu u. Nay xt ra nn l Triu Th Chinh.

21

pha nam lc by gi, nhng khng r nc y khi u thnh nc t lc no. Sch "Khm-nh Vit S" chp rng: nm nhm-dn (102) i nam c huyn Tng-lm, ngi huyn y c hay sang cp ph qun Nht-nam, bi vy vua nh Hn mi t quan cai-tr huyn y, phng gi s ri lon. n cui i nh Hn c ngi huyn Tng-lm tn l Khu Lin git huyn-lnh i, ri t xng lm vua, gi nc l Lm-p. Dng di Khu Lin tht truyn, bi vy chu ngoi ca Phm Hng ln ni nghip. Trong i Tam-quc, ngi Lm-p hay sang cp ph qun Nht-nam v qun Cu-chn, bi vy khi nh Tn ly c ng-ng ri, mun gim bt qun cc chu qun, nhng quan th s Giao-chu l o Hong dng s v tu rng: "Vua nc Lm-p l Phm Hng thng vi nc Ph Nam hay sang quy nhiu t Nht-nam nu li gim bt qun Giao-chu i, th s qun Lm-p li sang nh ph." Xem nh vy th nc Lm-p c t u nh th k. Phm Hng truyn cho con l Phm Dt. Phm Dt mt, th ngi gia n l Phm Vn cp mt ngi. Phm Vn truyn cho con l Phm Pht. Nm qu-su (353) i vua Mc- nh ng-Tn, th-s Giao-chu l Nguyn Phu nh vua Lm-p l Phm Pht, ph c hn 50 n ly. Phm Pht mt, truyn ngi li cho con chu l Phm H-t. Nm k hi (399) Phm H-t em qun sang nh ly hai qun Nht-nam v Cuchn ri li i nh Giao-chu. By gi c thi th qun Giao-ch l Vin nh ui ngi Lm-p, ly li hai qun. Vin c phong lm Giaochu th-s. Nm qu-su (413) Phm H-t li em qun sang ph qun Cu-chn. Khi by gi con Vin l Tu- lm Giao-chu th s em binh ra ui nh, chm c tng Lm-p l bn Phm Kin v bt c hn 100 ngi. Ngi Lm-p vn cn hay tnh i cp ph, c nm ba nm li sang quy nhiu t Nht nam. Tu- nh sang nh Lm-p tr ci hi v sau, bn n nm canh-thn (420) ct binh m sang nh, chm git tn hi, ri bt ngi Lm-p c hng nm cng tin: voi, vng, bc, i-mi v.v. T mi c tm yn.

Dng di Phm H-t lm vua c my i li b quan Lm-p l Phm Ch Nng cp mt ngi. Phm Ch Nng truyn cho con l Phm Dng Mi. Khi Phm Dng Mi lm vua nc Lm-p, th nh Tn mt ri, nc Tu phn ra Nam-triu v Bc-triu. Phm Dng Mi li nhn dp sang quy nhiu Giao chu.

IV. NAM BC-TRIU (420-588)

Nm canh thn (420) Lu D cp ngi nh ng Tn, lp ra nh Tng pha Nam. Lc by gi pha Bc th nh Ngy gm c c nc Lng, nc Yn, nc H. Nc Tu phn ra lm Nam-Triu v Bc Triu. Bc Triu th c nh Ngy, nh T, nh Chu ni nhau lm vua; Nam-Triu th c nh Tng, nh T, nh Lng v nh Trn k nghip tr-v.

1. Tnh-Th Nc Tu.

2. Vic nh Lm-p. Trong i nh Tn v nm Qu du (433) i vua Vn-, vua nc Lm-p l Phm Dng Mi thy nc Tu lon-lc, bn sai s sang cng nh Tng v xin lnh t Giao-chu cai tr. Nhng vua nh Tng khng cho.
T nc Lm-p li sang cp ph mn Nht-nam v Cuchn. Vua nh Tng bn sai quan th-s l n Ha Chi v Tng Xc lm ph tng em binh sang nh Lm-p. Phm Dng Mi em qun ra chng c. n Ha Chi v Tng Xc tin qun chm c tng, ph c thnh, qun Lm-p v tan, Phm Dng Mi cng vi con chy thot c. n Ha Chi vo t Lm-p ly c vng bc chu bu rt nhiu. S chp rng n Ha Chi ly c mt ci tng bng vng my ngi m khng xu, em nu-c c hn 10 vn cn. T y ngi Tu bit Lm-p c nhiu ca, c chc sang ly. n Ha Chi cng t y b gim pha, phi cch chc ui v.

3. S bin-lon -- t Giao-Chu. Nm K-Mi (479) nh Tng mt ngi, nh T k nghip, tr v c 22 nm th nh Lng li cp ngi nh T.

22

Trong i Nam Bc Triu, t Giao-chu khng c my khi yn n, v quan Tu sang cai-tr c nhiu ngi thy bn Tu lon, cng mun tm cch c-lp, bi vy quan li c git ln nhau. i nh Lng li sai Tiu-T sang lm th s Giao-chu. Tiu T l mt ngi tn bo, lm cho lng ngi ai cng on gin. Bi vy ng L Bn mi c c hi m ni ln, lp ra nh Tin L.

CHNG IV

Nh Tin L
(544 - 602)
1. L Nam 2. Triu Vit Vng 3. Hu L Nam

1. L Nam (544-548). Nm Tn Du (541) l nm i ng th 7 i vua V nh Lng, huyn Thi Bnh16 c mt ngi tn l L Bn, ti kim vn v, thy nc mnh, trong th quan li Tu lm kh, ngoi th ngi Lm p cp ph, bn cng vi nhng ngi ngha dng ni ln, nh ui Tiu T v Tu, ri chim gi ly thnh Long Bin.
L Bn, c ngi gi l L B, vn dng di ngi Tu. T tin i Ty Hn phi trnh lon chy sang Giao Chu, n lc by gi l by i, thnh ra ngi bn x. Khi chim gi c t Giao Chu ri, ng sa sang mi vic, nh lp nghip lu di. Qua nm Qu Hi (543) qun Lm p li sang ph qun Nht Nam, L Bn sai tng l Phm Tu vo nh Cu c (H Tnh), ngi Lm p thua chy v nc. Nm Gip T (544) i nh Lng bn Tu, ng L Bn t xng l Nam Vit , t quc hiu l Vn Xun, nin hiu l Thin c, ri phong cho Triu Tc lm thi ph, Tinh Thiu lm tng vn, v Phm Tu l tng v. Nm t Su (545) vua nh Lng sai Dng Phiu sang lm th s Giao Chu, v sai Trn B Tin em qun sang nh Nam Vit. L Nam thua phi b thnh Long Bin chy v gi thnh Gia Ninh (huyn Yn Lng, tnh Phc Yn). Trn B Tin em qun ln vy thnh Gia Ninh, L Nam chy v gi thnh Tn Xng, tc l t Phong Chu c thuc tnh Vnh Yn by gi.

C theo sch "Khm nh Vit S" th huyn Thi Bnh thuc v Phong Chu ngy trc, nay vo a ht tnh Sn Ty nhng m khng r l ch no, ch khng phi l ph Thi Bnh Sn Nam m by gi l tnh Thi Bnh.

16

23

Nh Lng li tin ln ui nh, L Nam thy th mnh yu, chng khng ni, mi rt qun ln ng ng Khut Liu (thuc t Hng Ha), i thu xp c qun s li ra nh. c non mt nm, L Nam em hai vn qun ra nh nhau vi Trn B Tin h in Trit (?), li thua. L Nam bn giao binh quyn li cho t tng qun Triu Quang Phc chng nhau vi qun nh Lng ri tr v Khut Liu. Triu Quang Phc l con quan thi ph Triu Tc ngi Chu Din (Vnh Tng, tnh Vnh Yn) theo cha gip L Nam lp c nhiu cng, nay em qun chng c vi nh Lng c t lu, ri sau thy th qun Tu cn mnh, ch khng ni, bn rt qun v D Trch17. D Trch l ch ng ly, chung quanh c mc nh rng, gia c bi ct lm nh c. Triu Quang Phc vo y, ngy np n, ti th cho lnh ch thuyn c mc ra nh qun ca Trn B Tin, cp ly lng thc v nui qun s. Trn B Tin nh mi khng c. Ngi thi by gi gi Triu Quang Phc l D Trch Vng.

Vng li g con gi cho Pht T t tnh ha hiu vi nhau. Nhng Pht T vn c mun thn tnh, bi vy b ngoi tuy ha hiu, nhng b trong vn sa son nh ly Long Bin. Nm Tn Mo (571), Pht T bt thnh lnh em qun nh Triu Vit Vng. Triu Vit Vng thua chy n sng i Nha (nay huyn i An, tnh Nam nh), nhy xung sng t tn. Ngi y cm nh Triu Vit Vng, mi lp n th ch sng i Nha. Nay cn c n th lng i B, gn huyn i An.

3. Hu L Nam (571-602). L Pht T ly c thnh Long Bin ri, xng hiu, ng Phong Chu (thuc huyn Bch Hc, tnh Vnh Yn), sai L i Quyn gi Long Bin v L Ph nh gi Din.
Trong khi L Pht T lm vua Nam Vit th vua Vn nh Ty gm c Nam Bc, nht thng nc Tu. n nm Nhm Tut (602) vua nh Ty sai tng l Lu Phng em qun 27 doanh sang nh Nam Vit. Lu Phng sai ngi ly l ha phc d L Pht T v hng. Hu L Nam s th khng ch ni bn xin v hng. T y t Giao Chu li b nc Tu cai tr 336 nm na.

2. Triu Vit Vng (549-571). Nm Mu Thn (548) L Nam trong Khut Liu phi bnh mt, sang nm sau Triu Quang Phc D Trch c tin y bn xng l Vit Vng. By gi qun ca Vit Vng sp ht lng, m mi khng ph c qun Tu. May nh gp lc bn Tu c lon Hu Cnh, vua nh Lng phi triu Trn B Tin v ngi t tng l Dng Sn li chng c vi Triu Quang Phc. Quang Phc mi tha th em qun ra nh ph qun Tu, ri v ly li thnh Long Bin.
Khi L Nam tht th chy v Khut Liu th ngi anh h l L Thin Bo cng vi ngi h l L Pht T em qun chy vo qun Cu Chn, ri b qun nh Lng ui nh chy sang Lo, n ng ng D Nng, xng l o Lang Vng, quc hiu l D Nng. Nm t Hi (555) l nm th 7 i Triu Vit Vng, L Thin Bo mt, khng c con, binh quyn v c L Pht T. n nm inh Su (557) L Pht T em qun v chng vi Triu Vit Vng. nh nhau my trn khng c, Pht T mi xin chia t ging ha. Triu Vit Vng ngh tnh h L, cng thun chia t cho L Pht T. L Pht T ng Din (nay vo lng i M, thuc huyn T Lim, tnh H ng). Triu Vit Vng ng Long Bin, ly bi Qun Thn lm gii hn (bi y thuc lng Thng Cc, huyn T Lim). Triu Vit
17

By gi thuc ph Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn.

24

CHNG V

Bc Thuc Ln Th Ba
(603 - 939)
I. Nh Ty. 1. Vic nh Lm p II. Nh ng 1. Chnh tr nh ng 2. An Nam h ph 3. Mai Hc 4. Gic b 5. B Ci i Vng 6. Vic nh nc Hon Vng 7. Nam Chiu cp ph Giao Chu 8. Cao Bin bnh gic Nam Chiu 9. Cng vic ca Cao Bin 10. S tr lon ca nc Tu III. i Ng Qu 1. Tnh th nc Tu 2. H Khc dy nghip: Khc Tha D 3. Khc Ho 4. Khc Tha M 5. Dng Din Ngh v Kiu Cng Tin 6. Ng Quyn ph qun Nam Hn

Lm p ko n, c nhiu voi th rt mnh. Lu Phng bn dng mu: sai qun o h ly c ph ln, ri sai qun ra nh nh, gi tng bi trn. Qun Lm p ui theo c mt qung, voi sa xung h, qun s lon c. Khi by gi qun Tu mi quay tr li ly cung n bn, voi khip s xo c ln qun Lm p m chy. Lu Phng cng phi bnh v n na ng th cht.

II. Nh ng (618 - 907) 1. Chnh Tr Nh ng. Nm Mu Dn (618) nh Ty mt nc, nh ng k nghip lm vua nc Tu. n nm Tn T (621) vua Cao T nh ng sai Khu Ha lm i Tng Qun sang cai tr Giao Chu.
T khi nc ta thuc v nc Tu, ch c nh ng cai tr l nghit hn c. Nhng s chp lc qu: thng cch hai ba nm mi chp mt vic, chc l nhng nh lm s nc ta sau c theo s Tu chp li, cho nn mi s lc nh vy.

2. An Nam H Ph. Nm K Mo (678) vua Cao Tng nh ng chia t Giao Chu ra lm 12 chu, 59 huyn, v t An Nam h ph18.
Nc ta gi l An Nam khi u t y. Mi hai Chu i nh ng l nhng chu ny: 1. Giao Chu 2. Lc Chu 3. Phc Lc Chu 4. Phong Chu 5. Thang Chu 6. Trng Chu 7. Ch Chu 8. V Nga Chu 9. V An Chu 10. i Chu 11. Hoan Chu
18

I. Nh Ty (589 - 617) 1. Vic nh Lm p. Nh Ty lm vua bn Tu c 28 nm th mt. Trong by nhiu nm th s khng chp chuyn g l, ch ni rng nm t Su (605), vua nh Ty nghe ni Lm p c nhiu ca, bn sai tng l Lu Phng em qun i nh. Vua Lm p lc by gi l Phm Phm Ch em qun ra gi nhng ch him yu, bn ny sng L (?) chng c vi qun Tu. Nhng chng bao lu qun Lm p phi thua b chy. Lu Phng tha k tin qun sang sng ui nh, gp i binh
25

c c c c c c c c c c c

8 3 3 3 3 4 7 7 2 6 4

huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn huyn

(H Ni, Nam nh v. v.) (Qung Yn, Lng Sn) (Sn Ty) (Sn Ty) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (Thanh Ha) (Ngh An)

Nh ng lc chia nhiu tnh bn Tu ra lm H Ph nh T Xuyn H Ph, An Nam H Ph, v.v.... Vy H l mt chc quan ch khng phi l mt chnh th cai tr cc thuc a nh ta hiu by gi.

12. Din Chu

c 7 huyn (Ngh An)

v pha Ty Bc t Giao Chu li t mt chu na, gi l Man Chu gm c nhng Mng mn y, l c hng nm phi triu cng vua nh ng. y l i cch chnh tr nh ng nh vy. Cn thng th cng lon lc lun: khi th ngi trong nc ni ln nh ph nh Mai Hc v B Ci i Vng: khi th nhng nc ngoi vo xm phm, nh nc Hon Vng v nc Nam Chiu.

by gi qun ng Lm (by gi l lng Cam Lm, huyn Phc Th, tnh Sn Ty) c ngi tn l Phng Hng ni ln em qun v ph ph H. Cao Chnh Bnh lo s thnh bnh m cht. Phng Hng mi chim gi ph thnh, c my thng th mt. Qun s lp con Phng Hng l Phng An ln ni nghip. Dn i m Phng Hng mi lp n th v tn ln lm B Ci i Vng, bi v ta gi cha l b, m l ci, ngha l tn Phng Hng ln lm cha m. Thng 7 nm Tn V y, vua nh ng sai Triu Xng sang lm H. Phng An liu th chng khng ni xin ra hng.

3. Mai Hc (722). Nm Nhm Tut (722) l nm Khai Nguyn th 10 v i vua Huyn Tng nh ng, Hoan Chu c mt ngi tn l Mai Thc Loan ni ln chng c vi qun nh ng.
Mai Thc Loan l ngi huyn Thin Lc, tc l huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh by gi, mt mi en s, sc vc khe mnh, thy quan nh ng lm nhiu iu tn bo, dn gian kh s, li nhn lc by gi lm gic gi, ng y bn chiu m nhng ngi ngha dng, ri chim gi ly mt ch t Hoan Chu (nay thuc huyn Nam ng tnh Ngh An) ri xy thnh p ly, xng hong , tc gi l Hc . Mai Hc li kt hiu vi nc Lm p v nc Chn Lp lm ngoi vin. Vua nh ng sai quan ni th l Dng T Hc em qun sang cng vi quan H l Quang S Khch i nh Mai Hc . Mai Hc th yu chng khng ni phi thua chy, c t lu th mt. Nay ni V Sn huyn Nam ng, tnh Ngh An, cn c di tch thnh c ca vua Hc , v x Hng Lm, huyn Nam ng cn c n th. Nm inh V (767) l nm i Lch th 2, i vua i Tng nh ng, s chp rng c qun Cn Ln v qun B l qun nhng o ngoi b vo cp ph t Giao Chu, ln vy cc chu thnh. Quan Kinh Lc S l Trng B Ngh cng vi quan y l Cao Chnh Bnh em qun nh ph c l gic y. Trng B Nghi bn p La Thnh phng th ph tr. La Thnh khi u t y.

6. Vic nh Nc Hon Vng. Nc Lm p t khi b tng nh Ty l Lu Phng sang nh, ri quc vng l Phm Phm Ch dng biu t ti v xin triu cng nh c. n qung nm Trinh Quan i vua Thi Tng nh ng, vua Lm p l Phm u L mt, con l Phm Trn Long cng b ngi git, dn trong nc mi lp ngi con ca b c Phm u L, tn l Ch Ct a ln lm vua.
Ch Cc a i quc hiu l Hon Vng Quc. T v sau thng ngi nc hon vng li sang quy nhiu giao chu, v chim gi ly Chu Hoan v Chu i. Nm Mu T (808) i vua Hin Tng, quan H l Trng Chu em binh thuyn i nh git hi qun Hon Vng rt nhiu. Vua nc y bn lui v pha Nam ( vo qung tnh Qung Nam, Qung Ngha by gi) v i quc hiu l Chim Thnh. V cui i nh ng, quan li Tu lm ngi ch v t li, c hip nhn dn nh H L Trc c vo nhng ch ch Mng Mn mua tru mua nga, mi con ch tr c mt u mui, ri git t trng mn l Tn Thnh. V th cho nn ngi Mng Mn tc gin bn d ngi Nam Chiu sang cp ph, lm cho dn Giao Ch kh s trong 10 nm tri. pha Ty Bc t Giao Chu, tc l pha Ty tnh Vn Nam by gi c mt x ngi ni Thi . Ngi x y gi vua l chiu. Trc c 6 chiu l Mng Hu, Vit Thc, Lng Khung, ng m, Thi Lng, Mng X. Chiu Mng X v pha Nam nn gi l Nam Chiu. Trong khong nm Khai Nguyn (713-742) i vua Huyn Tng nh ng, Nam Chiu l B La Cp cng thnh ln, m 5 chiu kia suy hn i. 26

7. Nam Chiu Cp Ph Giao Chu.

4. Gic B.

5. B Ci i Vng (791). Nm Tn V (791) quan H

l Cao Chnh Bnh bt dn ng su thu nng qu, lng dn on hn. Khi

B La Cp mi t lt cho quan Tit S o Kim Nam l Vng Dc xin hp c 6 chiu li lm mt. Triu nh nh ng thun cho, v t tn l Qui Ngha. T Nam Chiu cng ngy cng thnh ln, em qun i nh Th Phn (Ty Tng) ri di ln ng thnh Thi Ha (thnh i L by gi). Nm Bnh Dn (846) qun Nam Chiu sang cp Giao Chu, quan Kinh Lc S l Bi Nguyn D em qun nh ui i. Nm Mu Dn (858), nh ng sai Vng Thc sang lm Kinh Lc S. Vng Chc l ngi c ti lc, tr dn c php tc, cho nn nhng gic gi u dp yn c c, m qun Mng v qun Nam Chiu cng khng dm sang quy nhiu. Nm Canh Thn (860), nh ng gi Vng Thc v lm Quan St S Tch ng v sai L H sang lm H. By gi Nam Chiu mnh lm, bn xng v t quc hiu l i Mng ri li i l i L19. L H git ngi t trng l Th Trng, ngi Mng li i d qun Nam Chiu sang nh ly mt ph thnh. L H phi b chy v Tu. Vng Khoan em binh sang cu, qun Nam Chiu b thnh rt v. Nm Nhm Ng (862), qun Nam Chiu sang nh Giao Chu, nh ng sai Thi Tp em ba vn qun sang chng gi. Qun Nam Chiu thy qun nh ng nhiu li rt v. By gi c quan Tit S Lnh Nam l Thi Kinh s Thi Tp lp c cng to bn mt tu vi vua nh ng rng Giao Chu yn, th nn rt qun v. Thi Tp xin li 5.000 qun cng khng c. Thng ging nm Qu Mi (863), Nam Chiu em 50.000 qun sang nh ph thnh. Thi Tp cu khng kp, th bc qu phi t t. Trn y c tng nh ng l Nguyn Duy c em hn 400 qun Kinh Nam chy ra n b sng, thuyn b khng c, Nguyn Duy c bo chng rng chy xung nc cng cht, bt nhc tr li nh nhau vi gic, mt ngi i ly hai ngi th chng li hn hay sao. Ni on quay tr li git c hn 2.000 ngi, nhng m n tng Nam Chiu la Dng T Tn em binh n nh, bn Nguyn Duy c cht c.

Qun Nam Chiu vo thnh git hi rt nhiu ngi. S chp rng Nam Chiu hai ln sang nh ph thnh, git ngi Giao Chu hn 15 vn. Vua Nam Chiu l Mng Th Long cho Dng T Tn qun lnh 20.000 qun v cho on T Thin lm Tit S li gi Giao Chu. Vua nh ng h ch em An Nam H Ph v ng Hi Mn (?) ri ly qun cc o v Lnh Nam v ng thuyn ln ti lng thc, i ngy tin binh. Ma Thu nm Gip Thn (864) vua nh ng sai tng l Cao Bin sang nh qun Nam Chiu Giao Chu.

8. Cao Bin Bnh Gic Nam Chiu. Cao Bin l ngi tng gii nh ng, vn dng v tng mn, tnh ham vn hc, qun s u c lng mn phc.
Nm t Du (865), Cao Bin cng vi quan Gim Qun l L Duy Chu a qun sang ng Hi Mn. Nhng L Duy Chu khng a Cao Bin, mun tm mu lm hi. Hai ngi bn nh tin binh. Cao Bin dn 5.000 qun i trc, L Duy Chu khng pht binh tip ng. Thng chn nm y qun r ang gt lc Phong Chu (huyn Bch Hc, tnh Vnh Yn), Cao Bin n nh ct ln mt trn, git c nhiu ngi, ri ly thc go nui qun lnh. n thng 4 nm sau (866), Nam chiu cho bn Dng Tp, Phm N Ta, Triu Nc Mi sang gip on T Thin gi Giao Chu. Khi by gi c tng nh ng l Vi Trng T em 7.000 qun mi sang, Cao Bin nhn dp mi pht binh nh c my trn, cho ngi a tin thng trn v Kinh, nhng m i n Hi Mn, L Duy Chu gi li, khng cho triu nh bit. Trong triu mi khng thy tin tc g, cho ra hi, th L Duy Chu tu di rng Cao Bin ng qun Phong Chu khng chu nh gic. Vua nghe tin y, ni gin sai Vng n Quyn ra thay, v i Cao Bin v hi ti. Ngay thng y Cao Bin ph qun Nam Chiu v vy La Thnh hn 10 ngy ri, ch nay mai th ly c, bng chc c tin Vng n Quyn v L Duy Chu sang thay. Cao Bin lin giao binh quyn cho Vi Trng T, ri cng vi my ngi th h v Bc. Nhng trc Cao Bin sai ngi ln v Kinh dng biu tu r tnh trng. Vua nh ng bit r s tnh, mng lm, li cho Cao Bin thng trt v sai tr sang cm qun nh Nam Chiu. 27

n i Ng Qu vo qung nh Hu Tn c ngi tn l on T Bnh ln lm vua i quc hiu l i L, truyn n i Hng V (1368-1392) nh Minh mi mt. Nh Minh t l i L Ph, thuc v tnh Vn Nam.

19

Bn Vng n Quyn v L Duy Chu li bing khng vy nh g c, n khi Cao Bin tr sang mi c qun binh nh thnh, git c on T Thin v ngi th lm hng o l Chu C o. Cn nhng ng Mn Th cc ni xin v hng rt nhiu. t Giao Chu b Nam Chiu ph hi va 10 nm, n by gi Cao Bin ly li, em v ni thuc nh ng nh c.

nm by mi nm, khi y c mt nh ng ln dp lon yn nc, lp ln c nghip mt nh khc. Phm s tr lon thay i trong mt x hi l thng l, nhng ch l c mt iu my ln bn Tu lon cng tng t nh nhau c. Xem nh khi nh Hn suy, th nc Tu phi lon Tam Quc; ht Tam Quc th c nh Tn nht thng. n khi nh Tn suy, th c Nam Bc triu; ht Nam Bc triu th c nh ng nht thng. Nay th nh ng suy li phi ci lon Ng Qu. Ci c hi tr lon bn Tu ging nhau nh th l cng c l ti ci phong tc v ci x hi ca Tu. S gio dc khng thay i, nhn qun trong nc khng tin b, cch t tng khng khai ha, cho nn nc tuy lu i, m trnh x hi vn ng nguyn mt ch. Khi c bin lon l ch c my ngi c quyn th tranh cnh vi nhau, ch dn trong nc h thy bn no mnh l lm ti bn y. Nh Hn lm vua l dn nh Hn, nh ng lm vua l dn nh ng, vic g cng cho thin mnh, lm dn ch bit thun th mt b m thi. X Giao Chu mnh t i nh Hn cho n i Ng Qu vn l t ni thuc ca Tu, cho nn s tr lon bn Tu cng nh hng n nc mnh. Nh khi bn Tu lon lc, ngi Tu bn vic nc, th bn Giao Chu cng rc rch t lp c ba nm. Nhng ch v nc th nh, ngi th t, m ngi trong nc li khng bit ng tm vi nhau, khng hiu cc l hp qun on th l th no, cho nn khng thnh cng c.

9. Cng Vic Ca Cao Bin. Vua nh ng i An Nam lm Tnh Hi, phong cho Cao Bin lm Tit S. Cao Bin chnh n mi cng vic, lp n i mn bin thy phng gi gic gi, lm s su thu chi dng vic cng20. Cao Bin tr dn c php tc cho nn ai cng knh phc, bi vy mi gi tn ln l Cao Vng.
Cao Bin p li thnh i La b sng T Lch. Thnh y bn mt di hn 1982 trng linh 5 thc, cao hai trng linh 6 thc, p mt ng bao bc ngoi di hn 2125 trng linh 8 thc, cao 1 trng ri, dy 2 thng. Trong thnh cho dn s lm nh hn 40 vn nc (?). S chp rng Cao Bin dng php ph thy khin Thin Li ph nhng thc ghnh cc sng cho thuyn b i c. Thin Li y c l l Cao Bin dng thuc sng chng? Tc li truyn rng Cao Bin thy bn Giao Chu ta lm t ai vng, thng c ci diu giy i ym t, ph nhng ch sn thy p, v hi mt nhiu long mch. Nhng chuyn y l chuyn ngoa ngn, khng c l g m tin c. Nm t V (875) vua nh ng sai Cao Bin sang lm Tit S Ty Xuyn (T Xuyn). Bin dng ngi chu h l Cao Tm lm Tit S giao Chu. Nh ng tuy ly li c t Giao Chu nhng bn Tu li sp lon, gic cp dn dn ni ln, ngi nh vua cng dn dn sp , nc Tu li chia r lm my nc, cho nn x Giao Chu cng c s bin ci.

III. i Ng Qu (907 - 959) 1. Tnh Th Nc Tu.

Nm inh Mo (907) nh ng mt ngi, nh Hu Lng, Hu ng, Hu Tn, Hu Hn, Hu Chu, tranh nhau lm vua. Mi nh c my nm, gm tt c l 52 nm, gi l i Ng Qu hay l Ng i.

2. H Khc Dy Nghip. Khc Tha D (906 - 907).

Trc khi nh ng sp mt ngi my nm, th bn Tu lon, gic cp ni ln khp c mi ni. Uy quyn nh vua khng ra n bn ngoi, th lc ai mnh th ngi y xng , xng vng. Giao Chu, lc by gi c mt ngi h Khc tn l Tha D, qu Hng Chu (thuc a ht Bng Giang v Ninh Giang Hi Dng). Khc Tha D vn l mt ngi ho ph trong x, m tnh li khoan ha, hay thng ngi, cho nn c nhiu ngi knh phc. Nm Bnh Dn (906) i vua Chiu Tuyn nh ng, nhn khi trong chu c lon, chng c ng y ln lm Tit S cai tr Giao Chu. Nh 28

10. S Tr Lon Ca Nc Tu. Xt chuyn nc Tu t i nh Hn cho n i by gi, c mi nh ln cm quyn chnh tr c vi ba trm nm, ri trong nc li bin lon, Nam Bc phn tranh chng
20

C ngi bo rng ngi Vit Nam ta phi ng su thu khi u t Cao Bin.

ng lc by gi suy nhc, th khng ngn cm c, cng thun cho ng y lm Tnh Hi Tit S v gia phong ng Bnh Chng S. Nm sau nh ng mt ngi, nh Hu Lng phong cho Lu n lm Nam Bnh Vng, kim chc Tit S Qung Chu v Tnh Hi, c ly li Giao Chu. Khc Tha D lm Tit S c non mt nm th mt, giao quyn li cho con l Khc Ho.

Kiu Cng Tin cho sang cu cu bn Nam Hn, Hn Ch nhn dp cho thi t l Hong Tho a qun i trc, mnh t dn qun i tip ng. Khi qun Hong Tho vo gn n sng Bch ng, th bn ny Ng Quyn git c Kiu Cng Tin (938), ri mt mt truyn lnh cho qun s phi ht sc phng b, mt mt sai ngi ly g cp st nhn, cm ngm di lng sng Bch ng, xong ri ch n lc nc thy triu ln, cho qun ra khiu chin; qun Nam Hn ui theo, n lc nc xung, Ng Quyn hi qun nh p li, qun Nam Hn thua chy, bao nhiu thuyn mc vo cc g thng nt mt c, ngi cht qu na, Hong Tho b Ng Quyn bt c, em v git i. Hn Ch nghe tin y, khc a ln, ri em qun v Phin Ngung, khng dm sang quy nhiu na. Ng Quyn trong th git c nghch thn, bo th cho ch, ngoi th ph c cng ch, bo ton cho nc, tht l mt ngi trung ngha lu danh thin c, m cng nh c tay Ng Quyn, nc Nam ta mi ci c ch Bc thuc hn mt nghn nm, v m ng cho inh, L, L, Trn, v sau ny c t ch ci Nam vy.

3. Khc Ho (907 - 917). Khc Ho ln thay cha lm Tit S, lp ra l, ph, chu, x cc ni, t quan li, sa sang vic thu m, vic su dch v li cho con l Khc Tha M sang s bn Qung Chu, ting l kt hiu vi nhau, nhng ct d thm mi vic h thc.
Lu n Qung Chu ng ph tr Phin Ngung c 4 nm th mt. Em l Lu Cung (trc gi l Lu Nham) ln thay. c t lu nhn c vic bt bnh vi nh Hu Lng, Lu Cung t xng , quc hiu l i Vit. n nm inh Su (947) ci quc hiu l Nam Hn.

4. Khc Tha M (917 - 923). Nm inh Su (917) Khc Ho mt, truyn nghip li cho con l Khc Tha M. Khc Tha M nhn chc Tit S ca nh Lng, ch khng thn phc nh Nam Hn. Vua nc Nam hn ly s y lm him, n nm Qu Mi (923) sai tng l L Khc Chnh em qun sang nh bt c Khc Tha M, ri sai L Tin sang lm th s cng vi L Khc Chnh gi Giao Chu. 5. Dng Din Ngh v Kiu Cng Tin (931 Nm Tn Mo (931) Dng Din Ngh l tng ca Khc Ho ngy trc mi ni ln, m qun nh ui bn L Khc Chnh v L Tin i, ri t xng lm Tit S. c 6 nm, Dng Din Ngh b ngi nha tng l Kiu Cng Tin git i m cp ly quyn.

938).

6. Ng Quyn Ph Qun Nam Hn. Khi y c ngi tng ca Dng Din Ngh l Ng Quyn c binh i nh Kiu Cng Tin bo th cho cha. Ng Quyn l ngi lng ng Lm, cng mt lng vi Phng Hng ngy trc (huyn Ph Th, tnh Sn Ty) lm quan vi Dng Din Ngh. Dng Din Ngh thy ngi c ti tr mi g con gi cho, v phong cho vo gi i Chu (Thanh Ha). Khi c tin Kiu Cng Tin git mt Dng Din Ngh, Ng Quyn lin em qun ra nh.
29

CHNG VI

Kt Qu Ca Thi Bc Thuc
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ngi Nc Nam Nhim Vn Minh Ca Tu Nho Gio o Gio Pht Gio S Tin Ha Ca Ngi Nc Nam

Nguyn nc Tu t i Tam i vn minh lm, m nht l v i nh Chu th ci hc thut li cng rc r lm. Nhng hc phi ln nh l Nho Gio v Lo Gio u khi u t i y. V sau n i nh Hn, nh ng, nhng hc phi y thnh ln, li c Pht Gio n truyn sang, ri c ba o cng truyn b i khp c mi ni trong nc. T tr v sau nc Tu v nhng nc chu nh hng ca Tu u theo tng ch ca nhng o y m lp ra s sng tn, lun l v phong tc tng t nh nhau c. Vy ta xt qua xem nhng hc phi y gc tch t u, v ci tng ch ca nhng hc phi y ta th no. Nho gio sinh ra t c Khng T. Ngi hy l Khu, tn ch l Trng Ni, sinh nc L (thuc tnh Sn ng) vo nm 551 trc Ty Lch, v i vua Linh Vng nh Chu. Ngi sinh ra vo i Xun Thu, c Ng B tranh cng, dn tnh kh s, phong tc bi hoi. Ngi mun ly o lun thng m dy ngi ta cch n vi nhau trong i. Ngi i du lch trong my nc ch hu, ht nc n qua n nc kia, mn theo ngi cng nhiu. n lc gi, ngi tr v nc L, son kinh Thi, kinh Th, kinh Dch, nh kinh L, kinh Nhc v lm ra kinh Xun Thu, ri n nm 479 trc Ty Lch v i vua Knh Vng nh Chu th Ngi mt, th c 72 tui. Ngi ch ct ly nhng iu hp vi bn tnh ca loi ngi m dy ngi, ch khng dy nhng iu u un huyn diu khc vi o thng. Ngi ni rng: "o bt vin, nhn chi vi o nhu vin nhn, bt kh d vi o". Ngha l: o khng xa ci bn tnh ngi ta, h v o m xa ci bn tnh y th o y khng phi l o. Bi vy ci tng ch ca Ngi l ch ly Hiu, , Trung, Th lm gc, v ly s sa mnh lm ct m dy ngi. ngi ch dy ngi v s thc t hin ti, ch nhng iu vin vng ngoi nhng s sinh hot trn th ra th Ngi khng bn n. Ni n s sng cht th Ngi bo rng: "V tri sinh, yn tri t", cha bit c vic sng, sao bit c vic cht. Ni n vic qu thn th ngi bo rng: "Qu thn knh nhi vin chi", qu thn th nn knh, m khng nn ni n. Tng chi, o Ngi th c nhiu l tng cao siu (xem sch Nho Gio)21 nhng v ng thc t th ch trng lun thng o l. Ci o lun l ca Ngi c th truyn cho mun i v sau khng bao gi vt qua c. i vi mi ngi th Ngi dy: "K s bt dc, vt thi nhn", iu g mnh khng mun ngi ta lm cho mnh, th mnh ng lm cho ai". i vi
21

2. Nho Gio.

T khi vua V nh Hn sai L Bt c sang nh ly Nam Vit cho n i Ng Qu, ng Ng Quyn nh ui ngi Tu v bc, tnh va trn 1.050 nm. X Giao Chu ta b ngi Tu sang cai tr by lu nm th chc l s sinh hot ca ngi bn x cng b thay i mt cch khc hn vi trc. Khi t Giao Chu cn gi l Vn Lang hay l u Lc th ngi bn x n th no, phong tc lm sao, nay cng khng c di tch g m k cu rch r c. C l cng t h nh Mng hay l Mn mn thng du t Bc Vit by gi. Gi s? c em vua Hng Vng h Hng Bng v vua An Dng Vng h Thc m snh vi my ngi Quan Lang mn thng du th d thng cng khng xa s thc l my. Nhng y l mt iu ni phng m thi, ch ly g lm ch xc? V li, khi ngi mt x hi vn minh nh ngi Tu m i m t cha khai nh t Giao Chu lc by gi, th e rng ngi Tu chim gi ly ch bnh a ri t hp vi nhau m lm n, cn nhng ngi bn x th hoc l ln vi k khe hn mnh, hoc git hi i, hoc vo trong rng trong ni ri cht mn cht mi i. K nh th th ngi mnh by gi cng khng xa ngi Tu l bao nhiu. Du th no mc lng, ht i Bc Thuc ri th ngi Giao Chu ta c mt ci ngh lc ring v ci tnh cht ring c lp, ch khng chu ln vi nc Tu. Duy ch c s sng tnh, s hc vn, cch cai tr th bao gi mnh cng chu ci nh hng ca Tu. 30

1. Ngi Nc Nam Nhim Vn Minh Ca Tu.

Nho Gio - Trung Tm Hc Liu xut bn trn b 2 quyn.

vic bn phn ca mnh th ngi dy: "Qun t ng nhi th vi thin h o, hnh nhi th vi thin h php, ngn nhi th vi thin h tc, vin chi tc vng, cn chi tc bt ym", ngi qun t c ng vic g l lm o cho thin h, ni nng iu g l lm mc cho thin h; ngi xa th mun li gn, ngi gn th khng bao gi chn22. o ca Khng T truyn cho thy Tng Sm; Tng Sm truyn cho Khng Cp; Khng Cp truyn cho thy Mnh Kha tc l thy Mnh T. Thy Mnh T l mt nh i hin trit nc Tu, lm sch Mnh T, bn s trng nhn ngha, khinh cng li, v cho tnh ngi ta vn lnh, ai cng c th nn c Nghiu, Thun c. n i nh Tn, vua Th Hong git nhng ngi Nho hc, t c sch v, o Nho phi mt lc gian nan. n i vua Cao T nh Hn li tn knh o Nho, sai lm l thi lao t c Khng T. n i vua V nh Hn li t quan bc s dy nm kinh. T y tr i, o Nho mi ngy mt thnh, du trong nc c o Lo, o Pht mc lng, bao gi o nho vn trng hn.

c php trng sinh bt t v. v... Bi vy o Lo mi thnh ra o gio l mt o thn tin, ph thy, v nhng ngi theo o gio gi l o s. Nguyn t i vua Th Hong nh Tn v vua V nh Hn, ngi Tu tin s thn tin, sau n cui i nh ng Hn c Trng o Lng son ra 24 thin o Kinh ging ci thut trng sinh. Bn gic Hong Cn Trng Gic chnh l hc tr ca Trng o Lng. n i nh ng Tn li c Ct Hng ni rng c tin thut ri lm sch dy nhng thut y. T y v sau o gio thnh dn ln, tn Lo T lm Thi Thng Lo Qun. i vua Cao T nh ng c ngi ni rng thy Lo t hin ra ni Dng Gic Sn xng l t nh ng23. Vua Cao T n t miu Lo T v tn ln l Thi Thng Huyn Nguyn Hong . Bi vy nh ng trng o Lo T lm, bt con chu phi hc o c Kinh. Tuy o Lo v sau thnh hnh nc Tu, nhng cng khng bng o Pht. o Pht l mt o n em vo nc Tu, v li l mt tn gio rt ln th gian ny.

Lo T l ngi nc S (thuc tnh H Bc) h l L, tn l am, sinh vo nm 604 trc Ty Lch v i vua nh Vng nh Chu, sng c 81 tui, n nm 523 trc Ty Lch, vo i vua Cnh Vng nh Chu th mt. Tng ch ca Lo T l trc khi c tri t, th ch c o. o l bn th ca v tr, l ci gc nguyn th ca cc s to ha. Vn vt u bi o m sinh ra. Vy sa mnh v tr nc nn phi theo o, ngh l ngi ta nn im tnh, v vi, c t nhin, ch khng nn dng tr lc m lm g c. Lo T son ra sch o c Kinh, ri sau c Vn T, Thi T, Trang T, v Lit T noi theo m truyn b ci tng ch y. o ca Lo T lc u l mt mn trit hc rt cao siu nhng v sau ci hc thuyt bin i i, ri nhng ngi ging thut thn tin cng ph theo o y m ni nhng chuyn s kip v nhng s tu luyn

3. o Gio. o gio l bi o ca ng Lo T m thnh ra.

r ngi sinh vo i no. C kin ca o phi v pha Bc t n th cho l ngi sinh v nm 1028 trc Ty Lch k nguyn, vo i vua Chiu Vng nh Chu. Cn o phi pha Nam th cho vo nm 624. Nhng nh bc hc thi by gi cho ngi sinh vo nm 558 hay l 520, cng vi Khng T mt thi. c Thch Ca l con mt nh qu tc t n . Ngi ly v, c con, nhng v thy ngi ta trn th ny khng ai khi c nhng kh no nh sinh, lo, bnh, t, cho nn ngi b c v con m i tu, cu php gii thot. Vy o Pht ct c hai ch : mt l i l cuc kh no; hai l s thot khi kh no. Ngi ta gp phi nhng s kh no nh th l ti mnh c mc trong vng lun hi mi. Vy mun cho khi s kh no th phi ra ngoi lun hi mi c; m ra ngoi lun hi th phi ct cho t nhng ci nhn duyn n tri buc mnh trn gian ny. Ra c ngoi Lun Hi th ln n ci Nt Bn (nirvana) tc l thnh Pht, bt sinh, bt tuyt.

4. Pht Gio. T t o Pht l c Thch Ca Mu Ni. Khng bit

22

Snh vi li ca Khang c tin sinh l mt nh i trit hc phng u: "Agis de telle que la maxime de ton vouloir puisse tre accepte comme rgle universelle", n th no cho bao nhiu nhng vic mnh lm c th lm ci cng l cho thin h.

23

Lo T v vua nh ng cng h L.

31

Nguyn o Pht l do o B La Mn (Brahmane) m ra, nhng tng ch o Pht khng ging o B La Mn cho nn hai o chng nhau mi, thnh ra n ba bn trm nm sau, khi c Thch Ca mt ri, o Pht mi pht t ra n . o Pht sang nc Tu k t nh Ty Hn. i vua Hn V (140 - 86) qun nh Hn i nh Hung N ly c tng Kim Nhn v bit rng ngi Hung N c thi t hng th Pht24. i vua Ai nm Nguyn th nguyn nin, l lch ty nm th 2, vua nh Hn sai Tn Cnh Hin sang s r Nhc Chi c hc khu truyn c kinh nh Pht. n i vua Minh nh ng Hn, c Ban Siu i s cc nc Ty Vc bit o Pht thnh hnh phng Ty. Vua bn sai Thi Am i sang Thin Trc ly c 42 chng kinh v rc thy tng v dy o Pht. By gi nhn c con bch m em kinh v, cho nn nh vua mi lp cha Bch M th Pht t Lc Dng. T o Pht c dn dn truyn b ra khc nc Tu, nhng ch c ngi n sang dy o Pht m thi, mi n i Tam Quc mi c ngi Tu i lm thy tng. V sau ngi Tu sang n ly kinh em v ging dy cng nhiu. i vua An nh ng Tn (402) t Trng An c ng Php Hin i chi hng 30 nc x n , qua o Tch Lan (Ceylan) ri theo ng hi o v Tu, em kinh nh Pht dch ra ch Tu v lm sch Pht Quc K. n i Nam Bc Triu, vua Hin Minh nh Ngy sai tng l Hu Sinh v Tng Vn sang Ty Vc ly c hn 170 b kinh em v. T o Pht rt thnh, kinh in c n 450 b, cha chin c hn 3 vn, tng ni c n 2 triu ngi. i vua Thi Tng nh ng (630), c ng Huyn Trang (tc gi l ng Tng hay ng Tam Tng) i sang n hn 10 nm ly c 650 b kinh nh Pht. n i vua Cao Tng (672) ng Ngha Tnh li sang n ly c 400 b kinh nh Pht na. T i nh ng tr i, th bn Tu o Pht cng ngy cng thnh, m ngi i ly kinh cng nhiu.

5. S Tin Ha Ca Ngi Nc Nam. Khi nhng o Nho, o Khng, o Pht pht t bn Tu, th t Giao Chu ta cn thuc v nc Tu, cho nn ngi mnh cng theo nhng o y. V sau nc mnh t ch ri, nhng o y li cng thnh thm, nh l o Pht th thnh v i nh inh, nh Tin L, v nh L, m o Nho th thnh t i nh Trn tr i.
Phm phong tc v chnh tr l do s hc thut v tng gio m ra. M ngi mnh theo hc tht v tng gio ca Tu th iu g ta cng noi theo Tu ht c. Nhng xt ra th iu g mnh cng thua km Tu, m t ngi mnh khng thy c tm kim v by t ra c ci g cho xut sc, gi l c ci tinh thn ring ca ni ging mnh, l ti lm sao? mnh. C l mt l ti a th nc Nam ta, hai l cch n ca ngi

Phm s tin ha ca mt x hi cng nh cng vic ca ngi lm, phi c ci g n un y mnh, n bt phi c sc m tin ha th mi tin ha c. S un y y l s cn dng v s ua tranh. Nu khng c cn dng th khng c c gng, khng c gng th khng tin ha. Nu khng c ua tranh th khng c tm kim, khng tm tm kim th khng ti gii, s l tt nhin l vy. Xem nh nc Nam ta, th hai ci yu im y u km c. Ngi mnh v x nng nc, cch n mc gin d, n s, khng phi cn lao lo ngh cng sng, cho nn ai cng thch nhn lc, qu h khi cht th thi, ch khng ai mun lao tm lao lc lm nh nhng ngi nc vn minh khc. Tnh ngi mnh nh th, th h ai ni ci g, mnh ch bt chc c m thi, ch khng pht khi by t ra c iu g na. Cn nh s ua tranh, phi c nhiu ngi, nhiu nc th mi ua tranh c. Nhng nc ta pha ng th c b, pha Ty, pha Nam th nhng ngi Mng, ngi Lo l nhng ngi vn minh km mnh c, cn pha Bc c nc Tu l hn mnh, nhng Tu li to qu, s giao thng vi mnh th cch tr sn xuyn, ng s kh khn khng tin, ch c quan t thnh thong i li m thi, ch dn trong nc khng my khi ra n ngoi b ci nc nh. Ngi m c i khng i n u, mt khng trng thy ci hay ci d ca ngi, th tin ha lm sao c? m s hc ca mnh th ai cng yn tr rng ci g hc ca Tu l hay, l tt hn c: t s t tng cho ch cng vic lm, iu g mnh cng ly Tu lm gng. H ai bt chc c Tu l gii, khng bt chc c l d. Cch mnh sng m vn minh ca Tu nh th, cho nn khng chu so snh ci hn ci km, 32

24

Tc l t hng m th cng khi u t .

khng tm cch pht minh nhng iu hay tt ra, ch inh rng ngi ta hn mnh, mnh ch bt chc ngi ta l . a th nc mnh nh th, tnh cht v s hc vn ca ngi mnh nh th, th ci trnh tin ha ca mnh tt l phi chm chp v vic g cng phi thua km ngi ta vy.

PHN III

T Ch Thi-i
(Thi K Thng Nht)

33

CHNG I

NH NG
(939-965)
1. 2. 3. 4. Tin Ng-Vng Dng Tam Kha Hu Ng-Vng Thp-Nh S-Qun

Lm vua c t lu, Thin-sch vng toan gi ly quyn mt mnh, nhng n nm gip-dn (965) th mt. Th lc nh Ng lc by gi mi ngy mt km, gic-gi ni ln khp c mi ni. Nam tn-vng phi thn chinh i nh dp. Khi i nh gic hai thn Thi-bnh, khng may b tn bn cht. By gi l nm t-Su (965), Nam-tn-vng lm vua c 15 nm. T khi Dng tam Kha tim-v ri, nhng ngi th-ho cc ni nh bn Trn Lm, Kiu cng Hn v.v... u xng ln c lp, xng l S-qun. V sau Nam-tn-vng khi phc c nghip c, nhng m cc s-qun vn khng chu v thn-phc. Bi vy nh vua c phi i nh dp mi, m khng yn c. n khi Nam-tn-vng b gic bn cht, th con Thin-sch-vng l Ng xng X ln ni nghip, nhng th nh vua lc y suy-nhc lm, khng ai phc-tng na. Ng xng X v ng gi t Bnh-kiu. Tng nh Ng l cnh-Thc cng gi mt ch xng l S-qun. Lc by gi trong nc c c thy 12 S-qun, gy ra cnh ni lon ko di n hn 20 nm. Mi hai S-qun l : 1. Ng xng X gi Bnh-kiu (nay l lng Bnh-kiu, ph Khoi-chu, Hng-yn). 2. cnh Thc gi -ng -giang (thuc huyn Thanh-oai). 3. Trn Lm, xng l Trn Minh-cng gi B-hi-khu (K-b, tnh Thi-bnh). 4. Kiu cng Hn, xng l Kiu Tam-ch gi Phong-chu (huyn Bchhc). 5. Nguyn Khoan, xng l Nguyn Thi-bnh gi Tam-i (ph Vnh Tng). 6. Ng nht Khnh, xng l Ng Lm-cng gi ng-lm (Phc-th, Sn-ty). 7. L Khu, xng l L Lang-cng gi Siu-loi (Thun-thnh). 8. Nguyn th Tip, xng l Nguyn Lnh-cng gi Tin-du (Bc-ninh). 9. L ng, xng l L T-cng gi T-giang (Vn-giang, Bc-ninh). 10. Nguyn Siu, xng l Nguyn Hu-cng gi Ty-ph-lit (Thanh-tr, H-ng). 11. Kiu Thun, xng l Kiu Lnh-cng gi Hi-h (Cm-kh, Sn-ty). 12. Phm bch H, xng l Phm Phng t gi ng-chu (Hng-yn).

4. THP NH S QUN (945-967).

1. TIN NG VNG (939-965). Nm k-hi (939) Ng Quyn xng vng, ng C Loa (thuc huyn ng-anh, tnh Phc-yn). Ng-vng t quan chc, ch triu-nghi, nh phc-sc v chnh n vic chnh-tr trong nc, ch mun dng nghip lu di, nhng ch lm vua c c 6 nm, n nm Gip Thn (944) th mt, th 47 tui.
Ng-vng trc ly con Dng din Ngh l Dng-th lp lm vng-hu; n lc mt, vng uthc con l Ng xng Ngp cho Dng tam Kha l em Dng-hu. Dng tam Kha bn cp ly quyn ca chu, t xng l Bnh-vng. Ng xng Ngp thy bin, chy trn sang Nam-sch (thuc Hidng) vo n nh Phm Lnh-cng Tr-hng (huyn Kim-thnh). Tam Kha sai qun i ui bt. Phm Lnh-cng em vo du trong ni. Dng tam Kha bt em Ng xng Ngp l Ng vng Vn nui lm con nui. Nm Canh-Tut (905) c dn ti thn Thi-bnh (thuc Sn-ty) lm lon. Dng tam Kha sai Ng xng Vn cng vi tng l Dng ct Li v cnh Thc em qun i nh. i n T-lim, Ng xng Vn mu vi hai tng em qun tr v bt Dng tam Kha. Ng xng Vn ngh tnh cu chu khng n git, ch ging xung lm Trng Dng-cng.

2. DNG TAM KHA (945-950).

3. HU NG VNG (950-965). Ng vng Vn b Dng tam Kha i ri, xng l Nam-tn-vng v sai ngi i n lng Tr-hng rc anh l Ng xng Ngp v cng coi vic nc. Ng xng Ngp v xng l Thin-sch-vng. C hai anh em lm vua, s gi l Hu Ng-vng.
34

Nhng S-qun y c nh ln nhau, lm cho dn-gian kh-s. Sau nh c ng inh b Lnh Hoa-l em qun i nh, mi dp xong ci lon s-qun, em giang-sn li lm mt mi,v lp nn c nghip nh inh vy.

CHNG II

NH INH
(968-980)
1. inh Tin-hong 2. inh Ph-
inh b Lnh25 l ngi Hoa-l ng (huyn Gia-vin, tnh Ninh-bnh), con ng inh cng Tr lm th-s Hoan-chu v i Dng din Ngh v i Ng-vng Quyn. inh cng Tr mt sm, B Lnh theo m v qu , thng i chi vi tr chn tru-b, bt chng khoanh tay lm kiu nghi cho chng rc, v li ly bng lau lm c by trn nh nhau. Tr x y a no cng s, tn ln lm anh. n lc khn-ln ln, dn lng y theo phc rt nhiu, nhng sau v khng ha vi ch, cho nn B Lnh cng vi con l Lin sang vi S-qun Trn Minh-cng B-hi khu (Ph Kin-xng, Thi-bnh). Trn Minh-cng thy ngi khi-ng c ch-kh, em lng yu mn, cho c gi binh-quyn. n khi Trn Minh-cng mt, inh b Lnh em qun v gi Hoa-l, chiu m nhng ngi ho-kit, hng c mt phng. Nm tn-hi (951) i Hu Ng-vng, Nam Tn-vng v Thin-schvng em qun vo nh khng c. n khi nh Ng mt ri, inh b Lnh hng c S-qun Phm Phng-t, ph c -dng ca cnh Thc. T nh u c y, cho nn chng tn l Vn-thng-vng. Ch trong mt nm m vng binh c cc S-qun v lp thnh nghip . Nm mu-thn (968) Vn-thng-vng ln ngi Hong-, tc l Tinhong-, t quc-hiu l i-c-vit, ng Hoa-l Tin-hong xy cung-in, ch triu-nghi, nh phm-hm quan vn quan v, phong cho Nguyn Bc lm nh quc cng, L Hon lm Thp-o tng-qun, v phong cho con l inh Lin lm Nam-vit-vng.

1. INH TIN-HONG (968-979).

C sch chp rng inh Tin Hong tn l Hon, ch khng phi l B Lnh. B Lnh l mt tc quan ca Trn Lm phong cho inh Hon. Nhng xt trong "Khm nh Vit S" v cch sch khc th thy chp inh B Lnh ch khng thy inh Hon. Vy nay c theo sch Khm nh m chp.

25

35

Nm canh-ng (970) Tin-hong t nin-hiu l Thi-bnh nguyn-nin, v t nm ngi Hong-hu. Trong khi vua inh Tin-hong dp lon S-qun nc ta, th bn Tu ng Triu khung Dn ni nghip nh Hu-Chu tc l vua Thi-t nh Tng. n nm canh-ng (970) vua Thi-t nh Tng sai tng l Phan M sang nh ly Nam-Hn. Vua Tin-hong s qun nh Tng sang nh, bn sai s sang thng hiu vi Tng-triu. Nm nhm-thn (972) Tin-hong li sai Nam-vit-vng l Lin em phng vt sang cng nh Tng. Vua nh Tng sai s sang phong cho Tin-hong lm Giao-ch qun vng v phong cho Nam-vit-vng Lin lm Tnh-hi-qun Tit--s, An-nam -h. T nc ta c gi l sang triu cng nc Tu. Vic chnh tr trong nc th lc by gi cn c nhiu ngi quen thi lc lon, khng chu tun theo lut-l. Tin-hong phi dng oai trng-tr nhng bn gian-c: t vc du trc in, nui h bo trong vn, ri h lnh rng h ai phm ti th b vc du hay l cho h bo n. Hnh-lut uy-nghim nh th, th cng qu lm, nhng nh c nhng hnh-lut y th dn trong nc mi dn dn c yn. Vic binh-lnh th Tin-hong phn ra o, qun, l, tt, ng. Mi mt o c 10 qun; 1 qun 10 l; 1 l 10 tt; 1 tt 10 ng; 1 ng 10 ngi. Vy mt o l 100.000 ngi, v c s y m tnh th nh inh by gi c 10 o, l 1.000.000 ngi. Thit tng nc ta by gi t th nh, ngi th t, ly u lm mt triu qun c, v ly cm go u m nui c by nhiu ngi. Ha chng Tin-hong c c 10 vn ngi l nhiu. Tin-hong b trng lp , cho a con t l Hng Lang lm Thi-t. Con trng l Nam-vit-vng Lin theo Tin-hong i trn-mc t tha hn-vi, nay khng c ngi Thi-t, ly s y lm tc-gin bn khin ngi git Hng Lang i. y l gy nn mi lon trong nh. Nm k-mo (979) vua Tin-hong v Nam-vit-vng Lin b tn Thch git cht. S chp rng tn Thch trc lm li, m nm thy sao ri vo mm, tng l triu mnh c lm vua, bn nh bng lm s thot. Mt hm Thch thy Tin-hong say ru nm trong cung, bn ln vo git Tin-hong i, ri git c Nam-vit-vng Lin. 36

nh-thn tm bt c Thch em lm ti, v tn V-vng inh Tu ln lm vua. Tin-hong lm vua c 12 nm, th c 56 tui.

2. PH (979-980). V-vng mi c 6 tui ln lm vua, quynchnh c Thp-o tng-qun l L Hon. L Hon li cng vi Dng Thi-hu t thng.
Cc quan i-thn by gi l bn inh in, Nguyn Bc thy L Hon nhip chnh lng quyn qu, mi c binh-m n nh, nhng b L Hon git c. Lc by gi nh Tng nghe tin Tin-hong mt, t-qun cn di, mun tha th sang ly nc ta, mi hi i binh gn bin-gii. Bn ta c tin qun Tu sp sang, L Hon sai Phm c Lng lm i-tng em binh i chng gi. Trc khi khi hnh, Phm c Lng hp c qun-s li trong in, ri ni rng: "By gi qun nghch sp vo ci, m vua th cn b, ly ai m thng pht cho chng mnh. Du chng mnh c ht sc lp c cht cng no, th ri ai bit cho? Chi bng nay ta tn Thp-o tng-qun ln lm vua ri ra nh th hn"26. Qun-s nghe ni u h vn-tu. Thi-hu thy qun-s thun c, mi sai ly o long-cn mc vo cho L Hon. L Hon ln lm vua , ging inh Tu xung lm V-vng, s gi l Ph-. Nh inh lm vua c 2 i, c thy l 14 nm.

26

Xem s Tu, nh Tng ly ngi nh Hu-Chu cng ging nh bn ta nh Tin-L ly ngi nh inh. Nh lm s c chp ln nhau khng?

CHNG III

him bt chm i, ri ui nh qun nh Tng chm git c qu na, v bt c hai ngi b-tng. v. Bn Lu Trng thy lc-qun tan v, vi-vng em thy-qun rt

NH TIN L
(980-1009)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. L i-Hnh Ph qun nh Tng nh Chim-thnh Vic nh-dp v sa sang trong nc L Trung-Tng L long nh

Qun ta tuy thng trn, nhng vua i-hnh s th-lc khng chng vi Tu c lu, bn sai s em hai vin tng bt c sang tr nh Tng v xin theo l triu cng. Lc y phi bc nc Tu c qun Khit-an (Hung-n) ang nh ph, cho nn vua nh Tng cng thun li, thi vic chin-tranh vi nc ta, v phong cho vua i-hnh lm chc Tit--s. Nm qu-t (993) nh Tng sch phong cho vua i-hnh lm Giao-ch qun-vng, ri n nm inh-du (997) li gia phong l Nam-bnh-vng. By gi s nh Tng thng hay i li, c khi vua i-hnh phng chiu m khng ly, ni di rng i dnh gic ng nga au chn. Nh Tng bit l ni di, nhng cng lm ng i. Vua i-hnh ph c qun nh Tng ri, nh sang nh Chim-thnh, v lc vua i-hnh ln ngi, c sai s sang Chim-thnh, b vua nc y bt giam s li. n khi vic pha bc yn, vua i-hnh em binh sang nh bo th. Qun vua i-hnh sang chim gi dc kinh-thnh nc Chim v bt c ngi, ly c ca rt nhiu. T y nc Chim-thnh phi sang triu-cng nc ta.

L Hon l ngi lng Bo-thi, huyn Thanh-lim, tnh H-nam by gi, lm quan Thp-o tng-qun nh inh. Nhn khi vua nh inh cn tr tui, v li c qun nh Tng sang xm, qun-s tn L Hon ln lm vua, tc l i-hnh Hong-, nin-hiu l Thin-phc, Hng-thng (989-993), v ng-thin (994-1005). Vua i-hnh ln lm vua ri sai s a th sang nh Tng ni di l th ca inh Tu (Ph-) xin phong, c nh Tng hon binh li. Nhng vua nh Tng khng nghe, sai s sang trch i-hnh rng sao c xng , v li ni rng : "Nh inh truyn tp ba i ri, vy cho inh Tu lm Thng-soi, L Hon lm ph. Nhc bng inh Tu cn tr tui khng lm c, th L Hon phi bt m con inh Tu sang chu Bc-triu, ri s phong quan-tc cho L Hon". Vua i-hnh bit mu nh Tng bn khng chu v sa-sang s phng-b .

1. L i Hnh (980-1005).

3. nh Chim Thnh.

4. Vic nh Dp V Sa Sang Trong Nc. Vic trong nc th c cc quan i thn l bn T Mc, Phm c Lng, Ng t An gip rp. t lut-l, luyn qun lnh v sa-sang mi vic.
By gi thng hay c cc ng Mng v nhng ngi cc chu qun lm phn, vua i-hnh phi thn chinh i nh-dp, bnh c 49 ng H-man (thuc huyn Thch-thnh, tnh Thanh-ho) v dp yn nhng ngi phn-nghch cc ni. Bi vy thanh-th vua i-hnh lc by gi rt l lng-ly. Nm t-t (1005) l nm ng-thin th 12, vua i-hnh mt, th 65 tui, lm vua c 24 nm.

2. Ph Qun Nh Tng. Nh Tng thy vua i-hnh khng chu nghe li, bn sai tng em qun sang nh. Thng 3 nm tn-t (981) th bn Hu nhn Bo v Tn ton Hng tin qun sang mt Lng-sn, bn Lu-trng em thy-qun sang mt Bch-ng-giang.
Vua i-hnh em binh-thuyn ra chng-gi Bch-ng. Qun nh Tng tin ln th mnh lm, quan qun nh khng li phi li. By gi lcqun ca bn Hu nhn Bo tin sang n Chi-lng (thuc n-chu, Lngsn), vua i-hnh sai ngi sang tr hng d Hu nhn Bo n ch 37

5. L TRUNG TNG (1005). Vua i-hnh nh cho ngi con th ba l Long Vit lm thi-t, nhng n lc vua i-hnh mt, cc

hong-t tranh ngi nh nhau trong by thng. n khi Long Vit va mi ln ngi c ba ngy th b em l Long nh sai ngi vo cung git i, th 23 tui. S gi l L Trung-tng. Long nh l ngi bo-ngc, tnh hay chm git, c bng Kit, Tr ngy xa. Khi git anh ri, ln lm vua thng c ly s git ngi lm tr chi: c khi nhng t phm phi hnh, th bt ly rm tm du qun vo ngi ri t sng; c khi bt t tro ln cy ri di sai ngi cht gc cho cy ; c khi b ngi vo st ri em th xung sng. Lm nhng iu c nh th th ly lm thch ch. Mt hm ly ma ln u nh s m rc v, ri thnh-thong gi tng nh tay b dao vo u s chy mu ra, trng thy th lm vui ci. Cn khi ra bui chu, c ai tu s iu g th cho nhng thng h ni khihi hay l nhi ting lm tr. Long nh lm vua c 2 nm i nin-hiu l Cnh-thy (1008-1009). Sang nm sau l nm k-du (1009) th mt, lm vua c 4 nm, th 24 tui. V lc sng dm-dc qu , mc bnh khng ngi c, n bui chu th c nm m th triu, cho nn tc gi l Nga-triu. Long nh mt ri, con th b, nh-thn nhn dp tn L cng Un ln lm vua, khai sng nn c-nghip nh L. Nh Tin-L lm vua c 3 i, c thy c 29 nm.

CHNG IV

6. L LONG NH (1005-1009).

NH L
(1010-1225)
I. L THI T 1. Thi-t khi nghip 2. Di v Thng-long thnh 3. Ly kinh Tam-tng 4. Vic chnh-tr II. L THI TNG 1. L phng Hiu nh lon 2. S nh dp 3. Gic Nng 4. nh Chim-thnh 5. Vic chnh-tr III. L THNH TNG 1. Vic chnh-tr 2. Ly t Chim-thnh IV. L NHN TNG 1. -lan thi-phi 2. L o Thnh 3. Vic sa-sang trong nc 4. Vic nh nh Tng 5. Nh Tng ly t Qung-nguyn 6. nh Chim-thnh

I. L THI-T (1010-1028)
Nin-hiu : Thun-thin
L cng Un ngi lng C-php, nay thuc v huyn ng-ngn, ph T-sn, tnh Bc-ninh ( lng nh-bng c lng v n th nh L).

1. Thi-T khi nghip.

38

Tc truyn rng Cng Un khng c cha, m l Phm-th i chi cha Tiu-sn (lng Tiu-sn, ph T-sn), nm mng thy i li vi thn nhn ri v c thai ra a con trai. Ln ba tui em cho ngi s cha Cphp tn l L khnh Vn lm con nui, mi t tn l L cng Un. Cng Un ln ln vo Hoa-l lm quan nh Tin-L, n chc T-thnv in-tin Ch-huy-s. Khi L Long nh mt, th L cng Un ngoi 35 tui. By gi lng ngi on-gin nh Tin-L lm, trong triu c bn o cam Mc cng vi s Vn Hnh mu tn L cng Un ln lm vua. L cng Un bn ln ngi hong-, tc l vua Thi-t nh L. Thi-t thy t Hoa-l chthp khng c th m-mang ra lm ch -hi c, bn nh di v Lathnh. Thng 7 nm Thun-thin nguyn-nin (1010), th khi s di . Khi ra n La-thnh, Thi-t ly c c im trng thy rng vng hin ra, bn i i-la thnh l Thng-long thnh, tc l thnh H-ni by gi. Ci Hoa-l lm trng-an ph v C-php lm Thin-c ph. Nh L by gi sng o Pht, nh vua trng i nhng ngi i tu, ly tin kho ra lm cha c chung. Thng 6 nm mu-ng (1018) vua sai quan l Nguyn o Thanh v Phm Hc sang Tu ly kinh Tam-tng em v vo kho i-hng.

sn-vt ni; thu mm-mui i qua A-quan; thu sng t, ng voi v hng trn mn ni xung; thu tre g hoa qu. Vua cho nhng bc cng-cha coi vic trng-thu cc th thu y. Thi-t tr-v c 19 nm th mt, th 55 tui.

II. L THI TNG (1028-1054)

Nin hiu : Thin thnh (1028-1033) Thng-thy (1034-1038) Cn-ph-hu-o (1039-1041) Minh-o (1042-1043) Thin-cm-thnh-v (1044-1048) Sng-hng-i-bo (1049-1054).

2. Di V Thng Long Thnh.

1. L Phng Hiu nh Lon. Thi-t va mt cha t-tng xong, th cc hong-t l bn V-c-vng, Dc-thnh-vng v ng-chinhvng em qun n vy thnh tranh ngi ca Thi-t.
By gi cc quan l bn L nhn Ngha xin Thi-t cho em qun ra thnh quyt c thua mt trn. Khi qun ca Thi-t v qun cc vng i trn, th quan V-v tng-qun l L phng Hiu rt gm ra ch vo V-c-vng m bo rng : "Cc ngi dm-ng ngi cao, khinh-d tqun, trn qun n Tin-, di tri ngha ti con, vy Phng Hiu xin dng nht gm ny !" Ni xong chy xng vo chm V-c-vng trn tin. Qun cc vng trng thy s-hi b chy c. Dc-thnh-vng v ngchinh-vng cng phi chy trn. Thi-t Pht M ln ngi, tc l vua Thi-tng. Dc-thnh-vng v ng-chinh-vng xin v chu ti. Thi-tng ngh tnh ct-nhc bn tha ti cho, v li phc chc c cho c hai ngi. Cng v s phn-nghch y cho nn vua Thi-tng mi lp l: c hng nm, cc quan phi n n ng-c ( lng Yn-thi, H-ni) lm l c li th rng : "Lm con phi hiu, lm ti phi trung, ai bt hiu bt trung, xin qu thn lm ti". Cc quan ai trn khng n th, phi pht 50 trng.

3. Ly Kinh Tam Tng.

4. Vic Chnh Tr. Lc by gi bn nh Tng c nhiu vic, cho nn cng khng sinh s li thi g vi nc ta. Bi vy khi Thi-t ln lm vua, sai s sang cu phong, vua nh Tng lin phong cho lm Giao-ch qun-vng, sau li gia phong Nam-bnh-vng. Nc Chim-thnh v nc Chn-lp u sang triu cng, cho nn vic bang-giao thi by gi u yn-tr.
trong nc cng c i ba ni ni ln lm lon, nh Din-chu (thuc Ngh-an) v mn Thng-du hay c s phn-nghch, nh vua phi thn chinh i nh-dp mi yn c. Thi by gi cc hong-t u phong tc vng v phi cm qun i nh gic, bi vy ai cng gii ngh dng binh. Thi-t lu tm v vic sa-sang trong nc: i php c ca nh TinL; chia nc ra lm 24 l, gi Hoan-chu v i-chu l tri. Li nh ra 6 hng thu l : thu rung, m, ao; thu t trng du v bi ph-sa; thu 39

2. S nh Dp.

Thi-tng l ngi c thin-t nh-ng, thng lcngh, tinh thao-lc, gp lc trong nc c nhiu gic-gi, nhng ngi quen vic dng binh, cho nn ngi thng thn chinh i nh ng dp bc.

Thi by gi nh vua khng t quan tit trn; phm vic binh vic dn cc chu, l u giao c cho ngi chu-mc. Cn mn thng-du th c ngi t-trng qun lnh. Cng v quyn nhng ngi y to qu, cho nn thng hay c s phn-nghch. Li c nhng nc ln bang nh Chimthnh v Ai-lao thng hay sang quy nhiu, bi vy cho nn s nh-dp v i vua Thi-tng rt nhiu. Lc y chu Qung-nguyn (Lng-sn) c nhng ngi Nng c hay lm lon. Nm mu-n (1038) c Nng tn Phc lm phn, t xng l Chiu-thnh Hong-, lp A-nng lm Ninh-c Hong-hu, t quc-hiu l Trng-sinh-quc ri em qun i nh-ph cc ni. Nm k-mo (1039) Thi-tng thn chinh i nh, bt c Nng tn Phc v con l Nng tri Thng em v kinh lm ti. Cn A-nng v con l Nng tr Cao chy thot c. Nm tn-t (1041) Nng tr Cao cng vi m l A-nng v ly chu ng-o (gn chu Qung-nguyn) lp ra mt nc gi l i-lch-quc. Thi-tng sai tng ln nh bt c em v Thng-long. Nhng vua ngh trc git cha v anh, nay thng tnh khng git, tha cho v v li phong cho lm Qung-nguyn mc. Sau li gia phong cho tc Thi-bo. Nm mu-t (1048) Nng tr Cao li phn, xng l Nhn-hu Hong- quc-hiu l i-nam. Thi-tng sai quan thi-u Quch thnh Dt ln nh khng c. By gi Tr Cao xin ph-thuc vo nc Tu, vua nh Tng khng cho. Tr Cao bn em qun sang nh ly Ung-chu, ri chim c thy c 8 chu t Qung-ng v Qung-ty. Nhng chu y l chu Honh chu Qu, chu Cung, chu Tm, chu ng, chu Ng, chu Khang, chu oan. Vua nh Tng toan nh qun nh L sang nh gip nhng tng nh Tng l ch Thanh can rng : C mt Nng tr Cao m t Lng Qung khng ch c, li phi nh qun ngoi-quc vo nh gip. Nu c ai nhn m ni lon, th lm th no? Vua nh Tng nghe li y bn sai bn D Tnh v Tn Min i nh-dp gic Tr Cao. Bn D Tnh nh mi khng c, nh Tng ly lm lo, nhn khi Tr Cao dng biu xin lnh chc Tit--s chu Ung v chu Qu, vua nh Tng toan thun cho, ch Thanh can i, v xin em qun i nh. ch Thanh ra hp qun vi bn D Tnh v Tn Min ng Tn-chu (Liu-chu tnh Qung-ty) ri hi cc tng li cm khng cho ra nh 40

nhau vi gic. By gi c quan Kim-ht tnh Qung-ty tn l Trn-Th tri tng lnh em qun i nh b thua, ch Thanh em chm i, ri lnh cho qun ngh 10 ng Qun i thm bit chuyn v bo Tr Cao bit. Tr Cao tng l qun nh Tng khng dm nh, bn khng phng-gi. ch Thanh em qun n ca Cn-ln (gn ph Nam-ninh) nh Nng tr Cao. Lc ang nh nhau, ch Thanh em qun k nh hai bn t hu, qun ca Tr Cao tan v, tng l bn Hong s Mt u t trn. Tr Cao chy thot trn sang nc i-l. Sau ngi i-l bt Nng tr Cao chm ly u em np nh Tng. Gic Nng t mi yn. Thi-tng ln lm vua hn 15 nm, m nc Chim-thnh khng chu thng s v li c quy nhiu mt b. Thitng bn sp-sa binh-thuyn sang nh Chim-thnh. Nm gip-thn (1044) vua Thi-tng ng gi i nh Chim-thnh. Qun Chim-thnh dn trn pha nam sng Ng-b(?) Thi-tng truyn thc qun nh trn sang, qun Chim-thnh thua chy. Qun ta bt c hn 5.000 ngi v 30 con voi. Tng Chim-thnh l Quch gia Gi chm quc-vng l S u em u sang xin hng. By gi quan qun chm git ngi bn x rt nhiu, mu chy thnh sui. Thi-tng trng thy ng lng thng, xung lnh cm khng c git ngi Chim-thnh, h ai tri lnh th theo php qun m tr ti. Thi-tng tin binh n quc l Pht-th (nay lng Nguyt-hu, huyn Hng-thy, tnh Tha-thin), vo thnh bt c Vng-phi l M v cc cung n em v. Khi xa-gi v n sng L-nhn, Thi-tng cho i M sang chu bn thuyn ng . M gi tit khng chu, qun chin ln xung sng m t-t. Nay ph L-nhn cn c n th. Thi-tng bt v hn 5.000 ngi Chim-thnh ban cho rung t lp thnh phng p m lm n.

3. Gic Nng.

4. nh Chim Thnh.

5. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-tng tuy phi nh dp lun, nhng cng khng b vic chnh-tr trong nc, bao gi cng lng thng dn. H nm no i km hay l i nh gic v, th li gim thu cho hng hai ba nm. Ngi sa li lut-php, nh cc bc hnh-pht, cc cch tra-hi, v t l cho nhng ngi gi ngi tr, tr khi phm ti thp c, th c ly tin

m chuc ti. Nhn khi i lut mi, nh vua i nin-hiu l Minh-o (1042). Nm qu-mi (1043) Thi-tng h chiu cm khng cho ai c mua hong-nam27 lm n. Vua li chia ng quan-l ra tng cung, t nh trm chy giy cng-vn. trong cung th Thi-tn nh s hu-phi v cung-n nh sau ny : hu v phi 13 ngi, ng-n l 18 ngi , nhc k 100 ngi. Nhng cung-n phi hc ngh thu-dt vc-gm. Thi-tng tr-v c 27 nm, n nm gip-ng (1054) th mt, th 55 tui.

Vua Thnh-tng c nhn nh th, cho nn trm h mn-phc, trong i Ngi lm vua t c gic-gi. Ngi li c mun khai-ha s vn-hc, lp vn-miu, lm tng Chu-cng Khng-t v 72 tin-hin th. Nc ta c vn-miu th Khng-t v ch hin khi u t y. Vic binh-chnh th ngi t qun-hiu v chia ra lm t hu tin hu 4 b, hp li l 100 i c lnh k v lnh bn . Cn nhng phin-binh th lp ra thnh i ring khng cho ln vi nhau. Binh-php nh L by gi c ting l giI, nh Tng bn Tu phi bt chc. y l mt s v-vang cho nc mnh bao nhiu?

2. Ly t Chim Thnh.

III L THNH-TNG (1054-1072)

Nin-hiu : Long-thy thi-bnh (1054-1058) Chng-thnh gia-khnh (1059-1065) Long-chng thin-t (1066-1067) Thin-hung bo-tng (1060) Thn-v (1069-1072).

Vua Thnh-tng nhn m li dng: nc Chim-thnh hay sang quy nhiu, ngi thn chinh i nh. nh ln u khng thnh cng, em qun tr v. i n chu C-lin (?) nghe thy ngi khen b Nguyn phi nh gim quc, trong nc c yn-tr, Thnh-tng ngh bng rng: "Ngi n b tr nc cn c nh th, m mnh i nh Chim-thnh khng thnh cng, th ra n-ng hn lm !" Li em qun tr li nh bt c vua Chim-thnh l Ch C. Nm y l nm k-du (1069). Thnh-tng v triu, i nin-hiu l Thn-v.

Ch C xin dng t ba chu chuc ti, l chu a-l, chu Ma-linh v chu B-chnh. Thnh-tng ly 3 chu y v cho Ch C v nc. Nhng chu y nay a-ht tnh Qung-bnh v tnh Qung-tr. Nm nhm-t (1072) Thnh-tng mt, tr-v c 17 nm, th 50 tui.

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-t l Nht Tn ln ngi tc l vua Thnhtng, ngi i quc-hiu l i-Vit28.

Thnh-tng l mt ng vua nhn-t, c lng thng dn; mt nm tri lm rt lm, Thnh-tng bo nhng quan hu gn rng: "Trm trong cung n-mc nh th ny cn rt, ngh nhng t-phm giam trong ngc, phi tri buc, cm khng c m n, o khng c m mc; v li c ngi xt hi cha xong, gian ngay cha r, nh rt qu m cht th tht l thng lm". Ni ri truyn ly chn chiu cho t nm, v mi ngy cho hai ba n. Li c mt hm Thnh-tng ra ng in Thin-khnh xt n, c ng-thin cng-cha ng hu bn cnh. Thnh-tng ch vo cng-cha m bo cc quan rng : "Lng trm yu dn cng nh yu con trm vy, him v trm h ngu di, lm cn phi ti, trm ly lm thng lm. T ry v sau ti g cng gim nh bt i" .

IV. L NHN-TNG (1072-1127)

Nin-hiu : Thi-ninh (1072-1075) Anh-v chiu-thng (1076-1084) Qung-hu (1085-1091) Hi-phong (1092-1100) Long-ph (1101-1109) Hi-tng i-khnh (1110-1119) Thin-ph du-v (1120-1126) Thin-ph khnh-th (1127).

27 28

Hong Nam l ngi t 18 tui tr ln. T nh inh n by gi, nc ta vn gi l i C Vit, nay mi i l i Vit.

41

1. Lan Thi-Phi.

Vua Nhn-tng l con b -lan Thi-phi, ngi Siu-loi (Bc-ninh). Khi trc vua Thnh-tng 40 tui m khng c con, i cu t qua lng Th-li (sau i l Siu-loi ri li i l Thunquang), ngi i xem ng y ng, c mt ngi con gi i hi du, thy xe nh vua i c ng ta vo cy lan ch khng ra xem. Vua thy th ly lm l, truyn gi em vo cung, phong l -lan phu-nhn. c t lu c thai ra hong-t l Cn c, c phong l Nguyn-phi. Cn c lm thi-t ri ln ni ngi, tc l vua Nhn-tng, phong cho m lm -lan thi phi.

Nm k-t (1089) nh quan-ch, chia vn v ra lm 9 phm. Quan ithn th c Thi-s, Thi-ph, Thi-u v Thiu-s, Thiu-ph, Thiu-u. di nhng bc y, ng vn-ban th c Thng-th, t hu Tham-tri, t hu Gin-ngh i-phu, Trung-th Th-lang, B Th-lang v.v.. ng v-ban th c -thng Nguyn-sy, Tng-qun khu-mt s, Khu-mt t hu-s, Kim-ng thng-tng, i-tng, -tng, Ch-v tng-qun v.v... ngoi cc chu-qun, vn th c Tri-ph, Phn-ph, Tri-chu, v th c Ch-l trn tri-quan. T nh inh, nh L tr i, tuy Tu khng sang cai-tr nc ta na, nhng vn c lm-le c mun xm-lc. n khi vua Thn-tng nh Tng (1068-1078) c quan T-tng l Vng an Thch t ra php mi ci-t vic chnh-tr nc Tu. Nguyn nh Tng by gi b nc Bc-liu v nc Ty-h c hip, hng nm phi em vng bc v la vi sang cng hai nc y. M trong nc th khng c tin chi dng. Vua Thn-tng mi dng ng Vng an Thch lm T-tng sa-sang mi vic. Vng an Thch29 t ra ba php v vic ti-chnh v 2 php v vic binh-chnh. Vic Ti Chnh : 1. Php thanh miu: l khi la cn xanh th nh nc cho dn vay tin, n khi la chn th dn li phi tr tin li, tnh theo l nh nc nh m tr tin li. 2. Php min dch: l cho nhng ngi dn inh m ai phi su-dch th c np tin, nh nc ly tin y thu ngi lm. 3. Php th dch: l t ra mt s bun-bn chn kinh-s, c nhng th hng-ha g m dn-s bn khng c, th nh nc mua thu c ly m bn. Nhng ngi con-bun m ai cn phi vay tin th cho vay, ri c tnh theo l nh nc m tr tin li. Vic Binh Chnh: 1. Php bo gip: l ly dn lm lnh. Chia ra 10 nh lm mt bo, 500 nh lm mt -bo. Mi bo c t hai ngi chnh ph dy dn luyn-tp v-ngh

Thi-phi tnh hay ghen-ght, thy b Dng-thi-hu gi quyn, trong bng khng yn, bn xui vua bt Thi-hu v 72 ngi th-n b ngc ti, ri em git c.

4. Vic nh Nh Tng.

2. L o Thnh.

Lc Nhn-tng ln lm vua mi c 7 tui, c quan Thi-s l L o Thnh lm ph-chnh.

ng L o Thnh l ngi h nh vua, tnh rt oan-chnh, ht lng lo vic nc. Thng nhng lc s tu c hay ni n vic li hi ca dn. Nhng quan-thuc th chn ly ngi hin-lng m ct nhc ln lm mi vic. Bi vy thi by gi trong th sa-sang c vic chnh-tr, ngoi th nh nh Tng, ph qun Chim. y cng nh c ti hin tng gii cho nn mi thnh c cng-nghip nh v Vic nh-dp v i vua Nhntng th nhiu, song nhng cng-vic trong nc cng khng b tr. i by gi mi khi u p ci C X gi t kinh-thnh cho khi lt ngp. Vic p khi u t . Nm t-mo (1075) m khoa thi tam-trng ly ngi vn-hc vo lm quan. K thi y l k u tin nc ta, chn c hn 10 ngi. Thkhoa l L vn Thnh. ng Th-khoa y ngy sau lm n chc thi-s, nhng v s lm phn-nghch, cho nn phi y ln Thao-giang (huyn Tam-nng, Ph-th). Nm bnh-thn (1076) lp Quc-t-gim b nhng ngi vn-hc vo dy. n nm bnh-dn (1086) m khoa thi chn ngi vn-hc vo Hn-lm-vin, c Mc hin Tch u, c b Hn-lm-hc-s. S nho-hc nc ta khi u thnh ln t thi by gi. 42

3. Vic Sa Sang Trong Nc.

29

Xin xem "Vng An Thch" ca o Trinh Nht - Tn Vit xut bn.

2. Php bo m: l nh nc giao nga cho cc bo phi nui, c con no cht th dn phi theo gi nh m thng li. Khi nm php y thi-hnh ra th dn nc Tu u ly lm on-gin, v l tri vi ch- v phong-tc c. Vng an Thch li c mun lp cng ngoi bin, t ci cng-hiu vic. ci-t ca mnh. By gi Ung-chu c quan tri-chu l Tiu Ch bit Vng an Thch, mi lm s tu v rng: nu khng nh ly t Giaochu th v sau thnh mt iu lo cho nc Tu. Vua nh Tng nghe li tu y, sai Tiu Ch kinh-l vic nh Giao-chu. Nhng Tiu Ch t chi, ly vic y lm kh, ang khng ni. Nhn lc y li c Thm Khi tu by mi l nn nh Giao-chu. Vua nh Tng bn sai Thm Khi lm Tri-chu chu Qu. Thm Khi ra thu-xp mi vic theo Vng an Thch, nhng sau khng bit ti l g phi bi v. Tng-triu cho Lu Gi ra thay. Lu Gi sai ngi i bin cc khe ngi, cc n-ly, sa binh-kh, lm thuyn-b v li cm khng cho ngi chu huyn gn y i li bun-bn vi ngi Giao-chu. Bn L-triu ta thy s tnh nh th mi vit th sang hi Tng-triu, th Lu Gi li gi li khng v kinh. L-triu tc gin, bn sai L thng Kit v Tn n em 10 vn binh chia ra lm 2 o, thy b cng tin sang nh nh Tng, ly c rng nh Tng t ra php mi lm kh trm h. Vy qun i-Vit sang nh c-vt nhn-dn, v.v..... Nm t-mo (1075) L thng Kit em qun sang vy nh Khmchu v Lim-chu (thuc tnh Qung-ng) git hi hn 8.000 ngi. o qun ca Tn n sang nh Ung-chu (tc l thnh Nam-ninh thuc tnh Qung-ty), quan -gim Qung-ty l Trng th Tit em binh li c Ung-chu, b L thng Kit n nh Cn-ln quan (gn Nam-ninh) chm Trng th Tit trn tin. Tn n vy thnh Ung-chu hn 40 ngy, quan tri-chu l T Dam kin c gi mi. n khi qun nh L h c thnh, th T Dam bt ngi nh tt c l 36 ngi cht trc, ri t t m cht. Ngi trong thnh cng bt-chc quan tri-chu, khng ai chu hng c. Qun nh L vo thnh git hi gn n 58.000 (?) ngi.

L thng Kit v Tn n sang nh nh Tng git hi c thy n 10 vn ngi, ri li bt ngi ly ca em v nc.

5. Nh Tng Ly t Qung Nguyn. Tng-triu c. tin qun nh L sang nh-ph chu Khm, chu Lim v chu Ung, ly lm tc-gin lm, bn sai Quch Qu lm Chiu-tho-s, Triu Tit lm ph, em 9 tng qun cng hi vi nc Chim-thnh v Chn-lp chia ng sang nh nc Nam ta.
Thng chp nm bnh-thn (1076) qun nh Tng vo a-ht nc ta. L-triu sai L thng Kit em binh i c ch. Thng Kit nh chn qun nh Tng sng Nh-nguyt (lng Nh-nguyt Bc-ninh, tc l sng Cu by gi). Qun nh Tng nh trn y cht hn 1.000 ngi, Quch Qu tin qun v pha ty, n ng b sng Ph-lng30. L thng Kit em binh-thuyn ln n nh khng cho qun nh Tng sang sng. Qun Tng mi cht g lm my bn sang nh ma, thuyn ca ta thng nt mt nhiu, qun-s cht hng my nghn ngi. Lc by gi qun nh Tng nh hng lm, L thng Kit ht sc chng gi, nhng s qun mnh c ng lng chng, bn t ra mt chuyn ni rng c thn cho bn cu th : Nam-quc sn-h Nam c Tit nhin nh phn ti thin th Nh h nghch l lai xm -phm Nh ng hnh khan th bi h Qun-lnh nghe c my cu th y, ai ny u nc lng ng gic, qun nh Tng khng tin ln c. Hai bn c chng gi nhau mi. Ltriu s nh lu khng li, bn sai s sang Tng xin hon binh. Vua Tng thy qun mnh khng tin ln c, m li ng ch chng a, qun-s trc sang hn 8 vn, sau cht n qu na, cho nn cng thun hon-binh lui v, chim-gi chu Qung-nguyn (by gi l chu Qung-uyn, tnh Cao-bng), chu T-lang (by gi l chu Thng-lang v
30 Sch "Khm-nh Vit-s" c chp rng sng Ph-lng l con sng i t Bch-hc qua Namnh ri chy ra b, tc l sng Hng-h. Nhng xem trn th by gi v xt trong a-l th sng Ph-lng chp y chnh l sng Cu, ch khng phi sng Hng-h. Nu lc by gi L thng Kit ph qun nh Tng sng Nh-nguyt tc l khc di sng Cu, th tt nh L cn ng mn sng Cu. Qun Quch Qu lm th no m tin n sng Hng-h c ? V li Thi-nguyn hin by gi c huyn Ph-lng, huyn y v i nh L, nh Trn l Ph-lng ph, m chnh con sng Cu chy qua a-ht y. C l l nhng nh chp s i trc thng khng thuc a-l cho nn chp lm sng Ph-lng l sng Nh-h, vy ta nn ci li.

43

H-lang, tnh Cao-bng), chu T, chu Mu ( gip-gii tnh Cao-bng v tnh Lng-sn) v huyn Qung-lang (n-chu, tnh Lng-sn). n nm mu-ng (1078) L nhn Tng sai o tn Nguyn a voi sang cng nh Tng v i li nhng chu huyn mn Qung-nguyn. Vua Tng bt phi tr nhng ngi chu Khm, chu Lim v chu Ung m qun nh L bt v ngy trc, ri mi tr chu huyn cho nh L. Sang nm k-mi (1079) Nhn-tng cho nhng ngi Tu v nc , tt c ch c 221 ngi. Con trai th thch ba ch vo trn, t 15 tui tr ln th thch: Thin-t binh; 20 tui tr ln th thch: u Nam-triu; cn con gi th thch vo tay tri hai ch : Quan-khch. t Qung-nguyn t khi bn Quch Qu ly c, ci tn l Thunchu v c 3.000 qun Tng li gi, nhng v t lam-chng, mi phn cht n nm su. n khi nh L cho nhng ngi chu Khm, chu Lim v chu Ung v Tu, vua nh Tng tr li chu Qung-nguyn. Nhng v c ngi ni rng chu y c nhiu vng, ngi Tng tic ca, lm hai cu th rng : Nhn tham Giao-ch tng. Khc tht Qung-nguyn kim. n ma h nm gip-t (1084) Nhn-tng sai quan binh-b Th-lang l L vn Thnh sang nh Tng bn vic chia a-gii. L vn Thnh phn-gii mi l, nh Tng tr nt c my huyn m trc cn gi li. T nc ta v nc Tu li thng s nh c. Nm inh-mo (1087) vua nh Tng phong cho Nhn-tng l Nambnh-vng. Nh Tng by gi suy-nhc, n nm bnh-ng (1126) nc Kim (Mn-chu) sang ly mt c pha bc nc Tu, nh Tng di v ng Hng-chu (thuc Chit-giang) gi l Nam-tng.

vng l Ch ma Na sang nh ly li ba chu Ma-linh, B-chnh, v.v... Sang nm sau l nm gip-thn (1104) vua Nhn-tng sai L thng Kit vo nh Chim-thnh. Ch ma Na thua chy xin tr li ba chu nh c. L thng Kit by gi ngoi 70 tui i nh Chim-thnh v c mt nm th mt. ng l ngi phng Thi-ho, huyn Th-xng (thnh ph H-ni), c tng ti, tinh thao-lc, bc nh Tng, nam bnh Chim, tht l mt ngi danh-tng nc ta vy. T khi bnh-phc c nc Chim-thnh ri, cc nc pha nam u v triu-cng. Nhn-tng lm vua n nm inh-v (1127) th mt, tr-v c 56 nm, th 63 tui.

6. NH CHIM-THNH. Nc Chim-thnh thnh-thong c hay sang quy-nhiu, nh th no cng khng c. Nm t-mo (1075) trc khi i nh nh Tng, L thng Kit sang nh Chim-thnh, v c a- ba chu ca Ch C nhng ngy trc, ri cho ngi sang .
Nm qu-mi (1103) Din-chu (thuc Ngh-an) c L Gic lm phn. L thng Kit vo nh, L Gic thua chy sang Chim-thnh em quc44

CHNG V

NH L
(Tip theo)
V. L Thn Tng VI. L Anh Tng 1. Anh V 2. T Hin Thnh 3. Gic Thn Li 4. Vic chnh tr VII. L Cao Tng 1. T Hin Thnh lm ph chnh 2. S ni lon VIII. L Hu Tng 1. Trn th 2. Quyn v h Trn XI. L Chiu Hong

Gic-gi thi by gi cng t. Mt hai khi c ngi Chn-lp v ngi Chim-thnh sang quy nhiu mn Ngh-An, nhng l nhng m cp-ph vt vnh khng my ni m quan qun nh ui i c. Thn Tng lm vua c 10 nm th mt, th 23 tui.

VI. L ANH-TNG (1138-1175)

Nin-hiu: Thiu Minh (1138-1139) i-nh (1140-1162) Chnh-long bo-ng 1163-1173) Thin-cm ch bo (1174-1175)

1. Anh V. Thn-tng mt, triu nh tn Thi-t l Thin T ln lm vua, tc l vua Anh-tng.

Anh-tng by gi mi c 3 tui, Thi-hu l L-th cm quyn nhip chnh. L Thi-hu li t thng vi anh V, cho nn phm vit g bt c ln nh u tay anh V quyt on c. anh V c th ra vo ch cung cm, kiu ngo v khinh-d nh-thn. Cc quan nh bn V i, Nguyn Dng, Nguyn Quc v Dng t Minh thy anh V lng quyn qu , u lo mu tr i, nhng s khng thnh li b git-hi c. May nh thi by gi c nhiu ti gii nh T hin Thnh, Hong ngha Hin, L cng Tn lm quan i triu cho nn anh V khng dm c khc.

VI. L THN-TNG (1128-1138)

Nin-hiu: Thin Thun (1128-1132) Thin Chng Bo T (1133-1137)

Nhn-tng khng c con, lp con ca hong- l Sng-hin-hu ln lm thi-t, nay ln ni ngi, tc l vua Thn-Tng31. By gi c cc quan i-thn l bn ng Trng B Ngc, Lu Khnh m, Dng Anh Nh gip Thn-tng tr nc. Ngi va ln ngi th i x cho cc t phm, v tr li nhng rung t tch thu ca quan dn ngy trc. Qun lnh th cho i phin, c ln lt 6 thng mt, c v lm rung. Nh th vic binh khng lm ngn-tr vic canh-nng.

2. T Hin Thnh. ng T hin Thnh gip vua Anh-tng i nh dp, lp c nhiu cng to, nh l bt c gic Thn Li, ph c gic Ngu Hng v dp yn gic Lo, c phong lm chc Thi-y coi gi vic binh. ng luyn tp qun-lnh, kn-chn nhng ngi ti gii lm tng hiu. Bi vy binh-th nh L lc by gi li phn-chn ln. ng gii vic v v chm vic vn. ng xin vua khai-ha vic hc-hnh, v lm n th c Khng-T ca nam thnh Thng-Long, t lng m nho hc. 3. Gic Thn Li.
Vua Anh-tng va mi ln lm vua c 2 nm, th mn Thi-nguyn c gic Thn-Li lm lon. Thn Li xng l con ring vua Nhn-tng, trc xut gia i tu, ri chiu tp nhng vong mng hn 1,000 ngi, chim gi mn Thi-nguyn, xng vng phong tc, em qun i nh ph khp ni. Quan qun nh mi khng c.

Tc truyn rng Thn Tng l con cu t c, m Ngi chnh l ng T o Hnh ha xc sinh ra. Bc Vit ai i n cha Thy (thuc Sn Ty) cng nghe ni s tch ng T o Hnh v ng Nguyn Minh Khng. Chuyn hoang ng, khng th tin l s tht c.

31

45

Nm tn-du (1141) Thn Li v vy ph Ph-lng, anh V em qun ln nh, Thn Li chy ln Lng-chu, tc l Lng-sn b ng T hin Thnh ui bt c, em v kinh lm ti. Nm gip-thn (1164) vua nh Tng i Giao-ch qun lm An-nam quc, v phong cho Anh-tng lm An-nam quc-vng. Nguyn khi trc Tu gi ta l Giao-ch qun, ri sau i l Giaochu, n thi nh ng t An-nam -h-ph. Nh inh ln t i-CVit, vua L Thnh-tng i l i-Vit. nhng Tu vn phong cho vua ta l Giao-ch qun-vng, n by gi mi i l An-nam quc-vng. Nc ta thnh tn l nc An-nam khi u t y. Nm tn-mo v nm nhm-thn (1171-1172) Anh-tng i chi xem sn-xuyn him-tr, ng-s xa gn v s sinh-hot ca dn-gian, ri sai quan lm quyn a- nc An-nam32. Nm t-mi (1175), Anh-tng phong cho T hin Thnh lm Thiph Bnh-chng-qun-quc trng-s v phong vng tc. Anh-tng au, u thc Thi-t l Long Cn cho T hin Thnh. Anh-tng mt, tr v c 37 nm, th 40 tui.

c ng, ng tu rng: c quan Gin-ngh i-phu Trn trung T. Thi-hu ngc nhin ni rng ti sao khng c V tn ng? ng p: "Nu b-h hi ngi hu-h, th xin c ngi Tn ng, hi ngi gip nc th ti xin c ngi Trung-T". T hin Thnh khng nhng l mt ngi c ti thao-lc, dp gic yn dn m thi, cch th vua tht l trung-thnh cho nn ngi i sau thng v ng vi Gia ct Lng i Tam-quc bn Tu. T hin Thnh mt ri, Triu-nh khng theo li ng y dn, c yn Di lm ph chnh v L knh Tu lm -s. nh-thn by gi c ngi ng n, cho nn b Chiu-linh Thi-hu khng dm mu s ph-lp. n khi Cao-tng ln ln cm quyn tr nc, th c i sn bn chi bi, lm cung xy in, bc trm h phi phc-dch kh-s. Ngoi bin th qun mng th bn Tu sang quy nhiu pha bc, ngi Chim-thnh sang nh pha nam; trong nc th ni ln nh ong dy. Vua ti khng ai lo ngh g v chnh-tr, ch lm nhng vic nhng-lm, mua quan bn chc, h-hip nhn-dn, ly tin lm nhng vic xa-x. Nm bnh-thn (1208) Ngh-an c Phm Du, chiu np nhng vong mnh, cho i cp cc thn dn, c bng lm phn. Cao-tng sai quan Phng-ng l Phm bnh Di i nh Phm Du. Bnh Di em qun vo n ni nh ui Phm Du i v tch-bin c ca-ci, t ph c nh ca. Phm Du cho ngi v kinh, ly vng bc t lt vi cc quan trong triu, vu cho Bnh Di lm vic hung bo, git hi nhng k khng c ti, v Phm Du li xin v triu ku oan. v. Cao-tng nghe li, cho vi Phm Du vo chu v triu Phm bnh Di

4. Vic Chnh Tr.

2. S ni lon.

L CAO-TNG (1176-1210)
Nin-hiu: Trinh-ph (1176-1185) Thin-gia bo-hu (1202-1204) Tr-bnh-long-ng (1205-1210).

1. T Hin Thnh Lm Ph Chnh. Khi vua Anh-tng mt, Thi-t Long Cn cha y 3 tui, b Chiu-linh Thi-hu mun lp ngi con trng l con mnh tn l Long Xng33 ln lm vua, em vng bc t lt cho v T hin Thnh, nhng ng nht thit khng chu, bn c theo dichiu m lp Long Cn, tc l vua Cao-tng.
T hin Thnh gip vua Cao-tng tr nc, n nm k hi(1179) th mt. S chp rng khi ng au c quan Tham-tri chnh s l V tn ng, ngy m hu h. n khi b Thi-Hu34 ra thm hi ngy sau ai thay
32 33 34

Bnh Di v kinh vo chu, Cao-tng truyn bt giam, li toan em lm ti. By gi c b tng ca Bnh Di l Quch Bc em qun ph ca thnh vo cu Bnh Di. Cao-tng thy bin, bn em git Phm bnh Di i, ri cng vi Thit chy ln Qui Ha (sng Thao-giang pha bc huyn Tham-nng, Phth). Thi-t Sam th chy v HI-p, lng Lu-gia (by gi l lng Lu-x, huyn Hng-nhn). 46

Quyn a y by gi khng thy cn di tch u c. Long Xng trc lp lm Thi T, sau v c ti phi ging xung lm th dn. Thi Hu l m ra Cao Tng.

Bn Quch Bc a xc Bnh Di ra mai tng xong ri, li vo in tn Hong-t Thm ln lm vua. Khi Thi-t Sam chy v Hi-p vo nh Trn L. Nguyn Trn L l ngi lng Tc-mc (huyn M-lc, ph Xun-trng, tnh Nam-nh) lm ngh nh c, nh giu, c nhiu ngi theo phc, sau nhn bui lon cng em chng i cp ph. n khi Thi-t Sam chy v y, thy con gi Trn L c nhan sc, ly lm v, ri phong cho Trn L tc Minh-t v phong cho ngi cu Trn-th l T trung T, ngi lng Lu-gia lm in-tin Ch-huy-s. Anh em h Trn m qun v kinh dp lon, ri ln Qui-ha rc Cao-tng cho qun v lng Lu-gia n Thi-t, cn Trn-th th v nh Trn L. Cao-tng v kinh c mt nm th phi bnh, n thng 10 nm canh-ng (1210) th mt, tr-v c 35 nm, th 38 tui.

n mt na, cn mt na cho Trn-th n v ngy m khng cho i u. Sau v Thi-hu lm ngt qu, Hu-tng v Trn-th m bn ln ra i n nh tng-qun L Mch huyn Yn-duyn ri li n Cu-lin (?), cho i T Khnh n chu.

2. QUYN V H TRN.

Trn t Khnh em qun n h gi. Hu-tng phong Trn-th lm Hong-hu, T Khnh lm Ph-chnh v ngi anh T Khnh l Trn Tha lm Ni-th Phn-th. Trn t Khnh cng vi Thng-tng-qun l Phn Ln sa-sang qun ng, lm chin-kh, luyn-tp vic v. T y qun-th li ni dn dn ln.

Hu-tng phi bnh, thnh-thoang c cn in, ri c ung ru say c ngy, c vic chnh-tr u tay T Khnh quyt on c. n thng chp nm qu-mi (1228) T Khnh mt, Hu-tng cho Trn Tha lm Ph-quc Thi-y, sang nm sau li cho ngi em h Honghu l Trn th lm in-tin ch-huy-s. T vic g trong triu cng quyn Th c. Hu-tng c bnh mi khng khi, m Thi-t th cha c, Trn-th th ch sinh c hai ngi con gi, ngi ch l Thun-thin cng-cha th g cho Trn Liu l con trng ca Trn Tha; con ngi em l Chiuthnh cng cha tn l Pht-kim th mi ln 7 tui, Hu-tng yu mn lm, cho nn mi lp lm Thi-t. Thng 10 nm gip-thn (1224) Hu-tng truyn ngi cho Chiu-thnh cng-cha, ri vo cha Chn-gio. Hu-tng tr v c 14 nm.

VIII. L Hu Tng (1211-1225)

Nin-hiu: Kin-gia (1211-1224)

1. Trn Th.

Thi-t Sam ln ngi, tc l vua Hu-tng, ri sai quan i rc Trn-th v phong lm Nguyn-phi.

By gi Trn L b qun cp git, chng theo v ngi con th l Trn t Khnh. Hu-tng bn phong cho t Khnh lm Chng-tn-hu v cho ngi cu Trn-th lm Thi-y Thun-lu-b. Nm qu-du (1213) Thi-hu lm kh Trn-th trong cung, anh Trn-th l T Khnh em qun n chn kinh s, ni rng xin rc vua i. Hu-tng khng bit tnh- g, nghi T Khnh c phn-nghch bn ging Trn-th xung lm Ng-n. T Khnh nghe tin y, thn n qun mn xin li v rc vua i. Hu-tng cng nghi lm, bn cng vi Thi-hu i ln Lng-chu (Lng-sn). T Khnh li pht binh xin rc vua nh trc, Hu-tng s li rc Thi-hu v huyn Bnh-hp (?). Khi by gi b Thi-hu cho T Khnh l phn-trc, thng ch mt Trn-th m x mng v xui Hu-tng b i. Hu-tng khng nghe. Thihu nh b thuc c cho Trn-th, nhng Hu-tng bit , n ba n th 47

IX. L CHIU-HONG (1225)

Nin-hiu: Thin-chng-hu-o (1224-1225)
Chiu-thnh cng-cha ln ngi, tc l vua Chiu-hong. By gi quyn-chnh c Trn th . Th li t thng vi Trn Thi hu, m ngy mu ly c-nghip nh L, bn i cc con quan vo trong cung hu Chiu-hong, v li cho chu l Trn Cnh vo lm chc Chnh-th. n thng chp th Chiu-hong ly Trn Cnh v truyn ngi cho chng. Nh L n y l ht, c thy lm vua c 216 nm, truyn ngi c 9 i.

Nh L c cng lm cho nc Nam ta nn c mt nc cngthnh: ngoi th nh nc Tu, bnh nc Chim, trong th chnh-n vic v-b, sa-sang php-lut, xy vng ci nn t-ch. V vua Cao-tng hoang chi, lm mt lng ngi, cho nn gic-gi ni ln, lon thn nhiu s. Vua Hu-tng li nhu-nhc b vic chnh-tr, em giang-sn ph-thc cho ngi con gi cn ang th-di, khin cho k gian-hng c nhn dp m ly giang-sn nh L v lp ra c-nghip nh Trn vy.

CHNG VI

NH TRN
(1225-1400)

Thi k th nht (1225-1293)

I. TRN THI TNG 1. Trn th 2. Vic nh-dp gic-gi 3. Vic cai-tr 4. Vic thu-m 5. Vic p- 6. Vic hc-hnh 7. Php-lut 8. Quan-ch 9. Binh-ch 10. Vic nh Chim-thnh 11. Qun Mng-c xm-phm t An-nam II. TRN THNH TNG 1. Vic chnh-tr 2. S giao-thip vi Mng-c III. TRN NHN-TNG 1. Vic chin-tranh 2. Vic vn-hc

I. TRN THI-TNG (1225-1258)

Nin-hiu: Kin-trung (1225-1237) Thin-ng chnh-bnh (1238-1350) Nguyn-phong (1251-1258)
Thng chp nm t-du (1225) Trn Cnh ln lm vua, tc l Trn Thi-Tng phong cho Trn th lm Thi-s Thng-quc hnh-qun chinh-tho-s. By gi vua Thi-tng mi c 8 tui, vic g cng do Trn th c. Th tuy l mt ngi khng c hc-vn nhng l 48

I. Trn Th .

mt tay gian-hng, ch ct gy dng c-nghip nh Trn cho bn-cht, cho nn du vic tn-bo n u, cng lm cho c. L Hu-tng tuy xut gia ia cha ri nhng Th vn nh bng git i, cho khi s lo v sau. Mt hm Hu-tng ngi nh c sn cha Chn-gio, Th- i qua trng thy, mi ni rng: "Nh c th phi nh c r ci n i! " Hutng nghe th, phi tay ng dy ni rng: "Nh ngi ni ta hiu ri ". c my hm, Th cho ngi n mi Hu-tng, Hu-tng bit , vo nh sau tht c t-tn. Th a bch quan n t khc xong ri ha tng, chn thp Bo-quang. Cn Thi-hu l Trn-th ging xung lm Thin-cc cng-cha g cho Trn th (Trn th v Thin-cc cng-cha l hai ch em h). Bao nhiu nhng cung-nhn nh L th a g cho nhng T-trng cc mng. Th hi Hu-tng ri, li mun tr nt cc tn-tht nh L. n nm nhm-thn (1232) nhn lm l Tin-hu nh L thn Thi-ng, lng Hoa-lm (huyn ng-ngn, tnh Bc-ninh), Th sai o hm, lm nh l trn, n khi cc tn-tht nh L vo y t-l, th st c xung h ri t chn sng c. Th ch lo lm cho th no cho ngi nh Trn c vng-bn, cho nn khng nhng l tn c vi nh L m thi, n lun-thng trong nh, cng lm lon c. Chiu-thnh Hong-hu ly Thi-tng c 12 nm m vn cha c con35, Th bt Thi-tng b i v ging xung lm cng-cha, ri em ngi ch b Chiu-thnh tc l v Trn Liu vo lm Hong-hu, bi v ngi ch c thai c 3 thng. Lm lon nhn-lun nh th, th t thng-c mi c l mt. Trn Liu tc gin, em qun lm lon. Vua Thi-tng b Th hip ch nh th, trong bng cng khng yn, n hm trn ra, ln cha Ph-vn, trn ni Yn-t (huyn Yn-hng, tnh Qung-yn). Trn th bit tin y, em qun thn i n Thi-tng v. Thi-tng khng chu v, ni rng: "Trm cn nh-di, khng kham ni vic to ln, cc quan nn chn ngi khc cho khi nhc x-tc". Th ni mi khng nghe, ngnh li bo bc quan rng: "Hong-thng u l Triu-nh y!" Ni on, truyn sp sa xy cung in cha Ph-vn. Quc-s cha y thy th, vo van ly Thi-tng v Triu, Thi-tng bt-c-d truyn xa-gi v Kinh. c t lu
35

Trn Liu bit sc mnh khng lm g ni, bn nhn lc Thi-tng ng thuyn i chi, gi lm ngi nh c ln xung thuyn ng, xin hng. Hai anh em m nhau m khc. Th nghe tin, n rt gm toan git Trn Liu, Thi-tng can mi mi thi. Sau Thi-tng ly t Yn-ph, Ynng, Yn-sinh v Yn-bang ( huyn ng-triu v ph Kinh-mn, Hidng) cho Trn Liu lm thi-p v phong cho lm An-sinh-vng. Th hi ht c dng di h L, li mun cho h L khng cn ai nh n h L na, mi nhn v t nh Trn tn l L, bt trong nc ai l h L u phi ci l h Nguyn. Th l ngi rt gian-c i vi nh L, nhng li l mt ngi i cng-thn ca nh Trn. Mt tay cng-n bao nhiu trong-s, gip Thi-cng bnh-phc c gic-gi trong nc v chnh-n li mt vic, lm cho nc Nam ta by gi c cng thnh, ngy sau c th chng-c vi Mng-c, khi phi lm n-l nhng k hng-cng.

2. Vic nh Dp Gic Gi.

Nc An-nam t khi vua Cao-tng nh L tht chnh, trong nc ch no cng c gic-gi. mn Quc-oai th c gic Mng lm lon, Hng-chu th c on Thng chim gi t ng ho, t xng lm vua, Bc-giang th c Nguyn Nn c-lp xng vng lng Ph-ng. y l mt nc m chia ra lm my giang-sn. Khi Trn th thu-xp trong vic cp ngi nh L ri, mi em qun i nh dp. Trc ln bnh gic Mng Quc-oai, sau v nh bn on Thng v Nguyn Nn. Nhng th-lc hai ngi y mnh lm, Trn th nh khng li, bn chia t cho hai ngi lm vng ging-ha.

Nm mu-t (1228) Nguyn Nn em qun nh on Thng, chim gi ly t ng-ho, thanh-th lng-ly. Trn th ly lm lo. Nhng ch c my thng, th Nguyn Nn cht. T cc chu huyn trong nc li thng-hp lm mt. C theo php nh L th lng no c bao nhiu ngi i lm quan vn, quan v, th-li, qun lnh, hong-nam, lung-lo, tn-tt, v nhng ngi n ng c, hay l nhng ngi xiu-lc n trong lng, th x-quan phi khai vo c quyn s gi l trng-tch. Ai c quan-tc m c con c tha m th con li c vo lm quan, cn nhng ngi giu-c, m khng c quan-tc th i i c phi i lnh. Thi-tng ln lm vua phi theo php y, cho nn n nm mu-t (1228) li sai quan vo Thanh-ha lm li trng-tch theo nh l ngy trc.

3. Vic Cai Tr.

Chiu Thnh Hong Hu by gi mi c 19 tui.

49

Nm nhm-dn (1242) Thi-tng chia nc Nam ra lm 12 l. Mi l t quan cai-tr l An-ph-s, chnh-ph 2 vin. Di An-ph-s c quan i-t-x v Tiu-t-x. T ng phm tr ln th lm i-t-x, lc phm tr xung th lm Tiu-t-x, mi vin cai-tr, hoc hai x, hoc ba bn x. Mi x li c mt vin x-quan l Chnh-s-gim. L no cng c quyn dn-tch ring ca l y. Ngi trong nc phn ra tng hng: con trai t 18 tui th vo hng tiu-hong-nam, t 20 tui vo hng i-hong-nam. Cn t 60 tui tr ln th vo lo hng. Thu thn: Thu thn thi by gi ty theo s rung m nh, ai c mt hai mu rung th phi ng mt nm mt quan tin thu thn; ai co ba bn mu, th phi ng hai quan; ai co nm mu tr ln, th ng ba quan. Ai khng c mu no, th khng phi ng thu. Thu rung: Thu rung th ng bng thc: c mi mt mu th ch in phi ng 100 thng thc. Cn nh rung cng, th c sch chp rng i nh Trn c hai th rung cng, mi th phn ra lm ba hng. 1. Mt th gi l rung quc-kh: hng nht mi mu nh thu 6 thch 80 thng thc; hng nh mi mu 4 thch; hng 3 mi mu 3 thch. 2. Mt th gi l thc-in36: hng nht mi mu nh thu mt thch tht; hng nh ba mu ly mt thch, hng ba, bn mu ly mt thch. Cn rung ao ca cng-dn th mi mu ly ba thng thc thu. Rung mui phi ng bng tin. Cc th thu: C sch chp rng nh Trn nh c thu tru cau, thu hng yn-tc, v tm, c, rau, qu, g cng nh thu c.

Cn nh vng bc tiu-dng trong nc th tiu bng phn, lng c sn, c hiu nh nc. Khi no ng np cho vua quan, th mt tin l 70 ng, m thng tiu vi nhau th mt tin ch c 69 ng m thi. Nc Nam ta mn ng ngc th lm ni, m trung chu th nhiu sng ngi, cho nn n ma lt nc ngn, nc l chy v ngp mt c ng-in. V vy nm mu-thn (1244) Thi-tng sai quan cc l p hai bn b sng ci (Hng-h), gi l nh-nh-. Li t quan coi vic , gi l H- chnh ph-s hai vin. H ch no m p vo rung ca dn, th nh nc c chiu theo gi rung m bi thng cho ch rung. Nm nhm-thn (1232) m khoa thi Thi-hc-sinh (thi Tin-s). T i nh L cng c thi nho-s, nhng ch thi Tam-trng m thi, n by gi mi c khoa thi Thi-hc-sinh, chia ra th bc, lm ba gip nh cao thp. n khoa thi nm inh-v (1247) li t ra tam-khi: trng nguyn, bng-nhn, thm-hoa. Khoa thi nm inh-v ny c L vn Hu, l ngi lm s nc Nam trc ht c, bng-nhn. Nm y li c m khoa thi Tam-gio: Nho, Thch, Lo, ai hn th khoa gip, ai km th khoa t. Xem nh th th s hc-vn i nh Trn cng rng: Nho, Thch, Lo cng trng c. Nhng khng r cch hc-hnh v php thi-c by gi ra th no, bi v ch ny s ch ni lc qua m thi. Nm qu-su (1253) lp Quc-hc-vin ging t-th ng-kinh v lp ging-v-ng luyn-tp-v-ngh.

5. Vic p .

4. Vic Thu M.

6. Vic Hc Hnh.

7. Php Lut. S chp rng nm gip-thn (1244) vua Thi-tng c nh li cc lut-php, nhng khng ni r nh ra th no. Xt trong sch "Lch-triu hin-chng" ca ng Phan huy Ch th php nh Trn t ra l h nhng ngi phm ti trm-cp u phi cht tay, cht chn, hay l cho voi giy. Xem nh th th hnh-lut by gi nng lm.
Quan-ch i nh Trn cng sa-sang li c. By gi c Tam-cng, Tam-thiu, Thi-y, T-m, T-, T-khng, lm vn-v ithn. T-tng th c T-hu Tng-quc, Th-tng, Tham-tri. Vn-giai nt chc, th c cc b Thng-th, Th-lang, Lang-trung, Vin-ngoi, Ngs, v.v... Ngoi chc, th c An ph-s, Tri-ph, Thng-phn, Thim-phm v.v... Cn v-giai ni-chc, th c Phiu-k thng-tng-qun, Cm-v thng-tng qun, Kim-ng i-tng-qun, V-v i-tng-qun, Ph 50

8. Quan Ch.

36 S chp rng ng L Phng Hiu i vua L Thi Tng i nh gic lp c nhiu cng. Sau vua nh phong tc cho ng, ng t chi, xin ln ni nm con dao, h ri n u xin ly t lm t nghip. Vua thun cho. L Phng Hiu ln ni Bng Sn nm con dao xung xa c 10 dm. Vua bn ly rung chung quanh ni Bng Sn cho ng L Phng Hiu, gi l thc ao in. Sau thnh ra tn thc in l rung thng cng cho cc quan.

-tng-qun v.v... Ngoi chc th c Kinh-lc-s, Phng-ng-s, Thng-s, Quan-st-s, -h, -thng, Tng-qun, v.v... Quan-li i by gi, c 10 nm, th c thng ln mt hm, v 15 nm mi c thng ln mt chc. i nh Trn tuy quan-li th nhiu, nhng vua quan c thn-cn vi nhau lm. H khi no vua i yn, cc quan ung ru xong ri, th ra dt tay nhau m ma ht, khng c gi l-php nghim-khc nh nhng i sau. T khi Thi-tng ln ngi lm vua th vic binh-lnh mt ngy mt chnh-n thm. Bao nhiu nhng ngi dn-trng trong nc u phi i lnh c. Cc qun-vng ai cng c quyn m tp qun-lnh. V c y cho nn n sau ngi Mng-c sang nh, nc Nam ta c hn 20 vn qun chng vi qun nghch. Tr nhng gic-gi nh-mn trong nc khng k chi, nc Nam ta by gi pha nam c Chim-thnh, pha bc c qun Mng-c sang quy-nhiu cho nn phi nh -dp lun. T khi Thi-tng ln lm vua, nc Chim-Thnh sang cng-tin, nhng thng vn sang cp ph, v c i li t c. Thi-tng ly lm tc gin, bn sa-son s i nh Chim-thnh. Nm nhm-t (1252) ngi ng-gi i nh, bt c vngphi nc Chim tn l B-gia-la v qun dn nc y rt nhiu. Trong khi nh L mt ngi, nh Trn ln lm vua An-nam, th nh Tng bn Tu b ngi Mng-c nh ph. Nguyn pha bc nc Tu c mt dn-tc gi l Mng-c, vo khong thng-lu sng Hc-long-giang (Amour). Ngi Mng-c hung tn, m li c tnh hiu chin, ngi no ci nga cng gii, v bn tn khng ai bng. Binh-lnh thng l qun-k, m xp-t thnh c no i y, tht l c th-t, v ngi no cng tinh ngh chin-u. Bi tnh-cht v binh-php ca ngi Mng-c nh th, cho nn Thit-mc-chn (Tmoudjine) tc l Thnh-ct-t-hn (Gengis khan), miuhiu l Nguyn-thi-t, mi chim gi c c vng Trung-, cng t Bat, sang n pha ng-bc u-la-ba. Sau qun Mng-c li ly c nc Ty-h, pha ty nc bc Tu, dt c nc Kim v trn sang n nc Triu-tin (Cao-ly). Thnh-ct-t-hn mt, ngi con th ba l A-loa-i (Agotai) ln lm vua tc l Nguyn-thi-tng. A-loa-i truyn cho con l Qu-do 51

(Gouyouk) tc l Nguyn nh-tng. Qu-do lm vua c non ba nm th mt, ngi vua Mng-c v chi khc. Ngi em con nh ch l Mng-kha (Mong-k) ln lm vua, tc l Nguyn Hin-tng. Mng-kha sai hai em l Ht-l (Houlagen) sang kinh-l vic nc Bat, v Ht-tt-lit (Koubilai) sang nh nh Tng bn Tu. Trong khi qun Mng-c sang nh nh Tng, th Mng-kha mt, Ht-tt-lit phi rt binh v ln ngi vua, tc l Nguyn Th-t. Ht-tt-lit ln lm vua ri i quc hiu l Nguyn. Ht-tt-lit li sang nh nh Tng. T c nc Tu thuc v Mng-c cai-tr. Khi Mng-kha hy cn, Ht-tt-lit em qun sang nh nh Tng, c sai mt o qun i nh nc i-l (thuc tnh Vn-nam by gi) tng Mng-c l Ngt-lng-hp-thai (Wouleangotai) sai s sang bo vua Trn-thi-tng v thn-phc Mng-c. Thi-tng khng nhng l khng chu, li bt giam s Mng-c, ri sai Trn quc Tun em binh ln gi pha Bc. By gi l nm inh-t (1257). Trn quc Tun t qun nh khng ni, li v ng Sn-ty. Qun Mng-c ko trn xung n sng Thao. Thi-tng phi ng-gi thn chinh, nhng nh khng c, chy v ng sng Hng-h37. Qun Mng-c tin ln nh ui qun nh Trn n ng-b-u (pha ng sng Nh-h ht huyn Thng-phc). Thi-tng phI b kinh-, chy v ng sng Thin-mc (v ht huyn ng-an, tnh Hng-yn). Qun Mng-c vo thnh Thng-long, thy ba ngi x Mng-c cn phi tri, giam trong ngc, n khi ci tri ra th mt ngi cht. Ngt-lng-hp-thai thy th tc gin qu, cho qun ra git ph c nam ph lo u trong thnh. By gi th nguy, Thi-tng ng thuyn n hi Thi-y l Trn nht Hiu. Nht Hiu khng ni g c, cm so vit xung nc hai ch "Nhp Tng". Thi-tng li n hi Thi-s Trn th . Th ni rng: "u ti cha ri xung t, th xin B-h ng lo!". Thi-tng nghe thy Th ni cng-ci nh th, trong bng mi yn.

9. Binh Ch.

10. Vic nh Chim Thnh.

11. Qun Mng C Xm Phm t An Nam.

37

S ta chp l sng Ph Lng.

c t lu qun Mng-c nc Nam khng quen thy-th xem ra b mi-mt. Thi-tng mi tin binh ln nh ng-b-u. Qun Mngc thua chy v n tri Qui-ha, li bi ch tri y chiu-tp th dn ra n nh. Qun Mng-c thua to, rt v Vn-nam, i ng mi-mt, n u cng khng cp-ph g c, cho nn ngi ta gi l gic Pht. Qun Mng-c tuy thua phi rt v, nhng chng bao lu vua Mngc dt c nh Tng, ly c nc Tu, ri c mun bt vua nc Nam ta sang chu Bc-kinh, bi vy li sai s sang i l cng. Vua Thi-tng sai L ph Trn sang s xin c ba nm sang cng mt ln. Ma xun nm mu-ng (1258), Thi-tng nhng ngi cho Thi-t l Trn Hong, dy-bo mi vic v cch tr nc, v phng ngy sau anh em khng tranh nhau. Triu-nh tn Thi-tng ln lm Thi-thnghong cng coi vic nc. Thi-tng tr-v c 33 nm, lm Thithng-hong c 19 nm th mt, th 60 tui.

Thnh-tng li bt cc vng-hu, ph-m phi chiu-tp nhng ngi ngho-i lu-lc khai-khn hoang in lm trang h. Trang-in c t y.

II. TRN THNH-TNG (1258-1278)

Nin-hiu: Thiu-long (1258-1272) Bo-ph (1273-1278)
i nin-hiu l Thiu-long. Thnh-tng l ng vua nhn-t trung-hu vi anh em h hng rt l t-t. Thng hay ni rng: "Thin-h l ca ng cha li, nn cho anh em cng hng ph-qu chung". Ri cho cc hong-thn vo ni in, cng n mt mm, nm mt ging, tht l thn-i, ch c lc no ra vic cng, hoc bui chu, th mi phn th-t theo l-php m thi. Cn vic nc th tht ngi c lng lo gi cho dn c yn tr. Trong 21 nm, ngi lm vua khng c gic-gi g c. Vic hc-hnh cng m mang thm: cho Hong- Trn ch Tc l mt ngi hay ch trong nc lc y, m hc-ng nhng ngi vn-s hc-tp. Danh nho Mc nh Chi cng hc trng y ra. i by gi L vn Hu lm xong b i-Vit s thnh 30 quyn, chp t Triu V-vng n L Chiu-hong. B s ny khi u lm t Trn Thi-tng n nm nhm-thn (1272) i Thnh-tng mi xong. Nc Nam ta c quc-s khi u t y. 52

2. S giao-thip vi Mng-C. Nc tuy c yn, song vic giao-thip vi Tu mt ngy mt kh thm. i by gi Mng-c nh c nh Tng ri, ch chc ly nc An-nam, nhng v trc tng Mngc nh thua mt trn, v trong nc Tu vn cha c yn, cho nn vua Mng-c mun dng k d vua An-nam sang hng-phc, khi dng can-qua. Vy c vi nm li cho s sang sch-nhiu iu n iu kia, v d vua An-nam sang chu, nhng vua ta c nay ln mai la, khng chu i. Sau nhn dp Thi-tng nhng ngi cho Thnh-tng, vua Mng-c sai s sang phong vng cho Thnh-tng, v tuy khng bt nc Nam phi i phc-sc v chnh-tr, nhng nh cho ba nm phi mt ln cng. M l cng th phi cho nho-s, thy thuc, thy bi, thy ton-s v th-thuyn mi hng ba ngi, cng vi cc sn-vt nh l sng t, ng voi, i-mi, chu-bu v cc vt l. Vua Mng-c li t quan t-l-hoa-xch (ting Mng-c tc l quan Chng-n), i li gim-tr cc chu-qun nc Nam.
Mng-c mun bit nhn-vt ti-sn nc Nam ta c nhng g, v hc-vn xo-k ra sao, liu ng m nh ly cho tin. V tuy rng quyn chnh-tr vn cho vua nc Nam, nhng t quan gim-tr dn dn lp thnh Bo-h. Thnh-tng b ngoi tuy vn chu thn-phc, nhng trong bng cng bit rng Mng-c c nh ly nc mnh, cho nn c tu binh dng v phng c ngy tranh chin. Vy tuyn inh-trng cc l lm lnh, phn qun-ng ra lm qun v : mi qun c 30 , mi c 80 ngi, bt phi luyn tp lun. Nm bnh-dn (1266) nhn s Mng-c sang, Thnh-tng sai quan sang Tu p l v xin ng bt nho-s, thy bi, v cc th-thuyn sang cng. Vua Mng-c ng cho, nhng bt chu 6 iu khc: 1. Vua phi thn vo chu 2. Vua phi cho con hay l em sang lm tin 3. Bin s dn sang np 4. Phi chu vic binh-dch 5. Phi np thu-m 6. Vn c t quan gim-tr

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-t Hong ln ngi, tc l vua Thnh-tng,

Vua An-nam c ln-la khng chu. n nm tn-mi (1271) vua Mng-c l Ht-tt-lit ci quc-hiu l i-nguyn, ri cho s sang d Thnh-tng sang chu nhng Thnh-tng co bnh khng i. Nm sau Nguyn-ch cho s sang tm ct ng-tr ca M Vin trng ngy trc, nhng Thnh-tng sai quan sang ni rng: ct y lu ngy mt i ri, khng bit u m tm na. Vic y cng thi. n nm t-hi (1275) Thnh-tng sai s sang Tu ni rng: nc Nam khng phi l nc Mng-mn m t quan gim-tr, xin i quan i-l-hoa-xch lm quan Dn-tin-s. Vua nh Nguyn khng cho, li bt theo 6 iu nh trc. Thnh-tng cng khng chu. T y vua nh Nguyn thy dng-mu khng c, quyt c binh sang nh nc Nam, sai quan bin-gii do thm a-th nc ta. Bn An-nam cng t quan phng-b. Nm inh-su (1277) Thi-thng-hong mt Thin-trng-ph (tc l lng Tc-mc). Nm sau (1278), Thnh-tng nhng ngi cho Thit Khm, ri v Thin-trng lm Thi-thng-hong. Thnh-tng tr v c 21 nm, lm Thi-thng-hong c 13 nm, th 51 tui.

2. Vic Vn Hc. i vua Nhn-tng c nhiu gic-gi, tuy vy vic vn-hc cng hng-thnh lm. Xem bi hch ca Hng-o-vng, th ca ng Trn quan Khi v ca ng Phm ng Lo th bit l vn-chng i by gi c kh-lc mnh-m lm. Li c quan Hnh-b Thng-th l ng Nguyn Thuyn khi u dng ch Nm m lm th-ph. ng Nguyn Thuyn l ngi Thanh-lm38, tnh Hi-dng, c ting ti lm vn nh ng Hn D bn Tu ngy xa, bi vy vua cho i h l Hn. V sau ngi mnh theo li y m lm th, gi l Hn-lut.
Nm qu-t (1293) Nhn-tng truyn ngi cho Thi-t tn l Thuyn, ri v Thin-trng lm Thi-thng-hong. Nhn-tng tr-v c 14 nm, nhng ngi c 13 nm, th 51 tui.

III. TRN NHN-TNG (1279-1293)

Nin-hiu: Thiu-bo (1279-1284) Trng-hng (1285-1293)
Nhn-tng.

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-t Trn Khm ln lm vua, tc l vua

Lc by gi s nh Nguyn i li hch iu ny, trch iu n, triunh cng c lm vic bi-ri. Nhng nh c Thnh-tng thng-hong cn coi mi vic v cc quan triu-nh nhiu ngi c ti-tr, vua Nhn-tng li l ng vua thng-minh, qu-quyt, m ngi trong nc th t vua quan cho ch dn-s u mt lng c, cho nn t nm gip-thn (!284) n nm mut (1288) hai ln qun Mng-c sang nh ri khng lm g c. Tr vic chin-tranh vi qun Mng-c ra, sau s ni, trong i vua Nhn-tng li cn gic Lo, thng hay sang quy-nhiu ch binthy, bi vy nm canh-dn (1290) vua Nhn-tng li phi ng gi i nh Lo. 53

38

Lng Lai H, huyn Thanh Lm, ph Nam Sch, nay thuc huyn Lang Ti, tnh Bc Ninh.

CHNG VII

khng chu sang chu, v c a th sang ni thoi-thc ra vic n vic kia, mun cm qun sang nh, nhng cn cha quyt.

GIC NH NGUYN I
(1284-1288)
Si Thung sang s An-nam Trn di i theo nh Nguyn Thot Hoan sang nh ln th nht Trn Hng-o-vng qun thua v vn-kip Thnh Thng-long tht-th Toa nh Ngh-an Hng-o-vng em vua v Thanh-ha Trn Hm-t-quan: Trn nht Dut ph qun Toa Trn Chng-dng-: Trn quang Khi khi-phc Thng-long 10. Trn Ty-kt: tng nh Trn chm Toa- 11. Trn Vn-kip: Thot Hoan trn chy v Tu
Nh Nguyn nghe tin Trn Thi-tng mi mt v Thnh-tng nhng-v, lin sai L-b thng-th l Si Thung sang s, i t Giang-lng (H-bc), qua Ung-chu (Qung-ty) ri sang nc Nam, ch khng i qua tnh Vn-nam nh cc s-thn trc. Si Thung n kinh-thnh, ln mt kiu-ngo,ci nga i thng vo ca Dng-minh, ri cho ngi a th vo trch Nhn-tng rng: "Sao khng xin php triu-nh nh Nguyn, m dm t-lp, vy phi sang chu Thin-triu Hong- mi xong". Nhn-tng sai quan i-thn ra tip. Thung khng thm p l; vua by yn mi, Thung khng thm n. nhthn An-nam ai cng ly lm tc gin nhng khng dm ni ra. Sau vua phi dn yn in Tp-hin, mi mi Si Thung mi n. ng khi ung ru, Nhn-tng bo Si Thung rng: "Qu-nhn xa nay sinh-trng trong cung khng quen phong-th, khng th no i c". c my hm Si Thung v nc. Nhn-tng sai s mang th sang Tu ni khng th sang chu c. Nguyn-triu thy vua An-nam 54

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trn Di i Theo Nh Nguyn. Nm nhm-ng (1282) Nguyn-ch li cho s sang d rng: "Nu vua nc Nam khng sang chu c th phi a vng ngc sang thay, v phi np hin-s, thy m-dng bi-ton, th kho mi hng 2 ngi ".
Nhn-tng sai ngi ch h l Trn di i v L Tun, L Mc sang thay cho mnh. Nhng Nguyn-ch khng bng lng, quyt chim gi quyn cai-tr nc Nam, bn xung ch lp ta Tuyn-ph-ti, t quan liuthuc sang gim-tr cc chu huyn. Quan nh Nguyn sang n ni, Nhn-tng khng nhn, ui v Tu. Nguyn-ch thy vy gin lm, bn lp Trn di i lm An-nam qucvng, phong cho L Mc lm Hn-lm hc-s, L Tun lm Thng-thlnh, v sai Si Thung dn 1.000 qun a bn y v nc. Trn di i thy Nguyn-ch phong cho cng nhn, a v cng v; chc trong bng l chuyn ny nh sc Mng-c, may vic xong, th c lm vua, nhc bng khng xong, th cho l Nguyn-ch bt-p; v th mi theo Si Thung v. Si Thung a bn Trn di i n gn i Nam-quan, c tin phi-bo v Kinh-. Nhn-tng lin sai tng dn mt i qun ln n ng nh l nghch-thn. Si Thung b tn bn m mt mt mt, trn chy v Tu, cn l Trn di i b bt, phi ti lm lnh. Nguyn-ch thy Si Thung b thng chy v tc gin lm, bn sai con l Thot Hoan lm Trn-nam-vng, cng vi bn Toa-, m Nhi dn 50 vn qun, gi ting mn ng i qua nc Nam sang nh Chim-thnh. Quan trn-th Lng-sn do-thm c tin y, sai ngi v Kinh- phi bo. Nhn-tng ng thuyn ra sng Bnh-than39 ch sng ung ni vi sng Thi-bnh, hi cc vng-hu bch quan li bn k chng gi. Cc quan, ngi th ni nn cho qun Nguyn mn ng, ngi th bo nn a sang cng xin hon binh. Duy c Trn quc Tun v Trn khnh D quyt xin em qun i phng-gi cc ni him-yu,
39

2.

1. Si Thung Sang S An Nam.

3. Thot Hoan Sang nh Ln Th Nht.

Lng Bnh Than, tng Vn Ti, huyn Gia Bnh, tnh Bc Ninh.

khng cho qun Mng-c sang nc Nam. Nhn-tng ng nghe li y. n thng mi nm qu-mi (1283) phong cho Hng-o-vng l Trn-qucTun lm Tit-ch thng-lnh mi qun i chng gi vi qun nh Nguyn. Qua thng tm nm gip-thn (1284) ng Trn quc Tun truyn hch cho cc vng-hu hi ht qun-s ti bn ng-b-u im-duyt. Qun thy v qun b ht c thy 20 vn. ng Trn quc Tun truyn cho cc tng-s rng: "Bn-chc phng-mnh thng c qun-s ra ph gic. Cc vng-hu v cc tng-s, ai ny phi cn gi php-tc, i u khng c nhiu dn v phi ng lng ht sc nh gic, ch thy thua m ng lng, ch thy c m t kiu, vic qun c lut, php nc khng thn, cc ngi phi gi ". Xong ri sai Trn bnh Trng em qun i ng n trn sng Bnh-than, Trn khnh D em qun ra gi mt Vn-n (thuc Vn-hi Qung-yn), cn cc tng th chia ra ng cc ni him-yu. Trn quc Tun t dn i qun ng Vn-kip (tc l lng Kip-bc thuc Hi-dng) tip-ng cho cc ni. c t lu, Nhn-tng nghe tin v bo rng nh Nguyn hi ti Hqung sp sa ko sang mt Lng-sn. Vua c lo qun ta khng ch ni, bn sai s mang l sang Tu, xin vua nh Nguyn hon binh, thngngh li. Vua nh Nguyn khng nghe, sai Thot Hoan c vic tin binh sang. Nhn-tng thy vy, lp tc cho triu cc b-lo dn-gian hi ti in Dinhng bn xem nn ha hay nn nh. Cc b-lo u ng thanh xin nh. Vua thy dn-gian mt lng nh vy, cng quyt khng c. Qun Nguyn chia ra lm hai o: mt o do tng Mng-c l Toa em 10 vn qun t Qung-chu i hi-o sang nh Chim-thnh; cn Thot Hoan th ko i binh n i-quan, sai ngi a th sang ni cho mn ng i nh Chim-thnh. Nhn-tng tip c th ca Thot Hoan, tr li li rng: "T bnquc sang Chim-thnh, thy lc khng c ng no tin ". S-gi v ni vi Thot Hoan, Thot Hoan ni gin, thc qun ko sang mn Lng-sn, ri sang quan B-tng tn l A L n d rng: "Bn-sy ch nh ng Namquc sang nh Chim-thnh, ch khng c bng g u m ngi. Nn m ca i cho qun bn-sy i, v i dn u, nh gip t nhiu lng-tho, ri khi no ph xong Chim-thnh th s c trng ta v sau. Nhc bng 55

khng-c thin binh, th bn-sy s khng dong tnh, ph tan b-ci, by gi d hi li cng khng kp ". Hng-o-vng Trn quc Tun ni gin, ui A L v, ri phn binh gi i Kh-li v Lc-chu (thuc Lng-sn) cn mnh th t dn qun i ng gi ni K-cp. Nhng chin thuyn th ng Bi-tn40 gi mt thy.

4. Trn Hng o Vng Qun Thua V Vn Kip.

Thot Hoan thy Hng-o-vng gi c cc ni, lin tin binh ln nh ni K-cp, i Kh-li v i Lc-chu. Qun hai bn nh nhau ni K-cp hai ba trn khng phn thng bi. Nhng sau v Kh-li v Lc-chu tht th, qun An-nam phi rt v i Chi-lng41. Thot Hoan dn i binh n nh Chilng, Hng-o-vng km th, thua chy ra bn Bi-tn, xung thuyn cng vi bn gia-tng, l D Tng v Yt Kiu v Vn-kip. Cc tng thu nht tn qun dn dn cng ko v y c. Nhn-tng nghe Hng-o-vng thua chy v Vn-kip, lin ng mt chic thuyn nh xung Hi-ng (tc l Hi-dng) ri cho vi Hngo-vng n bn vic, nhn thy qun mnh thua, trong bng lo s, mi bo Hng-o-vng rng: "Th gic to nh vy, m chng vi n th dns tn-hi, hay l trm hy chu hng i cu mun dn". Hng-o-vng tu rng: "B-h ni cu y th tht l li nhnc, nhng m Tn-miu X-tc th sao? Nu b-h mun hng, xin trc hy chm u ti i , ri sau s hng!". Vua nghe li ni trung-lit nh vy, trong bng mi yn. Hng-o-vng chiu-tp qun cc o, hi ti Vn-kip c hn 20 vn qun, th li ni to. By gi Hng-o-vng c son ra mt quyn Bnh-th yu-lc ri truyn hch khuyn-rn cc tng-s. T hch y lm bng Hn-vn, nay dch ra quc m nh sau ny: "Ta thng nghe chuyn: K Tn liu thn chu cht thay cho vua Cao-; Do Vu ly mnh ngn gio cho vua Chiu-vng; D Nhng nut than bo th cho ch; Thn Khoi cht tay cu nn cho nc; Knh c l mt chc quan cn nh, m liu thn cu vua Thi-tng c thot vng vy; Kiu Khanh l mt b ti xa, m k ti mng thng Lc Sn l qun
Thng lu sng Lc Nam, c l l bn Ch. Ca Chi Lng, tc gi l bu Chi Lng tng Chi Lng, gn ga Tun Mui, thuc v a ht chu n, tnh Lng Sn. Ch y l mt ni him a nc Nam ta. Trn Hng o Vng sau li ph qun Nguyn ch y, v n u i L, vua Thi T git tng nh Minh l Liu Thng cng ch y.
41 40

nghch-tc. Cc bc trung-thn ngha-s ngy xa, b mnh v nc, i no khng c? Gi-s my ngi y cng c bo bo theo li thng tnh, cht gi xo nh th sao cho lu danh s-sch n nghn mun i nh th c? Nay cc ngi vn dng v-tng, khng hiu vn-ngha, nghe nhng chuyn c-tch y, na tin na ng, ta khng ni lm g na; ta hy em chuyn i Tng, Nguyn mi ri m ni: Vng cng Kin l ngi th no? T-tng ca Vng cng Kin l Nguyn vn Lp li l ngi th no, m gi mt thnh iu-ng42 nh mn, chng vi qun Mng-kha43 k hng trm vn, khin cho dn s nh Tng, n nay cn i n su. ng ngt Ngi l ngi nh th no? T-tng ca ng ngt Ngi l Xch tu T li l ngi th no, m xng vo ch lam-chng xa xi, nh c qun Nam-chiu trong vi ba tun, khin cho qun-trng i Nguyn n nay cn lu ting tt. Hung chi ta cng cc ngi sinh i nhiunhng, gp phi bui gian-nan ny, trng thy nhng ngy-s i li rmrp ngoi ng, un li c diu m x-mng triu-nh, em thn d ch m bt-nt t-ph, li cy th Ht tt Lit m i ngc-la, th Vn-namvng44 vt bc vng; ca kho c hn, lng tham khng cng, khc no nh em tht m nui h i, gi sao cho khi tai-v v sau! Ta y, ngy th qun n, m th qun ng, rut au nh ct, nc mt m-a, ch cm-tc rng cha c s tht lt da ca qun gic, du thn ny phi ngoi ni c, xc ny gi trong da nga, th cng nh lng. Cc ngi cng ta coi gi binh-quyn, cng lu ngy, khng c o th ta cho o, khng c n th ta cho n, quan cn nh th ta thng thng, lng c t th ta tng cp, i thy th ta cho thuyn, i b th ta cho nga, lc hon-nn th cng nhau sng cht, lc nhn-h th cng nhau vui ci, nhng cch c-x so vi Vng cng Kin, ng ngt Ngi ngy xa cng chng km g. Nay cc ngi trng thy ch nhc m khng bit lo, trng thy quc-s m khng bit thn, thn lm tng phi hu gic, m khng bit tc, tai nghe nhc hin ngy s, m khng bit cm; hoc ly vic chi g lm vuia, hoc ly vic nh bc lm tiu-khin, hoc vui th v vn rung, hoc quyn-luyn v v con, hoc ngh v li ring m qun vic nc, hoc ham v sn-bn m qun vic binh, hoc thch ru ngon, hoc m ting ht. Nu c gic n, th ca g trng sao cho m thng c o-gip; mo c-bc sao cho dng ni c qun mu; du rng rung lm vn nhiu, thn y nghn vng khn chuc; v li v bu con du, nc ny trm s ngh sao; tin-ca u m mua cho c u gic; ch sn y th ch sao ni qun th; chn ru ngon khng lm c cho gic say cht; ting
iu Ng l tn ni, thuc ph Trng Khnh, tnh T Xuyn. 43 Mng Kha (Mungke) l vua Mng C, anh Ht Tt Lit. 44 Khi qun Mng C ly c t Vn Nam ri, Ht Tt Lit phong cho con l H Kha Kch lm Vn Nam Vng.
42

ht hay khng lm c cho gic it tai; khi by gi chng nhng l thi-p ca ta khng cn, m bng-lc ca cc ngi cng ht; chng nhng l giaquyn ta b ui, m v con ca cc ngi cng nguy; chng nhng l ta chu nhc by gi, m trm nm v sau, ting xu hy cn mi mi; m gia thanh ca cc ngi cng chng khi mang ting nhc, n lc by gi cc ngi du mun vui-v, phng c c hay khng? Nay ta bo tht cc ngi: nn cn-thn nh ni ci la, nn gi-gn nh k hp canh, dy-bo qun-s, luyn-tp cung tn, khin cho ngi no cng c sc khe nh Bng Mng v Hu Ngh, th mi c th dp tan c qun gic, m lp nn c cng-danh. Chng nhng l thi-p ta c vngbn, m cc ngi cng u c hng bng-lc; chng nhng l giaquyn ca ta c yn-n, m cc ngi cng u c vui vi v con, chng nhng l tin-nhn ta c v-vang, m cc ngi cng c phngth t-ph, trm nm vinh-hin; chng nhng l mt mnh ta c sungsng, m cc ngi cng c lu-truyn s-sch, nghn i thm-tho; n by gi cc ngi du khng vui-v, cng t khc c vui-v. Nay ta son ht cc binh php ca cc nh danh-gia hp li lm mt quyn gi l "Binh-th yu-lc". Nu cc ngi bit chuyn-tp sch ny, theo li dy-bo, th mi phi o thn-t; nhc bng khinh b sch ny, tri li dy-bo, th tc l k nghch-th. Bi c sa Bi gic Nguyn cng ta, l k th khng i tri chung, th m cc ngi c im-nhin khng ngh n vic bo th, li khng bit dy qun-s, khc no nh quay ngn gio m i theo k th, gi tay khng m chu thu qun gic, khin cho sau trn Bnh-l45 m ta phi chu ting xu mun i, th cn mt-mi ni ng trong tri t na. Vy nn ta phi lm ra bi hch ny cho cc ngi bit bng ta". Cc tng-s c li khuynrn y, ai ny ht lng luyn-tp, quyt ch nh gic, cho nn ngi no cng ly mc thch vo cnh tay hai ch "St t " ngha l git qun Mng-c. Khi Thot Hoan ly xong cc i Lng-sn ri, tha thng nh xung Vn-kip, qun An-nam non th, ch khng ni thua chy, bao nhiu chuyn thuyn mt c. Qun Mng-c bt c qun An-nam thy ngi no cng c hai ch "St t" cnh tay, gin lm, em git sch c, ri ko trn sang mt Kinh-bc. Thot Hoan th qun cho cp ph vng Vninh, Gia-lm, ng-ngn ri ko v ng ti bn ng-b-u, Hng-ovng lp tri m ngn phng gi.
45 Bnh L l tn thnh, nhng s c khng chp r u v ai xy ln. Sch "Khm nh Vit S" chp rng theo b "D a Ch" ca ng Nguyn Tri, th i nh L c o con sng Bnh L i ln Thi Nguyn cho tin. Vy thnh Bnh L c l vo ht Thi Nguyn. Xem li dn ca Trn Hng o Vng th thnh Bnh L ny xy vo i inh hay i Tin L, ri L Thng Kit i L nh qun Tng .

5. Thnh Thng Long Tht Th.

56

Thot Hoan thy pha nam ngn sng Hng-h46 c tri qun Annam ng gi, mi sai qun ly sng i-bc bn sang, ph tan c cc tri, qun-s khip-s b chy ht sch. Qun Mng-c by gi lm cu phao qua sng, ko n tn chn thnh Thng-long h tri. Hng-o-vng rc xa-ga Thng-hong v vua ra ngoi Thnglong, cc tng li gi thnh. n khi Thot Hoan vy nh, h c thnh, bit rng Hng-o-vng rc xa-gi xung mt nam ri, lin sai tng dn qun i ui nh.

em dn binh ra nh. Li c quan qun ui n ni, qun Nguyn b chy. Trn Kin b tn bn cht, nhng c ngi nh l L Tc cp c thy chy thot, a n g n-khu (Lng-sn) mai-tng xong ri trn sang Tu. L Tc l dng di Nguyn Phu lm Th-s Giao-chu v i ng-Tn (317-419) ngy trc. T lc trn sang Tu ri, L Tc c lm b s "An-nam ch-lc". B s y hin by gi cn c bn Tu v bn Nhtbn. Thin-trng, Trn bnh Trng thy qun nh Nguyn n bi -mc ( khc sng Thin-mc, huyn ng-an, Hng-yn) lin em binh ra nh, nhng chng may bi vy, phI bt. Qun Nguyn a Bnh Trng v np cho Thot Hoan. Thot Hoan bit Bnh Trng l tng khe-mnh, mun khuyn-d v hng, tht-i cho n-ung, nhng Bnh Trng khng n, d-dnh hi d vic nc, Bnh Trng cng khng ni. Sau Thot Hoan hi rng: "C mun l vng t Bc khng?" Bnh Trng qut ln rng: "T th lm qu nc Nam, ch khng thm lm vng t Bc. Ta b bt th c mt cht m thi, can g m phi hi li-thi!" Thot Hoan thy d khng c, sai qun em chm. Thnh-tng thng-hong cng Nhn-tng v Hng-o-vng nghe tin Trn bnh Trng t-tit, ai ny ng lng thng-xt. Hng-o-vng thy th nguy-cp lm, bn rc xa-gi ra Qungyn. Thuyn i v ng sng Tam-ch (thuc chu Tin-yn), sai mt tng dn chic thuyn rng ra ca b Ngc-sn (thuc chu Vn-ninh, tnh Qung-yn) lm cho nghi tnh qun gic. Tng nh Nguyn l L Hng v Khoan Trit sai ngi do-thm bit thuyn ra Ngc-sn l gi, mi dn qun ui theo n sng Tam-ch, Hng-o-vng rc xa-gi ln b i n lng Thy-ch ri li xung thuyn ra sng Nam-triu (tc Bch-ng-giang, thuc Hi-dng) ri va tnh Thanh-ha. By gi qun Nguyn th lm, ng khp cc ni, t vng Bc-ninh, Thng-long, Thin-trng, ch no cng c qun ng. vng Ngh-an li c Toa , ng ngt Ngi, m Nhi nh ra. Nhn-tng kinh-hi, Thng-hong m ngy lo s. Nh nc ngt-ngng nguy nh trng chng. Bn Hong-tc l Trn ch Tc, Trn t Vin u ra hng Thot Hoan c. Ch c Hng-o-vng phng xagi i, tro non vt b, tri gi dm ma, th lc tuy cng, nhng vn bn vng mt lng, tm k nh gic, lo liu vic nc khng ri s lc no. Tht l mt ngi c ti i-tng, c th cu dn gip nc, ting mun i.

6. Toa nh Ngh An. Toa l tng o th hai qun Nguyn, i ng b sang nh Chim-thnh, nhng m qun nc Chim gi c cc ng him-yu, nh mi khng c. Nguyn cha h chiu sai Toa theo ng b ko ra mt Ngh-an, hp vi qun Thot Hoan nh An-nam.
Thot Hoan c bit tin y, lin sai tng m Nhi dn qun i ng b vo tip-ng cho Toa nh t mt trong nh ra, cn mt ngoi th chin thuyn ca nh Nguyn chia ra gi cc bn ng sng Hng-h47 t Thng-long xung n khc sng i-hong (thuc huyn Nam-xang, H-nam).

7. Hng o Vng em Vua V Thanh Ha. By gi Hng-o-vng dn cc tng h-v xa-gi xung Thin-trng, nghe Toa t vng trong ko ra, Hng-o-vng tu vua xin sai Thng-tng Trn quang Khi a binh vo ng mt Ngh-an, gi chn ng hm, khng cho Toa ra, v sai Trn bnh Trng li gi Thin-trng c nhau vi qun Thot Hoan, ri rc xa-gi ra Hi-dng.
Trn quang Khi vo n Ngh-an, chia qun phng gi, nhng m qun nh Nguyn th mnh, i n u nh tan n y, li c m Nhi mt b nh vo. Quang Khi ng khng ni, phi lui qun ra mt ngoi. Cn quan trn-th Ngh-an l Trn Kin em c nh ra hng vi Toa . Toa cho a bn Trn Kin v Yn-kinh. Hng-o-vng nghe tin, sai tng em qun i ln ng tt ui theo. Khi qun Nguyn a Trn Kin n a-phn Lng-sn, qua tri Ma-lc (?), th c ngi th-ho y tn l Nguyn th Lc v Nguyn Lnh
46 47

S chp l Ph Lng Giang. S chp l Ph Lng Giang.

57

Trn quang Khi em qun li ra mt ngoi gi cc ng him-yu. Toa nh mi khng c, m lng-tho th mt ngy mt cn, bn cng vi m Nhi dn qun xung thuyn vt b ra ngoi Bc hp binh vi Thot Hoan. Trn quang Khi c tin y, cho ngi v Thanh-ha phi bo. Nhn-tng hi qun-thn li hi k, Hng-o-vng tu rng: "Toa t Chimthnh tr ra, qua vng -l (Thun-ha), Hoan (Ngh-an), i (Thanh-ha), ng s gp-ghnh, qun-s vt-v, nay li vt b ra Bc, th sc-lc cng mi-mt. Vy nay nn sai mt tng nn ra n ng m nh th chc ph c". Nhn-tng nghe li, sai Chiu-vn-vng Trn nht Dut lm tng v Trn quc Ton48 lm ph-tng cng vi tng-qun l Nguyn Khoi em 5 vn qun ra n ng nh Toa mt Hi-dng. Thng t nm t-du (1285) Trn nht Dut ra n Hm-t (thuc huyn ng-an, Hng-yn) th gp chin thuyn ca Toa , Nht Dut lin phn binh ra nh. Qun Nht Dut by gi c bn Triu Trung l tng nh Tng sang xin tng chinh, mc o eo cung nh qun nh Tng. n khi gip trn, qun Nguyn trng thy bn Triu Trung, tng l nh Tng khi-phc c nc Tu, ri cho qun sang cu An-nam, a no cng s-hi b chy. Qun ta ui nh, qun gic thua to cht hi rt nhiu. Toa phi li ra bi Thin-trng. Trn nht Dut thng trn, cho Quc Ton a tin v Thanh-ha. Hng-o-vng c tin mng y, vo tu vi vua rng: "Qun ta mi thng, kh-lc ang hng, m qun Nguyn mi thua, tt cng cht d. Vy nn nhn dp ny m tin qun nh Thot Hoan khi phc Kinh-thnh". Vua nghe li truyn sp sa tin binh. Sc c Thng tng Trn quang Khi trong Ngh-an ra, xin i nh Thot Hoan. Vua lin sai Quang Khi thu-xp qun-s ra nh Thng-long v truyn hch sai Trn nht Dut ng qun gi chn ng khng cho bn Toa ko ln hp vi Thot Hoan.

8. Trn Hm T Quan - Trn Nht Dut ph qun Toa : o qun ca Toa Chim-thnh ko ra nh ly t Ngh-an.

Thng-long, cn chin thuyn th li ng bn Chng-dng, a phn huyn Thng-phc.

9. Trn Chng-Dng- - Trn Quang Khi khi phc Thng Long: Khi by gi i binh ca Thot Hoan ng ti

Trn quang Khi vi Trn quc Ton v Phm ng Lo em qun t Thanh-ha i thuyn vng ng b ra n bn Chng-dng, sn vo nh chin-thuyn ca qun Nguyn. Quan qun nh hng qu, qun Nguyn ch khng ni phi b chy. Quan qun ln b ui nh v n chn thnh Thng-long h tri. Thot Hoan em i qun ra c ch, b phc binh ca Trn quang Khi nh p li, qun Nguyn phi b thnh Thng-long chy qua sng Hng-h49 sang gi mt Kinh-bc (Bc-ninh). Trn quang Khi em qun vo thnh m tic khao qun. n khi ung ru vui-v, Quang Khi ngm bi th rng: ot so Chng-dng-50 Cm h Hm-t quan Thi-bnh nghi n lc Vn c th giang-san Dch nm: Chng-dng cp gio-gic Hm-t bt qun th Thi-bnh nn gng sc Non nc y nghn thu

Trn quang Khi sai ngi v Thanh-ho dng biu bo tin thng trn. Vua Nhn-tng thy qun th mnh, trong hai thng nh c hai trn, qun-s ai ny u nc lng nh gic, bn rc Thng-hong v ct binh-m ra ng Trng-an (Ninh-bnh).

10. Trn Ty Kt - Tng Nh Trn Chp c Toa : Toa ng qun Thin-trng xa cch Thot Hoan hn 200 dm,
cho nn cha bit Thot Hoan thua chy v Bc-giang ri, bn tin bnh vo ng sng Thin-mc51 nh hp sc vi Thot Hoan lm th gic. c my hm Toa bit o tin qun ca mnh bi trn, m

48 S chp rng khi vua Nhn Tng hi cc vng thn Bnh Than / bn vic chng gic, Trn Quc Ton by gi mi c 15, 16 tui cng theo ra hi. V cn nh tui cho nn khng c d bn, Quc Ton cm tc v cng, trong tay cm qu cam bp v nt ra lc no khng bit. Khi tan hi, ai ny v lo sa son binh thuyn. Quc Ton v nh cng t hp nhng ngi thn thuc, sm kh gii, may l c su ch: "Ph Cng ch Bo Hong n" Ri em qun i nh gic. nh ch no qun gic cng phi li.

49 50 51

S chp l Ph Lng. Ch Nho l: Thin Mc l mt khc sng Hng H vo a ht huyn ng An, tnh Hng Yn.

58

cc bn th ch no cng c qun nh Trn n ng, mi lui v ng Tykt52 ri cho ngi i d xem qun Thot Hoan ng u. Qun An-nam t khi nh c trn Hm-t v trn Chng-dng ri, qun-th phn chn lm. Hng-o-vng mng r, vo tu vi Nhntng xin mt mt sai Chiu-vn-vng Trn nht Dut, hp vi Thngtng Trn quang Khi dn qun chn cc ng, khng cho Thot Hoan, Toa i li thng tin vi nhau, v mt mt xin t tin binh ra nh Toa , ri nh Thot Hoan. Nhn-tng nghe li y, cho Hng-o-vng ty m sai khin. Khi qun ra n Ty-kt, Hng-o-vng chia qun ra nh tri qun Nguyn, v t phc binh bt Toa . Qun ta nh hng qu, qun Nguyn khng ch ni, Toa v m Nhi em binh ln b chy ra mt b, nhng khi chy n m sau mt dy ni, th b qun An-nam vy nh, Toa trng tn cht, cn m Nhi th tm ng chy vo Thanh-ha, nhng b qun ta nh ui ngt qu, phi mt mnh ln xung chic thuyn con chy ra b, trn v Tu c. Khi cc tng thng trn, a u Toa v np, Nhn-tng thy ngi dng-kin m li ht lng vi cha, mi than rng: "Lm by ti nn nh ngi ny!" ri ci o ng-ho p vo u Toa , sai quan dng l mai-tng cho t-t. Trn Ty-kt nh vo thng nm, nm t-du (1285) quan qun bt c qun Nguyn hn 3 vn ngi, v chin-thuyn kh-gii khng bit bao nhiu m k. Hng-o-vng c trn ton thng, m tic khao thng ba qun, ri ln nh mt bc, tiu-tr Thot Hoan.

ra nh; sai hai con l Hng-v-vng Nghin v Hng-hiu-vng y dn 3 vn qun i ng Hi-dng ra mt Qung-yn, gi chn ng v chu T-minh; Hng-o-vng t dn i qun ln Bc-giang nh qun Nguyn. Qun Nguyn thua chy, Thot Hoan dn i binh chy n bn Vn-kip, gp bn Nguyn Khoi ra nh, qun Nguyn mi phn tn-hi mt nm. Tng nh Nguyn l L Hng b tn bn cht. Cn Thot Hoan, Phn Tip , A bt Xch, L Qun c sc nh ly ng m chy. Sau thy qun An-nam ui kp qu, Thot Hoan phi chui vo ci ng ng ln xe bt qun ko chy. V gn n chu T-ninh li gp bn Hng-v-vng Nghin v Hng-hiu-vng y nh ui mt trn na. L Qun trng tn bn cht. Thot Hoan, A bt Xch v Phn Tip chy thot v Tu c. Th l i-qun ca Thot Hoan lc u mi sang lng-ly bao nhiu, by gi tan nt mt c. Trong su thng tri, t thng chp nm gip thn (1284) n thng su nm t du (1285), qun An-nam ui 50 vn qun Mng-c ra ngoi b-ci, chnh-n giang-sn li nh c. y cng nh c tay Hng-o-vng c ti i-tng, cm qun vng-chi, gan bn ta st, v li kho dng li khuyn-d, khin cho bng ngi cm-ng, sinh lng trung-ngha, cho nn tng-s ai ny u ht lng gip nc. V nc An-nam thi by gi vua ti ha-hp, lng ngi nh mt, nhn-ti l-lt ko ra; m qun Nguyn sang An-nam th ng xa mun dm, ni sng cch tr, hng mnh c lc u m thi, sau thnh ra bnh-tt yu-au. Nh th m li gp phi tay Hng-o-vng Trn quc Tun dng binh bit i thi, bit tha th tin thoi, cho nn s qun nh Nguyn thua tan-nt l s tt-nhin vy.

11. Trn Vn Kip - Thot Hoan Trn Chy V Tu: By

gi Thot Hoan ng qun Bc-giang, nghe tin n Toa t trn, m Nhi trn v Tu, qun-binh tng-s ai ny u ng lng c. V li tri ang ma h nng-nc kh chu, sn-lam chng-kh bc ln, qun-s b dch-t cht hi cng nhiu. Bi th c bng mun rt qun v Tu. Hng-o-vng cng bit c Thot Hoan tt phi chy, lin sai Nguyn Khoi, Phm ng Lo dn 3 vn qun i ln ng ni, phc sn hai bn rng sy bn sng Vn-kip, ch lc qun Nguyn chy n th
52 Hin nay thuc ph Khoi Chu (Hng Yn) c lng ng Kt vo trong cch xa b sng Hng H. Hoc pha ty gn b sng, ngy xa c lng Ty Kt m nay l mt i chng?

59

CHNG VII

GIC NH NGUYN II
(1284-1288)
1. Nguyn-ch nh khi binh phc th 2. Thot Hoan sang nh ln th hai 3. Trn Vn-n Trn khnh D cp lng ca qun Nguyn 4. Trn Bch-ng-giang m Nhi phi bt 5. Hng-o-vng i ph Nguyn-binh 6. S An-nam sang Tu xin ha 7. nh cng, pht ti 8. nh cuc ha-hiu
Hng-o-vng Trn quc Tun ph c qun Nguyn ri th ko qun v Trng-an, rc Thng-hong v Nhn-tng ra Thng-long. Giang-sn nh Trn li khi phc u vo y c. Bn Thot Hoan bi trn v Tu, ngh khi i th thanhth lng-ly bao nhiu, khi v th hao binh tn tng, ly lm xu h lm. nh xin Nguyn-ch cho thm binh-m sang nh bo th. Nguyn-ch thy bn Thot Hoan bi trn v, gin lm, mun bt chm c, nhng qun-thn can-ngn mi mi thi. By gi nh Nguyn ang sp sa ct qun sang nh Nht-bn, bn lp tc nh vic i nh Nht-bn li v sai ng thm 300 chic thuyn, truyn hch cho ba tnh Giang-hoi, H-qung, Giang-ty t tp qun-s, nh n thng tm th ct qun noi ng chu Khm, chu Lim sang nh nc Nam bo th. Quan tnh H-nam l Tuyn Kha dng s v can rng: "Qun ta bi trn mi v, k mang du-vt cha khi, ngi au-yu cha dy, xin hy cho qun-s ngh-ngi dng sc t lu, ri s nh k xut chinh". Vua nh Nguyn nghe li, cho qun-s ngh vi thng. Cn Trn ch Tc theo Thot Hoan v Tu, th cho ra Ngc-chu.

Nhn-tng nghe tin Nguyn-triu sp sa ct qun sang nh Annam, bn vi Hng-o-vng vo hi rng: "Thot Hoan bi trn tr v, chuyn ny cm-tc nh sang nh bo th, qun-th hn to hn trc, ta nn dng k g m chng li c?" Hng-o-vng tu rng: "Nc ta xa kia, qun-dn hng thi-bnh lu, khng tp n vic chin-trn, cho nn nm trc qun Nguyn vo cp cn c k trn-trnh theo hnggic. May nh c oai-linh T-tng, v thn-v ca B-h, i n u nh c n y, cho nn mi qut sch c b-ci. Cn nh by gi qun ta quen vic chinh-chin, m qun nghch th i xa mi-mt. V li thy Toa , L Hng, L Qun t trn, tt cng cht d, qun-tnh sinh nghi-s, hn khng dm ht sc m nh. C nh ti, th chuyn ny d c qun Nguyn sang y, ta ph cng d hn phe trc, xin b-h ng lo". Nhn-tng mng r, sai Hng-o-vng c-sut cc vng-hu, m thm qun-s, s-sang kh-gii phng vic cng th. Sang ma xun thng hai nm inh-hi (1287) Nguyn-ch kn ly 7 vn qun, 5 trm chic thuyn, 6 nghn qun Vn-nam v 1 vn 5 nghn qun bn chu ngoi b, sai Thot Hoan lm i-nguyn-sy, A bt Xch lm Hnh-tnh-t-tha, o l Xch lm Bnh-chng-chnh-s, m Nhi, Phn Tip lm Tham-tri chnh-s, em tt c hn 30 vn qun sang nh nc Nam, gi danh a Trn ch Tc v nc, lp lm An-nam quc-vng53. Li sai Vn-h Trng vn H theo ng b ti hn 1754 vn thch lng sang cp cho qun-s. Qua thng mi mt, Thot Hoan dn qun noi ng Chu-khm, chu Lim n chu T-minh; sai bn Trng Ngc lnh 2,000 qun coi vic ch lng-thc, kh-gii li sai Trnh bng Phi, o l Xch, mi ngi dn 1 vn qun i ng b; m Nhi, Phn Tip sut lnh thy-qun i ng b, u tin sang An-nam. Quan Trn-th bin-thy phi bo v Thng-long. Cc quan xin tuyn thm binh. Hng-o-vng ni rng: "Binh ct gii, ch khng ct

2. Thot Hoan Sang nh Ln Th Hai.

1. Nguyn Ch nh khi binh phc th.

53 C sch chp rng: Thot Hoan sang nh An Nam ln th hai ny c em mt tn hng o l Nguyn Nhan, tn ch l Nguyn B Linh, phm ti trm quyt, tnh nguyn i nh lp cng chuc ti. Cha tn Nguyn Nhan l ngi Qung ng sang bun bn nc Nam, ly v lng An Bi, huyn ng Triu, ra B Linh, cho v Tu hc, thi tin s, li cao tay ph thy. Khi sang An Nam, n dng php gip qun Nguyn. Sau Hng o Vng bt c, a v chm lng An Bi, l qu m n. Tc truyn rng khi tn Nguyn Nhan cht ri hn n bay hin ln tru gho n b con gi, m h ai phm n n th cht, cho nn gi l Phm Nhan. 54 S c chp l 70 vn thch.

60

nhiu, nu nhiu m khng gii, th-d nh B Kin c trm vn qun cng khng ch-g!" Nhn-tng sai Hng-o-vng thng-lnh cc vng-hu, chia qun phng-gi cc ni. Hng-o-vng sai Trn nht Dut, Nguyn Khoi dn 3 vn qun ln gi mt Lng-sn; sai Trn quc Ton, L ph Trn dn 3 vn qun v gi mt Ngh-an; t mnh thng i qun ra gi mt Qung-yn. Mt mt sai tin-qun ln gn chu T-minh chia ra ng lm ba n: Sa, T, Trc, chng-gi qun Nguyn; mt mt sai tng em qun ra gi cht ca sng i-than55 (thuc Hi-dng) cn i-qun ca Hng-o-vng th ng li ni Ph-sn. Quan qun tuy ng gi nh vy, nhng qun Nguyn th to lm, chng khng ni, phi rt v Vn-kip; Thot Hoan tin ln chim gi ni Ph-li v ni Ch-linh, lp tri chng nhau vi qun ta, ri sai tng l Trnh bng Phi em hai vn lnh nh ly n Vn-kip, li sai m Nhi v A bt Xch dn qun t sng Lc-u nh xung sng Hng-h. Hng-o-vng rt qun v gi Thng-long v sai tng rc xagi tm lnh v Hm-nam (?). Nhng sau khi b bn m Nhi ui ngt qu, Thng-hong v Nhn-tng phi xung thuyn ra b i vo Thanh-ha. m Nhi ui khng kp, em qun tr v qua Long-hng (ph Tin-hng, Thi-bnh) bit y c Thin-lng, l lng t nh Trn, bn sai qun n ph nt c i. Thot Hoan em binh-m tin ln vy nh Thng-long khng c, phi rt v gi Vn-kip, Ch-linh v Ph-li, Hng-i-vng cng tin qun ln lp tri chng vi gic. Bc. Nhn-tng thy qun Nguyn li ri bn rc Thng-hong ra

Nghi-dng, Hi-dng)56 n thuyn lng ca Trng vn H. m Nhi em thuyn i n i Vn-n (Vn-hi, Qung-yn) gp qun ca Nhnhu-vng Trn khnh D chn ng khng cho i. m Nhi thc qun nh rt mt trn, qun Khnh D thua b chy c. Qun Nguyn ko thng ra b i n thuyn lng. Thng-hong nghe tin thy-qun Vn-n bi trn, cho s ra bt Khnh D v hi ti. Khnh D t khi tht trn, ang ngh k phc binh th, bng thy s ra bt, Khnh D tip s ri ni rng: "Ti sai tng-lnh nh thi chu ti, nhng xin khoan cho ti mt vi hm, may m ti lp c cng khc chuc ti chng?" c my hm m Nhi ra b gp thuyn lng ca Trng vn H, li em qun tr vo i trc dp ng. Trng vn H em thuyn lng theo vo sau. Khnh D rng m Nhi ph c qun ta, trong bng hn chc rng khng cn ai ngn-tr g na, cho nn mi khinh thng em binh thuyn i trc. Khnh D bn nht-nhnh thuyn-b phc qun sn i thuyn lng ca Trng vn H n th ko ra nh. Qu-nhin Trng vn H ti cc thuyn lng vo ca b Lc-thydng (pha ng-nam huyn Honh-b tc l vnh ca Lc by gi). Khnh D qun ra nh. Vn H ch khng ni, bao nhiu thuyn lng b qun ca Khnh D ph cp mt c, v bt c kh gii rt nhiu. Cn Trng vn H th chy xung chic thuyn nh trn v Qunh-chu. Khnh D thng trn a th v bo tip. Thng-hong mng r, x ti trc khng hi, v bo Hng-o-vng rng: "Qun Nguyn ct trng cy c lng-tho kh-gii, nay b ta cp c c ri, th th n khng trng-cu c na. Nhng n cha bit tt cn c ch, vy ta nn tha nhng qun b bt cho v bo tin vi Thot Hoan, th qun-s ca n tt ng lng, by gi mi ph rt d". Hng-o-vng tun lnh, cho l qun Nguyn v. T y qun ca Thot Hoan xn-xao, c bng mun v Tu, m lng-thc mt ngy mt cn.

3. Trn Vn n - Trn khnh D cp lng ca qun Nguyn. Qun Nguyn ng mi Vn-kip lng-thc sp cn,
Thot Hoan bn sai m Nhi dn thy-qun ra ca b i-bng (huyn

55

Huyn Nghi Dng nay thuc v tnh Kin An.

56

By gi thuc huyn Gia Bnh, tnh Bc Ninh, lin vi Bnh Than.

61

 m Nhi t khi i Vn-n tr v, ch mi khng thy thuyn lng n, bn em qun n ph tri An-hng (thuc Qung-yn) ri rt v Vn-kip.

4. Trn Bch ng Giang - m Nhi phi bt.

Qun Nguyn t khi thua trn Vn-n, lng-tho mt ngymt cn i, Thot Hoan mun cho ngi v Tu cu vin v ly thm lng, Hng-o-vng bit , sai tng ln gi ni K-cp v i N-nhi mt Lng-sn khng cho ngi Tu i li.

Cc tng thy vy bn vo bn vi Thot Hoan rng: "Qun ta ng y, thnh-tr khng c, kho-tng li cn c; v by gi l ang lc ht xun sang h, kh tri nng-nc, m li nhng ch him-yu u mt c, chi bng hy rt qun v, ri sau s liu k khc". Thot Hoan thy qun th ca Hng-o-vng mnh lm, cha c th ph c, bn nghe li cc tng, sai m Nhi, Phn Tip dn thyqun theo ng sng Bch-ng57 v trc. Cn mt b th sai Trnh bng Phi, Trng Qun dn binh i chn hu. Sa-son nh vi hm na th rt v. Hng-o-vng bit mu y, bn sai Nguyn Khoi dn binh ln qua ng tt m sng thng-lu sng Bch-ng, kim g o nhn bt st ng khp gia ging sng, ri phc binh ch n lc no nc thytriu ln th em binh ra khiu-chin, nh cho thuyn gic qua ch ng cc. H lc no nc thy-triu xung th quay binh li ht sc m nh. Li sai Phm ng Lo, Nguyn ch Ngha dn qun ln phc i Ni-bng (thuc Lng-sn) ch qun Nguyn chy ln n y thi ra m nh. Cc tng i u y c ri. Hng-o-vng tin qun ln nh gic, sc nghe tin bo rng m Nhi ko qun v n Bch-ng, Hngo-vng mi h qun-s , tr sng Ha-giang58 m th rng: "Trn ny khng ph xong gic Nguyn, th khng v n sng ny na!" Qun-s ai ny u xin quyt chin, ko mt mch n sng Bch-ng. Nhng chin-thuyn ca m Nhi, Phn Tip theo ging sng Bchng, bng chc thy tng nh Trn l Nguyn Khoi dn chin thuyn n khiu-chin. m Nhi tc gin thc qun xng vo nh, Nguyn
Sng Bch ng by gi thuc huyn Thy Nguyn, tnh Kin An. 58 Ha Giang l mt ngn sng thuc v sng Thi Bnh, gip gii tnh Kin An v tnh Thi Bnh. Nay y dn s ti cn nh ch con voi ca Hng o Vng qua sng Ha sa ly m cht.
57

Khoi lin quay thuyn chy. By gi ang lc thy-triu ln, mt nc mnh-mng, m Nhi v tnh, thy ch qun chy, c vic thc thuyn ui theo. Nguyn Khoi nh qun i khi xa ch ng cc, ri mi quay thuyn nh vt li. Hai bn nh ang hng, th i qun ca Hng-o-vng tip n. m Nhi, Phn Tip thy quan qun to th lm, mi quay thuyn chy tr li. Khi chy n khc sng c cc ng th nc thy-triu rt xung, thuyn ca qun Nguyn vng mc phi cc, nghing nga, m v mt nhiu. Quan qun tha thng nh cc hng, qun Nguyn cht nh r, mu loang c khc sng. Tng Nguyn l m Nhi, Phn Tip, Tch L, C Ngc u b bt c. Trn Bch-ng-giang nh vo thng ba nm mu-t (1288) ly c chin thuyn ca qun Nguyn hn 400 chic v bt c qun-s rt nhiu. Thot Hoan nghe tin qun thy v tan ri, dn bn Trnh bng Phi, A bt Xch, o l Xch, Trng Qun, Trng Ngc, i ng b chy v n i Ni-bng, bng gp qun phc ca Phm ng Lo ra nh. Cc tng ht sc gi gn Thot Hoan, va nh va chy. Trng Qun dn 3,000 qun i on hu c sc nh ly ng chy, b Phm ng Lo chm cht. Thot Hoan chy thot ra c ca i, qun-s mi phn, tn hi mt 5, 6 phn. Bn Thot Hoan ang i, bng li c tin bo rng t ca i N-nhi n mi ni K-cp hn 100 dm, ch no cng c n i. Nghe tin y qun-s u xn-xao s-hi, v m sau li nghe ting m-m quan qun ui theo v sp ko n. Thot Hoan vi-vng sai A bt Xch, Trng Ngc dn qun i trc m ng, o l Xch i on hu. A bt Xch, Trng Ngc gp phi quan qun chn ng phc hai bn sn ni bn tn thuc c xung nh ma. Hai tng u t trn, v qun-s cht thy nm ngn-ngang tng ng. Cn Trnh bng Phi ht sc gi-gn Thot Hoan chy ra an-k, qua Lc-chu ri i ln con ng tt v chu T-minh. o l Xch i sau, chy thot c, mi nht-nhnh tn qun theo c Thot Hoan v Yn-kinh. Hng-o-vng chuyn ny thc l tr ht qun Mng-c mi hi c tng, dn qun rc xa-gi Thng-hong v Nhn-tng v kinh-s. Khi v n Long-hng, Nhn-tng em bn tng Nguyn b bt l m Nhi, Phn Tip, Tch L, C Ngc vo lm l hin-ph trc Chiu-lng. 62

5. Hng o Vng i Ph Nguyn Binh.

Nhn thy giang-sn li c nh c, Thnh-tng Thng-hong c lm hai cu th lm k-nim: X-tc lng hi lao thc m, Sn-h thin c in kim u. Dch nm: X-tc hai phen bn nga , Non sng thin c vng u vng. V n Thng-long vua sai m tic khao thng tng-s, cho dns m hi vui-v ba ngy, gi l Thi-bnh din-yn. Qun nh Nguyn sang nh An-nam tuy thua hai ba phen tht, nhng th nh Nguyn vn mnh lm, m nc Nam ta snh vi nc Tu li l mt nc nh-mn, c-lp mt mnh, khng nng ta vo u c; nu c tranh chin mi th s thng-bi cha bit ra th no, m mun dn li phi lm-than, kh-s. V nhng l y, cho nn n thng mi nm mu-t (1288) vua Nhn-tng sai quan l thin Th sang s nh Nguyn, xin theo l cng hin nh xa. Nguyn-ch thy qun mnh thua my ln ri, trong bng cng nn, cho nn cng thun cho thng ha. Thng hai nm k-su (1289) Nhn-tng sai quan a bn tng Nguyn b bt l Tch L, C Ngc v Tu. Cn Phn Tip v lo m thnh bnh cht, vua sai ha tng, ri cp ngi nga cho v con em hi-ct v nc. Cc u mc cng tha cho v c. Duy c m Nhi git hi nhiu ngi, vua cm-tc v cng, khng mun tha v, nhng li ngi ng hahiu, bn dng mu ca Hng-o-vng sai ngi a i n gia b, nh m thuyn, cho cht ui, m Nguyn-triu cng khng trch vo u c. V sau vua Dc-tng bn triu nh Nguyn xem n ch ny, c ph bn ch: "bt nhn phi ngha". Tng li ph y cng l chnh ng. Thng t nm k-su (1289) mi nh cng, pht ti. Bao nhiu nhng vng hu i nh gic Nguyn c cng u c thng trt c, cn cc tng-s khc h m ai c cng to th cho quc-tnh. Nguyn Khoi c phong tc hu, cho n lc mt lng Khoil (tc l ph Khoi by gi); Phm ng Lo c thng lm Qun Thnhdc qun. Cc cha Mng m c cng em dn binh ra c gic cng c phong hu. 63

Vua li sai vn-thn ghi-chp cng-trng ca cc tng hp bin lm quyn sch gi l Trung hng thc lc v li sai th v tranh cc tng treo gc cng thn. nh cng xong ri mi xt n ti nhng ngi hng gic. Khi qun Nguyn ang cng thch, triu thn lm k hai lng, c giy-m i li vi gic. Sau gic thua chy v bc, triu-nh bt c trp biu hng ca cc quan. inh-thn mun lc ra tr ti, nhng Thng-hong ngh rng lm ti nhng tiu-nhn cng v ch, bn sai em t c trp i, cho yn lng mi ngi. Duy nhng ngi no qu thc l hng vi gic, th mi tr ti; hoc em cy, hoc x-t. V th bn Trn Kin, Trn vn Lng tuy cht ri, nhng con chu phi tc h tn-tht i ra h Mai. Cn Trn ch Tc, th vua ngh tnh cn-thn khng n b h, nhng phi gi l Trn, ngha l bo nht-nht nh n-b vy. Nhng qun-dn th c th ti c, duy c hai lng Bng-h, Ba im trc ht theo gic, c lng phi lm binh-lnh, khng khi no c lm quan. Thng cng, pht ti xong ri, Thng-hong v ph Thintrng, n thng nm, nm canh-dn (1290) th mt. Nhn-tng sai s sang co tang v xin phong. T lc Thot Hoan thua v, vua nh Nguyn thun cho ha-hiu, nhng trong bng vn cha ngui gin, li mun ct binh sang nh bo th. nh-thn can, xin cho s sang d vua An-nam sang chu xem , nu khng sang ri hy liu. Nguyn-ch nghe li, sai Thng-th Trng lp o sang s An-nam. Nhng vua Nhn-tng ly c c tang khng i. Sai quan l Nguyn i Php i thay. Nguyn i Php sang Tu ni nm sau vua An-nam s sang chu. Qua nm sau Nguyn-triu khng thy vua An-nam sang, li sai Lib thng-th l Lng Tng v L-b thng-th l Trn Phu sang gic Nhn-tng sang chu. Nhn-tng khng i, sai s l o t K a vt sang cng Tu. Nguyn-triu thy vua An-nam khng sang nh khi binh sang nh, bn bt giam T K Giang-lng, ri sai Lu quc Kit v cc tng sa-son binh-lng, chn ngy pht binh. Li sai Trn ch Tc i theo, v hi Trng sa. Nhng lc ang sa son, th Nguyn Th-t l Ht-tt-Lit mt, Nguyn Thnh-tng ln ngi, mi bi vic binh v cho s An-nam l o t K v nc.

6. S An Nam Sang Tu Xin Ha.

8. nh cuc ha-hiu.

7. nh cng, pht ti.

T nh Nguyn vi nc Nam thng ha, khng c s tranh chin na.

CHNG IX
Thi K Th Hai ( 1293 - 1341 )
I. Trn Anh Tng 1. c Vua Anh Tng 2. Trn Hng o Vng mt 3. Vic nh Ai Lao 4. S Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh II. Trn Minh Tng III. Trn Hin Tng 1. Gic Ngu Hng 2. Gic Ai Lao

Nh Trn

I. Trn Anh Tng (1293-1314)

Nin-hiu: Hng Long
vua Anh Tng.

1. c Vua Anh Tng.

Thi t Trn Thuyn ln ngi, tc l

Anh Tng lc u hay ung ru v m thng hay ln ra ngoi i chi, c khi b v li phm n. Mt hm ung ru say n ni Nhn Tng Thng Hong Thin Trng v kinh, cc quan u ra n rc c, m vua vn nm ng. Thng Hong gin lm, truyn xa gi lp tc v Thin Trng v h chiu cho bch quan phi v y hi ngh. Khi Anh Tng tnh ru, bit thng hong v kinh, s hi qu, vi vng chy ra ngoi cung gp mt ngi hc tr tn l on Nh Hi, mn tho bi biu dng ln t ti, ri cng vi Nh Hi xung thuyn i sut m n ph Thin Trng. Thng Hong xem biu ri qu mng mt lc, v tha li cho Anh Tng. V n kinh s, Anh Tng cho on Nh Hi lm ng s trung tn, v t y khng ung ru na. T xa n nay vua An Nam vn c tc ly chm v rng vo i, nhng Anh Tng khng mun theo tc ny. Mt hm Thng Hong bo Anh Tng rng: " Dng di nh mnh vn v mnh nh gc ngy xa, nay nh vua 64

phi theo tc y mi c". Anh Tng tuy vng mnh nhng la khi Thng Hong bn vic khc, ln i khng cho v. T y, vua An Nam mi khng v mnh na. Tnh vua Anh Tng hay v: thng c lm mt tp Thy Vn Ty Bt, nhng n lc sp mt em t i khng cho li. S c chp rng khi Anh Tng au nng, hong hu cho i gi thy tng v lm l xem s sinh t, Anh Tng gt i m bo rng: " Thy tng cht u m bit c s cht". Xem th th bit Anh Tng l mt ng vua hiu tho v li thng minh, cho nn vic triu chnh thi by gi c cng k lm. Trong triu li c nhng ngi ti gii ht lng gip vic nc. Vn nh bn ng Trng Hn Siu, v nh ng Phm Ng Lo u l ngi c ti tr c. Phm Ng Lo l ngi lng Ph ng, huyn M Ho, tnh Hi Dng59, trc theo Trn Hng o Vng nh gic Nguyn, lp c cng to. Triu nh trng dng cho lm i tng. Ng Lo tr qun c k lut, i tng hiu nh ngi nh, vi s tt cng chu cam kh, cho nn vn gi qun ca ng y l ph t chi binh, nh u c y, thnh mt ngi danh tng nc Nam ta. ng Phm Ng Lo gii ngh v, li hay ngh vn, thng ngm bi th thut hoi sau ny: Honh so giang sn cp k thu60 Tam qun t h kh thn ngu Nam nhi v liu cng danh tri Tu thnh nhn gian thuyt V hu. Thi by gi vua hin, ti trung, php tc nghim trang, thng pht phn minh, chnh tr khng c iu g h . Vic hc hnh m mang rng ri, cho nn nhng ngi c ti vn hc nh bn ng Mc nh Chi, ng Nguyn Trung Ngn u c thi , ra lm quan gip vic triu nh. Tht l mt thi rt thnh v i nh Trn vy.

2. Trn Hng o Vng mt. Trong i vua Anh Tng c my ngi danh tng nh l: Thng Tng Trn Quang Khi, thng trn Chng Dng ngy trc, mt nm gip ng (1294), v Hng o Vng Trn Quc Tun, mt ngy 20 thng tm nm canh t (1300).
Hng o Vng l mt danh tng nht nc Nam, nh gic Nguyn c cng to vi nc, c phong lm Thi S, Thng Ph, Thng Quc Cng, Bnh Bc i Nguyn Sy, Hng o i Vng. Vua li sai ngi v Vn Kip lm sinh t th ngi ch dinh c ca ngy ng ngy trc. Hng o Vng lm quan n i vua Anh Tng th xin v tr s Vn Kip. Khi ngi sp mt, vua Anh Tng c ng gi n thm, nhn thy ngi bnh nng, mi hi rng: " Thng ph mt mai khut ni, phng c qun bc li sang th lm th no? " Hng o Vng tu rng: " Nc ta thu xa, Triu V Vng dng nghip, Hn em binh n nh, V Vng sai dn t sch ng ng, khng lng tho cho gic chim c, ri em i qun sang chu Khm, chu Lim nh qun Trng Sa61 dng on binh m nh c, l mt thi. n i inh, L, nhiu ngi hin lng gip , by gi nc Nam ang cng, vua ti ng lng, bng dn phn chn; m bn Tu ang lc suy nhc, cho nn ta p thnh Bnh L (thuc Thi Nguyn) ph c qun nh Tng, l mt thi. n i nh L, qun Tng sang xm, L sai L Thng Kit nh mt Khm, Lim, dn n Mai Lnh, qun hng, tng dng, l c th nh c. K n bn triu, gic Nguyn ko n vy bc bn mt, may c vua ti ng lng, anh em ha mc, c nc u sc li m nh, mi bt c tng kia, cng l lng tri gip ta mi c th. i , k kia cy c trng trn, m ta th cy c on binh; ly on chng nhau vi trng, php dng binh thng vn phi nh th. Cn nh khi no qun gic ko n m m, nh gi, nh la, th y li d chng. Nu n dng cch dn d, nh tm n l, thong th m khng ham ca dn, khng cn ly mau vic, th y mi kh tr; th ta nn kn dng tng gii, liu xem quyn bin, v nh nh c, phi ty c m ng bin, dng binh phi dn lng nh cha con mt nh, th mi c th nh c.
61 Ch ny Hng o Vng ni lm: Triu V Vng ng Phin Ngung tc l gn thnh Qung Chu by gi, m chu Khm, chu Lim th gip gii nc ta. L no i nh Trng Sa tnh H Nam m li quay tr li chu Khim, chu Lim. Chc hn ngi mnh ngy trc khng thuc a v c l rng Hng o Vng lc ni chuyn cng tng l kinh ca Triu V Vng u bn nc ta by gi, cho nn mi ni nh th chng?

By gi thuc tnh Hng Yn Bi ny c ngi dch ra nm nh sau: Ngn gio non sng tri my thu Ba qun hng h kh thn ngu Cng danh nu cn vng n Lung thn tai nghe chuyn V hu
60

59

65

Cch y ct phi t lc bnh th khoan sc cho dn, lm k su r bn gc, l ci thut gi nc hay hn c." Anh Tng chu li y rt l phi. c my hm th ngi mt, vua cng cc quan ai ny u cm thng lm. Hng o Vng thc l ht lng vi vua, vi nc, tuy rng uy quyn lng ly, m vn gi chc phn lm ti, khng dm iu g kiu ngo. ang khi qun Nguyn quy nhiu, ngi cm binh quyn, Thnh Tng, Nhn Tng cho ngi c chuyn quyn phong tc: tr ra t tc hu tr xung, cho ngi c phong trc ri mi tu sau. Th m ngi khng dm t tin phong thng cho ai c; phm nhng nh giu m ngi c quyn tin go cp cho qun n, ngi ch phong cho lm gi lan tng m thi, ngha l tng cho vay lng. Ngi cn thn nh th v vi ai cng tht l cng chnh cho nn n khi ngi mt, t vua cho ch bch tnh ai cng thng tic. Nhn dn nhiu ni lp n th phng ghi nh ci cng c ca ngi. T khi qun nh Nguyn thua chy v Tu ri, pha bc c yn, nhng pha ty nam c qun Ai Lao thng hay sang quy nhiu mn Thanh Ha, Ngh An. Trc vua Nhn Tng thn chinh i nh gic li sang cp ph. Sau Anh Tng sai tng qun l Phm Ng Lo i nh ba bn phen na. nh trn no qun Lo cng b git hi rt nhiu, cho nn t pha Thanh, Ngh, mi c yn. Nc Chim Thnh i vi An Nam t ngy nh Trn ln lm vua, hai nc khng c iu g li thi. n khi Nhn Tng i nh Lo tr v, th b i tu, trc cha V Lm ( lng V Lm, ph Yn Khnh, tnh Ninh Bnh), sau v An T Sn (huyn Yn Hng, tnh Qung Yn). Nm tn su (1301) Thng Hong i sang Chim Thnh sang phong cnh, c c g Huyn Trn Cng Cha cho vua Chim l Ch Mn. c t lu Ch Mn cho ngi a vng bc v cc sn vt sang cng v xin ci. Triu thn c nhiu ngi khng thun. Ch Mn li xin dng Chu v Chu R lm l ci, by gi Anh Tng mi quyt thun g. n thng su nm bnh ng (1306) cho cng cha v Chim Thnh.

Sang nm sau (1307) vua Anh Tng thu nhn hai Chu v Chu R, i tn l Thun Chu v Ha Chu, ri sai quan l on Nh Hi vo kinh l v t quan cai tr. Huyn Trn Cng Cha ly Ch Mn cha c mt nm th Ch Mn mt, m theo tc Chim Thnh, h khi vua cht, th cc hu phi ha thiu cht theo. Anh Tng c tin y, sai Trn Khc Chung, gi mn ting vo thm tm k a cng cha v. T khi Ch Mn mt ri, Ch Ch ln lm vua Chim Thnh. Nhng Ch Ch hay phn trc, khng gi nhng iu giao c trc, cho nn nm tn hi (1311), Anh Tng cng vi Hu V Vng Trn Quc Chn, Nhn Hu Vng Trn Khnh D phn binh lm ba o sang nh Chim Thnh, bt c Ch Ch em v An Nam v phong cho ngi em l Ch A B lm vua Chim Thnh. Ch Ch v An Nam c phong l Hiu Thun Vng, nhng chng c bao lu th mt huyn Gia Lm. Vua sai a ha tng. T v sau nc Chim v nc Nam thnh ra c iu th on mi. Nm mu thn (1308) Nhn Tng Thng Hong mt cha Yn T Sn. Nm gip dn (1314) Anh Tng nhng ngi cho thi t Mnh, ri v lm Thi Thng Hong ph Thin Trng n nm canh thn (1320) th mt. Anh Tng tr v c 21 nm, nhng ngi c 6 nm, th 54 tui.

3. Vic nh Ai Lao.

4. S Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh.

II. Trn Minh Tng (1314-1329)

Nin-hiu: i Khnh (1314 - 1323) Khai Thi (1324 - 1329)
Nm gip dn (1314) Thi T Mnh ln ngi lm vua, tc l vua Minh Tng. Thi by gi lm quan ti triu c on Nh Hi, Phm Ng Lo, Trng Hn Siu, Mc nh Chi, Nguyn Trung Ngn, Chu Vn An, v.v... u l nhng ngi c ti cn tr l c. Trong nc c yn tr; giao hiu vi nc Tu th tuy rng c li thi v ng phn a gii, nhng i khi vn c ha ho. Duy ch c 66

nc Chim Thnh t khi Ch Ch cht ri, th ngi Chim c hay sang quy nhiu pha nam, cho nn phi dng n can qua. Nm mu ng (1318), Minh Tng sai Hu V Vng Trn Quc Chn v tng qun Phm Ng Lo em binh i nh, vua Chim l Ch Nng phi b thnh m chy. Cn nhng vic chnh tr trong nc, th nm t mo (1315), lp l cm ngi trong h khng c i tha kin nhau; nm bnh thn (1316) duyt nh vn v quan cp; nm qu hi (1323) m khoa thi Thi Hc Sinh; nm y li cm qun s khng c v mnh nh trc. Nc ta b thi v mnh t y. Minh Tng vn l ng vua c lng nhn hu, hay thng yu nhn dn, nhng ch v nghe nnh thn cho nn git oan Hu V Vng Trn Quc Chn, l ngi lm quan c cng vi nc. Trn Quc Chn l thn sinh ra hong hu v li c cng i nh Chim Thnh thng trn my ln. Nhng v Hong Hu cha c hong t, triu thn phn ra lm 2 ng, mt ng th c Vn Hin Hu v Trn Khc Chung, xin lp hong t Vng l con b th, lm thi t. Mt ng th c Trn Quc Chn xin ch cho hong hu c con trai ri s lp thi t. Sau Vn Hin Hu cho tn Trn Nhc l y t ca Trn Quc Chn mt trm lng vng xi n vu co cho Quc Chn lm mu phn. Minh Tng bt Quc Chn em giam cha T Phc. Trn Khc Chung xin vua tr Quc Chn i, ly l rng bt h th d, th h th kh. Minh Tng nghe li y, cm khng cho Quc Chn n ung g c, n i kht nc qu, Hong Hu phi ly o nhng xung nc ri mc vo vt ra cho ung. Ung xong th cht. Sau c ngi v l tn Trn Nhc ghen nhau vi v c, i t co ra s Trn Nhc ly vng v s vu co cho Trn Quc Chn. By gi mi r ci tnh oan ca mt ngi trung thn. Minh Tng lm vua n nm t t (1329), th nhng ngi cho thi t Vng, ri v lm Thi Thng Hong.

Hin Tng ch lm vua ly v m thi, quyn chnh c tay Minh Tng Thng Hong, cho nn tuy ngi c lm vua c non 13 nm, nhng khng c t ch vic g. Minh Tng Thng Hong va nhng ngi xong, th mn Giang c Mng Ngu Hng lm lon. Thng Hong phi thn chinh i nh. Ngi Ngu Hng tri Chim Chiu a th n gi xin hng. Nhng khi o qun Thanh Ha i n ni, th b ngi tri y ra nh, phi thua chy. Thng hong em i binh tin ln, thanh th lng ly, qun Ngu Hng b chy c vo rng. Qun gic tuy thua nhng khng tr ht c, mi n nm inh su (1377) tng nh Trn l Hng Hiu Vng chm c th ng Ngu Hng tri Trnh K, th gic y mi yn. Trong khi gic Ngu Hng cn ang quy nhiu, gic Ai Lao li sang nh ph. Nm gip tut (1384) Minh Tng Thng Hong li phi thn chinh i nh. Sai ng Nguyn Trung Ngn vo Thanh Ha sung chc Pht Vn S vn lng i trc, Thng Hong em i qun vo sau. Khi i qun vo n Kim Chu (thuc huyn Tng Dng, Ngh An), qun Ai Lao nghe ting u b chy c. Thng Hong bn sai ng Nguyn Trung Ngn lm bi bia khc trn ni ghi cng. Bi bia y ch to bng bn tay, khc vo su mt tc, n nay vn cn. Vn bi bia y dch ra ch nm nh sau ny: "Chng nghiu Vn trit Thi thng hong l vua th su i nh Trn, nc Hong Vit chu mnh tri nht thng ci trung h, trong t ngoi b u cng thn phc. Nc Ai Lao nh mn kia dm ngnh vng ha; cui ma thu nm t hi vua thn em su qun i tun ci ty, Th t nc Chim Thnh, nc Chn Lp, nc Tim La v t trng cc do mn l Qu, Cm, Xa, Lc, t trng r B Man mi ph v cc b Mn Thanh xa u mang phng vt tranh nhau n n rc. Ch c tn nghch Bng c gi m ti, s phi ti cha li chu ngay. Cui ma ng vua ng qun cnh ng C, thuc chu Mt, sai cc tng v qun r mi vo tn nc, nghch Bng theo gi chy trn. Vua mi xung chiu em qun v. Lc by gi l ngy thng chp nhun nm t hi, nin hiu Khai Hu th 7, khc vo ". 67

1. Gic Ngu Hng.

2. Gic Ai Lao.

III. Trn Hin Tng (1329-1341)

Nin-hiu: Khai Hu
Thi T Vng mi c 10 tui, ln lm vua tc l vua Hin Tng.

Xem vn t th hnh nh vic Minh Tng Thng Hong i nh Ai Lao tht l hng hch lm, nhng c s thc th qun ta by gi cha ra khi ci, m gic Ai Lao th cha tr c. Cn nh vic th t nc Chn Lp v nc Tim La, v.v.... sang chu, th thit tng y l mt li lm vn ca nh lm bia ni cho trn trng m thi, ch cha chc hp vi s thc. Nm sau qun Ai Lao li sang cp p Nam Nhung (thuc huyn Tng Dng, tnh Ngh An). Minh Tng thng hong li ng gi i nh ln na. Ngi sai quan Kinh Lc i S tnh Ngh An l on Nh Hi lm c ch qun. on Nh Hi khi qun lo hn yu, chc nh l tt c. n khi em qun n p Nam Nhung qua sng Tit La, chng may phi hm c sng m, b phc binh ca Lo ra nh, quan qun thua chy c xung sng, cht ui nhiu lm. on Nh Hi cng cht ui. Xt ra nc Ai Lao sang quy nhiu t An Nam t i vua Nhn Tng v vua Anh Tng. Quan qun phi i nh nhiu ln, nhng ln no nh xong th cng ch yn c vi ba nm, ri gic li sang nh ph. M quan qun c i nh th cng nh cho n ng sang n cp t mnh na m thi, ch khng c lc no nh chim gi t Lo c. C l l ti t Lo nhiu rng lm ni, phi sn lam thy chng, ng s xa si, vn ti kh nhc, cho nn qun ta khng c lu. Cn ngi Lo th h thuc ng s, quen phong th, tin thoi ty tin; thng trn th h tin ln nh, bi trn th h rt qun i, mnh khng bit u m ui. Bi th cho nn qun ta vn nh c gic m gic vn cn, thnh ra c phi i nh mi. Hin Tng lm vua n nm tn t (1341) th mt, tr v c 13 nm, th 23 tui.

CHNG X

Nh Trn -

Thi K Th Ba ( 1341 - 1400 )

I. Trn D Tng 1. Vic chnh tr 2. Vic giao thip vi nc Tu 3. Vic giao thip vi Chim Thnh 4. Dng Nht L II. Trn Ngh Tng III. Trn Du Tng 1. Vic chnh tr 2. S thi c 3. Vic nh Chim Thnh IV. Trn Ph 1. Chim Thnh sang ph Thng Long 2. Tnh th nc Nam 3. Nh Minh sch nhiu 4. Ngh Tng tht chnh 5. L Qu Ly git Hin V. Trn Thun Tng 1. Phm S n khi lon 2. Ch Bng Nga t trn 3. L Qu Ly chuyn quyn 4. Ngh Tng mt VI. L Qu Ly mu s thon ot 1. Vic ti chnh 2. Vic hc hnh 3. Vic cai tr 4. Lp Ty 5. S ph lp: Trn Thiu

I. Trn D Tng (1341-1369)

Nin-hiu: Thiu Phong (1341 - 1357) i Tr ( 1358-1369)
68

1. Vic Chnh Tr. Hin Tng khng c con, Minh Tng thng hong lp ngi em tn l Ho ln lm vua, tc l vua D Tng.
Trong nhng nm Thiu Phong, l mi my nm u, tuy D Tng lm vua, nhng quyn chnh tr Minh Tng thng hong quyt on c, cho nn du c phi my nm tai bin mt ma i kh, nhng vic chnh tr cn c th t. T nm i Tr nguyn nin (1358) tr i, Thng Hong mt ri, bn cu thn nh ng Trng Hn Siu, ng Nguyn Trung Ngn cng mt c, t vic chnh tr b tr ni. K gian thn mi ngy mt c ch. ng Chu Vn An l mt nh danh nho thi by gi v ang lm quan ti triu, thy chnh tr bi hoi, lm s dng ln xin chm by ngi quyn thn. Vua khng nghe, ng y b quan v ni Ch Linh. Vua D Tng v sau c ru ch chi bi, xy cung in, o h p ni, ri li cho gi nhng ngi nh giu vo trong in nh bc. Bt vng hu cng cha phi t chuyn ht tung62 v bt cc quan thi nhau ung ru, ai ung ru c mt trm thng th thng cho hai trt. Chnh s nh th, cho nn gic cp ni ln nh ong dy: mn Hi Dng th c gic Ng B lm lon ni Yn Ph; cc ni th ch no cng c gic ni ln cp ph. Dn tnh kh s, nm no cng phi i km. C nghip nh Trn bt u suy t y.

Nc Nam ta by gi tuy suy nhc, nhng m nh Minh mi nh xong thin h, cn phi sa sang vic nc, cha dm n nc mnh, cho nn cng cha c vic g quan trng lm. T khi vua nc Chim Thnh l Ch A Nan mt ri, con l Ch M v r l B tranh nhau lm vua. Ngi Chim Thnh b Ch M m theo B ; qua nm nhm thn (1352) Ch M chy sang An Nam cu cu. n nm qu t (1353) D Tng cho qun a Ch M v nc, nhng quan qun i n t C Ly (thuc Qung Ngha) th b qun Chim nh thua, phi chy tr v. Ch M cng bun ru chng bao lu th cht. Nam. Ngi Chim Thnh t y c th c sang cp ph t An

3. Vic Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh.

Nm inh mi (1367), D Tng sai Trn Th Hng v T Bnh i nh Chim Thnh. Quan qun i n Chim ng (thuc ph Thng Bnh, tnh Qung Nam) b phc qun ca Chim Thnh nh bt mt Trn Th Hng, T Bnh em qun chy tr v. Ngi Chim thy binh th nc Nam suy nhc, c khinh d, cho nn qua nm mu thn (1368) vua nc Chim cho s sang i t Ha Chu. Vic i Ha Chu ny th s ch chp qua i m thi. V by gi nc Nam ta, vua D Tng ch lo vic hoang chi, khng tng g n vic V b; m bn Chim Thnh th c Ch Bng Nga, l mt ng vua anh hng, c nh An Nam ra nhng th trc. Vy cho nn ht sc tp trn, luyn binh; bt qun lnh phi chu kh nhc cho quen, dn trn voi cho tin ng lui ti: thng th cho voi i trc xng t, bi th cho voi i sau ngn gi qun nghch. Nh cch xp t c th t, dng binh c k lut nh th, cho nn qun Chim Thnh t mnh lm, sau dnh ph thnh Thng Long my ln, lm cho vua ti nh Trn phi knh s my phen.

2. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nc Tu. By gi bn Tu, nh Nguyn suy, trong nc ri lon, c bn Trn Hu Lng, Trng S Thnh, Chu Nguyn Chng khi binh nh ph.
Chu Nguyn Chng dy binh t T Chu (tnh An Huy), chim gi thnh Kim Lng, ri trong 15 nm dt c nh Nguyn dp yn thin h, dng nn c nghip nh Minh. Nm mu thn (1368) Minh Thi T sai s a th sang d nc ta, D Tng sai quan L B Th Lang l o Vn ch sang cng.

4. Dng Nht L (1369 - 1370). Nm k du (1369), vua D Tng mt, khng c con. Triu nh nh lp Cung nh Vng l anh D Tng ln lm vua, nhng m b Hong Thi Hu nht nh lp ngi con nui ca Cung Tc Vng l Dng Nht L.
Nguyn m Nht L l ngi con ht, ly ngi ht bi tn l Dng Khng, c thai ri mi b Dng Khng m ly Cung Tc Vng, sinh ra 69

62

Khi qun nh Trn nh c qun nh Nguyn, c bt c mt tn ht bi l L Nguyn Ct, sau n li nc ta ly c truyn m t thnh bi tung, ri dy ngi mnh ht. Khi con ht ra lm tr th mc o gm, o vc, theo nhp n nhp trng m ht. S ht tung ca Vit Nam bt u t y.

Nht L. Nay ln lm vua, Nht L mun ci h l Dng dt ngi nh Trn, ri git b Hong Thi Hu v Cung nh Vng. By gi Cung Tnh Vng ch Kinh S cng s b hi, v li tnh kh cng nhu nhc, khng c tranh cnh, mi b trn ln mn Giang. Cc quan Tn tht nh Trn mi hi nhau em binh v bt Nht L git i, ri rc Cung Tnh Vng v lm vua. Tc l vua Ngh Tng.

By gi qun Chim Thnh c sang quy nhiu mi, vua Du Tng quyt i nh bo th, bn h chiu luyn tp qun lnh, lm chin thuyn, v tch lng tho phng vic chinh chin, ri t thm qun hiu, cho Qu Ly lm Tham mu qun s; di t Hoan Chu lm Ngh An, Din Chu lm Din Chu L, Lm Bnh Ph lm Tn Bnh Ph, ri sai quan bt dn sa sang ng s t Cu Chn (Thanh Ha) cho n huyn H Hoa (tc l huyn K Anh by gi).

II. Trn Ngh Tng (1370-1372)

Nin-hiu: Thiu Khnh
Khi Ngh Tng git Nht L ri, m Nht L chy sang Chim Thnh, xin vua nc y l Ch Bng Nga em qun sang nh An Nam. Qun Chim vc b vo ca i An, ko ln nh Thng Long. Quan qun nh khng ni. Ngh Tng phi lnh mnh chy sang ng Ngn ( C Php lng nh Bng). Qun Chim vo thnh, t sch cung in, bt n b con gi, ly ht cc bu ngc, ri rt qun v. Ngh Tng l mt ng vua nhu nhc, vic g cng cho ngi ngoi thch l L Qu Ly quyt on c. Qu Ly l dng di ngi Chit Giang bn Tu, t l H Hng Dt, t i Ng Qu sang nc ta, lng Bo t, huyn Qunh Lu. Sao ng t t i l H Lim di ra Thanh Ha, lm con nui nh L Hun, cho nn mi i h l L. L Qu Ly c hai ngi c ly vua Minh Tng. Mt ngi sinh ra vua Ngh Tng, mt ngi sinh ra vua Du Tng. V th cho nn Ngh Tng cng tin dng lm, phong cho lm Khu Mt i S, li gia tc Trung Tuyn Hu. Nm nhm t (1372) Ngh Tng truyn ngi cho em l Knh, ri v ph Thin Trng lm Thi Thng Hong.

2. S Thi C. Tuy by gi lo vic v b nhiu, nhng cng khng qun vic vn hc; nm gip dn (1374) m khoa thi tin s, ly hn 50 ngi cho o mo vinh quy. Trc vn c thi thi hc sinh, n by gi mi i ra l thi tin s.
Nm bnh thn (1376) qun Chim li sang ph Ha Chu. Du Tng nh thn chinh i nh. nh thn can khng c. Sai qun dn Thanh Ha, Ngh An, vn ti 5 vn thch lng vo Ho chu, ri rc Thng Hong ln duyt binh Bch Hc. Nhn nm y vua Chim Thnh l Ch Bng Nga em sang cng 15 mm vng, qun trn th Ha chu tn l T Bnh ly i, ri dng s v ni rng Ch Bng Nga ngo mn v l, xin vua c binh sang nh. c tin y, Du Tng quyt i nh; sai Qu Ly c vn lng thc n ca b Di Lun (thuc huyn Bnh Chnh, Qung Bnh) v t lnh 12 vn qun, c thy b cng tin; i n ca b Nht L ( lng ng Hi, huyn Phong Lc, Qung Bnh) ng li mt thng luyn tp s tt. Quan thng ging nm inh t (1377) mi tin qun vo ca Th Ni (tc l ca Quy Nhn) nh ly n Thch Kiu v ng K Mang, ri ko qun n nh thnh Bn l Kinh Chim Thnh63. Ch Bng Nga lp n gi ngoi thnh, ri cho ngi sang gi hng ni Ch Bng Nga b thnh chy trn ri, ch cn c thnh khng m thi, xin tin binh sang ngay. Du Tng ly iu y lm tht, h lnh truyn tin binh vo thnh. i tng l L can mi vua khng nghe. Khi qun gn n thnh Bn, qu nhin b qun Chim ra vy nh. Quan qun thua to; Du Tng cht trn, tng s qun lnh cht mi phn n by tm. By gi T Bnh lnh hu qun khng em binh ln cu, L Qu Ly cng b chy v. Th m hai ngi v kinh, Ngh Tng thng hong ch ging T Bnh xung lm lnh m thi.
63

3. Vic nh Chim Thnh.

III. Trn Du Tng (1372-1377)

Nin-hiu: Long Khnh

1. Vic Chnh Tr. Thi T Knh ln ngi, tc l vua Du Tng, lp L Th lm hong hu (L Th l em h Qu Ly).
Du Tng c tnh quyt on hn Ngh Tng, nhng m quyn bnh vn tay Ngh Tng thng hong c. 70

Thnh Bn by gi hy cn di tch huyn Tuy Vin, tnh Khnh Ha.

IV. Trn Ph (1377-1388)

Nin-hiu: Xng Ph
Thng Hong c tin Du Tng cht trn ri, bn lp con Du Tng l Hin ln ni ngi, tc l vua Ph . Qun Chim Thnh ph c qun An Nam v git c Du Tng ri, qua thng sau em qun sang nh Thng Long. Thng hong nghe tin gic n, sai tng ra gi i An hi khu. Gic bit ch y c phng b, i vo ca Thn Ph (sng Chnh i, thuc huyn Yn M, Ninh Bnh) ri ln cp ph thnh Thng Long, khng ai chng gi c. Thng nm nm mu ng (1378) qun Chim Thnh li sang nh t Ngh An, ri li vo sng i Hong ln nh Thng Long ln na. Qun Chim Thnh bit nc Nam suy nhc, c sang cp ph. Nm canh thn (1380) li sang ph t Thanh Ha, Ngh An. Vua sai L Qu Ly lnh thy binh, T Bnh lnh b binh vo gi Ngu Giang, huyn Hong Ha (Thanh Ha). L Qu Ly nh ui c qun Chim v. n nm nhm tut (1382) qun Chim li sang nh t Thanh Ha. L Qu Ly cng vi tng qun Nguyn a Phng gi bn Thn u (Ninh Bnh). Nguyn a Phng ph c qun Chim, ui nh n t Ngh An mi thi. T khi nh c trn Ngu Giang v trn Thn u, qun th An Nam hi ni, cho nn sang thng ging nm qu hi (1383). Thng hong sai Qu Ly vo n Li B Nng Loan (tc l ca Nng Loan by gi huyn K Anh, H Tnh) phi bo nh nt mt nhiu thuyn, li phi rt qun v. Qua thng su nm y, Ch Bng Nga cng vi tng l La Khi em qun i ng sn l ra ng Khng Mc, t Qung Oai. kinh s nghe tin gic Chim li sang, Thng hong sai tng l Mt n ra gi chu Tam K a ht Quc Oai, nhng Mt n b qun Chim nh bt mt. Thng Hong s hi, sai Nguyn a Phng li kinh s lm n gi thnh, ri cng vi vua chy sang ng Ngn. By gi c ngi nu thuyn li xin Thng hong c li kinh s m chng gi vi gic. Thng hong khng nghe. Qun Chim Thnh by gi ra vo nc Nam ta nh i vo ch khng ngi, cho nn trong my nm m vo ph kinh thnh 3 ln; ba ln 71

thng hong cng Hin phi b thnh m chy. Th m n khi gic v ri, cng khng sa sang g phng b v sau, tht l lm nhc ci ting con chu Trn Hng o Vng.

1. Chim Thnh Sang Ph Thng Long.

2. Tnh Th Nc Nam. Trong nc by gi dn tnh i kh, nh vua th s gic phi a ca i chn trn ni Thin Kin, tc l ni Kin Kh, huyn Thanh Lim. ngoi b ci th ngi Chim hay vo nh ch ny, mai vo ph ch khc, nh nc mi ngy mt hn yu, n ni phi nh n l tng nhn l bn i Nn Thin S i nh gic Chim.
Thu m th cng ngy cng nng. Trc dn An Nam c phi nh nghch chu thu, sng khng k, cht khng tr, ai lm lnh, th c i ch phi lm lnh, ch khng bao gi c lm quan. Cn nhng ngi c in th th phi ng tin, ai khng c g th thi. Khi no c binh s, th nhng ngi c rung, c ng du, hay l c m c phi chu thc, tin v vi, cho qun dng. n nay gic gi lun, kho tng trng thc, T Bnh64 xin vi vua bt mi sut inh mi nm phi ng 3 quan tin thu. Thu thn sinh ra t y.

3. Nh Minh Sch Nhiu. bn Tu th by gi nh Minh dt c nh Nguyn, li c dm t An Nam. Thng thng cho s i li sch ci n, i ci kia; nm gip t (1384) Minh Thi T cho s sang bt An Nam phi cp 5000 thch lng cho qun nh Minh ng Vn Nam. Nm sau (1385) li cho s sang em 20 tng nhn An Nam v Kim Lng, ri li i phi cng cy qu, phi np lng, ch l xem tnh th nc Nam ra th no.
Vua Ngh Tng tuy gi quyn chnh tr, nhng vic g cng do L Qu Ly. Triu nh th ch c mt xu nnh, ngi no cng ch lo ly thn m thi, vic nc an nguy th no khng ai lo ngh n. Nhng ngi tn tht nh Trn Nguyn n65 thy quc chnh r ri, xin v tr s. Mt hm Thng hong n thm bn n hu s, Nguyn n tu rng: " Xin b h th nh Minh nh cha, yu nc Chim Thnh nh con, th quc gia s khng vic g, m lo thn cht cng khng hm !" y l ch bn nhng chuyn lm ti t m thi, ch khng c ch mun cho nc mnh cng thnh. Nguyn n bit rng Qu Ly sau ny tt cp ngi nh Trn, bn kt lm thng gia, v th cho nn sau dng di nh Trn cht c, duy ch c con ci nh Nguyn n c ph qu m thi.
T Bnh trc i nh Chim Thnh c ti phi y i lm lnh. Nay khng bit lm th no c phc chc. 65 Trn Nguyn n l chu tng tn Trn Quang Khi.
64

4. Ngh Tng Tht Chnh.

Ngh Tng Thng Hong th c m mt, khng bit ai trung ai nnh, vn tng l L Qu Ly ht lng vi nh vua, bn cho L Qu Ly gm v c c ch rng: "Vn V Ton Ti, Qun Thn ng c". L Qu Ly lm th nm dng t.

5. L Qu Ly Mu Git Hin. By gi Hin thy Thng hong yu dng Qu Ly, mi bn vi cc quan thy rng nu khng tr i ri sau tt thnh ra v to. Qu Ly bit mu y, n ku van vi Thng hong rng: " C lai ch b chu nui con, ch cha thy ai b con nui chu bao gi". Thng hong nghe li, xung chiu trch Hin cn tnh tr con v li c hi k cng thn, lm nguy x tc; vy phi ging xung lm Minh c i Vng, v lp Chiu nh Vng l con Ngh Tng ln ni ngi.
Khi t chiu y b co ra ngoi, c my ngi tng qun toan a qun vo in cu Hin ra, nhng vua vit hai ch "gii gip" v khng cho c tri mnh ca Thng hong. Sau Hin b tht c cht, cn nhng tng s ng mu git Qu Ly u b hi c.

2. Ch Bng Nga T Trn. Nm k t (1389) Ch Bng Nga li em qun ra nh Thanh Ha. Vua sai L Qu Ly em binh vo chng gi lng C V. Quan qun ng cc ngn sng ra gi nhau vi gic hn 20 ngy. Gic bn phc binh, ri gi tng rt qun v. L Qu Ly em qun thy b ui nh, b phc binh ca gic ra nh, git hi mt nhiu. Qu Ly trn chy v kinh ngi t tng l Phm Kh Vnh, v tng qun l Nguyn a Phng chng nhau vi gic Ngu Giang. Bn Nguyn a Phng thy qun mnh yu th, gi tng by c gin thuyn ra ri n m rt qun v.
Qua thng mi mt, qun Chim li vo sng Hong gian, Thng hong sai quan tng l Trn Kht Chn67 em binh i chng gi vi gic. Trn Kht Chn khc v ly ri ra i, Thng hong cng khc. Xem th th bit vua ti nh Trn, by gi ly qun Chim thnh lm khip s lm. Trn Kht Chn em qun n Hong Giang xem khng c ch no ng qun c tin li, bn rt v ng sng Hi Triu ( vo a phn Huyn Hng Nhn, tnh Thi Bnh v huyn Tin L, tnh Hng Yn, tc l sng Luc). n thng ging nm canh ng (1390) Ch Bng Nga i thuyn n xem hnh th qun ca Trn Kht Chn. By gi c thng y t ca Ch Bng Nga c ti, s phi git, chy sang hng vi Trn Kht Chn. Nhn khi Ch Bng Nga em hn 100 chic thuyn n gn tri ca qun nh Trn ng, tn y t y ch ci thuyn ca Ch Bng Nga cho Kht Chn. Kht Chn mi truyn ly sng bn vo thuyn y. Ch Bng Nga trng phi n cht. Quan qun ra nh, qun Chim thy quc vng cht u b chy c. Quan qun nh ui ri ct ly u Ch Bng Nga em v dng triu nh. Thng Hong thy u Ch Bng Nga, t v mnh nh Hn Cao T thy u Hng V, rt l vui v. on ri nh cng thng tc cc tng s. Tng Chim Thnh l La Khi em xc Ch Bng Nga ha tng xong ri, dem qun tr v nc, chim ly ngi vua Chim Thnh. Hai ngi con Ch Bng Nga phi chy sang hng An Nam, u c phong tc hu c.

V. Trn Thun Tng (1388-1398)

Nin-hiu: Quang Thi
Ngh Tng Thng Hong nghe Qu Ly m git Hin ri lp ngi con t ca mnh l Chiu nh Vng ln lm vua, tc l vua Thun Tng. By gi trong triu th L Qu Ly chuyn quyn, chn nhng chn tay cai qun cc i qun lm vy cnh, ngoi cc trn th gic gi ni ln nhiu lm. Thanh Ha c tn Nguyn Thanh t xng l Linh c Vng lm lon Lng Giang; tn Nguyn K t xng l L Vng lm lon Nng Cng. Quc Oai th c ngi s tn l Phm S n ni ln em qun v nh Kinh S. Thng Hong, Thun Tng v Triu nh phi b chy ln Bc giang. Phm S n ly c Kinh s, ba ngy ri rt v Quc Oai. By gi c tng qun l Hong Phng Th ng Hong Giang66 phng gi qun Chim Thnh, nghe tin S n phm t Kinh s mi em qun v nh ln bt c S n v ph tan gic y.

1. Phm S n khi lon.

66

Hong Giang l khc sng Hng H v huyn Nam Xang, H Nam.

67

Trn Kht Chn l dng di Trn Bnh Trng.

72

T khi gic Chim yn, L Qu Ly cng ngy cng kiu hnh. Bao nhiu nhng ngi m khng tng phc mnh th xui Thng hong git i; hong t, thn vng u b git hi. M Thng hong th c tin Qu Ly mt cch l lng. S phu c ngi dng s tu vi Thng hong rng Qu Ly c mun dm c nghip nh Trn, th Thng hong li a s cho Qu Ly xem, cho nn nhng ngi trung thn khng ai ni nng g na. Uy quyn ca Qu Ly mt ngy mt to, vy cnh mt ngy mt nhiu, Thng hong sau tnh dn dn li bit ly lm s, nhng chm lm ri, th khng sao c na; mi bt ngi v ci tranh t ph cho Qu Ly. Trong tranh y v ng Chu cng gip vua Thnh Vng, ng Hoc Quang gip vua Chiu , ng Gia Ct Lng gip vua Hu Ch, ng T Hin Thnh gip vua L Cao Tng, ri bo Qu Ly rng nh ngi gip con trm cng nn nh th. Mt hm Thng hong gi Qu Ly vo trong in m bo rng: "Nh ngi l thn tc, cho nn bao nhiu vic nc, trm u y thc cho c; nay quc th suy nhc, trm th gi ri; ngy sau con trm c nn gip th gip, khng th nh ngi t lm ly". Thng hong bt chc cu y ca ng Lu B ni vo ng Khng Minh ngy trc, tng mua chuc c lng Qu Ly. Qu Ly ci m, khu u khc lc m th rng: "Nu h thn khng ht lng, ht sc gip nh vua, th tri tru t dit. V ngy trc Linh c Vng (tc l Ph ) c lng lm hi, nu khng c uy linh ca b h, th nay ngm ci di t, cn u ngy nay na m mi thn nghin ct bo n vn nht! Vy h thn u c g khc, xin b h t lng y cho v ng lo g ! "

3. L Qu Ly Chuyn Quyn.

nm tin th v con phng; mt quan th v con rng. H ai lm giy gi th phi ti chm. Khi c du ng ri th pht ra bt dn phi tiu, cn bao nhiu tin ng th thu np nh vua; ai m du gim th phi ti nh l ti lm giy gi vy. Vic rung t th khi trc nhng nh tn tht c sai y t ra ch t bi ngoi b, p mt vi nm cho ht nc mn, ri khai khn thnh rung, t trang. Nay Qu Ly lp l rng tr nhng bc i vng, cng cha ra, th nhng ngi th dn khng c c hn 10 mu, ai c tha ra th phi a np quan, v ai c ti th c php ly rung m chuc ti.

2. Vic Hc Hnh. T trc th php thi khng c nh vn th; by gi nh li lm t trng vn th v b thi m t; nht trng lm bi kinh ngha; nh trng lm bi thi ph; tam trng lm chiu, ch, biu; t trng lm bi vn sch. Cn nh k thi, th nm trc thi Hng, nm sau thi Hi, ai trng Hi th vo thi mt bi vn sch na nh cao thp.
Nhng quan lm gio chc cc l, ph, chu th c cp rung; nh cc l th c quan c h; ph v chu ln th cc quan gio th c rung 15 mu, ph v chu va th c 12 mu, ph v chu nh th c 10 mu.

3. Vic Cai Tr. trong triu th Qu Ly nh li phm phc ca cc quan; nht phm mc o sc ta; nh phm sc ; tam phm sc hng; t phm sc lc; ng lc, tht phm sc bic; bt, cu phm sc sanh; v phm v hong n68 sc trng.
ngoi th ci cc l lm trn, v t thm quan chc l, ph, v.v.... Thanh Ha i ra Thanh Trn; Quc Oai l Qung Oai Trn; Giang L l Thin Hng Trn; Ngh An L l Lm An Trn; Trng An L l Thin Quan Trn; Din Chu L l Vng Giang Trn; Lng Sn Ph l Lng Sn Trn; Tn Bnh Ph l Ty Bnh Trn. V b cc ti x, ch qun gip nh c m thi. cc l, ph, chu, huyn th t li quan chc. L th t chnh ph An ph s; ph th t chnh ph Trn Ph S; chu th t Thng phn, Thim phn; huyn th t Lnh y, Ch B. L coi ph coi chu, chu coi huyn. L no cNg phi c mt tp s sch v nhng vic inh, in, kin tng, n cui nm th v Kinh k cu.
68

VI. L Qu Ly Mu S Thon ot
Ngh Tng mt ri, Qu Ly ln lm Ph Chnh Thi S vo trong in, dch thin V Du ra ch Nm dy vua v bt ngi ta gi l Ph Chnh Cai Gio Hong . T y Qu Ly c chuyn lm mi vic chc ng thon ot. Vic trong nc, Qu Ly xp t li c, hoc mua chuc ly nhng ngi vy cnh.

1. Vic Ti Chnh. Qu Ly t ra mt cch lm tin giy thu tin ca dn: T giy n 10 ng, th v cy ru b; n 30 ng th v ci sng; n mt tin, th v m my; hai tin th v con ra; ba tin th v con ln;
73

Hong N l y t nh quan.

Qu Ly nh di Kinh vo Thanh Ha cho d ng thon ot, bn sai quan vo xy thnh Ty ng Yn Tn (nay cn di tch x Yn Tn, huyn Vnh Lc, tc gi l Ty Giai). n nm bnh t (1396) Qu Ly bt Thun Tng phi di kinh v Ty Qua thng ba nm sau, Qu Ly lp mu cho ngi o s vo trong cung xui Thun Tng nhng ngi m i tu tin. Thun Tng phi nhng ngi cho con, ri i tu tin cung Bo Thanh ti ni i Li (thuc huyn Vnh Lc, Thanh Ha). Qu Ly bt Thun Tng nhng ngi ri, lp Thi T l n ln lm vua. Thi t by gi mi c 3 tui, tc l Thiu , nin hiu l Kin Tn. L Qu Ly lm ph chnh t xng lm Khm c Hng Lit i Vng, ri sai ngi git Thun Tng i. By gi triu nh c nhng ngi nh l Thi Bo Trn Nguyn Hng, Thng tng qun l Trn Kht Chn lp hi mu tr Qu Ly, chng may s l ra, b git n hn 370 ngi69. L Qu Ly li xng l Quc T Chng Hong, cung Nhn Th, ra vo dng nghi v ca Thin T. n thng hai nm canh thn (1400) Qu Ly b Thiu ri t xng lm vua thay ngi nh Trn. Nh Trn lm vua nc Nam ta k t Trn Thi Tng n Trn Thiu , vi 12 ng vua, c 175 nm, cng vic trong nc sa sang c nhiu, chnh tr lut l u chnh n li, hc hnh thi c th m mang rng thm ra. Li chng vi nh Nguyn gi c giang sn, ly t Chim Thnh m thm b ci, tht l c cng vi nc Nam. Nhng ch c iu lun thng trong nh th by: c chu, anh em, trong h c ly ln nhau, tht l tri vi th tc. Cn nh c nghip nh Trn xiu l ti vua Du Tng v vua Ngh Tng. D Tng th hoang chi, khng chu lo g n vic nc v li lm lon c cng k n ni dn ngho nc yu. Ngh Tng th khng bit phn bit hin gian k quyn thn c th lm lon, thnh ra t mnh ni gio cho gic, t mnh lm hi nh mnh vy.

4. Lp Ty .

CHNG XI

Nh H

( 1400 - 1407 )

5. S Ph Lp: Trn Thiu (1398 - 1400).

I. H Qu Ly II. H Hn Thng 1. Vic v b 2. S su thu 3. Vic hc hnh 4. Vic giao thip vi Chim Thnh 5. Vic giao thip vi nh Minh 6. Nh Minh nh h H 7. Thnh a Bang tht th 8. Trn Mc Phm Giang 9. Trn Hm T Quan 10. H H phi bt

I. H Qu Ly ( 1400 )
Nin-hiu: Thnh Nguyn
Qu Ly b Thiu , nhng v tnh chu ngoi cho nn khng git, ch ging xung lm Bo Ninh i Vng, ri t xng lm , i h l H. Nguyn h H l dng di nh Ngu bn Tu, cho nn Qu Ly t quc hiu l i Ngu. By gi vua Chim Thnh l La Khi mi mt, con l Ba ch Li mi ni nghip, Qu Ly nhn dp y sai tng l Mn lm thy qun tng, Trn Tng lm b qun tng lnh 15 vn qun i nh Chim Thnh. Nhng Trn Tng em qun i ng ni sang gn t Chim Thnh, cch thy qun xa, hai bn khng tip ng c nhau, thnh ra b qun thiu lng phi rt v. Trn Tng v phi ti, y ra lm lnh. Qu Ly lm vua cha c mt nm, mun bt chc tc nh Trn, nhng ngi cho con l H Hn Thng ri lm Thi Thng Hong cng coi vic nc.

69

Nay Thanh Ha c nhiu ni lm n th Trn Kht Chn.

74

II. H Hn Thng ( 1401 - 1407 )

Nin-hiu: Thiu Thnh (1401 - 1402) Khai i (1403 - 1407)

3. Vic Hc Hnh.

1. Vic V B.

H Qu Ly nhng ngi ri, nhng vic g cng quyt on mnh c. H Hn Thng ch lm vua ly v m thi.

Vic hc hnh, thi c u sa sang li, ly ton hc t thm ra mt trng na, ngha l trong nhng khoa thi, c t thm ra mt k thi ton php. Cn nhng cch thi, th nhng ngi hng thi, sang nm sau phI vo b L thi li, ai th mi c tuyn b, ri qua nm sau na th li thi hi, by gi c , th mi c l Thi Hc Sinh. Nh H li sa hnh lut, v t ra y t coi vic thuc thang.

Nh H khng lm vua c bao lu, nhng m cng vic sa sang cng nhiu. Trc ht H Qu Ly chnh n vic v b: b ngoi tuy ly l m i i vi nh Minh, nhng vn bit nh Minh c mun dm t An Nam, cho nn thng c hi cc quan rng: " Ta lm th no cho c 100 vn qun nh gic Bc ?" Bn lp ra h tch bt ngi trong nc c hai tui tr ln th phi bin vo s, ai m n lu th phi pht. n lc h tch lm xong ri, s ngi t 15 tui n 60 tui hn gp my phn lc trc. T s qun li thm ra c nhiu. Cn nh thy binh gi mt sng, mt b th Qu Ly bt lm nhng thuyn ln trn c sn i, di th cho ngi cho chng, tht tin cho s chin u. Qu Ly li t ra bn kho cha qun kh v bt nhng ngi xo ngh vo lm nhng kh gii. cc ca b v nhng ch him yu trong sng ln u bt ly g ng cc ng b qun gic. Vic qun ch th nam bc phn ra lm 12 v, ng ty phn ra 8 v. Mi v c 18 i, mi i c 18 ngi. i qun th c 30 i, trung qun th c 20 i. Mi doanh c 15 i, mi on c 10 i. Cn nhng cm v, th ch c 5 i, c mt ngi i tng thng lnh c. Nhng thuyn i bun bn u phi chu thu c. Nhng thuyn hng nht mi chic phi 5 quan, hng nh 4 quan, hng ba 3 quan. Thu in th ngy trc nh Trn nh thu rung t mi mu ba thng thc, rung du mi mu hoc 9 quan, hoc 7 quan. Thu inh th mi ngi phi ng 3 quan. Nay nh H nh li: rung t in th phi ng 5 thng; cn rung du th chia ra lm 3 hng: hng nht 5 quan, hng nh 4 quan, hng ba 3 quan. Thu inh th ly rung lm ngch: ai c 2 mu 6 so tr ln th phi ng 3 quan, ai c km s y c gim bt, ai khng c rung, v nhng ngi c nhi qu ph th c tha thu. 75

Nm nhm ng (1402) tng nh H l Mn em qun sang nh Chim Thnh. Vua nc y l Ba ch Li sai cu l B in sang dng t Chim ng (ph Thng Bnh, tnh Qung Nam) xin bi binh. Qu Ly li bt phi dn t C Ly (Qung Ngha) ri phn t ra lm chu Thng, Chu Hoa, chu T, chu Ngha, v t quan An Ph S cai tr bn chu y. Li bt nhng dn c ca m khng c rung cc b khc em v con vo khai khn t nhng chu y, bi v khi vua Chim nhng t Chim ng v C Ly, ngi Chim u b t m i c. Nm qu mi (1403) nh H li mun ly nhng t Bt t Gia, Hc Bch, v Sa Ly Nha v pha nam nhng t nhng nm trc, bn sai Phm Nguyn Khi v Mn em thy b c thy 20 vn qun sang nh Chim Thnh. Qun nh H vo vy thnh Bn hn mt thng tri m nh khng , lng thc ht c, phi rt qun v. Ln ny hao binh tn tng m khng c cng trng g.

4. Vic Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh.

5. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nh Minh.

Khi H Hn Thng mi ln ngi, th cho s sang nh Minh ni di rng: v chng dng di nh Trn khng cn ngi no na, cho nn chu ngoi ln thay quyn l vic nc.

2. Vic Su Thu.

n khi vua Thi T nh Minh mt, Hong Thi Tn ln ngi tc l vua Hu . By gi hong thc l Yn Vng L, ng Yn Kinh, quyn to th mnh, c tranh ngi ca chu, bn khi binh nh ly Kim Lng, ri ln lm vua, tc l vua Thnh T, ng Yn Kinh (Bc Kinh). Khi Thnh T dp xong d ng nh Nguyn pha bc ri, c mun sang ly nc An Nam, cho nn nhn khi H Hn Thng sai s sang xin phong, vua Thnh T sai quan l Dng Bt sang xem h thc th no. H Qu Ly bn bt nhng quan vin ph lo lm t khai ni y nh li s An

Nam d sang ni. V th cho nn Thnh T khng c c g m t chi, phi phong cho H Hn Thng lm An Nam Quc Vng. n nm gip thn (1404) c Trn Khang mn Lo Qua i ng Vn Nam sang Yn Kinh, i tn l Trn Thim Bnh, xng l con vua Ngh Tng ri k r s tnh H Qu Ly tim nghch. Vua Thnh T nh Minh sai quan ng s L sang tra xt vic y. L v tu qu tht l h H lm iu thon ot. T y nh Minh mun mn ting nh H ly t An Nam. bn ny cha con h H cng bit y, ht sc tm cch chng gi. Nm t du (1405) nh Minh sai s sang i t Lc Chu. Trc H Qu Ly khng chu, sau phi ct ra 59 thn C Lu nhng cho Tu. Tuy vy nh Minh vn c c trch nh H lm iu tim nghch. S nh H sang Tu th nh Minh gi li, khng cho ai v, li cho ngi sang An Nam d xem sn xuyn o l him tr th no, liu ng tin binh. H H bit th no ri qun Minh cng sang nh, bn sai p thnh a Bang (by gi x C Php, huyn Tin Phong, tnh Sn Ty), bt ly g ng cc sng Bch Hc chn ng qun Minh sang, v chia cc v qun ng ra gi mi ng him yu. on ri hi c ni ngoi bch quan vn v li bn vic nn nh hay l nn ha. Ngi th bn nh, ngi th bn ha, nhng Qu Ly nht nh nh. T khi L tr v Tu, nh H cho s sang dng biu t ti, v xin rc Trn Thim Bnh v. V by gi Thim Bnh c ku van vi vua nh Minh, xin cho em binh sang nh bo th, v vy nm Bnh Tut (1406) Minh Thnh T sai c tng l Hn Quan v bn Hong Trung dn 5000 qun a Thim Bnh v nc. Khi H Qu Ly c tin y, lin sai tng ln n ca Chi Lng, nh qun Minh, bt c Thim Bnh em v git i. on ri bit qun Minh tt li sang, mt mt cho s sang bin bch vic Thim Bnh ni di, v xin theo l ting cng nh c, mt mt cho nhng cng hu c quyn m nhng ngi o vong lm lnh, t thin h, bch h lm qun nhng lnh m y. V cc ca sng th ng c li, gi qun gic mt b vo. V pha nam ngn sng Nh H (tc l sng Hng H) th ng c di hn 700 dm. Li sai dn Bc Giang v Tam i sang lm nh sn pha nam sng ln phng khi gic n, th b sang bn ny m . 76

6. Nh Minh nh H H.

Vua nh Minh trc cho hon quan l Nguyn Ton sang An Nam do thm, bit nc ta ph thnh, c nh ly, cho nn thng c tm chuyn ly c dy binh. Nay nhn vic H Hn Thng git Thim Bnh, vua Thnh T mi sai Thnh Quc Cng l Chu Nng lm i tng, Tn Thnh Hu l Trng Ph, Ty Bnh Hu l Mc Thnh, lm t hu ph tng, Phong Thnh Hu l L Bn, Vn Dng B l Trn Hc lm t hu tham tng, chia binh ra lm hai o sang nh An Nam. Khi qun nh Minh n Long Chu th i tng Chu Nng cht, ph tng Trng Ph ln thay.

o qun ca Trng Ph Qung Ty i t t Bng Tng sang nh ly ca Ba Ly, tc Nam Quan by gi, ri tin sang pha ty bc v m sng Ci70. Cn o qun ca Mc Thnh Vn Nam theo ng Mng T sang nh ly ca Ph Lnh ( thuc tnh Tuyn Quang) ri tin sang n sng Thao. C hai o hi Bch Hc, ng n b sng pha bc. Tuy rng nh H trc phng b, nhng m tng nh Minh bit rng ngi An Nam khng phc h H, bn lm hch k ti h H, v ni rng qun Tu sang l lp dng di nh Trn ln, cu cho dn khi s kh s. Trng Ph sai vit hch y vo nhng mnh vn nh b xung sng, tri n u, qun s An Nam bt c, nhiu ngi khng nh v theo hng qun Minh; v th cho nn qun Minh i n u nh c n y. Qun H phi lui v gi thnh a Bang. ch thnh a Bang, qun H lp n i lin tip pha nam sng Thao v sng Ci tc l dc sng Hng H, ri ng cc cm gia sng, thuyn b khng i li c, c cho qun Minh mi mt ri s nh.

7. Thnh a Bang tht th. Qun Minh tin ln mt c thnh a Bang ngn tr. Mc Thnh mi bn vi Trng Ph rng: "Mi ni n An Nam ng gn b sng, qun sang khng c, cn thnh a Bang th ly cao ho su, nhng ng trc c bi ct, qun c th sang y c, v ta c chin c, nu nh th tt thnh y phi ". Trng Ph bn h lnh rng: "Qun kia trng cy c thnh ny, m ta lp cng cng ; h qun s ai ln c trc th c thng to !" Ri ngay m hm y t la thi t v lm hiu, Trng Ph, Hong Trung nh mt ty bc, Mc Thnh, Trn Tun nh mt ng nam, dng thang vn th ln thnh; qun H nh khng c phi lui vo thnh, n sng hm sau o thnh
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S chp l Ph Lng.

cho voi ra nh. Qun Minh v s t trm ln nga ri xng vo v dng sng bn hng lm, voi s chy tr vo, qun Minh theo sau voi chy vo thnh, qun H thua to, phi b chy vo Hong Giang71. Qun Minh tha th nh trn xung sng Ci, t sch c cc n i, ri tin ln nh ly ng (tc l Thng Long), bt n b con gi, cp ly ca ci. Bn Trng Ph tch tr lng thc, t quan lm vic, nh k lu di.

cp lm, bo Qu Ly rng: " Nc mt, lm ng vua khng nn cho ngi ta bt c, xin B H t t m cht i cn hay hn ! " Qu Ly gin lm, bt Ngy Thc chm ri chy vo Ngh An.

8. Trn Mc Phm Giang. Qua thng ba nm inh hi (1407) Mc Thnh bit rng con trng H Qu Ly l H Nguyn Trng ng Hong Giang, bn em thy lc cng tin ln n h tri sng Mc Phm ( lng Mc Phm, huyn Ph Xuyn tip vi Hong Giang).
H Nguyn Trng em 30 chic thuyn ra nh b qun Mc Thnh hai bn b sng nh p li. Nguyn Trng thua chy v ca Mun Hi ( Giao Thy, Nam nh). By gi tng nh H l H v H X cng b bn Bnh Than72 ( lng Trn X, huyn Ch Linh, Hi Dng) chy v ca Mun Hi cng vi Nguyn Trng tm k ph gic; nhng qun Minh sc n, li b chy ra gi ca i An (thuc ph Ngha Hng by gi). Qun Minh Mun Hi phi bnh, lui v ng bn Hm T, i qun H ln s nh. Bn H Nguyn Trng rc Qu Ly v Hn Thng Ty ra, ri em qun ln Hong Giang chng gi vi gic. Qun H by gi c thy v b c 7 vn, gi xng l 21 vn, ri phn qun b ra lm hai o i men hai bn sng, qun thy i gia, tin ln Hm T Quan. Va i n ni b qun Minh hai mt xng li m nh, qun b ca nh H ng khng ni, b chy c, phn th hng gic, phn th chy xung xng cht ui. Cn thy qun th chy thot c, nhng bao nhiu thuyn lng th m mt c. By gi c quan An Ph S Bc Giang tn l Nguyn Hy Chu b qun Minh bt c, khng chu hng phi git. H Qu Ly v H Hn Thng a bn liu thuc chy ra b, ri v Thanh Ha, vo n Li Giang (tc l M Giang) gp qun Minh ui n, qun H khng nh m tan. Tng nh H l Ngy Thc thy th nguy
Hong Giang tc l khc sng Hng H thuc v huyn Nam Xang tnh H Nam. Bn Bnh Than l bn ngang t lng Bnh Than, Gia Bnh, Bc Ninh qua sng Thi Bnh sang lng Trn X hu ngn sng Kinh Thy, thuc ph Nam Sch, Hi Dng.
72 71

10. H H Phi Bt. Trng Ph, Mc Thnh bit l Qu Ly chy vo Ngh An, bn em binh i ng b ui theo, li sai Liu Thng em thy s i ui mt thy. Qu Ly vo n ca K La (thuc huyn K Anh, H Tnh) b qun nh Minh bt c. Hn Thng v nhng con chu h H u b gic bt c c ni Cao Vng. Nhng quan nh H, ngi th ra hng, ngi th b bt, ngi th khng chu nhc nhy xung sng t t.
Nh H ch lm vua c t nm canh thn (1400) n nm inh hi (1407), k va 7 nm th mt. Xem cng vic ca H Qu Ly lm th khng phi l mt ngi tm thng, nhng tic thay mt ngi c ti kinh t nh th, m gi s c gip nh Trn cho c thy chung, th du gic Minh c th mnh n u i na, cng cha hu d cp c nc Nam, m mnh li c ci ting thm li nghn thu. Nhng v ci lng tham xui khin, h c th lc l sinh ra bng mun tranh quyn, cp nc. Bi th H Qu Ly mi lm s thon ot, v nh Minh mi c ci c m sang nh ly nc An Nam. Cng v ci c y, cho nn lng ngi mi b h H m em theo gic, n ni cha con h H thua chy, b bt, phi em thn i chu nhc t nc ngi! Nhng y l ci ti lm hi ring cho mt h H m thi, cn ci ti lm mt nc Nam, th ai gnh vc cho Qu Ly ? May m sau c mt tay i anh hng l vua L Thi T ht sc ra tay trong hn mi nm tri, cu vt c ngi mnh ra khi tay qun Tu, ch khng th ci kh lm n l nc Tu li bit my mi i na mi gii thot c.

9. Trn Hm T Quan.

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CHNG XII

Nh Hu Trn
( 1407 - 1413 )
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nh Minh chim gi t An Nam Gin nh Trn B C Trn Qu Khoch Trng Ph tr sang An Nam Ha Chu tht th

Nh Minh ly ci c gi di y chim gi ly nc Nam, ri chia t ra lm 17 ph l: Giao Chu, Bc Giang, Lng Giang, Lng Sn, Tn An, Kin Xng, Phong Ha, Kin Bnh, Trn Man, Tam Giang, Tuyn Ha, Thi Nguyn, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Tn Bnh, Thun Ha, Thng Hoa, v 5 chu l: Qung Oai, Tuyn Ha, Qui Ha, Gia Bnh, Dim Chu. Cn nhng ni yu hi th t ra 12 v phng gi. Li t ra 3 ti l: B Chnh Ti, n St Ti, Chng Ti, v c thy trong nc lp ra 472 nha mn cai tr, sai quan thng th l Hong Phc coi c B Chnh v n St Ti; L Ngh chi Chng Ti, Hong Trung lm ph. Vua quan nh H th u phi em c v Kim Lng. Qu Ly v bn Tu phi giam, ri sau y ra lm lnh Qung Ty, cn con chu v cc tng s th c tha c khng phi ti. Vua nh Minh li truyn cho Trng Ph tm kim nhng ngi n dt sn lm, nhng k c ti c c, hay vn hc rng, quen vic, hiu ton php, ni nng hot bt cng nhng ngi hiu , nhng ngi lc in m mt mi khi ng, hoc c gn sc kho mnh, nhng ngi thy , thy bi, thy thuc, v.v.... a sang Kim Lng, ban thng cho phm hm, ri cho v lm quan ph, quan chu, hay l quan huyn. By gi nhng bn cnh tranh nhau m ra, duy ch c vi ngi nh ng Bi ng u, ng L T Cu bit lim s, khng chu ra lm quan vi nh Minh. Cng vic xp t u vo y ri. L Ngh v Hong Phc li trn t Giao Ch, cn Trng Ph v Mc Thnh em qun v Tu, a a An Nam v dng vua nh Minh. By gi tuy rng nh Minh chim gi t An Nam, nhng con chu nh Trn cn c ngi mun khi phc nghip c, v nc ta cn c nhiu ngi khng mun lm n l nc Tu, cho nn nh Hu Trn li hng khi ln c my nm na. Khi trc Trng Ph treo bng gi con chu nh Trn l gi di chc git hi, cho nn khng ai dm ra. By gi c Gin nh Vng tn l Qu, con th vua Ngh Tng chy n M (thuc lng Yn M, huyn Yn M, Ninh Bnh) gp Trn Triu C em chng i theo, bn xng l Gin nh Hong , ni nghip nh Trn, t nin hiu l Hng Khnh.

1. Nh Minh Chim Gi t An Nam. Nh Minh khng phi c yu g nh Trn m sang nh nh H, chng qua l nhn ly ci c nh Trn mt ngi m em binh sang ly nc Nam. Li nhn v ngi An Nam ta hay c tnh li, c vic g th ch mun nh ngi, ch t mnh khng bit kin nhn, khng c c gng m lm ly. Mt ngy g na m cn l ci lng hm beo ca ngi Tu, th m h khi no trong nc c bin lon, li chy sang van ly rc chng sang. Khc no i rc voi v giy m vy.
Du ngi Tu c lng v ngha m sang gip mnh na th ngh cng chng v vang g ci vic i nh ngi ta, hung chi k thc th lc no chng cng chc nh la mnh, nh nh la tr con, bp c mnh, th m ngi mnh vn khng bit ci di, l ti lm sao? Ti l ci ngha dn vi nc ta khng c my ngi hiu r. Nh no lm vua, cho c nc l ca ring ca nh y; h ai ly mt th i tm cch ly li, ly khng c th li i nh ngi khc ly li cho, ch khng ngh n ci li chung trc ci li ring, ci quyn nc trc ci quyn nh, th cho nn mnh c di mi, m vn khng bit l di. Xem nh lc cn nh Trn, nh Minh c ly t An Nam, sau nh Trn mt ri li dng li ni kho, v ly ting iu pht em binh sang nh h H. n khi bt c cha con H Qu Ly ri, li by k chim gi t An Nam: gi treo bng gi con chu h Trn, ri bt quan li v k lo lm t khai rng: H Trn khng cn ai na v t An Nam vn l t Giao Chu ngy trc, nay xin t qun huyn nh c. 78

2. Gin nh (1407 - 1409).

Ging nh khi ngha chng vi qun Minh, nhng v qun mnh l qun mi gp nht c, nh khng ni, phi thua chy vo Ngh An; by gi c ng Tt l quan nh Trn, trc ra hng nh Minh c lm i tri chu Ha Chu, nay thy Gin nh khi ngha, lin git quan nh Minh i, ri em qun ra Ngh An gip vic khi phc. Li t ng Triu c Trn Nguyt H cng khi binh nh qun nh Minh, nhng chng c bao lu m phi bt, cn d ng chy vo Ngh An theo vua Gin nh. V vy cho nn qun th ca Gin nh mi mnh ln. ng ng Tt li git c hng tng nh Minh l Phm Th Cng ca Nht L. Lc by gi t An Nam t Ngh An tr vo li thuc v nh Trn.

Lc y vua Gin nh ng chng nhau vi qun nh Minh thnh Ng Thin (thuc huyn Hng Nhn). Qu Khoch sai tng l Nguyn Sy ra nh ln bt em v Ngh An. Qu Khoch tn Gin nh ln lm Thi Thng Hong cng lo vic khi phc.

5. Trng Ph Tr Sang An Nam. Vua nh Minh thy Mc Thnh bi binh, li sai Trng Ph lm thng binh, Vng Hu lm ph em binh sang cu vin.
Qun nh Trn by gi chia ra l my o i nh dp cc chu huyn mn Hi Dng. Gin nh ng qun H Hng (Ninh Giang), Qu Khoch ng Bnh Than. Khi Trng Ph sang n ni, tin binh nh ui, Gin nh em binh thuyn chy v n huyn M Lng (gip Sn Ty v ph Nho Quan) gp qun Trng Ph ui n bt c gii v Kim Lng. Gin nh b bt ri, Qu Khoch Bnh Than sai ng Dung n gi Hm T Quan (huyn ng An, Hng Yn). Nhng qun ca ng Dung thiu lng, phi b chy. Qu Khoch thy qun ca ng Dung thua, liu th gi khng ni, bn b Bnh Than chy v Ngh An. Trng Ph thng trn, i n u git hi qun dn, v lm nhng iu tn bo gm gh nh l: xp ngi thnh ni, hoc rt rut ngi treo ln cy, hoc nu tht ngi ly u. Cn nhng ngi An Nam ai tng phc nh Minh m git c nhiu ngi bn quc th c thng cho lm quan. Tht by gi tha h cho bn hung c c ch! Nm canh dn (1410) Trn Qu Khoch cng vi bn Nguyn Cnh D li em qun ra nh qun Minh Hng Chu, c thng trn, ri li ra ng Bnh Than. cc ni li ni ln nh git qun nh Minh; nhng ch v qun khng c thng nhip, hiu lnh bt nht, cho nn n khi qun gic n nh, qun nh Trn li thua, phi chy v Ngh An. Trng Ph mt mt a chiu ca vua Minh ly li gi nhn ngha m d quan li nhn dn, mt mt th tin qun vo nh Trn Qu Khoch. Thng t nm qu t (1413) Trng Ph a qun nh Ngh An, qun Qu Khoch by gi mi phn ch cn ba bn, lng thc li khng c, phi b chy v Ha Chu.

3. Trn B C. Thng chp nm mu t (1408) Gin nh hi tt c qun Thun Ha, Tn Bnh, Ngh An, Din Chu, Thanh Ha, ri tin ra nh ng . Qun ra n Trng Sn (Ninh Bnh) th cc quan thuc v nhng k ho kit cc ni ra theo nhiu lm.
Quan nh Minh em tin y v bo cho Minh bit. Minh sai Mc Thnh em 4 vn qun Vn Nam sang nh dp. Mc Thnh cng vi cc quan chng l L Ngh vo n bn B C (thuc x Hiu C, huyn Phong Doanh) th gp qun Trn. Hai bn giao chin, vua Gin nh t cm trng thc qun, tng s ai ny ht sc xung t, ph tan c qun nh Minh, chm c L Ngh trn tin v ui Mc Thnh v n thnh C Lng (thnh nh Minh xy, by gi lng Bnh Cch, huyn Yn). By gi vua Gin nh mun tha thng nh trn ra ly li ng Quan (tc ng ). Nhng ng ng Tt ngn li mun i qun cc l v , ri s ra nh. T vua ti khng c ha thun, vua Gin nh li nghe ngi ni gim, bt ng Tt v quan tham mu l Nguyn Cnh Chn em git i, thnh ra lng ngi ai cng chn ngn c, khng c lng gip rp na.

4. Trn Qu Khoch (1403 -1413). Gic nc hy cn, m vua ti nghi hoc nhau, ri em git hi nhng ngi c lng v nc, tht l t mnh gy nn ci v cho mnh.
By gi con ng ng Tt l ng Dung v con ng Nguyn Cnh Chn l Nguyn Cnh D thy thn ph b git, u b vua Gin nh, em qun bn b v Thanh Ha rc vua Qu Khoch vo huyn Chi La (tc l huyn La Sn, H Tnh) ri tn ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Trng Quang. 79

Trc Qu Khoch my ln cho ngi sang Tu cu phong, Minh khng cho, em git s thn i. Nay Qu Khoch li sang Nguyn Biu ra cu phong vi Trng Ph . Trng Ph bt gi khng cho v. Nguyn Biu gin mng Trng Ph rng: " Chng bay trong bng th ch lo ng chim gi, ngoi mt li ging ting em qun nhn ngha i nh dp; trc th ni sang lp h Trn, sau li t qun huyn cai tr, ri tm k v vt ca ci, c hip sinh dn; chng bay tht n cp hung ngc !" Trng Ph tc gin em git i.

cho ngi i sau tng nh n, bi vy hin nay cn c n th huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh. ng ng Dung c lm bi th thut hoi nh sau ny, m ngy nay cn c nhiu ngi vn truyn tng: Th s du du ni lo h ! V cng thin a nhp hm ca Thi lai iu thnh cng d S kh anh hng m hn a Tr ch hu hoi ph a trc Ty binh v l vn thin h Quc th v phc u tin bch K long tuyn i nguyt ma ! Dch: Vic i bi ri tui gi vay Tri t v cng mt cuc say Bn tin gp thi ln cng d Anh hng l bc ngm cng cay Vai khing tri t mong ph cha Gip gt sng tri kh vch my Th tr cha xong u bc Gm mi bng nguyt bit bao ry.

6. Ha Chu Tht Th. n thng su nm qu t (1413) qun Trng Ph vo n Ngh An, quan Thi Ph nh Hu Trn l Phan Qu Hu ra hng, nhng c my hm th mt. Trng Ph cho con l Qu Hu l Liu lm tri ph Ngh An. Phan Liu mun tng cng, Qu Khoch c bao nhiu tng t ngi no gii, ngi no d, qun s nhiu t, sn xuyn ch him, ch khng th no, khai c cho Trng Ph bit. Trng Ph bn quyt vo Ha Chu, v hi ch tng li bn k tin binh.
Mc Thnh ni rng: " Ha Chu ni cao b rng kh ly lm". Trng Ph nht nh vo nh cho c, ni rng: " Ta sng cng t Ha Chu ny, m cht cng t Ha Chu ny. Ha Chu m khng ly c th khng mt mi no v trng thy cha thng !" Lp tc truyn cho qun thy b tin vo nh Ha Chu. n thng chn, qun Trng Ph vo n Thun Ha, Nguyn Sy v ng Dung na m em qun n nh tri Trng Ph. ng Dung vo c thuyn ca Trng Ph nh bt sng ly nhng khng bit mt, v th Trng Ph mi nhy xung xng ly ci thuyn con m chy thot c. By gi qun nh Trn t lm. Trng Ph thy vy em binh nh p li, bn ng Dung ch khng ni phi b chy. T khi thua trn y ri, Trn Qu Khoch th yu qu khng th chng vi qun gic c na, phi vo n np trong rng ni. Chng c bao lu Trn Qu Khoch, Nguyn Cnh D, ng Dung, Nguyn Sy u b bt, v phi gii v Yn Kinh c. i n gia ng, Qu Khoch nhy xung b t t, bn ng ng Dung cng t tit c. Cha con ng ng Dung u ht lng gip nc ph vua, tuy khng thnh cng c, nhng ci lng trung lit ca nh h ng cng lm 80

Nh Hu Trn ni ln toan ng khi phc, nhng him v ni lng ngi cn ly tn, th lc li hn yu, cho nn ch c 7 nm th mt.

CHNG XIII

4. S Hc Hnh.

Thuc Nh Minh
( 1414 - 1427 )
1. Vic chnh tr nh Minh 2. Vic t t 3. Cch n mc 4. S hc hnh 5. Vic trm dch 6. Vic binh lnh 7. Php h thip v hong sch 8. Vic thu m 9. Vic su dch 10. Quan li

Quan nh Minh bt m nh hc cc ph, chu, huyn, ri chn nhng thy m dng, thy thuc, thy cha, o s, ai gii ngh g th lm cho quan dy ngh y.

Vua nh Minh li xung ch truyn ly Ng Kinh, T Th v b Tnh L i Ton, sai quan a sang ban cp cho ngi An Nam hc cc chu huyn, ri li sai thy tng v o s Tng o Ti73, i truyn ging o Pht v o Lo. Cn bao nhiu sch v ca nc Nam, t nh Trn v trc th thu ly c ri em v Kim Lng. C theo sch Lch Triu Hin Chng Vn Tch Ch ca ng Phan Huy Ch th nhng sch ca nc Nam m Tu ly v l nhng sch ny: Hnh Th, ca vua Thi Tng nh L Quc Triu Thng L, ca vua Thi Tng nh Trn Hnh Lut, ca vua Thi Tng nh Trn Thng L, nin hiu Kin Trung Kha H Tp Ng Thi Di Hu Lc, ca vua Thi Tng nh Trn C Cu Lc Thi Tp Trung Hng Thc Lc, ca Trn Nhn Tng Thi Tp Thy Vn Ty Bt, ca Trn Anh Tng Thi Tp, ca Trn Minh Tng Trn Triu i in, ca Trn D Tng Bo Ha in D Bt, ca Trn Ngh Tng Thi Tp Binh Gia Yu Lc, ca Trn Hng o Vn Kip B Truyn, ca Trn Hng o T Th Thuyt c, ca Chu Vn Trinh Tiu n Thi Sm Lu Tp, ca Uy Vn Vng Trn Quc Toi Lc o Tp, ca Chiu Minh Vng Trn Quang Khi Bng H Ngc Hc Tp, ca Trn Nguyn n Gii Hin Thi Tp, ca Nguyn Trung Ngn Gip Thch Tp, ca Phm S Mnh Cc ng Di Tho, ca Trn Nguyn o 3 quyn. 10 quyn 1 quyn 10 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn 2 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn 2 quyn 1 quyn 2 quyn 1 quyn 2 quyn 8 quyn 1 quyn 1 b 1 b 1 b 1 tp 1 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn 2 quyn

1. Vic Chnh Tr Nh Minh. Trng Ph ly c chu Thun Ha v chu Tn Bnh ri, lm s bin s dn inh hai chu y, t quan cai tr v qun binh li phng gi ch gip gii nc Chim Thnh. n htng 8 nm gip ng (1414) Trng Ph v Mc Thnh v Tu, em nhng n b con gi v rt nhiu.
Bn Hong Phc li sa sang cc vic trong nc khin cho ngi An Nam ng ha vi ngi Tu. Lp ra n miu, bt ngi mnh cng t theo tc bn Tu, ri t cch n mc cho ch s hc hnh, vic g cng bt theo nh ngi Tu c. Cn ci g l di tch ca nc mnh nh l sch v th thu nht em v Tu ht sch. Li t ra thu l, b thm su dch ly tin ca, lm cho dn ta by gi phi nhiu iu kh nhc

2. Vic T T. Hong Phc bt cc ph, chu, huyn phi lp vn miu v lp bn th bch thn, x tc, sn xuyn, phong vn bn ma t t.
Bt con trai con gi khng c ct tc, n b con gi th phi mt o ngn qun di theo nh ngi Tu c.

3. Cch n Mc.

73 Nh Minh by gi khng nhng l m mang Nho Hc m thi, li lp ra Tng Cng Ti v o K Ti coi nhng vic thuc v o Pht v o Lo.

81

Tho Nhn Hiu Tn, ca H Tn V Vit Nam Th Ch Vit S Cng Mc i Vit S K, ca L Vn Hu Nh Kh Thi Tp, ca Nguyn Phi Khanh Phi Sa Tp, ca Hn Thuyn Vit in U Linh Tp, ca L T Xuyn

1 quyn 1 b 1 b 30 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn 1 quyn

Mi mt l, mt phng hay l mt tng c mt quyn sch bin tt c s inh s in vo y. Cn nhng ngi tn tt c qu th bin ring ra sau, gi l k linh. u quyn sch li c ci a . Khi no quyn s y xong ri, th bin ra lm 4 bn, mt bn c ba vng, cho nn gi l hong sch gi v b H, cn 3 bn ba xanh, th b chnh ti, ph v huyn, mi ni mt bn. C mi nm li ty s dinh in hn ln hay km i th no, phi lm li ci mu s khc, gi i cho cc l, phng v tng c theo mu y m lm. By gi l trng v gip th phi p nh cc kh lm. Php nh Minh nh thu c mi mu rung phi np nm thng thc, mi mt mu bi trng du phi np mt lng t, v mi cn t phi np mt tm la. Li t ra thu mui. Dn m nu mui mi mt thng c bao nhiu phi a vo ta C, i khi no ta B chnh khm ri mi c bn. Ai m nu lu hay l bn lu th cng phi pht nh nhau. chu, huyn no cng c mt ta Thu Kha thu thu.

Nhng sch y by gi khng bit mt u c, khng thy quyn no na, tht l mt ci thit hi cho ngi nc mnh. Cn nhng ngi i hc, cc ph, chu, huyn, trc th ph mi nm 2 ngi, chu 2 nm 3 ngi, huyn mi nm 1 ngi, sau ci li ph mi nm 1 ngi, chu 3 nm 2 ngi, huyn 2 nm 1 ngi, c lm hc tr tu cng cho vo hc Quc T Gim, ri b i lm quan. T thnh ng Quan (tc l H Ni) cho n huyn Gia Lm, ph T Sn, th t trm chy giy bng nga; t huyn Ch Linh, huyn ng Triu cho n ph Vn Ninh l ni gip t Khm Chu nc Tu th t trm chy giy bng thuyn.

5. Vic Trm Dch.

8. Vic Thu M.

6. Vic Binh Lnh. Vic bt lnh th c theo s b m bt. nhng ni gi l v s th mi mt b phi ba sut inh i lnh, nhng t Thanh Ha v nam ngi t, th mi h ch phi hai sut inh i lnh m thi. Nhng ch no m khng c v s th lp n ch him yu ri ly dn binh ra gi. 7. Php H Thip v Hong Sch. Vic in h An Nam by gi phi theo nh l bn Tu. Nhng dn inh trong nc, th ai cng phi c mt ci giy bin tn tui v hng qun lc no c khm hi th phi a ra. Ci giy y bin theo nh trong quyn s ca quan gi. H giy ca ai m khng hp nh trong s th ngi y phi bt i lnh.
Vic cai tr trong nc th chia ra lm l v gip. ch thnh ph th gi l phng; chung quanh thnh ph th gi l tng; nh qu th gi l l. L li chia ra gip. C 110 h lm mt l v 10 h lm mt gip. L th c l trng, gip th c gip th. Mi mt nm c ngi lm l trng coi vic trong l. 82

9. Vic Su Dch. Phm nhng ch no c m vng m bc th t quan ra c dn phu i khai m. Nhng ch rng ni, th bt dn i tm ng voi, sng tn; ch gn b, th bt dn phi i m ngc trai. Cn nhng th sn nh: h tiu, hng liu, cng phi bt cng np. n nhng hu, voi, ra, chim, vn, rn, ci g cng v vt em v Tu.
T khi bn L Bn, M K sang thay Trng Ph, dn ta b bn y sch nhiu tht l kh s.

10. Quan Li. Tr nhng quan li bn Tu sang cai tr ra khng k, nhng ngi An Nam nh nhng tn Nguyn Hun, Lng Nh Ht, Duy Trung theo hng nh Minh, kho ng xu nnh, c lm quan to, li cng th ca gic, lm nhng iu tn bo hung c hn ngi Tu. V, trong nhng lc bin lon nh th, th nhng tham tn gian c, khng c ngha kh, khng bit lim s, li cng c ch lm, cho nn dn tnh cc kh, lng

ngi su on. Cng v l y, c nhiu k tc gin ni ln nh ph, lm cho trong nc khng lc no c yn n.

CHNG XIV

Mi Nm nh Qun Tu
( 1418 - 1427 )
1. L Li khi ngha Lam Sn 2. V Ch Linh ln th nht 3. V Ch Linh ln th hai 4. Bnh nh Vng v ng L Sn 5. Bnh nh Vng v ng Li Giang 6. Nguyn Tri 7. Bnh nh Vng ph qun Trn Tr 8. V Ch Linh ln th ba 9. Bnh nh Vng ht lng phi ha vi gic. 10. Bnh nh Vng ly t Ngh An 11. Vy thnh Ty 12. Ly Tn Bnh v Thun Ha 13. Qun Bnh nh Vng tin ra ng 14. Trn Ty ng: Vng Thng tht th 15. Vy thnh ng 16. Vng Thng c ha ln th nht 17. Bnh nh Vng ng qun B 18. Bnh nh Vng t php lut tr qun dn 19. Trn Chi Lng: Liu Thng t trn 20. Vng Thng xin ha ln th hai 21. Trn Cao dng biu xin phong 22. T Bnh Ng i Co

1. L Li Khi Ngha Lam Sn. T khi nh Minh sang cai tr An Nam, dn ta ph?i kh nhc trm ng, ting oan khng ku ra c, lng tc gin ngm ngha trong tm can, ch mong mi ra cho khi ng than la. May lc y c mt ng anh hng ni ln, ko c ngha chng vi gic Minh, trong 10 nm y li c giang sn c, v xy p li nn c lp cho nc Nam.
83

ng anh hng y, ngi lng Lam Sn, huyn Thy Nguyn, ph Thiu Ha, tnh Thanh Ha, h L, tn l Li. my i lm ngh canh nng, nh vn giu c, li hay gip cho k ngho kh, cho nn mi ngi u phc, v nhng ti t c c hng nghn ngi. ng L Li khng khi, c ch ln, quan nh Minh nghe ting, d cho lm quan, nhng ng khng chu khut, thng ni rng: " Lm trai sinh trn i, nn gip nn ln, lp cng to, ting thm mun i, ch sao li chu bo bo lm y t ngi ta!" Bn giu ting ch sn lm, n mi nhng k ho kit, chiu tp nhng k lu vong. n ma xun nm mu tut (1418) i vua Thnh T nh Minh, nin hiu Vnh Lc th 16, ng L Li cng vi tng l L Thch, L Liu khi binh ni Lam Sn, t xng l Bnh nh Vng, ri truyn hch i gn xa k ti nh Minh r ci mc nh ca mnh khi ngha nh k th ca nc. Vic nh gic Minh tuy l thun lng ngi v hp l cng bng, nhng m th lc ca Bnh nh Vng lc u cn km lm, tng s th t, lng thc khng . Du c dng k nh c i ba trn, nhng vn khng c sc m chng gi vi qun nghch, cho nn phi v ni Ch Linh74 ba ln, v phi nguy cp my phen, tht l gian trun vt v. Sau nh hng phc nc Nam, Bnh nh Vng ly c t Ngh An, ri t mi c th vy vng, nh ra mt Bc, ly li c giang sn nc nh. Khi quan nh Minh l M K Ty , nghe tin Bnh nh Vng ni ln ni Lam Sn, lin em qun n nh. Vng sang ng ni Lc Thy (Cm Thy, ph Qung Ha) i qun Minh. n khi qun M K n, phc binh ca Vng ra nh, ui c qun nghch, nhng v th yu lm chng gi khng ni, Vng phi b v con gic bt c, em bi binh chy v ng ni Ch Linh.

Thng t nm k hi (1419) Bnh nh Vng li ra nh ly n Nga Lc (thuc huyn Nga Sn, Thanh Ha) git c tng nh Minh l Nguyn Sao, nhng qun ca Vng by gi hy cn t, nh lu khng c, li phi rt v Ch Linh. Quan nh Minh bit rng Ch Linh l ch Bnh nh Vng lui ti, bn em binh n vy nh. Vng b vy nguy cp lm, mi hi cc tng rng: C ai lm c nh ngi K Tn ngy trc chu cht thay cho vua Hn Cao khng? By gi c ng L Lai liu mnh v nc, xin mc thay o ng bo ci voi ra trn nh nhau vi gic. Qun nh Minh tng l Bnh nh Vng tht, xm nhau li vy nh, bt c git i ri rt qun v Ty . Vng nh c ng L Lai chu b mnh cu cha, mi trn thot c nn ln, ri mt mt cho ngi sang Ai Lao cu cu, mt mt thu nht nhng tn qun v ng L Sn ( pha ty chu Quan Ha). Ngay nm y, Ngh An c quan tri ph l Phan Liu lm phn nh Minh; H Hng c Trnh Cng Chng, L Hnh; Khoi Chu c Nguyn c; Hong Giang c Nguyn a Cu, Trn Nhu; Thy ng c L Ng, ni ln lm lon, qun nh Minh phi i nh dp cc ni cho nn Bnh nh Vng vng Thanh Ha cng c nhn dp m dng uy sc nhu. Nm canh t (1420) Bnh nh Vng em qun ra ng lng Thi, nh xung nh Ty , tng nh Minh l L Bn c tin y, em qun n nh, i n ch Thi Lang, b phc binh ca Vng nh ph mt trn, qun Minh b chy. Vng li em qun ln ng Li Giang75 v n Ba Lm. Qun Minh phi li v ng Nga Lc v Quan Du phng gi Ty . Khi Bnh nh Vng v nh Li Giang, th c ng Nguyn Tri76, vo yt kin, dng bi sch bnh Ng, vua xem ly lm hay, dng ng y lm tham mu.

3. V Ch Linh Ln Th Hai.

4. Bnh nh Vng V ng L Sn.

2. V Ch Linh Ln Th Nht.

5. Bnh nh Vng V ng Li Giang.

6. Nguyn Tri.

74 Sch "Khm nh Thng Gim" chp l ni Ch Linh ny ph Trn nh, tnh Ngh An, tc l vo t Cam Mn, Cam Ct gip tnh H Tnh. Nhng xem k a th vua Thi T khi binh Lam Sn, thuc huyn Thy Nguyn, ph Thiu Ha, v lc y vn lui ti vng Lc Thy, tc l Cm Thy v vng Nga Sn. Vy th ni Ch Linh ny khng phi min Trn nh, m chc l ch trong vng Thanh Ha m thi. Xem nh khi ngi thua Ch Linh th chy v L Sn chu Quan Ha, thuc ph Qung Ha th bit. V li ngy khi ngha t nm mu tut (1418) m mi n nm gip thn (1424) th ngi mi bn s i nh mng Ngh An, nh tht m ni rng ni Ch Linh ph Trn nh, tc l x Ngc Ma ngy trc, pha nam tnh Ngh An by gi th chc l lm.

Li Giang l tn mt khc sng M Giang vng trn huyn Cm Thy. ng Nguyn Tri l chu ngoi ng Trn Nguyn n, bi vy ng cng vi Trn Nguyn Hng c tnh thn. ng Nguyn Tri v ng Trn Nguyn Hng l ngi i cng thn nh L, sau u b git hi c.
76

75

84

ng Nguyn Tri l con ng Bng Nhn Nguyn Phi Khanh. i nh H, ng thi tin s (1400). Khi ng Nguyn Phi Khanh b nh Minh bt v Kim Lng, ng theo khc, ln n ca Nam Quan khng chu tr li. ng Phi Khanh bo rng: " Con phi tr v m lo tr th cho cha, ra thn cho nc, ch i theo khc lc m lm g ? " T ng tr li, ngy m lo vic phc th. Nay ra gip Bnh nh Vng, by mu nh k lo s bnh nh.

bn Trn Tr ng c bng gi di, bt gi L Trn li, khng cho v, v vy Vng mi tuyt giao khng i li na, ri em qun v ng ni L Sn.

7. Bnh nh Vng Ph Qun Trn Tr. n thng 11 nm tn su (1421) tng nh Minh l Trn Tr em my vn qun n nh Bnh nh Vng n Ba Lm, li c vi ngi Lo sang cng nh hai mt. Vng mi hi cc tng li bn rng: Qun kia tuy nhiu nhng xa n, cn ang nhc mt, ta nn a qun ra n nh tt l phi c. Bn xong, n m em qun vo cp tri Minh, git c hn 1.000 ngi. Trn Tr thy vy gin lm, sng hm sau truyn lnh ko ton qun n nh. Qun An Nam phc sn trc, thy qun Minh n, lin ra nh hng qu, qun Minh li phi lui v.
ang khi hai bn cn i ch, c ba vn ngi Lo gi xng sang lm vin binh cho Bnh nh Vng. Vng khng bit l di, qun Lo na m ko n nh, tng ca Vng l L Thch b tn bn cht. Nhng m qun ta gi vng n tri, qun Lo phi li v.

10. Bnh nh Vng Ly t Ngh An. Nm gip thn (1424) Bnh nh Vng hi cc tng bn k tin th. Quan thiu y l L Chch ni rng: " Ngh An l t him yu, t rng ngi nhiu, nay ta hy vo ly Tr Long (ph Tng Dng) ri h thnh Ngh An, lm ch tr chn , nhin hu s quay tr ra nh ly ng , nh th thin h c th bnh c." Vng cho k y l phi, bn em qun v nam, nh n a Cng, tng nh Minh l Lng Nh Ht b chy.
Ly c n a Cng ri, Vng tin qun vo nh Tr Long, i n ni B Lip, ph Qu Chu, gp bn Trn Tr, Phng Chnh em binh n nh, Vng bn tm ch him phc sn; khi qun Minh va n, qun ta ra nh, chm c tng nh Minh l Trn Trung, git c s tt hn 2.000 ngi, bt c hn 100 con nga. Qun Minh b chy, Vng em binh n vy nh Tr Long. Quan tri ph l Cm Bnh ch cu binh mi khng c, phi m ca thnh ra hng. T khi Bnh nh Vng khi ngha cho n gi, nh vi qun nh Minh nhiu phen, c thua tri qua my trn, nhng quan nh Minh vn ly lm khinh thng, cho nn khng tu v cho Minh Triu bit. By gi Hong Phc v Tu ri, vua nh Minh sai Binh B Thng Th l Trn Hip sang thay. Trn Hip thy Bnh nh Vng ly c chu Tr Long, thanh th lng ly, bn vi vng lm s tu cho vua nh Minh bit. Minh mi xung chiu trch mng bn Trn Tr, Phng Ch, bt phi dp ngay cho yn gic y. Bn Trn Tr s hi em c thy b, cng tin ln nh Bnh nh Vng. Vng sai inh Lit em 1.000 qun i ung tt ra gi Gia77, cn Vng th em c tng s n mn thng du t Kh Lu bc ngn sng Lam Giang (thuc huyn Lng Sn), ri tm ch him yu phc binh i qun Minh. Khi qun Minh n Kh Lu, Vng bn sai ngi ban ngy th ko c nh trng, ban m th bt t la lm nghi binh, ri cho binh sang bn kia sng phc sn. Sng hm sau qun Minh tin ln b phc binh
77

8. V Ch Linh Ln Th Ba. Sang nm sau l nm nhm dn (1422) Bnh nh Vng t n Ba Lm tin ln nh n Quan Gia, b qun Minh v qun Lo hai mt nh li, phi thua chy v gi n Khi Sch. Qun Minh v qun Lo tha th n vy kn bn mt. Vng thy th nguy qu, mi bo cc tng rng: "Qun gic vy kn ri, nu khng liu sng cht nh tho ly ng chy ra, th cht c !" Qun s ai ny u c sc nh ph, qun gic phi li. Vng li em qun v ni Ch Linh.
T khi Bnh nh Vng em binh v Ch Linh, lng thc mt ngy mt km, trong hai thng tri qun s phi n rau n c c bao nhiu voi nga lm tht n ht c. Tng s mi mt, u mun ngh ngi, xin Vng hy tm ha vi gic. Vng bt c d sai L Trn i xin ha. Quan nh Minh by gi thy nh khng li, cng thun cho ha.

9. Bnh nh Vng Ht Lng Phi Ha Vi Gic.

Nm qu mo (1423) Bnh nh Vng em qun v Lam Sn. By gi tng nh Minh l bn Trn Tr, Sn Th thng hay cho Vng tru, nga, c mm v thc la; Vng cng cho L Trn a vng bn ra t. Nhng sau 85

Vo qung gn n Linh Cm, huyn Hng Sn, H Tnh.

bn mt ra nh, tng nh Minh l Chu Kit phi bt, Hong Thnh phi chm, cn qun s b chy c. Trn Tr phi thu qun v gi thnh Ngh An. Thng ging nm t t (1425) Vng em binh v nh thnh Ngh An, i n lng a Li huyn Th Du (by gi l huyn Thanh Chng) dn s a tru a ru ra n rc, gi tr u ni rng: khng ng ngy nay li thy uy nghi nc c. By gi li c quan tri ph Ngc ma (ph Trn nh) l Cm Qu em binh m v gip. Vng bn xung lnh rng: "Dn ta lu nay phi kh s v chnh tr bo ngc ca ngi Tu, qun ta i n u cm khng c xm phm n cht g ca ai. Nhng go thc tru b m khng phi l ca ngi nh Minh th khng c ly". on ri, phn binh i nh ly cc ni, i n u cc quan chu huyn ra hng c, u tnh nguyn i nh thnh Ngh An. Vng bn em qun v vy thnh; qun Minh ht sc gi gn khng dm ra nh. ng khi vy nh Ngh An, tng nh Minh l L An ng Quan em qun i dng b vo cu. Qun ca Trn Tr trong thnh cng ra nh, Vng nh qun Minh n ca sng Gia, ri dng phc binh nh tan qun gic. Trn Tr b chy v ng Quan, cn L An vo gi thnh, Vng li em qun v vy thnh. n thng nm, Vng sai quan T Khng l inh L em binh i nh Din Chu, inh L i va n ni, th gp tng nh Minh l Trng Hng em 300 chic thuyn lng ng Quan mi vo, qun trong thnh ra tip, b phc binh ca inh L nh ui. Bao nhiu thuyn lng inh L cp ly c c, ri ui Trng Hng ra n Ty . Bnh nh Vng c tin y lin sai L St v Lu Nhn Ch em binh ra tip ng inh L. inh L nhn dp tin ln vy thnh Ty . Qua thng by, Vng sai quan T Trn Nguyn Hn , Thng Tng L N em hn mt nghn qun vo ly chu Tn Bnh v chu Thun Ha. i n B Chnh th gp tng nh Minh l Nhm Nng, hai bn nh nhau, qun nh Minh b phc binh nh chy tan c. By gi li c o thy qun ca L Ngn em hn 70 chic thuyn i ng b vo, Trn Nguyn Hn lin em c thy b tin
78

ln nh h c hai thnh y, m thm my vn tinh binh a ra nh mt bc. T y binh th ca Bnh nh Vng mt ngaymt mnh, cc tng tn ngi ln lm "i Thin Hnh Ha", ngha l thay tri lm mi vic. Nm bnh ng (1426) Vng thy tinh binh ca nh Minh c Ngh An, ngoi ng khng c bao nhiu ngi, bn sai L Trin, Phm Vn Xo, Trnh Kh, B ra nh Quc Oai, Qung Oai, Gia Hng, Qu Ha, Giang, Tam i (Bch Hc), Tuyn Quang chn ng vin binh Vn Nam sang. Sau Lu Nhn Ch v Bi B ra nh Thin Trng, Kin Xng, Tn Hng, Thng hng (Bnh Giang), H Hng (Ninh Giang), Bc Giang, Lng Giang chn ng vin binh Lng Qung sang. Li sai inh L, Nguyn X em binh i thng ra nh ng Quan. Qun ca Bnh nh Vng i n u gi k lut rt nghim, khng xm phm n ca ai cht g, cho nn ai ai cng vui lng theo phc. Bn L Trin ly c Quc Oai v Tam i ri em qun v nh ng Quan. Quan tham tng nh Minh l Trn Tr em binh ra ng Ninh Kiu79 (pha ty ph Giao Chu) v ng Thin (?) chng gi; qun L Trin n nh, Trn Tr thua chy v ng pha ty sng Ninh Giang (khc trn sng y). Cht c tin bo rng c hn mt vn qun Vn Nam sang cu. L Trin s hai o qun ca Minh hp li th kh nh, bn bo Phm Vn Xo em hn mt nghn ngi i n chn ng qun Vn Nam; cn mnh th cng vi B em qun n nh Trn Tr. Trn Tr thua chy; bn L Trin ui n lng Nhn Mc bt c tng nh Minh l Vi Lng, chm c hn 1.000, ri li quay tr v Ninh Giang hp binh vi Vn Xo nh qun Vn Nam. Phm Vn Xo n cu Xa Lc (?) th gp qun Vn Nam sang, nh mt trn, qun nghc thua chy v gi thnh tam giang. Trn Tr thy th ng Quan yu lm bn vit th vo Ngh An gi Phng Chnh em binh ra cu, gi ly ch cn bn. Phng Chnh

13. Qun Bnh nh Vng Tin Ra ng .

11. Vy Thnh Ty .

12. Ly Tn Bnh v Thun Ha.

Trn Nguyn Hn, c ni chp l Trn Hn, l chu Trn Nguyn n, dng di Trn Quang Khi.

78

Nhng tn Ninh Kiu, Ninh Giang, ng Thin chc l vng huyn T Lim, huyn Thanh Oai, v qung sng Nhu Giang v sng y. M Ninh Giang c l l khc sng y vo qung T Lim hay Thanh Oai g .

79

86

c th bn sai Thi Phc li gi thnh Ngh An, ri em qun xung thuyn i ng b ra ng Quan. Bnh nh Vng nghe tin y, lin sai L Ngn, L Vn An, L Bi, L Thn, L Vn Linh li vy thnh Ngh An; Vng t em i qun c thy b Phng Chnh ra bc. Ra n Thanh Ha, Vng em binh vo nh thnh Ty , nhng qun Minh gi vng thnh tr nh khng c, Vng em qun n ng Li Giang. T khi Bnh nh Vng L Sn vo nh Ngh An n gi, nh u c y, thanh th lng ly, qun Minh khip s, em tin v cho Minh Triu bit, Minh lin sai Chinh Di Tng Qun l Vng Thng v Tham Tng l M Anh em 5 vn qun sang cu ng Quan. Trn Tr v Phng Chnh th phi cch ht c quan tc bt phi theo qun i nh gic, cn Trn Hip th c gi chc Tham Tn Qun V. Vng Thng sang n t ng Quan hi tt c qun s li c mi vn, cng vi bn Trn Hip chia lm ba o i nh Bnh nh Vng. Vng Thng em qun n ng bn C S (thuc huyn Thch Tht, ph Quc Oai, Sn Ty). Phng Chnh ng Sa Thi (thuc huyn T Lim), M K ng Thanh Oai, n ly lin tip nhau mt dy di hn my mi dm. Bn L Trin, B Ninh Kiu em qun v voi n phc C Lm, ri cho qun n nh nh M K. M K em tt c qun ui n cu Tam La ( gip gii huyn Thanh Oai v huyn T Lim), qun phc binh ca L Trin ra nh, qun Minh thua chy, nhiu ngi xung ng ly, chy khng c, b chm hn 1.000 ngi. L Trin ui qun Minh n Nhn Mc, bt c hn 500 ngi. M K mt mnh mt nga chy thot c. Bn L Trin tha thng tin ln nh o qun Phng Chnh. Nhng Phng Chnh thy M K thua cng rt qun lui, ri cng M K v hi vi Phng Thng bn C S. Vng Thng liu tt th no qun An Nam cng n nh, bn phc binh v phng b trc c. Cht c qun ca L Trin n. Qun Minh gi ra nh ri b chy, nh qun ta v ch him c chng st. i n y, voi xo phi chng i khng c, ri li c phc binh ra nh, L Trin thua chy v gi Cao B ( vng Chng c, M Lng) v cho ngi v 87

Thanh m (tc l huyn Thanh Tr by gi) gi bn inh L v Nguyn X n cu. inh L v Nguyn X em 3.000 qun v hai con voi lp tc m hm y n Cao B, ri phn binh ra phc sn Ty ng (thuc huyn M Lng) v Chc ng (thuc huyn Chng c)80. Cht bt c tn thm t ca qun Minh, tra ra th bit rng qun Vng Thng ng Ninh Kiu, c mt o qun i ln ra ng sau qun L Trin nh tp hu, i qun sang ch ch lc no nghe sng th hai mt li cng nh. Bit mu y ri, n canh nm m hm y, inh L sai ngi bn sng lm hiu nh la qun gic. Qu nhin qun gic nghe ting sng u ko a n nh. By gi phi tri ma, ng ly, qun Minh va n Ty ng th b qun ta bn mt ra nh, chm c quan Thng Th l Trn Hip, v Ni Quan l L Lng. Cn nhng qun s nh Minh th cht hi nhiu lm: phn th giy xo ln nhau m cht, phn th ng xung sng cht ui, c thy n hn nm vn ngi; cn b bt sng hn mt vn ngi, cc c kh gii th ly c khng bit bao nhiu m k. Trn Ty ng nh vo thng mi nm bnh ng (1426). Phng Chnh v M K chy thot c, ri cng vi Vng Thng v gi thnh ng Quan. Bn inh L tha thng em binh v vy thnh v cho ngi v Li Giang bo tin thng trn cho Bnh nh Vng bit. Vng lin tin binh ra Thanh m, ri mt mt sai Trn Nguyn Hn em 100 chic thuyn i theo sng Lung Giang (?)81 ra ca Ht Giang (ca sng y thng vi sng Ci) ri thun dng sng Nh H xung ng bn ng B u ; mt mt sai bn Bi B em hn 1 vn qun i ln ra ng Ty Dng Kiu (?), Vng t dn i qun n h tri gn thnh ng Quan. Qun Minh gi trong thnh khng ra nh, bao nhiu chin thuyn th Vng ly c c. K t ngy Bnh nh Vng em binh vo nh Ngh An n gi, tuy rng nh u c y, nhng cha c trn no quan h bng trn Ty ng ny. Bi v vic thng bi trong 10 phn, nh xong trn ny, th chc c 7, 8 phn ri. Qun th nh Minh ch cn trong my thnh b vy

14. Trn Ty ng - Vng Thng Tht Th.

Ty ng v Chc ng vo qung huyn Chng M, pha ng c sng y, pha ty c con sng con gi l sng Bi, chy vo sng y, ch Ng Ba Th. 81 Chc l mt khc sng y thuc ht tnh H ng by gi.

80

na m thi, mt ngoi th vin binh li cha c, m du cho c sang na, th th ca Bnh nh Vng cng vng lm ri. Nhng c trong Vit S th qun ca L Trin v inh L chng qua ch c my nghn ngi m thi, lm th no m ph c hn 10 vn qun tinh binh ca Vng Thng ? V li s chp rng nh trn Ty ng qun An Nam git c hn 5 vn qun Minh, li bt c hn 1 vn ngi, nh th chng ha ra qun Minh hn lm ru! E rng nh lm s c thin v, cho nn s thc khng c r lm. Nhng du thc h th no mc lng, i khi trn Ty ng l mt trn nh nhau to, m Vng Thng th thua, phi rt qun v gi thnh ng Quan ri b vy, cn Bnh nh Vng th ra bc thu phc cc chu huyn. Vic y chc l tht c.

Vng Thng cho ngi a th ra xin ha, v xin cho em ton qun v nc. Bnh nh Vng thun cho, nh ngy Vng Thng gi qun cc ni v hi ti ng , ri v Tu. Vic nh nh th, nhng m by gi c my ngi An Nam theo nh Minh, nh nhng tn Trn Phong, Lng Nh Ht, s rng qun Minh v th mnh phi git, bn ly chuyn M Nhi ngy trc can Vng Thng ng rt qun v. Vng Thng nghe li, b ngoi tuy ni ha, nhng b trong sai ngi o ho, rc chng, ri cho ngi i ln em th v Tu cu cu. Bnh nh Vng bt c ngi a th, gin lm, khng giao thng vi qun Minh na, ri sai L Quc Hng nh thnh iu Diu (huyn Gia Lm, Bc Ninh) v thnh Th Kiu (tc l Th Cu thuc huyn V Giang, Bc Ninh); Trnh Kh v L Khuyn nh thnh Tam Giang (tc l Tam i, nay l huyn Bch Hc); L St v L Th nh thnh Xng Giang ( tc l Ph Lng Thng by gi); Trn Lu, L Bi nh thnh K n. Chng bao lu nhng thnh y u ly c c.

15. Vy Thnh ng . T khi Bnh nh Vng ra ng , nhng k ho kit cc ni u n nc v theo, xin ht sc i nh gic. Vng dng li y d v ly ci ngha lui ti m ging gii cho mi ngi nghe, ri c ty ti m thu dng.
Vng chia t ng ra lm bn o, t quan vn v coi vic chnh tr. C theo sch "Lch Triu Hin Chng a D Ch" ca ng Phan Huy Ch th nhng trn Tam Giang, Tuyn Quan, Hng Ha, Gia Hng thuc v Ty o; nhng trn Thng Hng, H Hng, Thng Sch, H Sch cng vi l An Bang thuc v ng o; nhng trn Bc Giang, Thi Nguyn thuc v Bc o; nhng l Khoi Chu, L Nhn, Tn Hng, Kin Xng, Thin Trng thuc v Nam o. Vng Thng ng Quan c b thua mi, liu th nh khng c na, mun bi binh v Tu, nhng s mang ting, bn lc t chiu ca vua nh Minh, nin hiu Vnh Lc (1407), ni v vic tm con chu h Trn, ri cho ngi ra ni vi Bnh nh Vng tm ngi dng di h Trn lp ln, xin bi binh. Vng ngh nh nhau mi, trong nc tn hi, dn tnh kh s, bn y theo li Vng Thng. Nhn lc by gi c ngi tn l H ng trn Ngc Ma, xng l chu ba i vua Ngh Tng, vng bn cho ngi i n H ng v i tn l Trn Cao, lp nn lm vua, m Vng th xng lm V Quc Cng cu phong vi nh Minh, cho chng xong vic.

17. Bnh nh Vng ng Qun B .

Thng ging nm inh mi (1427), Bnh nh Vng tin qun ln ng ch B , pha bc sng Nh H, ri sai tng nh thnh ng Quan: Trnh Kh nh ca ng, inh L nh ca Nam, L Cc nh ca Ty, L Trin nh ca Bc.

Qun nh Minh mt ngy mt km, tng nh Minh gi thnh Ngh An v thnh Din Chu l bn Thi Phc v Tit T u ra hng c. Bnh nh Vng li sai Li B Thng Th l ng Nguyn Tri, lm hch i khuyn tng s cc ni v hng. Nhng cng v thy qun Minh yu th, c khinh nh cho nn qun ta mt hai vin i tng. Trc th L Trin ng T Lim, khng cn thn, b qun ca Phng Chnh n nh ln git mt; sau Vng Thng ng Quan em binh ra nh L Nguyn Ty Ph Lit (thuc huyn Thanh Tr), Vng sai inh L v Nguyn X em 500 qun i cu. i n M ng (thuc Hong Mai, huyn Thanh Tr) gp qun Minh, hai bn nh nhau. Vng Thng thy qun inh L c t, bn vy li nh bt c inh L v Nguyn X. Nguyn X trn i c, cn inh L b git.

16. Vng Thng Xin Ha Ln Th Nht.

18. Bnh nh Vng t Php Lut Tr Qun Dn.

Bnh nh Vng c mt mt vy nh thnh ng Quan v cc thnh khc, mt mt lo vic cai tr, t ra cc iu l cho vic binh c k lut v cho lng dn c yn. 88

Trc ht Vng d cm t o: ai m dng nhng php t ma gi di nh la ngi ta th phi ti. Cn nhng dn s b lon phi lu tn i ch khc cho v nguyn qun, c vic lm n nh c. Nhng v con gia quyn ca nhng ngi ra lm quan vi gic, th c php theo l, ly tin m chuc82; cn nhng qun lnh nh Minh hng th a v Thin Trng, Kin Xng, L Nhn, Tn Hng nui nng t t. Vng t ra ba iu rn cc quan: 1. Khng c v tnh. 2. Khng c khi mn. 3. Khng c gian dm V li d rng nhng qun lnh ngy thng c ti khng c git cn, tr lc no ra trn m tri qun lnh th mi theo php m thi hnh. Vng li t ra 10 iu lm k lut cho cc tng s: 1. Trong qun n o khng nghim. 2. Khng c vic g m t chuyn ra lm cho mi ngi s hi. 3. Lc lm trn nghe trng nh, thy c pht, m chng chnh khng tin. 4. Thy ko c dng qun m khng dng. 5. Nghe ting ching li qun m khng li 6. Phng gi khng cn thn, mt th ng. 7. Lo ring vic v con, m b vic qun. 8. Tha binh inh v ly tin, v lm s sch mp m. 9. Theo bng yu ght ca mnh m lm la mt cng qu ca ngi ta. 10. Gian dm, trm cp. H tng s ai m phm vo 10 iu y th phi ti chm. Cn qun lnh, th h nghe mt ting sng m khng c ting ching, th cc tng hiu phi n dinh nghe lnh; h nghe hai ba ting sng v hai ba ting ching y l c vic cnh cp, quan chp lnh phi sp hng ng, cn quan thiu y th n dinh m nghe lnh; h n lc lm trn m li hoc l b nhng ngi sau khng cu, th phi ti chm, nhng gin hoc c ai khng may cht trn m mnh ht sc mang c xc ra th khi ti.
82 V con ca quan B Chnh th phi 70 quan; v con nhng sinh vin v th quan th 10 quan; cn nhng con trai, con gi y t, a th 5 quan.

i khi k lut trong qun ca Bnh nh Vng nh th, cho nn i u, dn gian knh phc lm.

19. Trn Chi Lng - Liu Thng T Trn.

T khi qun Minh thua trn Ty ng, Trn Hip b git, Vng Thng cho ngi v tu vi Minh xin thm binh. Minh tht kinh, lin sai Chinh L Ph Tng Qun An Vin Hu l Liu Thng, Tham Tng Bo nh B l Lng Minh, c l Thi T, Binh B Thng Th l L Khnh, Cng B Thng Th l Hong Phc, Hu B Chnh S l Nguyn c Hun, em 10 vn qun, hai vn nga, i ng Qung Ty sang nh ca Ba Ly, by gi l thng chp nm bnh ng (1427). Li sai Chinh Nam i Tng Qun Kim Quc Cng l Mc Thnh, Tham Tng Anh Hng B l T Hanh, Ty Ninh B l m Trung i ng vo Vn Nam sang nh ca L Hoa.

Khi cc tng nghe vin binh ca qun Minh sp n, nhiu ngi khuyn Vng nh ngay ly thnh ng Quan tuyt ng ni ng, nhng Vng khng nghe, bo rng: "Vic nh thnh l h sch, nay ta hy c dng binh sc nhuu i qun ch n th ra nh. H vin qun m thua, th qun trong thnh tt phi ra hng. Th c phi lm mt vic m thnh c hai khng?" on ri bt phi gi gn mi ni cho nghim nht, li bt ngi Lng Giang, Bc Giang, Tam i, Tuyn Quan, Quy Ha i ch khc, b ng khng trnh qun Minh. n thng mi (1427) Bnh nh Vng nghe tin qun ca bn Liu Thng sp sang t An Nam, lin hi cc tng li bn rng: "Qun kia cy kho khinh yu, ly nhiu bt nt t, ch ct nh cho c, ch khng tng n iu khc. Nay ng xa nghn dm, m i c my ngy, nu ta nhn lc ngi nga ca chng ang mi mt, ta "d dt i lao", nh l tt c". Bn sai L St, Lu Nhn Ch, L Linh, inh Lit, L Th em 1 vn qun v 5 con voi ln phc sn ca Chi Lng, i qun Minh. Li sai L L, L Vn An, em 3 vn qun c lc tc ko ln nh gic. By gi Trn Lu ang gi ca Ba Ly (Nam Quan) thy qun Minh n, lui v gi Ai Lu; n khi qun gic n nh Ai Lu, Trn Lu li li v gi Chi Lng, c cch tng on, ch no cng c n, qun Minh i n u khng ai dm chng gi, ph lun mt lc c nhng my ci n. Liu Thng c ui trn i. Bnh nh Vng li lm ra b khip s, cho ngi a th sang ni vi Liu Thng xin lp Trn Cao ln lm vua xin bi binh. Liu Thng tip th khng m ra xem cho ngi a v Bc Kinh, ri c tin ln nh. 89

Ngy 18 thng 9, qun Liu Thng n gn ca Chi Lng. L St sai Trn Lu ra nh ri b chy. Liu Thng mng lm, ch em 100 lnh k ui theo, b i i li sau. ui c mt on, phi ch bn ly i khng c, phc binh ta ra nh, chm Liu Thng ni o M Pha (by gi l M Yn Sn, lng Mai Sao, thuc n Chu). Vic y vo ngy 20 thng 9 nm inh mi. Bn L St, Trn Lu tha thng ui nh qun Minh git hn 1 vn ngi. Lc by gi o qun ca L L cng va n, hi li tin ln nh qun Minh, chm c Lng Minh gia trn (ngy 25). L Khnh th t t (ngy 28). Cn bn Hong Phc v Thi T em bi binh chy v thnh Xng Giang (thnh ca nh Minh xy x Th Xng, ph Lng Giang), i n na ng b qun ca L St ui n nh ph mt trn; Thi T c nh ly ng chy v Xng Giang, khng ng thnh y b bn Trn Nguyn Hn ly mt ri, qun Minh s hi qu bn lp tri p ly gia ng chng gi. Bnh nh Vng sai qun thy b vy nh, sai Trn Nguyn Hn chn ng ti lng ca qun Minh, li sai Phm Vn, L Khi, Nguyn X em qun thit i vo nh chm qun Minh c hn 5 vn, bt sng c Hong Phc, Thi T v 3 vn qun. Thi T khng chu hng phi git. By gi Mc Thnh vi bn Phm Vn Xo v Trnh Kh ang gi nhau ca L Hoa. Trc Vng cng liu rng Mc Thnh l ngi lo luyn tt ch xem qun Liu Thng thng bi th no ri mi tin, bn sai a th dn bn Vn Xo c gi vng ch ng ra nh. n khi qun Liu Thng thua ri, Vng cho nhng tn t tng bt c, em nhng giy m n tn ln cho Mc Thnh bit. Mc Thnh c tin y, s qu, em qun chy, b qun Trnh Kh ui theo chm c hn 1 vn ngi v bt c c ngi ln nga mi th hn mt nghn.

21. Trn Cao Dng Biu Xin Phong. Bnh nh Vng ha vi Vng Thng ri, qun Minh Ty v cc ni u gii binh c. Vng sai L Thiu Dnh, L Quang Cnh v L c Huy em t biu v phng vt sang s nh Minh.
Nhng phng vt l: 1. Hai ngi bng vng thay mnh. 2. Mt l hng bng bc. 3. Mt i bnh hoa bng bc 4. Ba mi tm lt. 5. Mi bn i ng voi. 6. Mi hai bnh hng trm. 7. Hai vn nn hng duyn. 8. Hai mi b cy hng trm. V li em hai ci du i ngn, i h ph ca Chnh L Ph Tng Qun cng vi s k nhng ngi quan qun nhn m b bt em tr li Minh Triu. Cn t biu th ng tn Trn Cao, i lc nh sau ny: "Khi vua Thi T Cao Hong mi ln ngi, t tin ti l Nht Khu vo triu cng trc nht, by gi ngi c ban thng, phong cho tc Vng. T nh ti vn ni i gi b ci, khng b thiu l triu cng bao gi. Mi ri nhn h H thon nghch, vua Thi Tng Vn Hong qun sang hi ti. Sau khi dp yn ri, ngi c h chiu tm con chu h Trn gi ly dng di cng t. By gi quan tng binh Trng Ph tm cha c khp, xin t lm qun huyn. Nguyn ti lc trc v trong nc c lon, chy trn vo x Lo Qua, cng l mun tm chn yn thn m thi, khng ng ngi trong nc, vn quen thi mi, nh n n trch nh ti thu trc, li c p ti phi v, bt c d ti cng phi theo. Du rng trong khi vi vng, b ngi trong nc c p, nhng cng l ci ti ti khng bit liu x. Mi y ti c xin li trc hng qun, nhng khng ai chu nghe, by gi ngi nc ti s phi tai v, lin em nhau ra phng b cc ca i, cng l mt k gi mnh.

20. Vng Thng Xin Ha Ln Th Hai.

Bnh nh Vng sai a bn Hong Phc v hai ci h ph, hai du i ngn ca quan Chinh L Ph Tng Qun v ng Quan cho Vng Thng bit.

Vng Thng bit rng vin binh sang b thua ri, s hi qu, vit th xin ha. Vng thun cho, ri cng vi Vng Thng lp n th pha nam thnh ng Quan, hn n thng chp th em qun v Tu. 90

Ng u quan qun xa xi mi n thy voi s hi, tc khc v tan. Vic xy ra nh vy, du bi s bt c d ca ngi trong nc cng l li ca ti. Nhng bao nhiu nhng qun v nga bt c u phi thu dng t t, khng dm xm phm mt t g. Dm xin hong thng ngy nay li theo nh li chiu ca vua Thi Tng Vn Hong , tm ly con chu h Trn, ngh n ci lng thnh vo triu cng trc nht ca t tin ti ngy xa, m x ci ti to nh g ni y, khng bt phi ci pht nng bng ba ru, khin cho ti c ni nghip x nam, gi chc triu cng. Ti sai ngi thn tn mang t biu t v a tr nhng n tn nhn m ti chn kinh s, nay li xin tu nhng danh s y" Vua nh Minh by gi l Tuyn Tng xem biu bit rng gi di, nhng cng mun nhn dp y thi vic binh, bn a t biu cho qun thn xem, mi ngi u xin ha. Minh sai quan L B Th Lang l L K a chiu sang phong cho Trn Cao lm An Nam Quc Vng, b ta B Chnh v trit qun v Tu. n thng chp nm inh mi, Vng Thng theo li c vi Bnh nh Vng, em b binh qua sng Nh H, cn thy qun theo sau. By gi c ngi xui Vng rng: lc trc ngi Minh tn c lm, nn em git c i. Vng ni rng: " Phc th bo on l ci thng tnh ca mi ngi, nhng ci bn tm ngi c nhn khng mun git ngi bao gi. V ngi ta hng m li cn git th khng hay. Nu mnh mun tha cn gin mt lc, m chu ci ting mun i git k hng, th sao bng cho mun vn con ngi sng m khi c ci mi tranh chin v i sau, li ting thm lu truyn thin c trong s xanh". Vng khng git ngi Minh li cp cho thy qun 500 chic thuyn giao cho Phng Chnh v M K qun lnh; cp lng tho cho lc qun giao cho Sn Th, Hong Phc qun lnh; cn 2 vn ngi ra hng v b bt th giao cho M Anh qun lnh em v Tu. Vng Thng th lnh b binh i sau. Bnh nh Vng tin bit rt hu. Gic Minh lc tc v bc, by gi mi tht l: Nam Quc Sn H, Nam C; nc Nam li c t ch nh c.

T Bnh Ng i Co ny lm bng Hn Vn, l mt bn vn chng rt c gi tr trong i L. Nay theo nguyn vn trong tp Hong Vit Vn Tuyn m chp ra nh sau ny:

23. T Bnh Ng i Co. Bnh nh Vng dp xong gic Minh ri, sai ng Nguyn Tri lm t b co cho thin h bit.
91

Bnh Ng i Co
Tng mng: Vic nhn ngha ct yn dn, qun iu pht ch v kh bo. Nh nc Vit t trc, vn xng vn hin lu. Sn h cng vc chia, phong tc bc nam cng khc. T inh, L, L, Trn, gy nn c lp; cng Hn, ng, Tng, Nguyn, hng c mt phng. Du cng nhc c lc khc nhau, song ho kit i no cng c. Vy nn: Lu Cung s uy mt va, Triu Tit nghe ting git mnh. Ca Hm T git ti Toa , sng Bch ng bt sng M. Xt xem c tch, c minh trng83. V h H chnh s phin h, trong nc nhn dn on bn. Qun cung Minh tha c t ngc84, bn gian t cn bn nc cu vinh. Nng dn en trn ngn la hung tn, vi con xung di hm tai v. Chc di mun nghn khe, c cha ngt hai mi nm. Bi nhn ngha, nt c cn khn, nng khoa lim85 vt khng sn trch. No ln rng o m, no xung b m chu, no h by hu en, no li d chim s. Tn hi c cn trng tho mc; nheo nhc thay quan qu in lin86. K h ming, a nhe rng, mu m by no n cha chn. Nay xy nh, mai p t, chn tay no phc dch cho va. Nng n v nhng ni phu phen, bt b mt c ngh canh ci. c c thay ! trc rng khng ghi ht ti; d bn thay ! nc b khng ra sch mi. L no tri t tha cho, ai bo thn nhn nhn c. Ni Lam Sn dy ngha, chn hoang d nng mnh. Ngm non sng cm ni th th, th sng cht cng qun nghch tc. au lng nhc c, chc l mi my nng ma; nm mt nm gai, h phi mt hai sm ti. Qun n v gin, sch lc thao suy xt tinh; ngm trc n nay, l hng ph n o cng k. Nhng trn trc trong cn mng m, ch bn khon mt ni hi. Va khi c ngha dy ln, chnh lc qun th ang mnh. Li ngt v:
Minh trng: chng c r rng. T ngc: Ht sc tn ngc. 85 Khoa lim: Thu m. 86 Quan: Ngi khng v; Qu: ngi ga chng; in Lin: nhng k khng c nh , khng trng cy vo u c.
84 83

Tun kit nh sao bui sm, nhn ti nh l ma thu. Vic bn tu thiu k n, ni duy c him ngi bn bc. i phen vng vy, vn m m con mt dc ng87; my tha i ch, lung ng ng c xe h t88. Th m trng ngi, ngi cng vng ngt, vn mt m nh k vng dng89. th m t ta, ta phi lo toan, thm vi v nh khi chng nch90. Phn th gin hung ngang dc, phn th lo quc b kh khn. Khi Linh Sn lng ht my tun; khi Khi huyn qun khng mt l. C l tri mun trao cho gnh nng, bt tri qua bch chit thin ma; cho nn ta c gng gan bn, chp ht c nht sinh thp t. Ma u gy, ngn c pht phi, ngng vn ngh bn ci an h. M tic qun, chn ru ngt ngo, khp tng s mt lng ph t. Th gic mnh, ta yu m ta ch ni; qun gic nhiu, ta t m ta c lun. Dn hay: em i ngha thng hung tn, ly ch nhn m thay cng bo. Trn B ng sm vang st dy, min Tr Ln trc ph tro ba S kh hng, qun thanh cng mnh. Trn Tr, Sn Th mt va chy tan; Phng Chnh, L An tm ng trn trnh. nh Ty Kinh ph tan th gic, ly ng thu li ci xa. Di Ninh Kiu mu chy thnh sng; bn Ty ng xc y ngoi ni. Trn Hip thit mng. L Lng li phi thy. Vng Thng ht cp lo lng, M Anh khng ng cu . N tr cng lc kit, b tay khng bit tnh sao; ta y mu pht tm cng, chng nh m ngi chu khut. Tng n phi thay lng i d, hiu l ti lui; ng u cn kim k tm phng, gy mm ti nghit. Cy mnh l phi, ch quen v cho ngi; tham cng mt thi, chng b by tr d duc. n ni a tr ranh nh Tuyn c91, nhm v khng thi; li sai nht nht nh Thnh, Thng, em du cha chy. Nm inh mi thng chn, Liu Thng t Khu n ting san; li nm nay thng mi, Mc Thnh t Vn Nam ko n. Ta iu binh gi him ngn li Bc qun; ta li sai tng chn ngang tuyt ng lng o. Mi tm, Liu Thng thua Chi Lng, hai mi, Liu Thng cht M Yn. Hai mi lm, Lng Minh trn vong; hai mi tm, L Khnh t vn. Li dao ta ang sc, ngn gio gic phi li. Li thm qun bn mt vy thnh, hn n rm thng mi dit tc. S tt ra oai t h, thn th mt tro nha. Gm mi , ni cng mn; voi ung nc, nc sng phi cn. nh mt trn sch khng knh ngc, nh hai trn tan tc chim mung. Cn gi to trt sch l kh, t kin hng st toang c. Thi T phi qu m xin li, Hong Phc t tri
87 88 89 90 91

Va ri:

Ta y:

Dc ng: ni mun v ly ng . H t: C xe khng bn tri i ngi hin. Vng dng: Trng ra bin khng thy g. Chng nch: Vt ngi cht ui. Vua Tuyn Tng nh Minh, nin hiu Tuyn c.

92

 ra hng. Lng Giang, Lng Sn thy cht y ng, Xng Giang, Bnh Than mu tri nc. Gm gh thay ! sc phong vn cng i; thm m thay ! sng nht nguyt phi m. Binh Vn Nam nghn L Hoa, s m mt mt; qun Mc Thnh tan chn Cn Trm, chy thot thn. Sui mu Lnh Cu, nc sng rn r; thnh xng an X, c ni m a. Hai mt cu binh, cm u trn chy; cc thnh cng khu, ci gip xung u. Bt tng gic mang v, n vy ui phc ti; th lng tri bt st, ta cng m ng hiu sinh. M K, Phng Chnh, cp cho nm trm chic thuyn, ra n b cha thi trng ngc. Vng Thng, M Anh, pht cho vi nghn c nga, v n Tu cn m hi. N s cht cu ha, ng lng th phc; ta mun ton qun l ct, c nc ngh ngi. Th mi l mu k tht khn, v li sut xa nay cha c. Giang san t y m mt, x tc t y vng nn. Nht nguyt hi m li minh, cn khn b m li thi. Nn vn th xy nn chn chn, thn nghn thu ra sch lu lu. Th l nh tri t t tng khn thing che ch, gip cho nc ta vy. Than i ! Vy vng mt mng nhung y nn cng i nh, phng lng bn b thi v m hi vnh thanh. B co xa gn, ng cng cho bit.

Bnh Ng i Co
Ci vn : nhn ngha chi c, yu ti an dn; iu pht chi s, mc tin kh bo. Duy ng i-Vit chi quc, thc vi vn-hin chi bang. Sn xuyn chi phong vc k th, Nam Bc chi phong-tc dic d. T Triu inh L Trn chi triu to ng quc, d Hn ng Tng Nguyn nhi cc nht phng. Tuy cng nhc th hu bt ng, nhi ho kit th v thng php. C Lu Cung tham cng d th bi, nhi Triu Tit hiu i d xc vong. Toa k cm Hm-t quan, M hu Bch-ng hi. K ch vng c, quyt hu minh trng. Khonh nhn H-chnh chi phin-h, tr-s nhn-tm chi on-bn. Cung-Minh t khch, nhn d c ng dn; ngy ng hoi gian, cnh d mi ng quc. Hn thng-sinh ngc-dim, hm xch-t ha-khanh. Khi thin vng dn, qu-k ci thin vn trng; lin binh kt hn, nm c i nh thp nin. Bi ngha thng nhn, kin khn ky h dc tc; trng khoa hu lim, sn trch m hu kit di. Khai kim-trng, tc mo lam-chng nhi ph sn o sa; thi minh-chu, tc xc giao-long nhi hon yu thn hi. Nhiu dn thit huyn lc chi hm tnh, in vt chc thy cm chi vng la. Cn trng tho mc giai bt c d toi k sinh, quan qu in-lin cu bt hoch d an k s. Tun sinh dn chi huyt, d nhun kit-hit chi vn nha; cc th mc chi cng, d sng cng t chi gii v. Chu l chi chinh dao trng khn, l dim chi tr trc giai khng. Quyt ng-hi chi thy, bt tc d trc k ; Khnh Nam-sn chi trc, bt tc d th k c. Thn nhn chi s cng phn, thin a chi s bt dung. D phn tch Lam-sn, th thn hoang d. Nim th-th khi kh cng i, th nghch-tc nan d cu sinh. Thng tm tt th gi thy thp d nin, thng m nga tn gi ci phi nht nht. Pht phn vong thc, mi nghin m thao-lc chi th; tc c nghim kim, t suy cu hng vong chi l. hi chi ch, ng m bt vong. ng ngha k s khi chi th, chnh tc th phng trng chi nht. Ni d nhn ti thu dip, tun kit thn tinh. Bn tu tin hu gi k php k nhn, mu m duy c gi hu qu k tr. c d cu dn chi nim, mi ut-ut nhi dc ng; c i hin chi xa, thng cp-cp d h t. Nhin k c nhn chi hiu, mang nhc vng dng; do k chi thnh, thm chng nch. Phn hung- chi v dit, nim quc-b chi tao trun. Linh-sn chi thc tn kim tun, Khi-huyn chi chng v nht l. Ci thin dc khn ng d ging quyt nhm, c d ch l chi d t vu nn. Yt can vi k, manh 93

l chi t tp; u giao hng s, ph t chi binh nht tm. D nhc ch cng, hoc cng nhn chi bt b; d qu ch chng, thng thit phc d xut k. Tt nng d i ngha nhi thng hung-tn, d chi nhn nhi dch cng-bo. B-ng chi nh khu in xit, Tr-ln chi trc ph khi phi. S kh d chi ch tng, qun thanh d chi i chn. Trn Tr, Sn Th, vn phong nhi tr phch; L An, Phng Chnh, d tc d thu sinh. Tha thng trng khu, Ty-kinh k vi ng hu; tuyn phong tin th, ng- tn phc cu cng. Ninh-kiu chi huyt thnh xuyn, lu tinh vn l; Ty-ng chi thi tch d, di x thin nin. Trn Hip tc chi phc tm, k kiu k th; L Lng tc chi gian , hu bc quyt thi. Vng Thng l lon nhi phn gi ch phn, M Anh cu u nhi n gi ch n. B tr cng nhi lc tn, thc th i vong; ng mu pht nhi tm cng, bt chin t khut. V b tt dch tm nhi ci l, khi phc tc nghit d tc c. Chp nht k chi kin, d gi ha tha nhn; tham nht th chi cng, d di tiu thin-h. Toi lnh Tuync chi gio ng, c binh v ym; nhng mnh Thnh Thng chi nh tng, d du cu phn. inh-v cu nguyt, Liu Thng toi dn binh do Khu-n nhi tin; bn nin bn nguyt, Mc Thnh dic phn t Vn-nam nhi lai. D tin k tuyn binh tc him d ti k phong, d hu ti iu binh tit l d on k thc. Bn nguyt thp bt nht, Liu Thng vi ng qun s cng, k a Chi-lng nhi d; bn nguyt nh thp nht, Liu Thng vi ng qun s bi, thn t M-yn chi sn. Nh thp ng nht, Bo-nh b Lng Minh trn hm nhi tng khu; nh thp bt nht, thng-th L Khnh k cng nhi vn th. Ng toi nghinh nhn nhi gii, b t o qua tng cng. K nhi t din thim binh d bao vi, k d thp nguyt trung tun nhi in dit. Vin tuyn t hu chi s, thn mnh tro nha chi thn. m tng nhi h thy can, ma ao nhi sn thch khuyt. Nht c nhi knh kh ngc on, ti c nhi iu tn qun kinh. Quyt hi ngh bng , chn cng phong co dip. -c Thi T tt hng nhi tng khon, thng-th Hong Phc din phc d tu cm. Cng-thi tc Lng-giang, Lng-sn chi ; chin-huyt xch Xng-giang, Bnh-than chi thy. Phong vn v chi bin sc, nht nguyt thm d v quang. K Vn-nam binh vi ng qun s ch L-hoa, t ng nghi h ht nhi tin d ph m. K Mc Thnh chng vn Thng qun i bi Cntrm, toi ln t bn hi nhi cn c thot thn. Lnh-cu chi huyt x phiu, giang-thy v chi yt; an-x chi thi sn tch, d tho v chi n hng. Lng l c binh, k bt tuyn chng nhi u bi; cc thnh cng khu, dic tng gii gip d xut hng. Tc th thnh cm, b k iu ng94

h kht lin chi v; thn v bt st, d dic th Thng- hiu sinh chi tm. Tham-tng Phng Chnh, ni-quan M K, tin cp hm ng bch d su, k hi nhi do th hn phi phch tng. Tng-binh Vng Thng, tham-chnh M-Anh, hu cp m s thin d tht, d hon quc nhi ch t c lt tm kinh. B k y t tham sinh, nhi tu hiu hu thnh; d d ton qun vi thng, nhi dc dn c tc. Phi duy k mu chi cc k thm vin, ci dic c kim chi s v kin vn. X-tc d chi in an, sn xuyn d chi ci qun. Kin khn k b nhi phc thi, nht nguyt k hi nhi phc minh. Vu d khai vn th thi bnh chi c, vu d tuyt thin c v-cng chi s. Th do thin a t tng chi linh, hu d mc tng m hu, nhi tr nhin d. -h! Nht nhung i-nh, ngt thnh v cnh chi cng; t hi vnh-thanh, dn b duy-tn chi co. B co h nh, hm s vn tri.

CHNG XV

NH L
(1428-1788)

Thi-K Thng-Nht (1428-1527)

I. L Thi T 1. Bnh-nh-vng ln ngi tn 2. Vic hc-hnh 3. Lut-l 4. Vic cai-tr 5. Php qun-in 6. Vic binh-lnh 7. Cng thn b git II. L Thi Tng III. L Nhn Tng 1. Cai-tr 2. Vic thu-l 3. Vic canh-nng 4. Nh sinh-t 5. Vic sa phong-tc 6. a- nc Nam 7. i-Vit s-k 8. Vic vn-hc 9. Vic v-b 10. nh Chim-thnh 11. nh Lo-qua 12. nh Bn-man 13. Vic giao-thip vi Tu V. L Hin Tng VI. L Tc Tng v L Uy Mc VII. L Tng Dc 1. Vic thu-m
95

2. i-Vit thng-gim 3. S bin-lon VIII. L Chiu Hong v L Cung Hong 1. Gic Trn Cao quy-nhiu ng- 2. Quan trong Triu lm lon 3. Mc ng Dung chuyn quyn

I. L Thi T ( 1428 - 1433 )

Nin-hiu: Thun Thin

1. Bnh nh Vng Ln Ngi Tn. Bnh-nh-vng l L Li c cng dp gic Minh, em li giang-sn cho nc nh. Nhng v trc phi ly c lp con chu nh Trn cu ha vi nh Minh, cho nn phi tn Trn Cao ln lm vua. Nay vic chin-tranh xong, lng ngi theo v Bnh-nh-vng, m Trn Cao cng bit chng khng ai cho mnh yn, bn trn vo chu Ngc-Ma (thuc ph Trn-ninh) nhng b quan qun ui bt c, em v bt phi ung thuc c m cht.
Trn Cao cht ri, Bnh-nh-vng ln ngi tc l vua Thi-t nh L, t quc-hiu l i-Vit. Nm y l nm mu-thn, lch Ty l nm 1428. Vua Thi-t sai s sang cu phong bn Tu, nhng m nh Minh khng chu, bt phi tm con chu nh Trn lp ln lm vua. S nh Minh i v hai ba ln, sau vua Thi-t bt cc quan vin v ph lo trong nc lm t khai rng con chu nh Trn tht khng cn ai na, v xin phong cho ngi l L Li lm vua nc Nam. Vua nh Minh thy vy mi thun phong vng cho ngi. T y l c 3 nm phi sang cng nh Minh mt ln, m ln no cng phi c hai ngi bng vng gi l: "i thn kim nhn". C l l lc nh trn Chi-lng c git mt tng nh Minh l Liu Thng v Lng Minh, cho nn phi c hai ngi bng vng th mng. Vic cu phong v vic chu cng nc Tu l vic th bt-c-d, v rng nc ta i vi nc Tu th ln nh khc nhau nhiu lm; v li nc ta mt mnh l-loi pha nam khng c vy-cnh no c, nh vy, nu m c khng-c, khng chu km mt t, th khng bao gi yn c. M du b ngoi mnh chu km nc Tu, nhng k thc b trong vn t ch, ch

ngi Tu khng xm-phm g n vic nc mnh. Th cng l mt s giao-thip khn-kho, lm cho nc c yn-tr. Vua Thi-t ln ngi ri, phong thng cho cc cng-thn: bn vn th ng Nguyn Tri ng u, bn v th ng L Vn ng u, c thy l 227 ngi u c quc-tnh c. Ngi li phong cho ng Nguyn Tri l Quan-phc-hu, ng Trn nguyn Hn l T-tng-quc, ng Phm vn Xo lm Thi-y. Nhng ngi cng-thn vo bc th nht th c thng tc l Thng-tr-t, bc th nh th c tc l i-tr-t, bc th ba th c tc l Tr-t.

m ca ng cha m gim cho. Nhng quan vin, qun dn ai c lm-li, nh ra phm n ti lu tr xung th c cho chuc. Nhng ngi 70 tui tr ln, 15 tui tr xung hay l c ph-tt m phm ti lu tr xung, th cng c cho chuc. Nhng ngi 80 tui tr ln, 10 tui tr xung hay l c-tt, th c th-t gim bt cho. Nhng ngi phm ti g hay l phm ti n-trm, n-cp ca ngi ta m t mnh ra th nhn trc, th c lng ti m gim cho t nhiu. Trong nc by gi c nhiu ngi du-ng c ru ch c bc, khng chu lm n t-t, vy nn t ra php nghim trng-tr : ai nh -bc bt c phi cht ngn tay mt ba phn; nh c, bt c phi cht ngn tay mt mt phn; khng c vic g qun-t nhau ru ch, phi nh 100 trng, ngi dung cha nhng k y cng phi ti, nhng m c gim i mt bc. S nghim-pht nh th, th c thi-qu tht, v l lm tn-hi n thn-th ngi ta, nhng m cng c cng-hiu, khin cho trong nc bt c th ngi c i khng chu lm g, ch i nh la ngi m kim n. Khi vua Thi-t mi Ngh-an ra ng-, th chia nc ra lm bn o, nay li t thm mt o na gi l Hi-tyo, gm c Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, Tn-bnh v Thun-ha. Trong cc o, o no cng c quan Hnh-khin gi s-sch v vic qun-dn. Cn nh cc x-thn th c x no c hn 100 ngi tr ln, gi l i x, t ba ngi x quan; x no c 50 ngi tr ln, gi l trung x, t hai x quan; x no c 10 ngi tr ln gi l tiu x, t mt ngi x quan coi vic trong x.

2. Vic Hc Hnh. Vua Thi-t sa-sang vic hc-hnh, t trng Quc-t-gim t kinh- cho con chu cc quan vin v nhng ngi thng dn tun-t vo hc-tp; m nh hc v t thy dy nho-hc cc ph v cc l. Ri li bt cc quan vn v t t phm tr xung phi vo thi Minh-kinh-khoa, ngha l quan vn th phi thi kinh-s, quan v th phi thi v-kinh. cc l cng m khoa thi Minh-kinh cho nhng ngi n-dt ra ng-th m chn ly nhn-ti.
Nhng ngi i tu o Pht, o Lo cng bt phi thi kinh in nhng o y; h ai thi trng th mi cho php c lm tng v o-s, ai thi hng th phi v tc lm n.

4. Vic Cai Tr.

3. Lut L. t ra lut-l mi theo nh hnh-lut nh ng: c ti xuy, ti trng, ti , ti lu v ti t.

Ti xuy chia ra lm 5 bc t 10 roi n 50 roi; ti trng cng chia ra lm 5 bc, t 60 n 100 trng; ti chia ra lm 3 bc: lm dch inh, lm lnh chung voi, v lm lnh n-in; ti lu chia ra lm 3 bc : lu i cn chu, lu i vin chu v lu i ngoi chu92; ti t cng chia ra lm 3 bc: ti tht c v chm, ti chm bu u v ti lng-tr. H ai c vo hng bt ngh93 th trc phi tu xin ngh, khi vo ngh xong ri li phi tu vua xt li. Nhng ngi cu thn c cng t ng-phm d thng, c ai phm ti hay l ti lu th cng tha c; con chu nhng ngi c ngh cng m c ti, th c theo ci th bc tp
92 93

5. Php Qun in. By gi thng nhng ngi khng c cng-lao g vi nh-nc th lm rung nhiu nng, m nhng k phi nh ng dp bc lao-lung kh-s, lc v mt tc t cng khng c. V th cho nn vua Thi-t nh ra php qun-in ly cng in, cng th m chia cho mi ngi, t quan i-thn cho n nhng ngi gi yu c qu, ai cng c mt phn rung, khin cho s giu ngho trong nc khi chnh-lch lm. 6. Vic Binh Lnh. Khi gic Minh hy cn nc Nam, th phi cn c nhiu qun binh, cho nn lc qun An-nam ta mi ra ng-, c thy c 25 vn, sau ly c ng- ri cho 15 vn v lm n, ch li 10 vn phng-v m thi, nay li chia qun ra lm 5 phin, mt phin
96

Lu i cn chu l vo Ngh-an, i vin chu l vo B-chnh, i ngoi chu l vo Tn-bnh. Bt ngh l : Ngh thn, ngh c, ngh hin, ngh nng, ngh cng, ngh qu, ngh cn, ngh tn. Xem sch Chu-l th bit r.

 li lu ban cn bn phin cho v lm rung, c ln lt thay i nhau m v.

7. Cng Thn B Git. Vua Thi-t vn l mt ng vua anh ti, nh ui c gic Minh, m li sa-sang c nhiu cng-vic ch-li cho nc, nhng khi ngi ln lm vua ri, c tnh hay nghi-ng, chm git nhng ngi cng-thn nh ng Trn nguyn Hn v ng Phm vn Xo. Hai ng y gip ngi c cng to, v sau ch v s gim-pha m u phi cht oan c.
Ngh m bun thay cho my ngi cng-thn i xa, ch lm v hai ch cng danh, m em tm lng son st i ph-t qun-vng trong lc nguy-nan, mong c cht hin-vinh cho tha ci ch trng-phu i. Ng u : chim bay ht, cung tt ct i, th nhanh cht ri, ch sn phi git; n khi cng vic xong ri, th khng nhng l mt thn mnh cng khng c trn vn m c h-hng thng cng phi v ly. Th mi bit ch c n Trng t Phng nh Hn l ngi kin c hn c ! Vua Thi-t lm vua c 6 nm th mt, th c 49 tui.

nh, c khi ch sai quan i tiu-tr, cng dp yn c. Cn vic giaothip vi nhng nc ln-bang, nh Tim-la (Thi-lan), Chim-thnh, Ai-lao th nhng nc y u c s thn i li v thng c tin cng c. trong th chnh-n vic thi-c li. L c 5 nm mt ln thi hng, 6 nm mt ln thi hi. Php thi th k -nht lm mt bi kinhngha, bn bi t-th ngha, mi bi phi 300 ch tr ln; k -nh th lm bi chiu, bi ch v bi biu; k -tam lm bi thi ph; k -t th lm mt bi vn sch phi 1.000 ch tr ln. n nm nhm-tut (1442) m khoa thi tin-s, bao nhiu nhng ngi thi u c khc tn vo bia phn-chn lng ngi vnhc. Cc tin-s c khc tn vo bia Vn-miu khi u t y. Nhng cch-thc tiu-dng tin v la vi trong nc cng nh li c; c 60 ng l mt tin; la th c di 30 thc, rng 1 thc 5 tc tr ln l mt tm; giy th 100 t lm mt tp. Thng by nm nhm-tut (1442), Thi-tng i duyt binh huyn Ch-linh. By gi ng Nguyn Tri v tr s tri Cn-sn, thuc huyn Ch-linh. Khi vua i qua c vo thm, v thy ngi hu ng y l Nguyn th L c ti sc, bn bt theo hu. i n huyn Gia-nh (nay l huyn Gia-bnh Bc-ninh) th vua mt. Triu-nh ti cho Nguyn th L git vua, bt ng Nguyn Tri lm ti v tru di c ba h. Vua Thi-tng lm vua c 9 nm, th c 20 tui.

II. L Thi Tng ( 1434 - 1442 )

Nin-hiu: Thiu Bnh ( 1434 - 1442 ) i Bo ( 1440 - 1442 )
Khi vua Thi-tng ln lm vua th ngi mi c 11 tui, cho nn cngvic g cng quan Ph-chnh l L St quyt nh ht c. L St l mt ngi t hc nhng v trc theo vua Thi-t lp c cng to, quan lm n i-t-. Nay lm Ph-chnh, thng hay cy quyn, tri php, lm nhiu iu kiu-hnh, h triu-thn ai l ngi khng tng-phc th tm cch lm hi. Vua Thi-tng tuy cn tr tui nhng vn c tnh thng-minh, lm vua c t lu th ra thn chnh ly, ri git L St i thu ly quyn. Song cng v t tui m li khng c ngi ph-t, cho nn sau thnh saym tu sc lm lm iu khng c chnh-nh. i Thi-tng lm vua th trong nc phi my nm i hn, nc lt v hong-trng lm hi ma-mng, dn phi i kh. mn mngmn li c i ba m gic ni ln lm lon, c khi vua phi thn chinh i 97

III. L Nhn Tng ( 1443 - 1459 ) Nin-hiu: i Ha ( 1443 - 1453)

Din Ninh ( 1454 - 1459 )
Khi vua Thi-tng mt, thi-t l Bng C mi ln 2 tui. Cc quan i-thn l bn L Kh, Nguyn X, lp thi-t ln lm vua, tc l Nhn-tng, b Hong-thi-hu ra nhip chnh. Trong my nm b thi-hu cm quyn, th c my vic quan-trng nh l t ra 14 iu h-lut v vic t-in; i cch thi ly ngi lm

li, b thi m-t v thi kinh-ngha, ch thi vit v thi tnh m thi. Li o sng Bnh-l94 tnh Thi-Nguyn cho tin ng vn-ti. Cn ngoi, th vua nc Chim-thnh l B Cai c hay sang cp ph t Ha-chu. Triu-nh my phen sai quan vo nh ui, nhng vn khng cha. n nm bnh-dn (1446) Triu-nh sai L Th, L Kh em qun sang nh Chim-thnh ly c thnh -bn, bt c B Cai v c phi tn em v ng-kinh, ri lp ngi chu vua B- l M-kha-qui-Lai ln lm vua. Nm mu-thn (1448) li c x Bn-man xin ni thuc nc ta, t lm chu Qui-hp. t Bn-man pha ng-nam gip tnh Ngh-an, tnh Qung-bnh, pha ty-bc gip tnh Hng-ha, tnh Thanh-ha. Tuy vy, nhng v b Thi-hu hay nghe nhng li ni gim, chm git cc quan cu-thn nh l L Kh, L khc Phc, lm cho nhiu ngi khng phc. Nm qu-du (1453), Nhn-tng mi bt u thn chnh. Trc ht ngi truy-tng cho nhng ngi cng-thn v cp rung quan-in cho con chu cc ng L St, L Ngn, v L khc Phc. Li sai ng Phan ph Tin lm b quc-s k t vua Thi-tng nh Trn cho n khi thuc nh Minh, c thy l 10 quyn. Trc cc vng-hu v cc quan vn-v u c theo phm-hm ca mnh m n lc ly thu trong 50 h hay l 100 h. Nay Nhn-tng li cho thm tin tu-bng na. Vua Nhn-tng c l cng nn c mt ng vua hin, nhng chng may ngi c ngi anh l Lng-sn-vng Nghi Dn, trc lm Thi-t, sau v ngi m phi ti cho nn phi b. n nm k-mo (1459), Nghi Dn ng mu vi bn L c Ninh, Phm n, Phan Ban v Trn Lng, na m tro thnh vo git Nhn-tng v Hong-thi-hu, t xng lm vua, ri cho s sang Tu cu phong. Nhn-tng tr-v c 17 nm, th 19 tui.

IV. L Thnh Tng ( 1460 - 1497 )

Nin-hiu: Quang Thun ( 1460 - 1469) Hng c ( 1470 - 1497 )
Nghi Dn cp ngi vua c 8 thng, nhng v tnh hay nghe li dua-nnh, chm git k cu thn, cho nn lng ngi khng ai phc, n thng su nm canh-thn (1460) cc quan i-thn l bn Nguyn X, inh Lit mu chm Phm n v Phan Ban gia ngh-s-ng, ri ng ca thnh li vo bt Nghi Dn git i, rc con th t vua Thi-tng l Bnhnguyn-vng T-Thnh ln lm vua, tc l vua Thnh-tng. Thnh-tng l mt ng vua thng-minh, th m rt c hiu, vi b ti i ly lng thnh. Ngi tr-v c 38 nm, sa-sang c nhiu vic chnh-tr, m-mang s hc hnh, chnh-n cc vic v-b, nh dp nc Chim, nc Lo, m thm b-ci, khin cho nc Nam ta by gi uc vnminh thm ra v li lng-ly mt phng, k t xa n nay cha bao gi cng-thnh nh vy. Thnh-tng ln ngi ri phong tc v cp rung quan in cho cc cng-thn. Ngi li truy-tng nhng ngi cng-thn b git oan ngy trc, v cho tm con chu ng Nguyn Tri v, cp cho 100 mu rung phngth t-tin. Nhng ngi m c quc-tnh, nay ngi cho phc tnh li cho khi mt tn h.

1. Vic Cai Tr. T trc n gi triu-chnh vn theo li c ca nh Trn : trn th c t hu Tng-quc, ri n L-b, Li-b, Nicc-vin, Trung-Th, Hong-Mn, v ba s Mn-h, li c ng-o Hnhkhin coi s-sch qun-dn cc o. n khi Nghi Dn cp ngi, t ra lc B v lc Khoa. Lc B l : Li-b, H-b, L-b, Binh-b, Cng-b v Hnh-b. Lc khoa l : Li-khoa, L-khoa, Binh-khoa, Hnh-khoa, H-khoa v Cng-khoa.
Quan lc b th c Thng-th lm u, ri n t hu Th-lang, Lang-trung, Vin-ngoi-lang, T-v. Thnh-tng t thm ra lc t l : i-l-t, Thi-thng-t, Quanglc-t, Thi-bc-t, Hng-l-t, Thng-bo-t. Quan Lc T th c Tkhanh, Thiu-khanh v T-tha. 98

94 "Khm-nh Vit-s" chp rng sng Bnh-l chy t Thi-nguyn v n Ph-l, th c l sng Bnh-l l sng C-l chng?

Ngi li lp ra quan ch v l-nghi theo nh bn Tu. Cc quan vn v c phn rung t, li c tin tu bng. Nhng ai m lm iu g nhng-lm th u phi nghim tr. Ngi li nh l tr s, cho cc quan ni ngoi : ai lm quan n 65 tui th c xin v tr s, cn nhng ngi lm nha-li n 60 tui cng c xin v. Trc vua Thi-t chia ra lm 5 o, c ph, l, trn, chu, huyn, x. o th t quan Hnh-khin, Tuyn-ph chnh ph-s; ph th t Triph; l th t An-ph-s; trn th t Trn-ph-s; huyn th t Chuynvn-s v Tun-st-s; x th t X-quan. Thnh-tng chia nc ra lm 12 o l Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, Thun-ha, Thin-trng, Nam-sch, Quc-oai, Bc-giang, An-bang, Hngha, Tuyn-quang, Thi-nguyn, Lng-sn. Mi o c ta , ta Tha v ta Hin. Ta th c chnh ph -tng-binh, coi v vic binh; ta Tha th c Tha-chnh chnh-ph-s, coi v vic chnh; ta Hin th c Hin-st chnh-ph-s, coi v vic hnh. Li t ra chc Gim st-ng-s i xem xt cng-vic cc o cho khi s nhng-nhiu. Sau nhn c t Qung-nam mi ly ca Chim-thnh li t ra lm 13 x l Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, Sn-nam (trc l Thin-trng), Sn-ty (trc l Quc-oai), Kinh-bc (trc l Bc-giang), Hi-dng (trc l Namsch), Thi-nguyn, Tuyn-quang, Hng-ha, Lng-sn, An-bang, Thunha, Qung-nam. nhng x him-yu nh Ngh-an, Thun-ha, Tuynquang, Hng-ha, Thi-nguyn, Lng-sn, Qung-nam u t chc Thng kinh-lc-s phng gi. Trong 13 x y li chia lm 52 ph, 172 huyn v 50 chu. Cn di ph huyn th c hng, phng, x, thn, trang, sch, ng, nguyn, trng c thy l 8.006. By gi thu inh mi ngi ng nin ng 8 tin; cn thu rung, thu t v thu t bi trng du th c k mu m ng thu, m th t no cng chia ra lm ba hng. Vic lm s h, th c 6 nm mt k, quan ph huyn phi dn cc x-trng v Kinh khai s h-khu cc x.

3. Vic Canh Nng. Vua Thnh-tng ly s nng-tang lm trng, cho nn ngi ch v vic y lm. Thng thng ngi sc cho ph huyn phi ht sc khuyn bo dn lm vic cy rung trng du.
t quan H- v quan Khuyn-nng coi vic cy cy trong nc. Bt quan H-b v quan Tha-chnh cc x phi tu cho ngi bit nhng t b hoang bt ph huyn c dn phu khai-khn lm rung. Lp ra c thy 42 s n-in, t quan trng-nom s khai-khn, khin cho dn khi phi i-kh. Vua Thnh-tng li lo n cc chng bnh lm hi dn. Ngi lp nh T-sinh nui nhng ngi au-yu, v khi no u c dch t th sai quan em thuc i cha bnh.

4. Nh T Sinh.

5. Vic Sa Phong Tc. Dn ta by gi sng-tn o Pht, hay lm nh lm cha. Nhng l hn v l tang th lm nhng iu tri vi l thng, nh l nh no c tang-ch th lm c bn n-ung, ri by ra cc tr ht xng, lm mt cuc vui chi. L hn th n l hi ri, ba bn nm mi cho rc du v nh chng.
Thnh-tng cm khng cho lm cha mi, tin ca v cng-phu m lm vic c ch. Cm nhng nh c l tang khng c by cuc ht xng. Vic hn th khi nhn l hi ri, phi chn ngy cho rc du, v l c ci ri ngy hm sau i cho cha m, ba ngy th i l t ng. Ngi li t ra 24 iu, sc cho dn-x thng thng ging c gi ly thi tt : 1. Cha m dy con phi c php-tc, trai gi u c ngh-nghip, khng c ru-ch c-bc, tp ngh ht-xng hi phong-tc. 2. Ngi gia-trng t mnh phi gi l-php cho c nh bt-chc; nu con em lm cn, th bt ti ngi gia trng. 3. V chng cn-kim lm n, n-ngha trn-vn, duy ch c khi no ngi v phm ti tht-xut th mi c b, ch khng c khin i cu dung lm hi n phong-ha.

2. Vic Thu L.

99

4. Lm k t- nn yu-mn anh em, ha-thun vi hng-ng, phi ly l-ngha m c-x; nu tri php th ngi tn-trng nh-p dy-bo, c ti to th phi em np quan trng-tr. 5. chn hng-ng tng-tc, c vic hon-nn th phi gip- ln nhau; nu ai c ting l ngi hnh-ngha tt, th cc quan ph huyn s ti phi bm ln ta Tha, ta Hin, tu vua m tinh biu cho. 6. n-b c li m cha m v chng trng-tr th nn phi sa mnh i li, khng c t-tin trn i, lm h mt nt n-b. 7. Ngi n-b ga khng c cha nhng a trai tr trong nh, ni di l con nui m hnh nhng vic gian dm. 8. Ngi n-b ga chng, i vi cc con v c, hoc v l, nng hu, nn c lng thng-xt, khng c mu-m chim ot gia-ti lm ca ring mnh. 9. n-b ga chng, cha c con-ci, phi nh chng gi tang-l, khng c chuyn-vn, ca-ci mang v nh mnh. 10. Lm n-b th phi theo chng, khng c cy cha m mnh ph-qu m khinh nh chng, nu khng nh th th bt ti n cha m. 11. K s-phu nn qu phm-hnh v gi php quan, nu c xu-nnh nhng k quyn qu cy th lm cn th phi cch b i khng k n na. 12. K in-li ch vic gi s-sch giy-m lm vic quan, nu lm nhng s in-o n t, th quan trn s xt ra m trng tr. 13. Quan dn u phi hiu-, v chm-ch lm rung, cng gip ln nhau; khi i lm vic quan, khng c tr bing, trn-trnh. Nu ai c ting l ngi lng-thin th cc quan ph huyn phi trnh ta Tha, ta Hin tu m tinh biu cho. 14. K thng-mi phi ty thi gi m bun-bn vi nhau, khng c thay i thng u, v t-tp -ng i trm-cp; nu phm iu y th tr ti rt nng. 15. Vic hn-gi t-t phi gi l-php, khng c lm cn.

16. Ch dn-gian c m trng du-h hoc cng-t, th con-trai con-gi n xem, khng c ng ln ln, khi thi dm. 17. Cc hng qun bn ng, c ph-n i xa n tr, th phi phng gi. Nu h-hip -nhc ngi ta, vic pht-gic ra, th ngi phm cng vi ch nh u phi tr ti c. 18. Ph huyn phi lp bia cc ni s-ti cm con-trai con-gi khng c cng tm mt bn, cho c phn bit. 19. Cc x-thn phi chn mt vi ngi gi-c, o-c lm trng, nhng ngy thong-th em dn ra nh, tuyn ging nhng li co d, khin dn bt-chc lm iu thin, thnh ra m tc. 20. Trong ht ph huyn c k cng-ho xm-chim in-th, c-hip cc v xui-gic ngi ta kin-tng, th cho x-thn co gic ln quan xtr, nu m n-nc th phi bim-bi. 21. Cc nh vng, cng, i-thn dung tng nhng a tiu-nhn, a ngi khn l, v cho ngi nh i c-hip dn-gian m mua r cc vt, th cho dn c u co trng tr. 22. Nhng ngi lm quan ph, huyn m bit khuyn-bo dn-gian lm iu l-ngha khim-nhng, c quan Tha-chnh, Hin-st xt thc, th c cho vo hng tt; nu ai khng chm dy-bo dn th cho l ngi khng xng chc. 23. Cc ngi huynh-trng chn x-thn v phng bit dy bo con em trong lng cho nn c phong-tc tt, th quan ph huyn phi bm ta Tha, ta Hin tu vua ban khen cho. 24. Cc dn mng-mn ngoi b-ci, nn gi li di-hun, khng c tri o lun-thng nh cha, anh, ch, bc cht th con em khng c chim ly nhng th-thip, nu m tri php, th s tr ti rt nng.

6. a Nc Nam. T xa n nay nc Nam ta vn khng c a-, Thi-tng bn sai quan cc o xem xt trong ht mnh c nhng ni sng g, him-tr th no phi v a- ra cho r-rng v ch no t c ch kim c nhng s-tch g phi ghi-chp vo cho tng-tn, ri gi v b H lm quyn a-d nc ta.
100

Thnh-tng sai Ng s Lin lm b i-Vit s-k chia ra lm 2 bn. Mt bn k t Hng-bng-th cho n thp-nh Squn c 5 quyn. Mt bn k t inh Tin-hong cho n L Thi-t c 10 quyn. C thy l 15 quyn. Vua Thnh-tng nh php thi hng, sa php thi hi, chn ly nhn-ti. Thng ngi ra lm ch cc k thi nh, v ngi lp ra l xng danh cc Tin-s v l cho v vinh qui. Ngi m rng nh Thi-hc ra. Pha trc th lm nh Vn-miu, pha sau th lm nh Thi-hc, v lm ra cc phng c cho nhng k sinh-vin hc. Lm kho B-th m cha sch. S hc by gi cng ngy cng m-mang thm. Ngi li hay ngm thi, t ra Qunh-uyn cu-ca, xng lm Tao-n nguyn-sy, cng vi k triu-thn l bn ng Thn nhn Trung, Nhun, c thy 28 ngi xng ha vi nhau. Non xanh nc bic ch no cng c th ca ngi. Ngi sai ng Thn nhn Trung v ng Nhun lm b Thin-nam d-h-tp, 100 quyn ni v vic chnh l hnh-lut i Hng-c. Ngi lm ra mt quyn Thn-chinh k-s, k vic ngi i nh Chim-thnh, Lo-qua v cc mng.

7. i Vit S K.

khi th nh nhng gic c trong nc; nhng ch c nh Chim-thnh, nh Lo-qua v nh Bn-man l phi dng n i-binh.

8. Vic Vn Hc.

10. nh Chim Thnh. Nm canh-thn (1470) l nm Hng-c nguyn-nin, vua nc Chim-thnh l Tr Ton mun sinh s vi nc Nam. Mt mt th cho ngi sang cu vin-binh bn nh Minh, mt mt th em qun sang nh ph t Ha-chu.
Vua Thnh-tng cho s sang Tu k chuyn Tr Ton lm nhiu, ri ngi t lm tng, c i-binh hn 20 vn sang nh Chim-thnh; khi qun vo n Thun-ha, Thnh-tng ng qun li luyn-tp v sai ngi ln sang v a- nc Chim-thnh bit cho r ch him ch khng ri mi tin binh ln nh ly ca Th-ni (ca Bnh-nh). Tr Ton nh thua, rt qun v gi kinh-thnh -bn. Qun AnNam ko n vy nh, ph c thnh, bt c Tr Ton. By gi c tng Chim-thnh l B tr Tr chy v t Phan-lung, sai s vo cng v xin xng thn. Thnh-tng c mun lm cho nc Chim yu th i, mi chia t ra lm ba nc, phong lm ba vua, mt nc gi l Chim-thnh, mt l Ha-anh v mt nc na l Nam-phan. Cn t -bn, t i-chim v t C-ly th vua Thnh-tng ly lp thm o Qung-nam, c 3 ph, 9 huyn, ri t quan cai-tr, v chn dn inh t 15 tui tr ln, ai l ngi thng-minh ham hc th cho lm sinh-, dy cho s hc-hnh v s l-ngha. Khi Tr Ton phi bt ri, em l Tr Toi trn vo ni, sai ngi sang ku vi nh Minh v xin phong lm vua. Thnh-tng bit tin y lin sai ng L Nim em 3 vn qun vo bt c Tr Toi gii v kinh-s. Sau vua nh Minh c sai s sang bo ngi phi tr t Chim-thnh, nhng ngi khng chu. T khi vua Thnh-tng nh c Chim-thnh ri, thanh-th nc Nam lng-ly, nc Lo v cc mng pha ty u v triu cng c.

9. Vic V B. Tuy rng vua Thnh-tng ht lng sa-sang mi vic trong nc, nhng ngi cng hiu rng phm mt nc m cng-thnh th tt l phi c v-b, cho nn ngi bt cc quan tng-binh phi chm ging-tp trn-, phi luyn-tp s-tt phng khi c vic.
Ngi i nm V-qun ra lm nm ph l : Trung-qun ph, Nam qun-ph, Bc-qun ph, ng-qun ph v Ty-qun ph. Mi mt ph th c 6 v, mi v c 5 hay l 6 s, mi s c s qun 400 ngi. Qun c 5 ph c chng 6, 7 vn ngi. Ngi li t ra 31 iu qun lnh tp thy trn; 42 iu tp b trn. Li t ra l c ba nm mt k thi v. Tng-s ai u th thng, ai hng th pht, khin mi ngi u vui lng v vic v-b. i vua Thnh-tng my nm v trc cng c yn n, nhng my nm v sau th phi chinh-chin nhiu ln. Khi th phi nh gic Lo, 101

11. nh Lo Qua. n nm k-hi (1479) c t-trng x Bn-man l Cm Cng c lm phn, xui ngi Lo-qua95 em binh quynhiu min ty nc ta. Thnh-tng lin sai quan Thi-y l L th Vc
95 Lo-qua, l t thng Lo v pha ty Bc-Vit by gi tc l Luang-Prabang. C khi gi l nc Nam-chng.

cng vi cc tng qun l Trnh cng L, L nh Ngn, L Lng v L nhn Hiu chia lm 5 o i t Ngh-an, Thanh-ha v Hng-ha sang nh ui vua Lo-qua n sng Kim-sa96 gip vi nc Din-in. Trn y qun Annam c ton thng.

cn, v nh c vua Thnh-tng th vn-ha nc ta mi thnh, vy nn ngi An-nam ta khng bao gi qun cng c hai ng vua y. Thnh-tng lm vua c 38 nm th c 56 tui.

12. nh Bn Man. Gy nn s nh Lo-qua l cng v h Cm Bn-man mun lm iu phn-nghch.

Nguyn t Bn-man trc xin ni thuc, i lm chu Qui-hp, nhng vn cho t-trng l h Cm c i i lm Ph-o. Sau i lm Trn-ninh ph, c 7 huyn, v t quan ph huyn gim-tr. Nay Cm Cng cy c ngi Lo-qua gip-, bn ui qun An-nam i, chim ly t, ri em qun chng gi vi quan qun. Thnh-tng bn ng gi thn-chinh, nhng i n Ph-lit, c tin thng trn ca qun ta sang nh Lo-qua, ngi tr v, sai ng L Nim em binh i nh. Cm Cng nh thua cht, cn nhng ngi Bn-man xin hng. Thnh-tng phong cho ngi h Cm Cng l Cm ng lm Tuyny-i-s v t quan cai-tr nh trc.

V. L Hin Tng ( 1497 - 1504 )

Nin-hiu: Cnh Thng
Thi-t l Tng ln ni ngi lm vua, tc l vua Hin-tng. Ngi l mt ng vua thng-minh ha-hu. Thng khi bi triu ri, ngi ra ngi ni chuyn vi cc quan, h ai c iu g tri phi, ngi ly li m-i m nh-bo, ch khng gt mng bao gi. Ngi vn hay ni rng : "Vua Thi-t gy-dng c-, vua Thnh-tng sa-sang mi vic, ta nay ch nn lo gn-gi np c, v m-mang s nhn-chnh ra cho sng r cng-c ca ng cha trc." Ngi theo ci ch- y m tr dn, cho nn trong my nm ngi lm vua khng c gic-gi g, m nhng vic chnh-tr u theo nh i Hngc, ch khng thay-i g c. Nht l v vic cy rung trng du, ngi lu tm khuyn-nh quan dn, khin mi ngi phi ht sc gi-gn, bt o sng, khai ngi, p ng, lm xe nc, cho tin vic v nng. Vic vn-hc cng vy, khng bao gi ngi tr-ni. Nhng ngi tr-v c c 7 nm th mt, th c 44 tui.

13. Vic Giao Thip Vi Tu. Nc ta by gi tuy phi theo l xng thn vi nh Minh, nhng vua Thnh-tng vn ht lng phngb mt bc. Thnh-thong c nhng ngi th-dn sang quy-nhiu, th lp tc cho quan qun ln tiu-tr v cho s sang Tu phn-gii mi s cho minh-bch. C mt hm c tin rng ngi nh Minh em binh i qua agii, Thnh-tng lin cho ngi ln do-thm thc h. Ngi bo vi triuthn rng : "Ta phi gi-gn cho cn-thn, ng cho ai ly mt mt phn ni, mt tc sng ca vua Thi-t li." Ngi c lng v nc nh th, cho nn du nc Tu c mun dm-ng cng khng dm lm g. V li qun An-nam by gi i nh Lo, dp Chim, thanh-th bao nhiu, nh Minh cng phi ly l-ngha m i An-nam, cho nn s giao-thip ca hai nc vn c ha-bnh.
Xem nhng cng vic ca vua Thnh-tng th ngi tht l mt ng anh-qun. Nhng s vn-tr v s v-cng nc Nam ta khng c i no thnh hn l i Hng-c. Nh c vua Thi-t th giang-sn nc Nam mi
Theo a-d nc Tu, th Kim-sa-giang l khc trn sng Trng-giang. Sng y chy pha bc qua tnh Ty-khng v T-xuyn. y c l l nh chp s ln vi khc sng Lan-thnggiang l khc trn Cu-long-giang
96

VI. L Tc Tng ( 1504 ) v L Uy Mc ( 1505 - 1509 )

Nin-hiu: Thi Trinh v oan Khnh
Hin-tng mt, truyn ngi li cho ngi con th ba tn l Thun, tc l vua Tc-tng. Tc-tng lm vua c 6 thng th mt. Triu-nh tn ngi anh th hai ca ngi l Tun ln lm vua, tc l vua Uy-mc. T vua Uy-mc tr i th c-nghip nh L mi ngy mt suy dn, v rng t v sau khng c ng vua no lm c vic nhn-chnh, v li thng hay say-m tu sc, lm nhng iu tn-c, cho nn thnh ra s gic-gi, thon-dot, n ni v sau du c trung-hng ln c, nhng quyn chnh-tr vn v tay k cng-thn. 102

Vua Uy-mc mi ln lm vua th git t-mu l b Thi-hong Thihu, git quan L-b Thng-th l ng m vn L v quan -ng-s l ng Nguyn quang Bt, v l rng khi vua Hin-tng mt, b Thi-hu v hai ng y c khng chu lp ngi. lm iu bo-ngc, li say m tu-sc; m no cng cng vi cung-nhn ung ru, ri n khi say th git i. C khi bt qun s ly gy nh nhau lm tr chi. Tnh hung-c, m li hay phn-trc. Cho nn s Tu sang lm th gi Uy-mc l Qu-vng. By gi Uy-mc li hay tin dng my k ngoi-thch v tm nhng ngi c sc mnh lm tc-v. Bi th cho nn Mc ng Dung l ngi nh c vo thi -lc-s, c lm chc -ch-huy-s. Cn nhng tntht v cng-thn th b nh-ui, dn s th b h-hip, lng ngi ta-on, thin-h mt c trng-cy, triu-thn c nhiu ngi b quan trn i. Thng chp nm k-t (1509) c Gin-tu-cng tn l Oanh chu vua Thnh-tng, l anh em con ch con bc vi ngi, b bt giam. ng t tin cho ngi canh ngc mi c ra, trn v Ty-, ri hi vi cc quan cuthn em binh ra nh bt vua Uy-mc v Hong-hu Trn-th git i.

Vng mi 2.883 lng Bc 4.930 lng Nay vua Tng-dc nh l i li mi nm thu c : Vng mi th "kim-kim" 449 lng Vng mi 2.901 lng Bc 6.125 lng Nhng vng bc y l np vo kho chi vua tiu-dng. Cn cch thu-np th no th khng r.

2. i Vit Thng Gim. i by gi c quan Binh-b Thng-th l ng V Qunh lm xong b i-Vit thng-gim; chia ra t h Hng-Bng cho n thp-nh S-qun lm ngoi-k, cn t inh Tinhong n L Thi-t lm bn-k, c thy l 26 quyn. Vua sai ng L Tung son bi tng-lun v b s y.
Thi by gi vua th hoang chi, triu-thn th tuy l c bn ng Nguyn vn Lang, ng L Tung, ng Lng c Bng, v.v... nhng ngi th gi cht, ngi th xin thi quan v. V cng khng c ai l ngi c th ngn gi c vua v kinh-doanh c vic nc, cho nn trong nc gic-gi ni ln khp c mi ni. t Kinh-bc th c Thn duy Nhc, Ng vn Tng, lm lon huyn ng-ngn v huyn Gia-lm; t Sn-ty th c Trn Tun nh ph. Li c tn Phng Chng lm gic ni Tam-o; Trn cng Ninh chng gi huyn An-lng. t Ngh-an th c L Hy, Trnh Hng, L vn Trit lm phn. Li huyn Thy-ng (Hidng) c Trn Cao thy sm ni rng phng ng c thin-t kh, bn cng vi -ng nh ly t Hi-dng, Thy-ng, ng-triu, ri t xng l vua -thch ging sinh, bi th thin-h theo c hng vn ngi. Trn Cao em qun v ng t B-, bn kia sng Nh-h, chc sang ly Kinh-. Sau quan qun sang nh, Trn Cao lui v ng Chusn, thuc ph T-sn. Vua sai An-ha-hu l Nguyn hong D sang ng qun B- chng gi. Tuy trong nc gic cp nh th, nhng vua cng khng chu sasang vic g c, li khinh-d cc quan triu-thn. By gi c Nguyn-quncng l Trnh duy Sn, trc vn c cng i nh gic, nhng sau v hay can vua m phi nh. Trnh duy Sn tc gin bn mu vi L qung v Trnh ch Sm lp vua khc, ri gi mn ting i nh gic, m em binh vo ca Bc-thn git vua Tng-dc. 103

3. S Bin Lon.

VII. L Tng Dc ( 1510 - 1516 )

Nin-hiu: Hng Thun
dc. Gin-tu-cng git vua Uy-mc ri t lp lm vua, tc l vua Tng-

Vua Tng-dc tnh hay chi-bi v xa-x, nh l sai ngi th tn l V nh T lm ci in 100 nc, xy ci Cu-trng-i, bt qun dn lm trong my nm tri khng xong, m tht l hao-tn tin-ca, cht hi nhiu ngi. Ri li ng chin-thuyn bt n-b cho chi h Ty. Li tthng c vi nhng cung-nhn i tin triu. V hoang dm nh th cho nn s nh Minh sang trng thy ngi, bo rng ngi l tng ln, s lon-vong chc l sp ti vy. Vic thu-m lc by gi th i-khi cng nh my triu trc, nhng khng bit r tin-ti sn-vt ng-nin thu c nhng g. n i vua Tng-dc thy s chp rng trc th thu vng thu bc ng nin thu c : Vng mi, th tt gi l "kim-kim".. 480 lng

1. Vic Thu M.

Ngi tr-v c 8 nm, th c 24 tui.

gic li v ng B-. Vua sai Thit-sn-b l Trn Chn em qun nh tp hu, ph c qun ca gic. Trn Cao li chy v Lng-nguyn, v thy s-nghip khng thnh, bn nhng quyn li cho con l Thng ri ct tc i tu trn cho khi nn.

VIII. L Chiu Tng v L Cung Hong ( 1516 - 1527 )

Nin-hiu: Quang Thiu ( 1516 - 1526 ) Thng Nguyn ( 1527 )
Bn Trnh duy Sn git vua Tng-dc ri, hi triu-nh li nh lp con Mc--vng l Quang Tr, mi c 8 tui, nhng V-t-hu l Phng Mi bn nn lp chu ba i vua Thnh-tng l con Cm-giang-vng tn l Y, 14 tui. ng Trnh duy Sn bt Phng Mi chm ngay ch ngh-s, ri lp Quang Tr. Quang Tr mi lm vua c ba ngy, cha kp i nin-hiu th b Trnh duy i l anh Trnh duy Sn em vo Ty-kinh. Quang Tr vo y c my ngy li b git. Lc trong triu cn ang ri lon, cha bit ai l vua th Nguyn hong D bn B- c tin Trnh duy Sn git vua Tng-dc, bn em qun v t ph Kinh-thnh v bt V nh T, l ngi c vic lm n-i cho vua Tng-dc, em chm ngoi thnh. Bn Trnh duy Sn li lp con Cm-giang-vng l Y ln lm vua, tc l vua Chiu-tng. Nhng by gi Kinh-thnh b tn-ph ri, Trnh duy Sn phi rc vua vo Ty-kinh.

2. Quan Trong Triu Lm Lon. Tuy gic Trn Cao ph c, nhng m lc by gi vua Chiu-tng hy cn tr tui, cha quyt-on c, m Triu-thn th khng c ai l ngi c ch gip nc, n ni ngoi th gic lm lon, trong th cc quan sinh ra him-th, em qun nh ln nhau, nh l Nguyn hong D v Trnh Tuy, hai ngi i nh gic v ri mi ngi ng qun mt ni chng-c vi nhau, vua can ngn cng khng c.
trong triu th bn Trnh duy i mu s lm phn, b ngi t co ra, phi git c ng. Bn Nguyn hong D v Trnh Tuy c nh nhau mi, sau Trn Chn bnh Trnh Tuy em qun nh Nguyn hong D. Nguyn hong D b chy v gi Thanh-ha. Vua sai bn Mc ng Dung i nh Nguyn hong D. Nhng ng Dung tip c th ca Hong D vit ring cho mnh, bn khng nh, em qun tr v. By gi quyn-bnh v c Trn Chn v li c ngi ni rng Trn Chn c lm phn, vua bn cho ngi vi Trn Chn vo thnh ri ng ca thnh li, bt git i. B tng ca Trn Chn l bn Hong duy Nhc, Nguyn Knh, Nguyn ng nghe tin Trn Chn phi git, bn em qun vo nh ph kinh-thnh. Vua phi chy sang lnh mnh t Gia-lm, ri cho ngi vo Thanh-ha vi Nguyn hong D ra nh gic. Nguyn hong D khng ra. Chiu-tng khng bit mong cy vo ai c, phi cho ngi sang Hi-dng vi Mc ng Dung v gip. Mi thon-ot gy nn t . Nguyn Mc ng Dung l chu 7 i ng Mc nh Chi, ngy trc vn lng ng-cao, huyn Bnh-h (thuc Hi-dng), sau di sang lng C-chai (thuc huyn Nghi-dng, tnh Kin-an by gi). Mc ng Dung tha tr nh ngho, lm ngh nh c, nhng c sc mnh, thi -lc-s, 104

1. Gic Trn Cao Quy Nhiu ng . Gic Trn Cao thy Triu-nh b kinh-, bn em qun sang chim ly, ri tim hiu lm vua.
Triu-nh vo n Ty-kinh, truyn hch i cc ni ly binh ra nh Trn Cao. Trnh duy Sn, Nguyn hong D, Trnh Tuy, Trn Chn v cc quan cu thn phn binh ra vy ng-kinh. Trn Cao phi b thnh chy ln t Lng-nguyn (c l l Lng-sn). Triu-nh li v ng-kinh, ri sai Trnh duy Sn ln Lng-nguyn ui nh Trn Cao. Trnh duy Sn khinh ch qu, b gic git mt. Quan

lm n -ch-huy-s v triu vua Uy-mc; n triu vua Tng-dc c phong l V-xuyn-hu. Nay vua Chiu-tng gi sang, nht thit trao c binh quyn nh gic Hong duy Nhc. Mc ng Dung em vua v B- ri cho ngi mt d bn Nguyn Knh, Nguyn ng v hng. Bn y ni rng Trn Chn b git l ti Ch Khi, Trnh Hu, Ng Bnh gim-pha. Nu nh vua lm ti ba ngi y th xin v hng. Vua bt ba ngi em git i, nhng bn tn Knh tn ng vn khng gii binh. Mc ng Dung li di vua v Bo-chu (thuc huyn Tlim). Th gic vn mnh, ri li c Trnh Tuy v Nguyn S lm phn, thng vi bn tn Knh lp L Do ln lm vua, ng hnh-in T-lim. Vua li phi cho ngi vo gi Nguyn hong D ln na. Nguyn hong D em binh Thanh-ha ra cng vi Mc ng Dung i nh gic. Nhng Hong D xut binh nh trc, bi trn, phi rt qun v Thanh. c t lu Mc ng Dung tr c bn L Do, Trnh Tuy v Nguyn S, ri li hng c bn Hong duy Nhc, Nguyn Knh, Nguyn ng em v lm vy-cnh ca mnh. T quyn bnh v c ng Dung. Mc ng Dung by gi quyn-th hng-hch, ra vo cung cm tim dng nghi-v thin-t. Cc quan ai c v nh vua m can-gin iu g, th ng Dung tm cch git i. Cc quan triu-thn c nhiu ngi thy quyn ln v c h Mc, cng b vua m theo ph Mc ng Dung. Vua Chiu-tng thy vy, mi mu ngm vi bn ni thn l Phm Hin v Phm Th nh Mc ng Dung, li cho ngi vo Ty-kinh vi Trnh Tuy em binh ra lm ngoi ng. m n canh hai vua chy ln Snty thu-xp binh-m nh h Mc. Sng hm sau Mc ng Dung mi bit vua xut ngoi, lin sai Hong duy Nhc em qun ui theo, n Thch-tht, Duy Nhc b qun sti bt c git i. Mc ng Dung cng vi cc quan trong triu lp Hong- l Xun ln lm vua, tc l Cung-hong, i nin-hiu l Thng-nguyn. Nhng kinh-thnh s vua Chiu-tng vin qun v nh, cho nn Mc 105

ng Dung rc Hong- Xun v t Gia-phc, nay l Gia-lc thuc tnh Hi-dng. Khi vua Chiu-tng chy ln Sn-ty, nhng ngi ho-kit cc ni theo v cng nhiu, nhng v vua nghe li nhng k hon-quan l bn Phm in, khng theo li bn ca cc tng, cho nn lng ngi ly-tn, mi vic hng c. Vua cho ngi vo Thanh-ha vi Trnh Tuy ba bn ln, Trnh Tuy do-d mi khng ra. Sau Trnh Tuy cng vi Trnh duy Tun em hn mt vn qun ra gip, th vua li nghe li bn Phm in bt Nguyn b K l thuc tng ca Trnh Tuy em git i. Trnh Tuy tc gin em qun bt vua Chiu-tng v Thanh-ha. Nm gip-thn (1524) Mc ng Dung em qun vo nh Thanhha, Trnh Tuy thua trn ri cht, vua Chiu-tng b bt em v ngh (thuc huyn Th-xng), ri cho ngi n git i. Vua Chiu-tng lm vua c 11 nm, th 26 tui. Cch hai nm sau l nm inh-hi (1527), Mc ng Dung bt cc quan nh L tho bi chiu truyn ngi cho nh Mc. Cung-hong v b Hong-thi-hu u b git c. By gi triu-thn c V Du, Ng Hon, quan -ng-s l Nguyn vn Vn, quan Hn-lm hiu-l l Nguyn thi Bt, quan L-b thng-th l L tun Mu, quan Lib thng-th l m thn Huy, quan Tham-chnh-s l Nguyn duy Tng, quan Quan-st-s l Nguyn t Cng, tc Bnh-h-b l Nghim b K, quan -ng-s l Li kim Bng, quan H-b thng-th l Nguyn thiu Tri, quan Ph -ng-s l Nguyn hu Nghim, quan L-b t Th-Lang l L v Cng u l ngi khoa-gip c, ngi th nh vo mt Mc ng Dung hay l ly nghin mc p vo mt, hay chi mng, b ng Dung git i. C ngi th theo vua khng kp, nhy xung sng m cht, ngi th quay u v Lam-sn ly ri t-t. Nhng ngi y u l ngi c nghakh ting thm v sau. Nh L, k t vua Thi-t cho n vua Cung-hong va mt trm nm (1428-1527), c 10 ng vua. Nhng trong by nhiu ng, tr vua Thi-t ra, th ch c vua Thnh-tng v vua Hin-tng l ln tui mi ln ngi, cn th ng no ln lm vua cng cn tr tui c. V th cho nn vic triu-chnh mi ngy mt suy-km, li c nhng ng vua hoang-dm, lm lm iu tn-bo n ni trong nc xy ra nhiu s bin lon.

3. Mc ng Dung Chuyn Quyn.

Vy vn nh L phi lc trung-suy, nhng cng-c vua Thi-t v vua Thnh-tng lm cho lng ngi khng qun nh L, cho nn du nh Mc c cp ngi cng khng c lu bn, v v sau h Trnh tuy c chuyn-quyn nhng cng ch gi ngi cha, ch khng dm cp ngi vua.

PHN IV

T Ch Thi-i
Thi K Nam Bc Phn Tranh ( 1528 - 1802 )

106

NH HU L
Thi-k phn tranh (1533-1788)

I. NAM TRIU BC TRIU

NAM TRIU BC TRIU Thi T Mc ng Dung (1527-1529) Nin hiu: Minh-c Thi Tng Mc ng Doanh (1530-1540) Nin hiu: i-chnh Nh L trung-hng ln Thanh-ha. Hin Tng Mc Phc Hi (1541-1546) Nin hiu: Qung-ha

CHNG I

Lch Triu Lc K
1. Nam-triu Bc triu 2. Trnh Nguyn phn tranh
Nc Nam ta t khi Ng Vng Quyn nh ui c qun NamHn, vua inh Tin-hong dp yn c lon Thp-nh S-qun lp thnh mt nc t-ch, i n qua i kia k truyn c non 600 nm. n u thp-lc th-k, bi v vua nh L hoang dm v , b vic chnh-tr -nt, cho nn trong nc lon-lc, nh Mc nhn dp m lm s thon-ot. Nh L tuy mt ngi, nhng lng ngi cn tng nh n cng-c ca vua Thi-t v vua Thnh-tng, cho nn li theo ph con chu nh L trunghng ln pha nam, lp ra mt Triu-nh ring vng Thanh-ha, nghan chng nhau vi nh Mc. y l thnh ra Nam-triu v Bc-triu; hai bn nh nhau trong nm su mi nm tri. n khi nh L nh c h Trnh gip rp, dt c nh Mc, tng l giang-sn li thng-nht nh c, ai ng h Trnh v h Nguyn li sinh ra lng ghen-ght, gy nn mi th-on, ri mi h hng-c mt phng, chia nc ra lm hai mnh: h Nguyn gi x Nam, h Trnh gi x Bc, mi h chim-gi mt X lm c-nghip ring ca mnh. T giang-sn chia r, Nam Bc phn tranh, y l mt thi-i ring trong lch-s nc ta vy. Nh Hu-L t khi trung-hng ln, con-chu vn gi ngi lm vua, nhng quyn chnh-tr c h Trnh. Cn pha nam th t sng Linh-giang tr vo l c-nghip ca h Nguyn. Tuy vy, hai h ch xng cha, ch khng xng vua, v b ngoi vn tn-ph nh L. Sau ny ta hy chp tm c cc i vua v cc i cha cho r s k truyn. Cn nhng cng-vic v thi by gi th ta s bn ring r tng mc cho r-rng. 107

L Trang Tng (1533-1548) Nin hiu: Nguyn-ha Trang-tng hy l Duy-Ninh, con rt vua Chiu-tng. ng Nguyn Kim lp ngi ln lm vua t Cm-chn (Lo), sau a ngi v Thanh-Ha, lp hnh-in Vn-li. Trang-tng lm vua c 16 nm, th 31 tui. L Trung Tng (1548-1556) Nin hiu: Thun-bnh Trung-tng hy l Duy Huyn, con vua Trang-tng. Ngi lm vua c 8 nm, th 28 tui.

L Anh Tng (1556 - 1573) Nin hiu: Thin-hu (1557) Chnh-tr (1558-1571) Hng-phc (1572-1573) Anh-tng hy l Duy-bang, chu huyn-tn ng L Tr, anh vua Thi-t ngy trc. Vua Trung-tng khng c con, cho nn ng Trnh Kim mi i tm ngi v lp nn lm vua. Khi Trnh Kim mt ri, quyn v Trnh Tng, ngi phi trn v Ngh-an. Trnh Tng sai ngi ui theo bt v git i. Ngi lm vua c 16 nm, th 42 tui. L Th Tng (1573 - 1599) Nin hiu: Gia-thi (1573-1577) Quang-hng (1578-1599) Th-tng hy l Duy-m, con th 5 vua Anh-tng. Trnh Tng lp ngi ln lm vua t lc cn 7 tui. Trong i ngi lm vua, Trnh Tng dt c h Mc, ly li t ng-. Ngi lm vua c 27 nm, th 33 tui.

Tuyn Tng Mc Phc Nguyn (1546 - 1561) Nin hiu: Vnh-nh (1547) Cnh-lch (1548-1553) Quang-bo (1554-1561) Mc phc Nguyn c nh ly Thanh-ha nhng khng c. Mc Mu Hp (1562-1592) Nin hiu: Thun-phc (1562-1565) Sng-khang (1566-1577) Din-thnh (1578-1585) oan-thi (1586-1587) Hng-tr (1588-1590) Hng-ninh (1591-1592) Mc Mu Hp lm vua c 30 nm. Sau b Trnh Tng bt c em v chm Thnglong v em u vo bu Thanh-ha. Nh Mc mt ngi t y. Nhng con chu c nh nh Minh bnh-vc, cn c gi t Cao-bng ba i na.

II. TRNH NGUYN PHN TRANH

L Knh-tng (1600-1619) Nin hiu: Thn-c (1600) - Hong-nh (1601-1619) Knh-tng hy l duy-tn, con vua Th-tng. Ngi lm vua n nm k-mi (1619) b Trnh Tng bt phi tht c m t tn. Tr-v c 20 nm, th 32 tui. TRNH NGUYN Bnh An Vng Trnh Tng (1570 - 1620) Miu hiu: Thnh t Trit Vng Trnh Tng tranh quyn ca anh, ni nghip Trnh Kim nh ph nh Mc, ly li t ng-. Lp ra nghip cha Trnh, nhng vn tn vua L. oan Qun Cng Nguyn Hong (1600 - 1613) Truy tn l Thi-t Gia-d Hong-, ng thi gi l cha Tin. ng Nguyn Hong l con th hai ng Nguyn Kim, vo trn t Thun-ha v Qungnam lp ra nghip cha Nguyn. Ly t ca Chim-thnh lp ra ph Ph-yn. Mt nm qusu (1613), th 89 tui. Thy Qun Cng Nguyn Phc Nguyn (1613 - 1635) Truy tn l Hi-tng Hin vn Hong-, ng thi gi l cha Si. Ngi l con th 6 ng Nguyn Hong, ci h l Nguyn-phc.

108

L Thn Tng (1619-1643) (ln th nht) Nin-hiu: Vnh-t (1620-1628) c-long (1629-1643) Dng-ha (1635-1643) Thn-tng hy l Duy-K, con vua Knh-tng. Lm vua n nm qu-mi (1643) th nhng ngi cho Thi-t, m lm Thi-thng-hong. TRNH Trnh Tng mt nm qu-hi (1635). NGUYN ng Nguyn-phc Nguyn chng vi h Trnh Qungbnh. Mt nm t-hi (1635), th 73 tui.

L Chn Tng (1634-1649) Nin-hiu: Phc-thi Chn-tng hy l Duy-Hu, con vua Thn-tng, lm vua c 6 nm, th 20 tui. Trong i ngi, vua nh Minh l Qu-vng ng Qung-ty sai s sang phong cho ngi l An-nam quc-vng. TRNH Trnh Trng nh h Nguyn pha nam. NGUYN ng Nguyn-phc Lan mt nm mu-t (1648), th 48 tui. Dng Qun Cng Nguyn Phc Tn (1648-1687) Truy tn l Thi-tng Hiutrit Hong-, ng thi gi l cha Hin. ng Nguyn-phc Tn nh nhau vi h Trnh t Nghan. Ly t Chim-thnh lp ra ph Ninh-ha v ph Dinkhnh (tc l t Khnh-ha by gi).

Thanh Vng Trnh Trng (1623 - 1657) Miu-hiu l: Vn-t Ngh-vng Trnh Trng nh h Mc Cao-bng v khi s nh nhau vi h Nguyn t Qungbnh.

Nhn Qun Cng Nguyn Phc Lan (1635-1648) Truy tn l Thn-tng Hiuchiu Hong-, ng thi gi l cha Thng. ng Nguyn-phc Lan l con th hai cha Si, nh nhau vi h Trnh Qung-bnh.

L Thn Tng (1649-1662) (ln th hai) Nin-hiu: Khnh-c (1649-1652) - Thnh-c (1653-1657) Vnh-th (1658-1661) - Vn-khnh (1662) Chn-tng mt khng c con. Trnh Trng li rc Thntng Thi-thng-hong v lm vua. Ln th hai ny ngi lm vua c 13 nm th mt, th 56 tui.

109

TRNH Trnh Trng mt nm inhdu (1657) Ty Vng Trnh Tc (1657-1682) Miu-hiu: Hong-t Dng-vng Trnh Tc nh con chu Mc ly li t Cao-bng. ra l vo chu vua khng s tu khng vit tn, v ging ngi bn t ngai ng. nh t ly, t vua

NGUYN Nguyn-phc Hin) Tn (Cha

TRNH Trnh Tc

NGUYN Nguyn-phc Hin) Tn (Cha

L Hi Tng ( 1676-1705) Nin-hiu: Vnh-tr (1678-1680) - Chnh-ha (1680-1705) Hi-tng hy l Duy-Hp, con th t vua Thn-tng. Khi Thn-tng mt, b Trnh-th mi c thai c bn thng, Trnh Tc em v nui bn ph. Gia-tng mt khng c con, Trnh Tc lp ln lm vua c 29 nm ri truyn ngi cho Thi-t m lm Thi-thng-hong.

L HUYN-TNG (1663-1671) Nin-hiu: Cnh-tr Huyn-tng hy l Duy-V, con th hai vua Thn-tng. Trong i ngi lm vua mi khi u thng s vi nh Thanh, v cm o Gia-t. Ngi lm vua c 9 nm, th 18 tui. TRNH Trnh Tc NGUYN Nguyn Hin) phc Tn (Cha

L Gia Tng (1672-1675) Nin-hiu: Dng-c (1672-1773) - c-nguyn (1674-1675) Gia-tng hy l Duy-Hi, con th ba vua Thn-tng. Lc ngi ln hai tui th Thn-tng mt, Trnh Tc em v nui trong ph. Khi vua Huyn-tng mt, khng c con, Trnh Tc lp ngi ln lm vua, c 4 nm, th c 15 tui.

110

TRNH Trnh Tc mt nm nhmtut (1682)

NGUYN Nguyn-phc Tn mt nm inh-mo (1687), th 68 tui.

TRNH Trnh Cn mt nm k-su (1709).

NGUYN Nguyn-phc Chu mt nm t-t (1725), th 51 tui, c 146 ngi con.

nh Vng Trnh Cn (1682-1709) Miu-hiu l: Chiu-t Khang-vng Trnh Cn lm cha c 28 nm th mt, truyn ngi cha cho chu huyn-tn l Trnh Cng.

Hong Quc Cng Nguyn Phc Trn (1687 - 1691) Truy tn l Anh-tng Hiungha Hong-, ng thi gi l cha Ngha. Lp ph Ph-xun l ch kinh- by gi. Mt nm tnmi (1691), th 43 tui.

An Vng Trnh Cng (1709 - 1729) Miu-hiu l: Hi-t Nhn-vng. Mt nm k-du (1729). nh Quc Cng Nguyn Phc Tr (1725-1738) Truy tn l Tc-tng Hiuninh Hong- m-mang t Gia-nh, v bo-h nc Chnlp.

T Quc Cng Nguyn Phc Chu (1691 - 1725) Truy tn l Hin-tng Hiuminh Hong-, ng thi gi l Quc-cha. ng Nguyn-phc Chu ly ht nc Chim-thnh (nay l t Bnh-thun) v li ly t Gia-nh, H-tin ca Chn-lp. L D Tng (1706-1729) Nin-hiu: Vnh-thnh (1706-1719) - Bo-thi (1720-1729) D-tng hy l Duy-ng, lm vua c 24 nm, b Trnh Cng bt phi truyn ngi cho Thi-t l Duy-Phng. Mt nm tn-hi (1731), th 52 tui. 111

L Duy Phng (1729-1732) Nin-hiu: Vnh-khnh Duy-phng lm vua c 3 nm, b Trnh Giang vu cho t thng vi v Trnh Cng, phi b, ging xung lm Hn-ccng, ri n nm nhm-t (1732) th b git. TRNH Trnh Cng mt. Uy Nam Vng Trnh Giang (1729 - 1740) Miu-hiu l: D-t Thun-vng Trnh Giang lm cha xa-x v hung-c qu , gic-gi ni ln rt nhiu. NGUYN Nguyn-phc Tr.

L Tng (1735-1740) Nin-hiu: Vnh-hu -tng hy l Duy-Thn, con vua D-tng, Trnh Giang b con vua Thun-tng m lp ngi. Nm canh-thn (1740) Trnh Doanh bt ngi phi nhng ngi cho con vua Thun-tng, ri lm Thi-thng-hong, mt nm k-mo (1759), th 41 tui. TRNH Trnh Giang b b nm canhthn (1740), lm Thi-thngvng. Em l Trnh Doanh ln thay. Minh Vng Trnh Doanh (1740 - 1767) Miu-hiu l: Ngh-t n-vng Trnh Doanh nh-dp gicgi trong nc. NGUYN Nguyn-phc Tr mt nm mu-ng (1738), th 43 tui. V-Vng Nguyn Phc Khot (1738 - 1765) Truy tn l Th-tng Hiu-v Hong-. ng Nguyn-phc Khot nh Chn-lp m thm t Gia-nh.

L Thun Tng (1732-1735) Nin-hiu: Long-c Thun-tng hy l Duy-Tng. Ngi l con vua D-tng, trc c lp lm Thi-t, sau b Trnh Cng b lp DuyPhng. Trnh Giang li b Duy-Phng lp ngi ln lm vua, mt nm t-mo (1735), th 37 tui. TRNH Trnh Giang NGUYN Nguyn-phc Tr

L Hin Tng (1740-1786) Nin-hiu: Cnh-hng Hin-tng hy l Duy-Diu, con vua Thun-tng. vua c 46 nm, th 70 tui. Lm

112

TRNH Trnh Doanh mt nm inhhi (1767). Tnh Vng Trnh Sm (1767 - 1782) Miu-hiu l: Thnh-t Thnh-vng Trnh Sm dp yn gic x Bc. Ly t Thun-ha v Qung-nam ca cha Nguyn. Nhng v say-m nng ng th Hu, mi b con trng lp con th, lm thnh ra ci mi bin-lon. Mt nm nhm-dn (1782). Tn Vng Trnh Cn Lm cha c 2 thng b qun Tam-ph b i, lp anh l Trnh Khi ln lm cha. oan Nam Vng Trnh Khi (1783 - 1786) B Ty-sn bt c, phi t t nm bnh-ng (1786).

NGUYN V-vng Nguyn-phc Khot xng vng-hiu nm tdu (1765). nh Vng Nguyn Phc Thun (1765 - 1777) Truy tn l Diu-tng Hiunh Hong-. i ngi lm cha b Trng phc Loan chuyn quyn. Qun Ty-sn ni ln nh pha nam, qun h Trnh nh pha bc. Sau qun cha Trnh vo ly mt Ph-Xun, nh-vng chy vo Gia-nh b tng Ty-sn l Nguyn vn Hu git mt. Ngi th 24 tui. Nguyn Vng Nguyn Phc nh Tc l vua Th-t Cao-hong nh Nguyn khi binh Gianh.

TRNH n Vng Trnh Bng Khi qun Ty-sn v Nam ri, ng h Trnh li lp Trnh Bng ln lm cha. Vua gi Nguyn hu Chnh ra nh h Trnh, Trnh Bng b i tu.

NGUYN Nguyn-vng Nguyn-phc nh khi-phc t Gia-nh.

L Mn (1787-1788) Nin-hiu: Chiu-thng Mn- l chu ch-tn vua Hin-tng. Ngi b qun Ty-sn nh thua chy sang Tu cu-cu, sau nh thua li tr sang Tu, b quan Tu lm nhc, ri mt Yn-kinh.

113

CHNG II

NAM-TRIU BC-TRIU
(1527-1592)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Chnh-tr nh Mc Vic nh Mc giao-thip vi nh Minh H Nguyn khi ngha gip nh L Quyn v h Trnh Trnh Tng thng-lnh binh-quyn Khi-phc thnh Thng-long Nh Mc mt ngi Vic nh Hu-L giao-thip vi nh Minh Con-chu nh Mc Cao-bng

Mc ng Doanh lm vua c 10 nm, n nm canh-t (1540) th mt, truyn ngi li cho con l Mc phc Hi. Mc phc Hi ln ni ngi, i nin-hiu l Qung-ha.

2. Vic Nh Mc Giao-Thip Vi Nh Minh. T khi nh Mc cp ngi nh L ri, quan nh L c ngi sang ku cu bn Tu xin vin binh. Vua nh Minh sai quan i n Vn-nam cng vi quan Tunph s-ti tra-xt bn An-nam thc h th no.
Quan nh L sang Vn-nam k r vic h Mc lm iu th nghch. Quan nh Minh tu vi vua xin c binh-m sang nh. Vic nh sang nh h Mc khng phi l vua nh Minh c v g h L, nhng chng qua cng mun nhn lc nc Nam c bin, ly c m sang lm s chim gi nh khi trc sang nh h H vy. Ta phi bit rng phm nhng vic nc n giao-thip vi nc kia th thng l ngi ta mn ting "v ngha" m lm nhng vic "v li" m thi. Nm inh-du (1537) vua nh Minh bn sai Cu Loan lm -c, Mao b n ln Tn-l-qun-v, em qun sang ng gn ca Nam-quan ri truyn hch i mi ni, h ai bt c cha con Mc ng Dung th thng cho quan-tc v hai vn bc. Li sai ngi a th sang cho Mc ng Dung bo phi a s rung-t nhn-dn sang np v chu ti, th c tha cho khi cht. hng. Mc ng Dung sai bn Nguyn vn Thi sang s nh Minh xin

1. Chnh-Tr Nh Mc.

Nm inh-hi (1527) Mc ng Dung cp ngi nh L ln lm vua, t nin-hiu l Minh-c.

Nh Mc tuy lm vua, nhng cn s lng ngi nh nh L, cho nn cng-vic g cng theo php nh L c, ri li tng phong cho nhng ngi v nh L m tun-tit, v lc dng nhng con-chu cc quan cu thn, phong cho quan-tc d v vi mnh. Nhng m k th trn-trnh vo ch sn-lm, k th i ra ngoi-quc, k th i h tn, khng my ngi chu phc. Li c k tc-gin v h Mc lm iu gian-c, t hp nhng ngi ngha-kh ni ln nh ph, nh L cng Uyn, Nguyn Ng, Nguyn th Trng, khi-ngha t Thanh-ha, nhng v th-lc khng , cho nn phi thua. Sau li c L ni ln nh h Mc t M-giang, my phen c thng trn, nhng cng v khinh ch cho nn n ni phi b bt. Mc ng Dung bt chc li nh Trn, lm vua c ba nm th nhng ngi cho con l Mc ng Doanh ri v C-trai, lm Thi-thnghong. Nm canh-dn (1530) Mc ng Doanh ln lm vua, t nin-hiu l i-chnh. ng Doanh tuy lm vua nhng cng vic trong nc thng do ng Dung quyt on c. 114

n thng 11 nm canh-t (1540), Mc ng Dung thy qun nh Minh sa-son sang nh, s-hi qu chng, bn Mc phc Hi li gi nc, ri cng vi bn V nh Qu c thy hn 40 ngi, t tri mnh ra hng, sang chu ti ca Nam-quan, ly phc xung t np s in-th v s dn-inh, li xin dng t 5 ng: l ng T-phu, ng Kim-lc, ng C-xung, ng Liu-ct, ng La-ph, v t Khm-chu. Li em vng bc dng ring cho nh Minh. Quan nh Minh tuy lm b hng-hch ni em binh sang nh, nhng cng s phi ci v nh my nm bnh-nh ngy trc, v li c tin bc ca ng Dung ri, ci lng nhit thnh v quc cng ngui i, cho

nn mi tu vi vua nh Minh xin phong cho Mc ng Dung lm chc thng-s hm quan nh-phm nh Minh. Mc ng Dung lm ti nh L m li git vua cp ly ngi, y l mt ngi nghch thn; lm ch mt nc m khng gi ly b-ci, li em ct t m dng cho ngi, y l mt ngi phn quc. Lm ng vua m khng gi c ci danh-gi cho trn-vn, n ni phi ci trn ra tri mnh li, i n qu ly trc ca mt ngi tng ca qun nghch cu ly ci ph-qu cho mt thn mnh v mt nh mnh, y l mt ngi khng bit lim-s. i vi vua l nghch thn, i vi nc l phn quc, i vi cch n- ca loi ngi, l khng c nhn-phm; mt ngi nh th ai m knh phc? Cho nn du c ly c giang-sn nh L, du c mn c th nh Minh bnh-vc mc lng, mt ci c-nghip dng ln bi s gian-c hn-h nh th, th khng bao gi bn-cht c. Cng v c y cho nn con chu h L li trung-hng ln c. Khi Mc ng Dung lm s thon-ot th cc quan cu thn trn-trnh i cng nhiu. Tha y c ngi con ng Nguyn hong D, tn l Nguyn Kim (hay l Nguyn hong Kim)97 lm quan Hu-v in-tin Tng-qun An-thanh-hu, trn sang Ai-lao. Vua nc y l X-u cho n x Sm-chu (thuc Trn-man ph, t Thanh-ha). ng Nguyn Kim n Sm-chu ri cho ngi i tm con-chu nh L s khi-phc. n nm qu-t (1532) tm c mt ngi con rt vua Chiu-tng tn l Duy-Ninh lp ln lm vua, tc l Trangtng. Khi y li c mt ngi tng gii tn l Trnh Kim, lng Sc-sn, huyn Vnh-lc, ph Qung-ha. ng Nguyn Kim thy ngi c ti, g con gi l Ngc Bo cho, cng ra sc gip nh L, dt nh Mc. Vua ti nh L nng-nu Sm-chu chiu-tp qun-s, mi n nm canh-t (1540), ng Nguyn Kim mi em qun v nh Ngh-an. Nm nhm-dn (1542) Trang-tng mi ct qun v nh Thanh-ha v Ngh-an, qua nm sau (1543) th thu phc c t Ty-, quan Tng-trn nh Mc l Dng chp Nht ra hng.

4. Quyn V H Trnh. Nm t-t (1545) ng Nguyn Kim em qun tin nh Sn-nam, i n huyn Yn-m, b Dng chp Nht l hng tng nh Mc nh thuc c cht. Nhng binh-quyn giao c li cho con r l Trnh Kim.
Trnh Kim rt qun v Thanh-ha, lp hnh-in n Vn-li (thuc huyn Thy-nguyn, Thanh-ha) cho vua , ri chiu-m nhng k ho-kit, luyn-tp qun-s, tch tr lng-tho lo vic nh h Mc. By gi c nhng ngi danh-s nh l cc ng Phng khc Khoan (tc l trng Bng), ng Lng hu Khnh u vo gip nh L. Giang-sn by gi chia lm hai: t Thanh-ha tr vo thuc nh L, lm Nam-Triu; t Sn-nam tr ra thuc v h Mc, lm Bc-Triu. Nm bnh-ng (1546) Mc phc Hi mt, truyn ngi li cho con l Mc phc Nguyn, nin-hiu Vnh-nh. Nm mu-thn (1548) vua Trang-tng mt, Trnh Kim lp Thi-t tn l Duy Huyn ln lm vua, c 8 nm th mt, tc l Trung-tng. Vua Trung-tng mt khng c con, m by gi dng-di h L cng khng c ai, vic binh-quyn th trong tay Trnh Kim c. Tc truyn rng Trnh Kim lng-l mun t xng lm vua, nhng cn cha dm nh hn b no, cc quan cng khng ai bit lm th no cho phi. Sau Trnh Kim cho ngi ln ra Hi-dng hi ng Nguyn bnh Khim98, tc l Trng Trnh, xem nn lm th no. ng Nguyn bnh Khim khng ni g c, ch ngnh li bo y-t rng: "Nm nay mt ma, thc ging khng tt, chng my nn tm ging c m gieo m". Ni ri li sai y-t ra bo tiu qut-dn cha v t hng, ng ra chi cha, ri bo tiu rng: "Gi cha th Pht th n on". S-gi v k chuyn li cho Trnh Kim nghe. Trnh Kim hiu , mi cho ngi i tm con chu h L. Sau tm c ngi chu huyn-tn ng L Tr, l anh vua Thi-t, tn l Duy Bang, lng B-v, huyn ngsn, rc v lp ln lm vua.

3. H Nguyn Khi-Ngha Gip Nh L.

97

Xem sch Vit Nam Khai Quc Ch truyn, th ng Nguyn Kim tc l ng Nguyn Hong Kim, l con ng Nguyn Hong D, chu ng Nguyn Vn Lang, u lm quan nh L c.

98

ng Nguyn Bnh Khim lm quan nh Mc, c phong l Trnh Quc Cng cho nn mi gi l Trng Trnh, sau v tr s lng Trung An, huyn Vnh Li, tnh Hi Dng.

115

By gi nh L th lo nh h Mc khi phc li t ng-, nh Mc th mun tr h L nht-thng thin-h. Nhng t khi ng Nguyn Kim mt ri, v trong my nm v i vua Trung-tng, Trnh Kim c gi th th t Thanh-ha, sa-sang vic binh-lng, i ngy ra nh h Mc. Nh Mc sai Mc knh in, l ch Mc phc Nguyn cm qun i nh h L. Mc knh in em binh vo nh Thanh-ha c thy k hn mi phen, phen no cng phi thua tr v, Trnh Kim cng ra nh Sn-nam k va 6 ln, nhng khng c ln no c ton thng. Ch c nm k-mi (1559) Trnh Kim em 6 vn qun ra nh mt Bc, ly c nhng tnh Sn-ty, Hng-ha, Thi-nguyn, Kinh-bc, Lng-sn, v cc huyn mt Hi-dng, tng sp thnh-cng, nhng li b Mc knh in em mt o qun i ng b vo nh Thanh-ha nguy-cp lm, Trnh Kim li phi b min Bc v gi t Ty-. Thnh ra hai bn c gi nhau mi: nh L tuy trung-hng, nhng giang-sn vn cha thu c li nh c, m nh Mc c lm vua, th cng ch lm vua min Bc m thi. Nm tn-du (1561) vua nh Mc l Phc Nguyn mt, con l Mc mu Hp ln ni ngi lm vua. Vic tranh chin vn c nh trc: khi th Trnh Kim ra nh Snnam, khi th Mc knh in vo nh Thanh-ha, hai bn khng bn no c hn. Nm canh-ng (1570) Trnh Kim mt, trao quyn li cho con trng l Trnh Ci lo vic nh dp. Nhng Trnh Ci hay say m tu sc, tng-s khng my ngi phc; li c em l Trnh Tng mun cp quyn ca anh, bn cng vi bn L cp , Trnh Bch rc vua v n Vn-li, ri chia qun ra chng vi Trnh Ci. ng khi hai anh em h Trnh nh nhau, th Mc knh in li em hn 10 vn qun vo nh Thanh-ha, Trnh Ci liu th ch khng ni, bn em qun v hng h Mc, c gi quan-tc nh c. Qun nh Mc tha th tin ln n sng M-giang, trn sang ng t H-trung, ri n vy nh An-trng (thuc huyn Thy-nguyn) l ch vua nh L ng.

By gi vua Anh-tng v ng-sn, phong cho Trnh Tng lm ttha-tng, tit ch ch qun, chng gi vi qun nh Mc. Trnh Tng sai cc tng gi mi ni rt l chc-chn. Mc knh in nh mi khng c, lu ngy ht lng phi rt qun v Bc. Qun nh Mc rt v ri, vua phong cho Trnh Tng lm Thi-y Trng-quc-cng, v thng thng cho cc tng-s. Li sai ng Phng khc Khoan i chiu-tp nhng hoang dn Thanh-ha v yn-nghip lm n, v chnh-n vic chnh-tr li. By gi vic g cng do Trnh Tng quyt-on c, uy-quyn hnghch, vua cng ly lm lo. L cp thy vy, mu vi vua tr h Trnh, nhng Trnh Tng bit dng mu git Cp , vua Anh-tng bit s khng thnh, lo s lm, bn cng vi bn hong-t chy vo Ngh-an. Trnh Tng thy vua xut ngoi ri, bn cho ngi i rc hong-t th nm l Duy m, lng Qung-thi, huyn thy-nguyn v lm vua, ri sai Nguyn hu Liu em binh i ui theo vua Anh-tng. Anh-tng vo n t Ngh-an, thy qun ui n, vi-vng n vo trong vn ma, nhng b Hu Liu tm thy a v, n huyn Li-dng th Trnh Tng sai ngi n git i, ri ni rng vua tht c cht. Trnh Tng git vua Anh-tng ri, thng thng cho nhng ngi ng ng vi mnh, v chia qun ra phng gi cc ni chng vi qun nh Mc. T nm qu-du (1573) cho n nm qu-mi (1583) va 10 nm, Trnh Tng c gi vng t Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, cho qun nh Mc vo nh phi hao binh tn tng. Trong by nhiu nm, tng nh Mc l Mc knh in, Nguyn Quyn, v Mc ngc Lin, khi th vo nh Thanh-ha, khi th vo nh c mt Thanh v mt Ngh, nhng m khng bao gi thnh cng, phen no cng c mt vi trn ri li thua, phi rt qun v. T nm t-mo (1579) tr i, Mc knh in mt ri, Mc n Nhng em binh vo nh h L, nhng cng khng c trn no.

5. Trnh Tng Thng-Lnh Binh-Quyn.

6. Khi-Phc Thnh Thng-Long. n nm qu mi (1583) Trnh Tng xem th mnh mnh, mi c binh m ra nh Sn-nam ly c thc go em v. T v sau nm no cng ra nh, bt qun nh Mc phi i th cng ra th. V nh Mc thy th nh L mt ngy mt
116

mnh, bn bt qun-dn p ba tng ly, o ba ln ho ngoi thnh ila lm k th-b. Qun nh L ra nh trn no c trn y, Trnh Tng bn quyt c i binh ra nh Thng-long. Nm tn-mo ( 1591 ) Trnh Tng sai Din-qun-cng Trnh vn Hi, Thi-qun-cng Nguyn tht L em binh trn-th cc ca b v cc ni him-yu. Sau Th-qun-cng L Ha li gi ng-dinh v c a ht Thanh-ha. Phng b u ri, bn em hn 5 vn qun chia ra lm 5 i, sai quan Thi-ph Nguyn hu Liu, quan Thi-y Hong nh i, Ln-quncng H th Lc, Th-qun-cng Ng cnh Hu, mi ngi lnh mt i, cn Trnh Tng t lnh 2 vn qun ra ca Thin-quan (Ninh-Bnh) qua ni Yn m ( huyn An-sn ) t Tn-phong (tc l Tin-phong ) ri ko v ng Tt-lm ( ? ) . Vua nh Mc l Mc mu Hp cng iu-ng tt c qun bn v v qun nm ph c hn 10 vn, sai Mc ngc Lin v Nguyn Quyn lnh hai o t hu, Mu Hp t dn trung-qun n ng i trn vi qun Trnh Tng. Trnh Tng thy qun Mc n, bn t mnh dc tng-s th nh cho c bo th. Qun h Trnh nh rt hng, qun nh Mc nh khng ni, thua to, cht n hng vn ngi. Mc mu Hp b chy. Qun h Trnh tha th ui trn gn n thnh Thng-long. Nhng va n tt Nguyn-n, cho nn Trnh Tng nh-chin li cho qun-s nghngi n tt. Qua sang thng ging nm nhm-thn ( 1592 ) Trnh Tng lp n t tri t v cc vua nh L ri t ba iu c cm qun-s. 1. Khng c vo nh dn m ly n v ci-uc. 2. Khng c cp ly ca-ci v cht ly cy-ci. 3. Khng c dm hip n-b con-gi, v khng c v t th m git ngi. Ai phm ba iu y th c theo qun-php m tr. on ri, tin qun ln nh Thng-long thnh. Mc mu Hp thy qun nh L li tin ln, bn sai Mc ngc Lin, Bi vn Khu, Nguyn Quyn v Trn bch Nin li gi thnh Thng-long, ri em qun sang sng Nh-h v ng lng Th Khi.

Trnh Tng sai tng chia qun vy nh cc ca thnh. Qun nh Mc gi khng ni, ba tng ly u phi ph c bn Mc ngc Lin, Bi vn Khu phi b thnh m chy, Nguyn Quyn th b bt. Trnh Tng ly c thnh Thng-long ri bt qun ph nhng ho ly i, sau phng ra lm bnh a, ri v Thanh-ha em tin thng trn cho vua bit. S khng ni r ti lm sao Trnh Tng ly c Thng-long m khng nh rn i, li b v Thanh-ha. C l l ti qun h Trnh tuy thng trn, nhng tng s u mi-mt c, v li th h Mc hy cn mnh, li gi khng ni, cho nn phi b m v. Trnh Tng b Thng-long v Thanh-ha, nhng Mu Hp khng bit nhn ly dp y m sa sang vic v-b, chnh-n vic chnh-tr, li c say m tu sc, bc i cc tng-s, n ni cng-vic hng nt, thn mnh b hi. By gi Bi vn Khu c ngi v tn l Nguyn-th nhan sc hn ngi, Mc mu Hp mun git Vn Khu i ly Nguyn-th lm v. Vn Khu bit em v vo huyn Gia-vin ( thuc Ninh-bnh ) Mu Hp cho qun vo bt. Vn Khu phi xin v hng vi Trnh Tng. Trnh Tng c Vn Khu v hng, mng lm, lin sai Hong nh i ra n Vn Khu ri em i lm tin i, t mnh li em i binh tr ra Trng-an, gp qun nh Mc sng Thin-phi ( v cui huyn -yn v huyn Phong-doanh, tnh Nam-nh ), nh nhau mt trn, ly c 70 chic thuyn, tng nh Mc l Trn bch Nin v hng. Qun Trnh Tng ko ra Bnh-lc, sang Thanh-oai ng bi Tinhthn ( by gi l x Thanh-thn huyn Thanh-oai ) ri tin ln n sng Ht-giang, ca sng y ra sng Hng-h, gp tng nh Mc l Mc ngc Lin, nh ui mt trn ly c chin thuyn k hng nghn chic. Mc mu Hp c tin qun mnh thua to, b thnh Thng-long chy sang Hi-dng v ng kim-thnh thuc Hi-dng. Trnh Tng ra n Thng-long, ri sai Nguyn tht L, Bi vn Khu v Trn bch Nin sang nh Mu Hp Kim-thnh, ly c vng bc ca ci nhiu lm, v bt c m Mu Hp em v. 117

7. Nh Mc Mt Ngi.

Mc mu Hp thy qun mnh thua lun, bn giao quyn chnh-tr cho con l Mc Ton ri t mnh lm tng em qun i nh. By gi quan nh Mc l bn Ung, Ng To, c thy 17 ngi v hng nh L. Trnh Tng sang ng qun huyn Vnh-li, ri sai Phm vn Khoi em qun i ui nh Mu Hp huyn Yn-dng v huyn V-ninh ( nay l V-giang ). Mc mu Hp phi b thuyn chy ln b, vo n trong ci cha huyn Phng-nhn. Vn Khoi ui n y, c ngi ch dn bt c em v Thng-long, lm ti sng ba ngy, ri chm u vo bu trong Thanh-ha. By gi c con Mc knh in l Mc knh Ch t ng-triu bit tin Mc mu Hp b bt, bn t lp lm vua, ng huyn Thanh-lm. Con chu h Mc hn 100 ngi v cc quan vn v u v y c, ri treo bng chiu m qun-s, chng bao lu c su by vn ngi. Mc Ton l con Mc mu Hp cng theo v vi Mc knh Ch. Trnh Tng thy Knh Ch li ni ln, thanh th to lm, quan qun nh mi khng c, bn em qun sang nh huyn Cm-giang v Thanh-lm, bt c Knh Ch v con chu h Mc cng cc quan c thy hn 60 ngi. Trnh Tng nh c trn y, ri v Thng-long, sai quan vo rc vua Th-Tng ra ng-, m triu v thng thng cho cc tng-s. Nm sau, tng nh Mc l Mc ngc Lin tm c mt ngi con Mc knh in l Mc knh Cung lp ln lm vua, chim gi chu Yn-bc t Lng-sn lm cn-bn. Nhng chng bao lu quan Thi-y l Hong nh i em binh ln nh. Mc knh Cung v Mc ngc Lin phi chy sang Long-chu. t lu Ngc Lin cht c th li dn Knh Cung rng : "Nay h L li dy ln c, y l s tri nh; cn dn ta th c ti g, m ta n kh s mi v vic chin-tranh ? Vy ta nn nh phn lnh mnh nc ngoi, ch ng c em lng cnh-tranh m li mi ngi Tu sang lm hi dn nc mnh. " Trung-hu thay, my li dy li ca Mc ngc Lin! Ch tic v h Mc khng ai chu theo!

T nh Mc mt ngi lm vua, ngy sau tuy Mc knh Cung nh c nh Minh bnh-vc c v t Cao-bng, nhng cng l mt ch nh-mn gn ch bin-thy m thi. Nh Mc lm vua t Mc ng Dung cho n Mc mu Hp l t nm inh-hi ( 1527 ) n nm nhm-thn ( 1592 ) k va c 65 nm. Trnh Tng tuy lp c cng to dt c nh Mc, ly li c t ng-, nhng nh Minh vn c bnh nh Mc khng chu nhn nh L. V con chu nh Mc hy cn nhiu; nay xng vng ch ny, mai khi lon ch khc, cho nn Trnh Tng phi mt mt dng tr m gi cho nh Minh khi quy nhiu, v mt mt dng lc m nh dp d-ng h Mc.

8. Vic Nh Hu-L Giao-Thip Vi Nh Minh. Khi Trnh Tng thu-phc c thnh Thng-long ri, ngi nh Mc sang ku vi vua nh Minh rng h Trnh ni ln tranh ngi, ch khng phi con-chu nh L.
Vua nh Minh sai quan n Nam-quan khm-xt vic y. Thng 3 nm bnh-thn ( 1596 ) vua Th-tng sai quan H-b Thng-th l Ung v quan -ng-s l Nguyn vn Giai ln Namquan tip quan Tu. Sau li sai hai ng hong-thn l L Cnh, L Lu cng vi quan Cng-b t-th-lang l Phng khc Khoan em 10 ngi k-mc, 100 cn vng, 1,000 cn bc, ci n An-nam -thng-s ca nh Mc v ci n An-nam-quc-vng ca vua nh L ngy trc, sang cho quan nh Minh khm. Nhng quan nh Minh li bt vua Th-tng phi thn hnh sang hi ca Nam-quan. Trnh Tng sai Hong nh i, Nguyn hu Liu em mt vn qun i h gi, a vua sang ph hi. Sang n ni, quan nh Minh li i phi np ngi vng v n vng nh tch c, ri khng chu n hi. Vua ch lu, khng xong vic li phi tr v. n thng t nm sau, s nh Minh li sang mi vua Th-tng ln hi Nam-quan. Triu-nh sai quan Thi-y Hong nh i em 5 vn qun i h gi sang hi Nam-quan. n khi xa gi v, Trnh Tng em cc quan i n mng ri sai Cng-b t-th-lang Phng khc Khoan lm chnh-s, quan Thi-Thng tkhanh Nguyn nhn Thim lm ph s, em l sang Yn-kinh cng nh Minh v xin phong. 118

Vua nh Minh ch phong cho vua Th-tng lm An-nam -thngS. ng Phng khc Khoan dng s tu rng : "-thng-s l chc c ca h Mc, ch vua nc Nam l dng di h L, m phong cho chc y th khng xng-ng " . Vua nh Minh tr li rng : vn bit h L khng v nh h Mc, nhng lc u mi phong hy tm cho chc y, ri v sau s phong vng. ng Phng khc Khoan phi chu m v. T nh Minh vi nh L li thng s nh trc. T khi Mc mu Hp v Mc knh Ch b bt ri, con chu h Mc n cc ni mong ng khiphc. By gi c Mc knh Chng xng lm Trng-vng, chim-gi t huyn ng-triu cho n t Yn-qung. Nm bnh-thn ( 1596 ) Trnh Tng sai quan Trn-th Hi-dng l Phan Ngn nh bt c Knh Chng. Li c ngi Mc knh Dng l con Mc knh Chi chim-gi t Ynbc ( Lng-sn ) xng lm Uy-vng, nhng cng chng bao lu b qun h Trnh bt c. Cn Mc knh Cung trc chy sang Long-chu, sau li v cng vi ng mnh nh ph t Cao-bng v t Lng-sn. Trnh Tng sai quan ln ui nh, nhng Mc knh Cung sang ku vi nh Minh, vua nh Minh cho a th sang bt nh L phi t Cao-bng cho con chu h Mc. Nh L bt-c-d phi t Cao-bng cho h Mc .

CHNG lll

Trnh-Nguyn phn tranh

1. H Trnh xng cha min Bc 2. H Nguyn xng cha min Nam

9. Con chu nh Mc Cao-Bng.

1. H Trnh Xng Cha Min Bc. T khi Trnh Tng dt c h Mc, thu giang sn li cho nh L ri, mi ngy mt kiu hnh, chim gi ly quyn chnh tr v li h hip nh vua. H Nguyn trong Thun-ha thy h Trnh chuyn quyn, cng t xng c-lp min Nam, lm thnh ra Nam Bc i ni v gy nn s chin tranh rt l tn-hi cho nc nh.
Nm k-hi ( 1599 ) i vua Th-tng nh L, Trnh Tng thu-xp xong vic thng s vi nh Minh, v chu nhng t Cao-bng cho conchu nh Mc ri, trong nc yn dn, bn t xng lm -nguyn-sy Tng-quc-chnh Thng-phu Bnh-an-vng ri nh l cp bng cho vua c thu thu 1.000 x, gi l lc thng-tin, cp cho vua 5.000 lnh lm qun tc-v. Cn nhng vic t quan, thu thu, bt lnh, tr dn, u thuc v h Trnh c. Ch c khi no thit triu hay l tip s th mi cn n vua m thi. T v sau, h Trnh c th tp lm vng, tc gi l cha Trnh. Uy quyn h Trnh by gi hng-hch nh th v cc quan li theo v h Trnh c. Gi-s Trnh Tng c mun dt nh L i m lm vua, th cng khng kh g. Tuy vy m Trnh Tng khng dm lm, l ti sao ? Ti l rng pha Bc s nh Minh sinh s li thi, li c h Mc cn gi t Cao-bng nh c lm iu g phn-trc, th e qun nghch ni ln ly th L tho Trnh lm c. V chng mt Nam cn c h Nguyn, th-lc cng chng km-hn g, m li c c-lp tranh quyn vi h Trnh. Chi bng khng ly nc cng nh ly nc, khng lm vua m li hn vua. V bao gi c phi i nh-dp ni no, vn ly lnh thin t m sai khin mi ngi, khng ai bt-b g c. Bi th cho nn h Trnh nh chu ngi th nh trong nc m gi quyn c nc.

119

Nguyn khi xa ng Nguyn Kim khi-ngha gip nh L nh nh Mc i ly c t Thanhngh ri , sau em qun ra nh Sn-nam b hng tng nh Mc nh Mc l Dng chp Nht nh thuc c cht, binh quyn giao c li cho r l Trnh Kim nh gic. ng Nguyn Kim c hai ngi con l Nguyn Ung v Nguyn Hong cng lm tng lp c nhiu cng. Ngi anh l Nguyn Ung c phong l Lang-qun-cng, ngi em l Nguyn Hong c phong l Thi-y on-qun-cng. Nhng v Trnh Kim s h Nguyn tranh mt quyn mnh, bn kim chuyn m git Nguyn Ung i. Cn Nguyn Hong cng s Trnh Kim c m hi, cha bit th no mi cho ngi ra Hi-dng hi ng Nguyn bnh Khim. ng y bo rng : "Honh-sn nht i, vn i dung thn " ngha l mt dy Honh-sn99 kia c th yn thn c mun i. Nguyn Hong mi ni vi ch l b Ngc Bo xin Trnh Kim cho vo trn pha Nam. Nm mu-ng ( 1558 ) i vua An-tng, Trnh Kim mi tu vua cho Nguyn Hong vo trn t Thun-ha. By gi nhng ngi h hng huyn Tng-sn cng nhng qun lnh t Thanh-ngh nhiu ngi a c v con theo i. Nguyn Hong vo ng X i-t ( sau gi l kho Cykh ), thuc huyn ng-xng, tnh Qung-tr. Nguyn Hong l mt ngi khn-ngoan m li c lng nhn-c, thu-dng ho-kit, yn-i nhn-dn, cho nn lng ngi ai cng mn-phc. n nm k-t ( 1569 ) ng ra chu vua An-trng. Qua nm sau Trnh Kim gi quan tng-binh Qung-nam l Nguyn b Qunh v gi t Ngh-an, v li cho ng vo trn c t Thun-ha v t Qung-nam. L mi nm phi np thu l 400 cn bc, 500 tm la. Nm nhm-thn ( 1572 ) nhn lc Trnh Kim mi mt, con l Trnh Ci v Trnh Tng nh nhau, nh Mc em qun vo nh Thanh-ha v sai tng l Lp Bo em mt ton qun i 60 chic thuyn, bi ng hio ko vo ng lng H-x v lng Lng-uyn ( thuc huyn Minh-linh ) nh Nguyn Hong.

2. H Nguyn Xng Cha Min Nam.

ng mi sai mt ngi con gi p l Ng-th gi lm cch a vng bc sang ni vi Lp Bo xin cu ha. Lp Bo mng r, khng phng b g c, b qun h Nguyn nh ln, bt c git i, v nh tan qun nh Mc. Nm qu-t ( 1593 ) Trnh Tng ly c thnh Thng-long, bt c Mc mu Hp, nhng m ng nh Mc cn nhiu, phi nh dp nhiu ni, Nguyn Hong a qun-binh v sng-ng ra ng-, hng 8 nm, gip Trnh Tng nh h Mc, lp c nhiu cng to. Nhng m Trnh Tng vn c ghen ght khng mun cho ngi v Thun-ha, m ngi cng khng c dp g m v c. Nm canh-t ( 1600 ) nhn v h Trnh kiu hnh qu, cc quan c nhiu ngi khng phc ; bn Phan Ngn, Ng nh Hm, Bi vn Khu khi binh chng li vi h Trnh ca i-an ( thuc Nam-nh ), Nguyn Hong mi em bn b tng-s gi cch ni i nh gic, ri theo ng hi-o v Thun-ha. Nguyn Hong v Thun-ha ri, s h Trnh nghi-ng, bn em ngi con gi l b Ngc T g cho Trnh Trng l con trai Trnh Tng. Ngi gi t Thun-ha, cho ngi con th su vo trn t Qung-nam dng ra kho tng, tch-tr lng thc. T y tr i, Nam Bc phn-bit, b ngoi th lm ra b ha-hiu, nhng b trong th vn lo vic phng-b chng c vi nhau.

99

Ni Honh Sn l ni o Ngang tnh Qung Bnh

120

CHNG IV

S Chin Tranh
1. H Trnh nh h Mc Cao Bng. 2. Nh Thanh dy nghip. 3. Tnh th h Nguyn min Nam. 4. nh nhau ln th nht. 5. nh nhau ln th hai. 6. nh nhau ln th ba. 7. nh nhau ln th t. 8. nh nhau ln th nm. 9. nh nhau ln th su. 10. nh nhau ln th by.
Nm k hi (1599), vua Th Tng mt, Trnh Tng cng vi cc quan triu thn lp hong t l Duy Tn ln lm vua, tc l vua Knh Tng. Qua nm sau (1600) bn Phan Ngn, Ng nh Hm v Bi Vn Khu ni lon ca i An. Trnh Tng Thng Long s bn mt th ch, bn rc vua vo Thanh Ha. ng h Mc thy thnh Thng Long b khng, bn rc b th mu ca Mu Hp l Bi Th v tn ln lm quc mu, ri cho ngi ln n Mc Knh Cung t Cao Bng. Phan Ngn v Bi Vn Khu li nghi ng nhau ri git ln nhau, cn Ng nh Hm th v gip nh Mc. Trnh Tng em Knh Tng vo Thanh Ha ri thu xp ra ly li Thng Long, nhng cn s mt Thun Ha c bin chng, bn sai quan vo y d Nguyn Hong; on ri em thy b i qun ra Bc, nh bt c Bi Th git i, cn Mc Knh Cung b chy sang Kim Thnh Hi Dng, sau thy ng ca mnh thua c, li b Kim Thnh chy ln Cao Bng. Trnh Tng ly li Thng Long ri sai quan vo rc vua ra, v sai cc tng i tiu tr ng h Mc mt Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn v Yn Quang. 121

Trnh Tng cng ngy cng kiu hnh qu, vua cng khng chu c, li nhn h Trnh c con l Trnh Xun mun ganh quyn vi ngi con trng l Trnh Trng, vua Knh Tng mi mu vi Trnh Xun git Trnh Tng, nhng chng may s khng thnh. Trnh Tng bc vua phi tht c cht, v bt Trnh Xun giam my thng ri tha. Trnh Tng git vua Knh Tng ri, lp Hong T l Duy K ln lm vua, tc l vua Thn Tng. Nm qu hi (1623) Trnh Tng au, hi cc quan li giao binh quyn cho con l Trnh Trng, v cho Trnh Xun lm ph. Trnh Xun khng bng lng, em binh lm lon, t ph kinh thnh, Trnh Tng thy bin, chy v x Hong Mai, vo nh Trnh , ri cho gi Trnh Xun n bt git i. c my hm Trnh Tng mt cha Thanh Xun, thuc huyn Thanh Tr. Trnh Trng ln ni nghip lm cha. Nhng v ng Trnh Xun cn lm lon, cho nn mi a vua v Thanh Ha. Vua phong cho Trnh Trng lm Thi y Thanh Quc Cng, tit ch thy b ch qun. By gi c Mc Knh Khoan l chu Mc Knh Cung xng lm Khnh Vng t Thi Nguyn. Trc b qun h Trnh nh ph my trn, phi ln n np t Cao Bng, nay th"y ngi nh h Trnh lm lon, li em qun vo ng lng Th Khi, huyn Gia Lm. Nhng chng bao lu Trnh Trng Thanh Ha ra nh. Knh Khoan li phi chy v Cao Bng. Trnh Trng dp yn t ng , li vo rc vua ra, v t xng lm Nguyn Sy, Thng Quc Chnh Thanh Vng, ri sai con l Trnh Kiu em qun ln nh Cao Bng (t su 1625) bt c Mc Knh Cung em v git i. Mc Knh Khoan th chy sang Tu, ri cho ngi v dng biu xin hng. Triu nh phong cho Knh Khoan lm Thi y Thng Quc Cng, v cho gi t Cao Bng theo l cng tin.

1. H Trnh nh H Mc Cao Bng.

2. Nh Thanh Dy Nghip. Khi Trnh Trng An Nam ta mi ln ni nghip lm cha v ang phi nh dp h Mc t Cao Bng, th bn Tu nh Minh mt nc.
Nguyn x ng bc nc Tu c mt x gi l Mn Chu, c ging ngi N Chn . V i nh Tng ngi N Chn lp nn mt

nc ln gi l Kim, xng c 120 nm, ri b nh Nguyn ly mt. Nh Nguyn t Vn H Ph cai tr t Mn Chu. Sau nh Minh dt c nh Nguyn, tuy Mn Chu nh Minh c t v a, nhng m ngi x y vn t cai tr ly. t Mn Chu by gi chia lm bn b: 1. 2. 3. 4. Mn Chu B Trng Bch B ng Hi B H Lun B (thuc (thuc (thuc (thuc v v v v Kin Chu V a) Kin Chu V a) D Nhn V a) Hi Ty V a)

Dng di nh Minh l Qu Vng xng t Triu Khnh (thuc tnh Qung Ty) c my nm, b qun nh Thanh n nh, phi chy sang Din in. Vua Din in bt Qu Vng np cho Ng Tam Qu. Tam Qu em git i. T y nh Thanh nht thng nc Tu. Khi Qu vng xng t Qung Ty, c mun nh An Nam cu vin, cho nn mi phong cho vua Thn Tng nh L lm An Nam Quc Vng v phong Trnh Trng lm ph vng. Khi y pha bc nc Tu ang lon, h Mc th v hng, Trnh Trng mi nhn dp quyt i nh h Nguyn pha nam.

V cui i nh Minh, Trng Bch B c mt ngi tn l N Nh Cp Xch, tc l vua Thi T nh Thanh, nh ly tt c t bn b, ng kinh Thm Dng, l Thnh Kinh by gi. N Nh Cp Xch mt, con ln ni nghip tc l Thanh Thi Tng. Sau nhn c ci Truyn Quc T ca nc Tu, Thi Tng mi ci quc hiu l i Thanh. Con Thi Tng tn l Phc Lm ln lm vua, tc l Thanh Th T, nh ly c c t Liu Ty ca nh Minh. Khi tng nh Minh l Ng Tam Qu ang chng vi qun nh Thanh Sn Hi Quan th L T Thnh ni ln vy nh Yn Kinh. Vua Trang Lit nh Minh gi Ng Tam Qu v cu, nhng v n na ng, Tam Qu c tin Yn Kinh tht th, Trang Lit v Hong Hu b git, Tam Qu li tr v Sn Hi Quan. L T Thnh cho ngi gi Tam Qu v hng, Tam Qu khng v. T Thnh em qun n nh Sn Hi Quan. Tam Qu xin hng nh Thanh ly binh v nh T Thnh. L T Thnh nh thua, phi b Yn Kinh m chy, qun nh Thanh vo gi Yn Kinh ri di kinh s v . Cc qun cu thn nh Minh lp Phc Vng ln lm vua Nam Kinh, nhng sau v cc tng khng ha vi nhau, Phc Vng phi ra hng. Phc Vng hng Thanh ri, ng Vng xng Phc Chu, chng bao lu cng b bt, phi nhn n m cht. 122

3. Tnh Th H Nguyn Min Nam. T khi Nguyn Hong v Thun Ha ri, b ngoi tuy vn cha ra mt chng vi h Trnh, nhng b trong th ht sc lo s phng b. Xem nh nm qu su (1613), khi Nguyn Hong sp mt, gi ngi con th 6 l Nguyn Phc Nguyn vo dn rng: "t Thun, Qung ny bn bc th c ni Hong Sn, sng Linh Giang, bn nam th c ni Hi Vn v ni Bi Sn tht l mt ni tri cho ngi anh hng dng v. Vy ta phi thng yu nhn dn, luyn tp qun s m gy dng c nghip v mun i." Xem li y th bit h Nguyn c mun c lp chng vi h Trnh.
Khi ngoi Bc, Trnh Tng mt, cha Si l ng Nguyn Phc Nguyn bo cc quan rng: "Ta mun nhn dp ny m ra nh h Trnh, nhng him v cng vic cha xong, vy th hy sai ngi ra phng iu, trc l cho phi ci ngha hn nhn vi nhau, sau l nhn th xem tnh ngoi Bc ra th no." By gi min Nam li c nhng ngi ti gii gip rp nh cc ng Nguyn Hu Dt, ng o Duy T, v ng Nguyn Hu Tin u l ngi c ti tr c. Nguyn Hu Dt l ngi lng Gia Miu, huyn Tng Sn, tnh Thanh Ha, hc rng, ti cao, v li c ti hng bin, nh gic gii, tht l mt bc vn v kim ton. o Duy T l ngi lng Hoa Trai, huyn Ngc Sn, ph Tnh Gia, tnh Thanh Ha. V ng l con nh xng ht cho nn khng c i thi, ng phn tr mi i vo min Nam tm ng lp cng, nhng cha gp c ngi tin c cho, bn vo chn tru cho mt nh ph gia lng Tng Chu, ph Hoi Nhn (nay l Bnh nh). ng lm bi "Nga Long

Cng" t v mnh vi ng Gia Ct Lng. Sau c quan Khm L l Trn c Ha bit Duy T l ngi c ti, em v nui, v g con gi cho, ri a dng cha Si. Cha dng lm Ni tn, phong lm Lc Kh Hu100. Nguyn Hu Tin cng l ngi Thanh Ha, lng Vn Trai, huyn Ngc Sn, v ngh tinh thng, dng binh rt c k lut, tht l mt ngi lm tng c ti vy. Nhng ngi y gip cha Nguyn, by mu nh k, luyn tp qun lnh, xy n p ly chng vi qun h Trnh101. Khi nhng n ly kin c, binh lng ri, cha Si mi ra mt khng thn phc h Trnh na, v sai tng ra chim gi ly t Nam B Chnh l t pha nam sng Linh Giang lm ch chng gi. T h Trnh v h Nguyn nh nhau tai hi trong khong 45 nm t Qung Bnh, H Tnh by gi.

phi mt ma th x c cho; cn t nm gip t n nay phi tnh cho s theo l trc, ti thuyn em ra np cho ; v phi chnh t binh m, hot thn n kinh triu h, hoc phi sai con i thay, coi xem nghi v trong nc, v t gii tm lng lm ti. Nu th th triu nh s phong thm cho chc tc vinh hin, rng t n t tng. Nhc bng thoi thc khng n, th tc l phm ti vi triu nh. Khm tai d sc!" Cha Si tip s nhng khng chu np thu. Trnh Trng li sai s mang sc vua L vo d cha Si cho con ra chu, v ly 30 con voi cng 30 chic thuyn a i cng nh Minh. Cha Si khng chu. Trnh Trng thy vy, bn quyt nh h Nguyn, sai Nguyn Khi v Nguyn Danh Th em 5.000 qun i lm tin phong vo ng x H Trung (tc gi l Cu Doanh), ri em i binh, rc vua L i nh mt Nam. Cha Si sai chu l Nguyn Phc V lm tit ch cng vi Nguyn Hu Dt em binh m ra gi cc ni him yu. Qun h Trnh n nh, cht hi rt nhiu. Bn Nguyn Hu Dt li t ra mt k khin cho qun Trnh phi rt v, sai ngi i ni phao ra rng ngoi Bc c Trnh Gia v Trnh Nhc sp lm lon. Trnh Trng nghe tin y trong bng sinh nghi, khng bit thc h th no, bn rc vua v rt qun v Bc.

4. nh Nhau Ln Th Nht. Nm inh mo (1627) nhn khi nh Minh bn Tu cn ang chng nhau vi nh Thanh, v h Mc Cao Bng th v hng, Trnh Trng mi sai quan vo Thun Ha gi ting nh vua sai vo i tin thu t ba nm v trc.
T sc lm bng ch nm nh sau ny: "Hong thng sc d cho Thi bo Thy quc cng l Nguyn Phc Nguyn c bit rng: Mnh lnh triu nh, o lm ti phi nn tun th; Thu m ph huyn, Tng ngoi ci khng c t chuyn. Trc y trm c sai Cng b thng th l Nguyn Duy Th, B Kh Hu l Phan Vn Tr vo Thun Ha, o t tnh , ch bo ng ha phc, cho tnh bit m phc tng quyn chnh triu nh. Khng ng nh ngi mang lng dng dng, ti ng ti lui, ni thoi thc cho li thi ngy thng, n ni thu m thiu thn, khng vic chi thu, o lm ti nh th phi cha? Nh ngi nay nn i li trc, gi gn php tc. Phm ngch thu trong hai x Thun, Qung, t nm qu hi v trc, c
o Duy T gip cha Si c 8 nm th mt, th 63 tui. o Duy T lp n Trng Dc huyn Phong Lc (Qung Bnh). V xy ci ly di ca Nht L (ca ng Hi) tc l ci Trng thnh Qung Bnh by gi. Ngi ta thng gi ly y l ly Thy, ngha l ly ca o Duy T p ra.
101 100

5. nh Nhau Ln Th Hai. Nm canh ng (1630) cha Si nghe li o Duy T, sai ngi em sc d ra tr vua L, ri sai tng nh ly pha nam ngn sng Linh Giang chng vi qun h Trnh. n nm qu du (1633) nhn khi cha Si c ngi con th ba tn l nh, trn th t Qung Nam, c mun tranh quyn, bn sai ngi a th ra Thng Long xin cha Trnh em qun vo nh bn sng lm hiu, th s lm ni ng. nh li xin cha Si cho ra Trn th t Qung Bnh cho tin lm mu gian, nhng cha Si c lng ng, khng cho.
Khi Trnh Trng c ci th ca ngi nh gi ra, lin em i binh vo ng ca Nht L (ca ng Hi). Cha Nguyn sai Nguyn Vn Thng v Nguyn Hu Dt em qun ra chng gi. 123

Qun H Trnh n i hn 10 ngy, khng thy tin tc g ca ngi nh, bn lui qun ra ch. Qun lnh i lu thnh ra li bing, qun h Nguyn mi xut k bt , ra nh ui. Trnh Trng thy s khng thnh, rt qun v.

Trnh thua to chy v Bc, li gp qun thy ca h Nguyn n ng ui nh mi n sng Lam Giang mi thi. Trn y qun h Nguyn bt c my ngi tng v 3.000 qun ca h Trnh. Trnh Trng thy qun mnh thua, sai L Vn Hiu cng vi Trn Ngc Hu lnh mt vn qun ng H Trung, L Hu c cng vi V Lng ng Hong Sn, Phm Tt Ton ng t Bc B Chnh phng gi qun h Nguyn. Lc by gi trong Nam th cha Thng mt, truyn nghip cha li cho con l Nguyn Phc Tn, gi l cha Hin. ngoi Bc th vua Chn Tng mt, khng c con, Trnh Trng li rc Thn Tng, Thi Thng Hong, v lm vua ln na. H Trnh vo nh h Nguyn my phen, nh phen no th hao binh tn tng phen y, th m vn khng chu thi vic chin tranh. n nm t t (1655) qun nh Trnh li vo nh t Nam B Chnh. By gi cha Hin mi quyt em qun ra nh h Trnh.

6. nh Nhau Ln Th Ba. Nm t hi (1635) cha Si l Nguyn Phc Nguyn mt, con l Nguyn Phc Lan ln ni nghip lm cha, gi l cha Thng.
Lc y ngi nh Qung Nam nghe tin cha Si mt ri, anh ln ni nghip, bn pht binh lm phn - By gi c Nguyn Phc Kh gip cha Thng, sai qun vo nh bt c ngi nh, ly ngha "Anh em l tnh ring, php nc l ngha ln" em git i. Trnh Trng thy anh em h Nguyn tranh nhau, sai tng vo nh t Nam B Chnh, git c tng h Nguyn l Bi Cng Thng ri tin ln ng ca Nht L. n nm qu t (1643) Trnh Trng em i binh v rc vua L vo t Bc B Chnh. Nhng by gi ang tit thng t, kh tri nng lm, qun s cht hi rt nhiu, Trnh Trng phi rt v Bc.

7. nh Nhau Ln Th T. Nm mu t (1648) Trnh Trng sai c Tin Qun Cng L Vn Hiu102 em qun thy b vo nh min Nam; b binh tin ln ng t Nam B Chnh; cn thy qun th vo nh ca Nht L.
By gi c hai cha con Trng Phc Phn c sc gi ly Trng Dc, qun h Trnh nh m khng tin ln c. Cha Nguyn sai con l Nguyn Phc Tn em binh ra chng gi vi h Trnh, khi ra n Qung Bnh, Nguyn Phc Tn hi cc tng li bn rng: "Qun kia tuy nhiu, nhng ngi nh gii th t. Nu n m, ta cho voi xng vo ri em i qun n nh l chc ph c". on ri, mt mt cho thy qun i phc sn sng Cm La chn ng qun Trnh chy v; mt mt sai Nguyn Hu Tin em 100 con voi n canh nm xng vo tri qun Trnh, qun b tip sau vo nh ph. Qu nhin qun
102

8. nh Nhau Ln Th Nm. Thng t nm t t (1655) cha Hin sai Thun Ngha Hu l Nguyn Hu Tin, Chiu V Hu l Nguyn Hu Dt em qun qua sng Linh Giang ra nh t Bc B Chnh, tng h Trnh l Phm Tt Ton v hng.
Qun nh Nguyn tin ln n Honh Sn, gp qun ca L Hu c, nh ui mt trn, ri tha thng nh n n H Trung, L Vn Hiu chng khng ni, phi cng vi L Hu c rt qun v gi An Trng (tc l thnh Ngh An by gi). Nguyn Hu Tin em binh n ng huyn Thch H, L Vn Hiu v L Hu c li sang ng x i Ni. Trnh Trng thy bn L Vn Hiu binh bi H Trung, bn cho s vo triu v kinh, v sai Trnh Trng vo lm Thng lnh, kinh lc t Ngh An. L Vn Hiu b n chn, v n na ng th cht; cn bn L Hu c, V Lng u phi ging chc c.

C ni chp l Trnh o hay l Hn Tin.

124

Trnh Trng tin binh ln n huyn K Hoa, cho thy binh vo ng ca K La. Nguyn Hu Tin thy qun h Trnh tin, bn rt qun v sng Linh Giang nh qun nghch. Nhng m Trnh Trng thy t nhin qun Nguyn b v nh vy, s c mu k g, khng dm ui, bn ng qun li Lc Xuyn, ri cho 500 ngi vo ng n H Trung. Nguyn Hu Tin thy qun h Trnh khng ui, bn em qun n nh qun Trnh Lc Xuyn; cn Nguyn Hu Dt th em thy binh ra nh ca K La, ui chin thuyn ca h Trnh v ca Chu Nhai. Nguyn Hu Tin v Nguyn Hu Dt tha thng tin binh ln nh qun h Trnh, ri chim gi ly n Lc Xuyn. Binh tng h Trnh phi chy v An Trng. By gi nhng huyn pha nam sng Lam Giang (tc l sng C by gi) l huyn K Hoa, huyn Thch H, huyn Thin Lc, huyn Nghi Xun, huyn La Sn, huyn Hng Sn, huyn Thanh Chng, c thy l by huyn u thuc v h Nguyn c. Tin qun Trnh thua Lc Xuyn ra n Thng Long, Trnh Trng ging Trnh Trng xung lm c, ri sai con l Trnh Tc vo Ngh An lm Thng lnh chng gi vi qun h Nguyn. Bn Nguyn Hu Tin thy qun Trnh Tc li tin, lin lui qun v ng H Trung gi trn th. Nhng by gi ngoi Bc lm vic, Trnh Trng phi gi Trnh Tc v, tng l o Quang Nhiu li trn th t Ngh An, ng An Trng, sai Thn Vn Quang, Mn Vn Lin ng lng Tip V (thuc huyn Thin Lc), thy qun ng sng Khu c (thuc huyn Nghi Xun). Qua nm bnh thn (1656) qun h Nguyn n nh n Tip V, bn Thn Vn Quang b chy, Nguyn Hu Tin em qun n ng sng Tam Ch. Cn Nguyn Hu Dt tin binh n ni Hng Lnh, gp qun h Trnh nh ui n t Mn Tng, ri li gp thy binh caV Vn Thim, nh ph mt trn, Vn Thim thua chy. Qun h Nguyn tha thng tin ln n lng Minh Lng v lnh Bnh Lng gp qun ca o Quang Nhiu, hai bn nh nhau mt trn rt d. o Quang Nhiu thua chy v An Trng, dng biu t ti v xin vin binh. Trnh Trng sai ngi con t l Ninh Qun Cng Trnh Ton (tc hay gi l ng Ninh) vo lm thng lnh trn th t Ngh An. 125

Trnh Ton vo n Ngh An, c ch qun tin ln n Thch H, sai o Quang Nhiu v Dng H em binh n ng lng Hng Bc v lng i Ni, sai L S Hu, Bi S Lng em thy qun n ng Nam Gii, v sai V Vn Thim em thy qun n ng Chu Nhau. Nguyn Hu Tin thy qun h Trnh c ng nh vy, bn sai bn Dng Tr, Tng Phc Khang cng vi Nguyn Hu Dt em thy b qun n nh qun Trnh Nam gii, ly c hn 30 chic thuyn, ri trn xung sng Lam Giang nh V Vn Thim Chu Nhai, V Vn Thim phi b thuyn m chy. Trnh Ton thy cc o thy binh ca mnh thua, bn rt v ng bn Hot, bng nghe tin ton qun ca o Quang Nhiu b vy Hng bc, lp tc em qun n cu, hai bn nh nhau lng i Ni, qun h Nguyn chy v H Trung. Trnh Ton v o Quang Nhiu em qun ui n Tam Lng, b qun ca Nguyn Hu Tin v Nguyn Hu Dt n ng nh ph. Trnh Ton li thua, phi chy v An Trng. Trnh Ton t khi vo trn th t Ngh An, hu i tng s, yu mn qun dn, lng ngi u phc; nhng chng c bao lu, Trnh Trng mt, Trnh Tc ln thay, thy em c nhiu ngi mn phc, ly lm nghi k, bn cho con l Trnh Cn vo cng trn t Ngh An, c gi cho khi bin lon. on ri cho ngi vo i Trnh Ton v kinh, trch sao khng v chu tang, bt b ngc giam cht. Binh quyn Ngh An giao li cho Trnh Cn. n thng su nm inh su (16570 Trnh Cn chia qun lm 3 o, sai L Hin lm tng trung qun, sai Hong Ngha Giao lm tng t qun, sai Trnh Th Cng lm tng hu qun, sang sng Lam Giang ri tin ln nh tng nh Nguyn l Tng Hu i lng Nam Hoa (thuc huyn Thanh Chng). Nhng v c ngi bo trc, bn Nguyn Hu Tin phng b c, n khi qun Trnh n, th mc k phi thua, may nh c qun Trnh Cn tip ng, cho nn mi rt v c. T qun hai bn c gi nhau sng Lam Giang, thnh thong nh nhau mt trn, nh thng chp nm mu tut (1658), nh lng Tun L (huyn Hng Sn), qun h Nguyn phi li; n thng tm nm canh t (1660) nh Nghi Xun, qun h Trnh thua b thuyn m chy; qua thng 9 nm y ang khi qun h Nguyn cn ng lng Hoa Vin (tc l lng Xun Vin by gi), Trnh Cn nh sang ly ni Ln Sn gi

trn th, bn sai Hong Ngha Giao v Phan Kim Ton em binh sang ssng Lam Giang lng m Cng, v sai L Hin103 i xung pha Hi Thng ri sang sng, ch n na em th hai o cng tin c. o qun ca o Ngha Giao i n Ln Sn b qun ca Nguyn Hu Dt nh v vy ngt lm. By gi Trnh Cn ng th chin trn ni Quyt Dng ( gn Bn Thy by gi), trng thy qun mnh b vy nguy cp lm, lin sai qun sang cu, v truyn cho thy qun n b sng m bn ln, qun h Nguyn phi li. Cn o qun ca L Hin v Mn Vn Lin sang n lng T Ao gp qun h Nguyn, hai bn nh nhau, Mn Vn Lin t trn, nhng qun h Nguyn phi b Hoa Vin lui v ng Nghi Xun. Lc y i qun ca Nguyn Hu Tin ng Nghi Xun, cn Nguyn Hu Dt th ng Khu c. Cha Hin cng em binh n tip ng, ng lng Ph L (nay l lng Ph An thuc huyn Bnh Chnh, Qung Bnh). Nguyn Hu Dt ln v ra mt cha Hin, k u ui mi vic nh ly th no, cha Hin mng lm, cho Hu Dt mt thanh bo kim bng vng v li sai tr li nh gic. Nguyn Hu Tin bit vic y, trong bng ly lm khng bng lng, v by gi li nhn c nhng s tt mi hng t Ngh An, thng hay b trn, Hu Tin bn hi ch tng li bnx em nn nh hay l nn lui v. Mi ngi u mun lui v, duy ch c Nguyn Hu Dt khng chu. Khi cc tng h Nguyn ang bn bc, th c tin rng Trnh Cn sai bn L Hin i men b b n lng Cng Gin, bn Hong Ngha Giao n lng Lng Tru v lng Mn Trng, ri tin ln nh lng An in v lng Ph Lu; qun h Nguyn thua. c tin y Nguyn Hu Tin quyt em qun v, nhng b ngoi gi tng truyn ln cho cc tng rng n ti 28 th cc o u phi tin sang nh An Trng, Nguyn Hu Dt em binh i hu tip. on ri, dn ring cc tng n na m rt qun v Nam B Chnh, khng cho Nguyn Hu Dt bit. Nguyn Hu Dt sm sa u vo y, ch mi khng c tin tc g, n khi cho ngi i thmv ni mi bit qun mnh rt v Nam ri. Lc y qun h Trnh sang sng n nh n Khu c. Hu Dt mi dng k nghi binh cho qun Trnh khng dm tin ln, ri em binh chy v, n Honh sn mi gp qun ca Nguyn Hu Tin. By gi qun Trnh Cn va ui n, hai bn nh nhau mt trn cht hi rt nhiu.

Trnh Cn lui v ng K Hoa. Cn bn kia Nguyn Hu Tin ng Nht L. Nguyn Hu Dt ng ng Cao, gi cc ch him yu. T by gi 7 huyn vng sng Lam Giang li thuc v t Bc. Trnh Cn thy qun h Nguyn gi gn mi ni chc chn lm, liu th nh khng c, bn sai o Quang Nhiu li trn th t Ngh An v kim lnh c t Bc B Chnh phng gi mi ni, ri v Thng Long.

9. nh Nhau Ln Th Su. n thng 10 nm tn su (1661) Trnh Tc c i binh v em vua L vo nh cha Nguyn: sai Trnh Cn lm thng lnh, o Quang Nhiu lm Tng sut, L Hiu v Hong Ngha Giao lm c sut, L S Trit v Trnh T lm c th, em binh sang sng Linh Giang ri n ng lng Phc T.
Quan Trn th Nam B Chnh ca h Nguyn l Nguyn Hu Dt ng lng Phc Lc chia qun ra p ly, gi vng mi ni, qun Trnh nh mi my thng khng c. n thng 3 nm nhm dn (1662), qun mt, lng ht, Trnh Tc phi thu qun v rc vua v Bc. Nguyn Hu Dt em binh ui nh n sng Linh Giang mi thi. Nm y Thn Tng v ri n thng 9 th mt. Trnh Tc lp Thi t l Duy V ln lm vua tc l vua Huyn Tng. Huyn Tng lm vua c 8 nm th mt. Trnh Tc li lp Hong l Duy Hi ln lm vua, tc l vua Gia Tng. T nm tn su (1661) qun h Trnh thua t Bc B Chnh ri, Trnh Tc v phi lo vic nc v phi nh dp h Mc t Cao Bng, cho nn khng dm ng n pha Nam; mi nm nhm t (1672) Trnh Tc li em my vn qun v rc vua Gia Tng v t Bc B Chnh nh h Nguyn, sai Trnh Cn lm thy qun Nguyn Sy, L Hin lm b qun Thng sut. Cha Hin cng sai em th t l Hip lm Nguyn Sy em binh ra cng Nguyn Hu Dt v Nguyn M c gi cc ni him yu ng ch, cha Hin em i binh i tip ng. Qun h Trnh n nh ly Trn Ninh rt hng, hai ba phen sp ph c ly, nhng Nguyn Hu Dt ht sc chng gi, qun Trnh nh mi khng c, phi li v Bc B Chnh. n thng chp, tri ma rt v 126

10. nh Nhau Ln Th By.

103

C sch chp l L Thi Hin.

li nghe tin rng Trnh Cn i n Linh Giang phi bnh nng, Trnh Tc bn sai L Hin li trn th Ngh An, L S Trit lm c ng H Trung gi cc ni yu l, ly sng Linh Giang, tc l sng Giang by gi m phn gii hn Nam Bc, ri rt qun v Thng Long. T Nm Bc thi vic chin tranh, mi n khi Ty Sn khi binh, th h Trnh mi nhn dp vo nh ly t Thun Ha. K t nm inh mo (1627) i vua Thn Tng ln th nht, n nm nhm t (1672) i vua Gia Tng, va 45 nm, h Trnh, h Nguyn nh nhau c thy 7 ln. Trong by nhiu ln, h Nguyn ch ra nh h Trnh c mt ln, ly c 7 huyn pha nam sng Lam Giang, nhng v cc tng h Nguyn khng ng lng vi nhau, cho nn li phi b v gi t c. Cn nh th lc binh lng th h Trnh mnh hn h Nguyn, nhng ngi Bc phi i nh xa xi, vn ti kh khn, m ngi Nam th nh t nh mnh, c n ly chc chn, tng s ht lng, cho nn thnh ra hai bn i ch ch khng lm g c nhau, ch kh cho nhng dn s, phi su dch vt v, v b tn ph thit hi rt nhiu.

CHNG V

Cng Vic H Trnh Lm t Bc

1. Vic giao thip vi nh Thanh 2. Vic ly t Cao Bng ca h Mc 3. Quan ch 4. Vic binh ch 5. Hnh lut 6. Thu inh, thu in v su dch 7. Cc th thu 8. S chi thu 9. Vic khai m 10. Vic c tin 11. S ong lng 12. Vic in sch 13. Vic hc hnh thi c 14. Trng hc v 15. Lm quc s 16. S nh dp gic gi trong nc: Gic Ngn gi; Gic Ninh xa: Nguyn hu Cu; Nguyn danh Phng; Hong cng Cht; L duy Mt

1. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nh Thanh. Nm qu mo (1663), lc y nh Minh mt ri, vua nh Thanh c cho s sang d vua An Nam v triu cng. By gi Trnh Tc mi cho s em cng l sang Yn Kinh (tc l Bc Kinh) cu phong cho vua L. n nm inh mi (1667) vua Khang Hy nh Thanh sai s sang phong cho vua L lm An Nam Quc Vng. T hai nc thng s vi nhau nh thng. V sau du c li thi v nhng vic gic cp v vic gii hn pha thng du, nhng bao gi vua
127

nh Thanh cng ch ly s ha bnh, cho nn vic g cng trang tri xong xui.

quyn v h Trnh, cho nn quan ch c khc t nhiu. Trc th trn cng c quan Tham tng v quan Bi tng coi vic chnh tr, tc l gi chc T tng i xa, ri n cc quan Thng th lc b. Lc b l: Li b coi vic thuyn chuyn cc quan vin, vic thng hm thng tc, vic cch chc ging trt, tc l coi mi vic ring v quan li trong nc. H b coi vic in th v nhn dn, thu kha, lng tin thu vo pht ra. L b coi vic nghi l t t, vic hc hnh thi c, vic o m phm phc v ph n, vic lm chng lm biu, vic i s nc n nc kia, vic coi thin vn, lm lch, lm thuc, bi ton, vic quan h tng ni, o s, vic m nhc ca xng. Binh b coi cc v quan, qun lnh v vic phng b bin gii v.v.... Hnh b coi vic hnh php, kin tng. Cng b coi vic xy p thnh tr, cung in, cu cng, ng x, sng ngi, rng ni. n nm mu tut (1718), i vua D Tng, Trnh Cng li t ra Lc phin bn ph cha, cng nh Lc b bn nh vua, coi mi vic chnh tr. V vic v b th trc c Ng ph l: Trung qun ph, ng qun ph, Ty qun ph, Nam qun ph, Bc qun ph. Mi mt ph t mt c ph c quan t hu c coi vic c qun. Trong i vua Thnh Tng, th Thanh Ha, Ngh An thuc v Trung qun; Hi Dng, An Bang thuc v ng qun; Sn nam, Thun ha, Qung nam thuc v Nam qun; Tam Giang, Hng Ha thuc v Ty qun; Kinh Bc, Lng Sn thuc v Bc qun. n nm gip thn (1664) i vua Huyn Tng, Trnh Tc li t thm chc Chng ph s v Th ph s coi ht thy cc qun. Cc quan chc thi by gi, chia ra lm ba ban: vn ban, v ban v gim ban. Theo thng l, th ch c vn ban v v ban m thi. Nhng t khi h Trnh gi quyn bnh v li yu dng cc ni gim, thng cho ra lm quan coi vic chnh tr, cho nn mi t ra gim ban. Ban ny n cui i Cnh hng (1740-1786) mi b. T khi h Trnh cm quyn, th bn nh vua gi l Triu nh, bn ph cha gi l Ph Liu. Phm nhng vic chnh tr v qun dn u do bn ph cha nh ot ht c, cho nn ngi ta thng dng Ph liu, ch khng my khi dng ch Triu nh, v Triu nh ch c ci h v, ch khng c quyn g na. S kn chn cc quan li th l c my nm li kho hch mt ln, ai khng xng chc th phi ging xung. 128

2. Vic Ly t Cao Bng ca Nh Mc. Nm t su (1625) Mc Knh Khoan xin v hng, c phong lm Thi y Thng Quc Cng, cho gi t Cao Bng. Song n nm mu dn (1638) Knh Khoan mt, con l Mc Knh V (c ch gi l Mc Knh Hon) khng nhn chc v khng chu v cng, li t xng lm vua hiu l Thun c.
T h Mc c thnh thong em qun v cp ph mn Thi Nguyn, quan qun nh ui nhiu l, nhng khng tr hn i c. Nm inh t (1667) Trnh Tc em em i binh cng cc tng l inh Vn T, L Chn, L Hin ln nh ly t Cao Bng, Mc Knh V phi b chy sang Tu. Trnh Tc mi treo bng, chiu tp dn s v lm n, v t quan cai tr, li sai V Vinh lm c trn t Cao Bng, inh Vn T lm trn th t Tht Tuyn (tc l Tht Kh by gi). Mc Knh V bn Tu, ly vng bc t lt cho quan nh Thanh tu xin vi Thanh bt h Trnh tr li t Cao Bng cho h Mc. Thanh cho Knh V v Nam Ninh, ri sai s sang thng ngh vi Nam triu v vic y. Triu nh An Nam v s nh Thanh bn i bn li mi, sau Trnh Tc phi chu tr li cho h Mc t 4 chu Cao bng l chu Thch Lm, Qung Uyn, Thng Lang, H Lang v triu quan c trn V Vinh v. V sau Ng Tam Qu phn nh Thanh t Vn Nam v t Qung Ty, Mc Knh V cng v ng vi Tam Qu m chng li nh Thanh. n khi Tam Qu cht ri, nh Thanh ly li t Qung Ty, h Trnh mun nhn dp y m tr h Mc cho xong, bn mt mt sai inh Vn T v Nguyn Hu ng ln nh Mc Knh V. n thng tm nm inh t (1667), inh vn T ly c thnh Cao Bng. Mc Knh V cng h hng chy sang Long Chu, b qun nh Thanh bt gii sang tr cho An Nam. T khi Mc Mu Hp phi bt, h Mc tht th Thng Long ri, con chu chy ln mn ngc, nh th nc Tu c gi t Cao Bng, tng truyn c 3 i, l Mc Knh Cung, Mc Knh Khoan v Mc Knh V; n nay mi mt hn. Dng di hc Mc hoc b bt, hoc v hng, c nhiu ngi c tha, cho lm quan vi h Trnh.

3. Quan Ch.

Trc khi h Mc cp ngi nh L th quan ch vn theo nh i Hng c, nhng t khi nh L trung hng v sau, chnh

Khi no quan vin v hu tr th c n dn lc, nh l quan nht phm th mi nm c 400 quan tin dn lc ca bn nm x; quan nh phm c 300 hoc 250 quan ca hai ba x; quan tam phm c 250 hoc 150 quan ca mt hai x; quan t phm c 150 quan ca mt x; quan ng phm c 100 quan ca mt x. i by gi li t ra mt php rt hay, nh l cm khng cho cc quan vin lp trang tri ch mnh lm quan, bi v thng c nhiu ngi quyn th m h hip ly rung t ca dn, ri nui nhng gian c lm ti t, quy nhiu mi ngi, n ni c nhiu ni dn phi xiu tn i. y cng l mt vic hi cho dn, v li c th gi lim cho quan vy. Nhng v sau, t i Trnh Giang tr i, nh cha chi bi xa x, li c nhiu gic gi, phi tm cch ly tin, t ra l c t phm tr xung ai np 600 quan th c thng chc mt bc. Cn nhng ngi chn trng m ai np 2.800 quan th c b tri ph, 1.800 quan th b tri huyn104. Nh th, h ai c tin th c quyn tr dn, ch khng cn c ti nng g c, thnh ra ci phm gi ca nhng ngi lm quan i by gi cng km dn dn i. Khi nh L trung hng ra nh h Mc, s qun ch c hn 56.000 ngi m thi105. V sau, t lc nh c nh Mc ri, h Trnh chia ra lm hai th binh: mt th gi l u binh th ly lnh ba ph t Thanh Ha v bn ph t Ngh An, l c ba sut inh ly mt tn lnh; mt th gi l nht binh th ly lnh t trn t Bc l Sn Nam, Kinh Bc, Hi Dng, Sn Ty, l c 5 sut inh ly mt tn lnh. Lnh u binh th ng kinh thnh, kn vo lm qun Tc v canh gi nhng ni n vua ph cha. Nhng lnh y c cp cho cng in, li c thm chc sc. Lnh nht binh th ch gi cc trn, v hu h cc quan, cn th cho v lm rung, c khi no cn dng n th mi gi, nh l v i Trnh Doanh c lm gic gi, phi nh dp nhiu ni, th mi gi n lnh t trn,
104 Vic bn phm hn c t i vua D Tng nh Trn v i vua Thnh Tng nh L. Nhng m by gi ch cho ly hm m thi, ch khng c thc chc. 105 Khi vua L Thi T ra nh nh Minh th s binh by gi c 25 vn, chia ra lm 5 qun, gi l trung qun, tin qun, hu qun, t qun, hu qun. n khi nh dp xong ri, cho 15 vn v lm rung, cn li 10 vn chia ra lm 5 o gi l ng o, ty o, nam o, bc o v hi ty o.

c thy c chng 11.500 ngi, chia ra lm 20 v. Sau li i ra lm c, lm i, mi c c 200 ngi, 100 ngi ti ng, cn 100 ngi cho v lm rung, ri c ln lt thay i nh m v.

5. Hnh Lut. Hnh lut v i y th i khi cng nh i Tin L. Hnh php th chia ra lm 5 th gi l ng hnh: xuy, trng, , lu v t. Nhng trc th ti g cng c cho chuc c106, n i vua Huyn Tng, Trnh Tc nh li: tr nhng ngi c d vo bt ngh107 ra, cn ai phm ti g c chiu theo ti nng nh m lun hnh, ch khng cho chuc na.
Trc th ai phi ti lu, li phi ti cht tay na. n i vua D Tng, Trnh Cng mi b ci lut cht tay v i li nh l ai phi cht hai bn tay va phi lu i vin chu th ci lm ti chung thn; ai phi cht mt bn tay v phi lu ngoi chu th i lm ti 12 nm; ai phi cht hai ngn tay tr v phi lu cn chu, th i lm ti 6 nm. Cn nh ai phm ti trm cp th khng k vo l y. Nhng vic n mng, trm cp v nhng vic h, hn, in th th phi theo th t m xt x. Nh vic n mng th quan ph huyn xt, ri ln Tha ti v hin ti hi ng xt li. Vic trm cp, Kinh th do quan Lnh xt li, cc trn th do quan Trn th xt li. Phm nhng vic i tng tiu tng m huyn ph hay l Tha ti, Trn ti, x khng xong, th n Hin ti xt li. Hin ti khng xong, th n Gim st xt li. Gim st v Lnh khng xong, th n Ng s i xt li. Nhng vic nhn mng th hn cho 4 thng, vic trm cp in th th 3 thng, vic hn nhn u th 2 thng, ch l khng cho lu, lm mt cng vic ca dn.

4. Vic Binh Ch.

6. Thu inh, Thu in v Su Dch. Trc t c su nm lm s h tch mt ln, ri c ty s dn inh nhiu t m nh thu, gi l "qui" ng nin mi tn inh c ty hng, hoc ng mt quan hay l mt quan tm tin, tc l thu thn. n nm k du (1669) i vua Huyn Tng, quan Tham Tng l ng Phm Cng Tr xin t ra php bnh l, ngha
106

Ti trng th c mi mt trng l quan tam phm phi chuc 5 tin, quan t phm phi chuc 4 tin, quan ng phm 3 tin, quan tht bt phm 2 tin, t cu phm cho xung n th nhn th 1 tin. Ti lm lnh coi chung voi th phi chuc 60 quan, lm lnh n in th 100 quan. Ti lu cn chu th phi chuc 130 quan, vin chu th 290 quan. Ti t th phi chuc 330 quan. 107 ni i vua L Thi T.

129

l lm s inh nht nh mt ln, ri lng no phi ng bao nhiu sut inh, c theo nh th m ng mi, ch c thm ra cng khng k, m c cht i cng khng tr. Lp php y l cho dn khi phi lm s, m quan cng khi phi tra xt, nhng phi mt iu bt tin l v sau s inh hn km bao nhiu, quan khng bit c na. n nm qu t (1713) i vua D Tng, s chp rng s dn ni tch phi ng thu cho nh vua c thy ch 206.315 sut m thi. Cn nh thu in th nm k hi (1719) i vua D Tng, Trnh Cng sai ci quan ph huyn v quan Tha Chnh, Hin st lm vic c in m chia tin thu cho cc dn x cho u. L by gi c o cng in cng th m nh thu, gi l "thu", chia ra lm ba hng. Hng nht mi mu ng nin ng 1 quan, hng nh 8 tin, hng ba 6 tin. Nhng su dch nh l vic t t trong n vua ph cha, vic sa sang trng thi, vic lm cu cng, p ng s, gi iu v.v.... th c ty nghi m b cho cc sut inh ly tin m cung ng cho . y, cc th thu trc nh l vy. n nm qu mo (1723), quan tham tng l ng Nguyn Cng Hng theo php t, php dung v php iu ca nh ng m chm chc, sa sang li, nh sau ny: Php t, tc l php nh thu in th, c mi mu cng in l phi np 8 tin thu, m rung no cy hai ma th chia ba, quan ly mt phn thc. Nhng t bi ca quan, c mi mu np thu 1 quan 2 tin; ch no trng du th np mt na bng t, ch no khng trng du th np c bng tin. Cc rung t in ngy trc khng ng thu, n by gi mi nh: rung hai ma mi mu 3 tin, rung mt ma mi mu 2 tin. Php dung, tc l php nh thu thn, c mi sut inh l ng nin ng 1 quan 2 tin. Nhng ngi sinh , lo hng v hong inh108 th ng mt na. Php iu, tc l php bt dn ng tin su dch, c mi mt sut inh, mt nm 2 ma, ma h phi ng 6 tin, ma ng phi ng 6 tin. Quan ly tin y m lm cc vic, khng phin n dn na.
108

7. Cc Th Thu. i by gi nh thu cc th th sn, thu m, thu , thu ch, v.v.... nhng m nhng thu y, khi nh khi thi, khng c nht nh.
1. Thu Tun Ti: Cc thuyn b ch hng ha i bun bn trong sng cng phi chu thu. Trong nc lp ra c thy 23 s tun ti thu thu; nh tre g th c 10 phn nh thu mt phn; nhng tp ha th 40 phn nh thu mt phn. 2. Thu mui: Nm tn su (1721) Trnh Cng t quan Gim Dng nh thu mui, c 10 phn, quan ly 2 phn. Nhng ngi bun mui phi lnh th ca quan Gim dng, th mi c mua mui, m trc phi mua ca quan , rI sau mi c mua ca nhng ngi lm mui. V nh thu nh th, cho nn gi mui cao n mt tin mt u mui, dn s n ung kh s. Bi vy n nm nhm t (1732) Trnh Giang b thu mui khng nh na. n nm bnh thn (1746) Trnh Doanh li lp li php nh thu mui, c chia ra 50 mu rung mui lm mt bp, mi bp phi np 40 hc thu mui, mi mt hc nh gi l 180 ng tin, tc l ba tin. 3. Thu th sn: Nm gip thn (1724), Trnh Cng nh l nh thu cc th sn, nh l vng, bc, ng, km, sn, dim tiu, than g, than , tre, g, t la, qu, c, mm, cc dng vt nh l ru, mt, du, v cc thp vt nh l giy, chiu, vi, v.v....

8. S Chi Thu.

V thi Trnh Giang lm cha, c lm gic gi phi chi tiu nhiu vic, cho nn nm k mi (1731) cc quan xin t quan cng vi H phin m lm s bin r ng nin thu vo c bao nhiu v pht ra mt bao nhiu, liu s chi dng cho va. Nc ta t i by gi Tuyn Quang th c m ng T Long, m bc Nam Xng v Long Sinh. Hng ha th c m ng Trinh Lan v Ngc Uyn. Thi Nguyn th c m ng Sng Mc, Yn hn, Lim tuyn, Tng sinh, V nng; m vng Kim m, Tam lng; m km Cn minh. Lng sn th c m ng Hoi vin. Nhng m y u l ngi Tu sang khai c, bao nhiu quyn li v tay ngi Tu ht, ca 10 phn nh nc khng c mt. M nhng phu Tu sang lm m thng hay quy nhiu dn s. Tuy rng nm inh du (1717) Trnh Cng nh l rng nhng ngi Tu sang khai m; ch ng lm ch c n 300 ngi, ch ng va 200 ngi, ch t 100

9. Vic Khai M.

Lo hng l nhng ngi t 50 tui n 60 tui. Hong inh l ngi mi c 17 n 19 tui.

130

ngi m thi. Th m v sau c ni phu khch ng n hng vn ngi, ri sinh s nh nhau, thng phi dng binh lnh i nh dp mi mi xong.

10. Vic c Tin. Nh Hu L trung hng ln ri, vn tiu tin Hng c, v trn no cng c s c tin; nhng v c lm s nhng lm cho nn n nm qu du (1753) Trnh Doanh mi b s c tin cc trn, m ch hai s gn t Kinh s m thi. n nm bnh thn (1776) i Cnh Hng vua Hin Tng, khi h Trnh ly c t Thun Ha ri, li m l c tin Ph Xun, c ra 3 vn quan tin Cnh Hng na.
i by gi cng c c ra bc lng tiu dng. Mi mt lng l 10 ng, mi ng gi hai tin. Bc y cht ra m tiu cng c S ong lng th trc vn theo li c, c 6 hp l mt thng, nhng t nm gip thn (1664) ng Phm Cng Tr nh li, ly mt ci ng gi l hong chung qun lm chng. Ci ng y ng c 1200 hc thc en, gi l mt thc, ri c 10 thc lm mt hp, 10 hp lm mt thng, 10 thng lm mt u, 10 u l mt hc.

Nam, Sn Ty, Kinh Bc, Hi Dng, Thi Nguyn, Hng Ha, Tuyn Quang, Lng Sn, Yn Qung u c trng thi c. Nhng m s thi Hng by gi h lm, khng nghim nh i Hng c. Nh l v i vua D Tng, nin hiu Bo Thi th t l ai i thi phi np tin minh kinh ly tin lm nh trng v khon n quan trng. n nm canh ng (1750) i Cnh Hng, nh nc thiu tin, li t ra l thu tin thng kinh, h ai np ba quan th dc i, m khng phi kho hch. Thnh ra lc by gi nhng ngi i lm rung, i bn tht, ai cng c np quyn vo thi, n ni lc vo thi, ngi tranh nhau vo trng xo p ln nhau, c ngi cht. Vo trong trng ngi th dng sch, k i thu ngi lm bi, hc tr vi quan trng th thng vi nhau, thnh ra ci ch thi. Php thi c by gi tht l by.

11. S ong Lng.

14. Trng hc v.

i vua D Tng, Trnh Cng li m ra trng hc v, t quan gio th dy cho con chu cc quan vo hc v kinh chin lc, c mi thng mt ln tiu tp, ba thng mt ln i tp. Ma xun ma thu th tp v ngh, ma ng ma h th tp v kinh.

12. Vic In Sch. Ngi nc ta hc ch Nho lu m nhng sch hc nh l T Th, Ng Kinh ton th dng sch in ca Tu c. Nm gip dn (1734) i vua Thun Tng, Trnh Giang mi bt khc bn in, in cc sch pht ra mi ni v cm khng cho mua sch in bn Tu na. y cng l mt s li cho s ti chnh ca nc ta. 13. Vic Hc Hnh Thi C. S hc hnh v i Hu L, th i khi cng ging nh i Tin L, trong nc u cng ly Nho hc lm trng. Quc T Gim th t quan t tu v quan t nghip lm ging quan, mi thng mt ln tiu tp, ba thng mt ln i tp.
Cn vic thi c l vic nh nc chn ly nhn ti dng lm vic nc, th i no cng c. T khi nh Mc v nh L tranh nhau ngi vua, Bc Triu h Mc vn m khoa thi Thng Long; Nam triu h L v bn vic binh, cho nn n mi nm Canh Thn (1580) mi m khoa thi Hi Ty ; t v sau c ba nm mt k thi Hi, nhng m cch thc thi c cn s lc, n nm Gip thn (1664) i vua Huyn Tng, Trnh Tc mi nh li qui thc thi Hi. Cn nh thi Hng, th n nm Mu Ng (1678) mi nh cc iu l r rng. T c ba nm mt k thi Hng: Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Sn 131

Li t ra l 3 nm mt ln thi v. Thi l i khi l phi bn cung, ma gio, ma gm, phi nga m bn cung v chy b v bn cung, ri sau cng hi ngha sch xt hc lc, hi phng lc xt ti nng. Nm canh thn (1740) Trnh Doanh lp v miu, chnh v th th V Vng, Khng thi cng, Tn v t, Qung t, v.v.... ng sau th th Hng o Vng Trn Quc Tun, v li lp miu ring th Quan Cng. C xun thu hai k t l.

15. Lm Quc S. T khi ng V Qunh lm sch i Vit Thng Gim, mi n i vua L Huyn Tng nh Hu L, Trnh Tc mi sai quan Tham Tng l Phm Cng Tr son sch Vit S Ton Th, k t vua Trang Tng nh Hu L cho n vua Thn Tng, chia ra lm 23 quyn; nhng m b s y khng in. n nm bnh thn (1676) i vua Hi Tng sai H S Dng xt li b quc s, nhng chng bao lu ng y mt, li sai L Hi v Nguyn Qu c chp ni t vua Huyn Tng cho n vua Gia Tng, thm vo 13 quyn, gi l Quc S Thc Lc.
Nm t t (1775) i Cnh Hng, Trnh Sm sai Nguyn Hon, L Qu n, Ng Thi S, Nguyn Du son quc s, chp thm t Hi Tng cho n i Tng, gi l Quc S Tc Bin, c thy l 6 quyn.

V thi Trnh Tc, Trnh Cn, Trnh Cng lm cha, th ng no cng ht lng lo vic tr dn, v li nh c nhng ngi ti gii nh Phm Cng Tr, Nguyn Cng Hng, v.v... u ht sc gip , cho nn sa sang c nhiu vic, nc c yn tr. Nhng m t khi Trnh Giang ln ni nghip cha, git vua L, hi c cc quan i thn nh Nguyn Cng Hng, L Anh Tun v lm lm iu tn c. Tnh ng y tn ngc li hay tiu dng xa x, thu m mt ngy mt nhiu, su dch mt ngy mt nng, dn tnh kh s, gic gi ni ln khp c mi ni, ng s trm dch i khng c, phi lm n ha hiu trn nh ni phng khi c vic g th t la bo By gi trong triu th c my ngi tn tht nh l L Duy Mt, L Duy Qui, L Duy Chc109 cng vi my ngi triu thn l Phm Cng Th, V Thc, nh t kinh thnh tr h Trnh, nhng chng may vic l ra phi b chy. ngoi cc trn th ch no cng c gic, Hi Dng th c Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C ni ln lng Ninh X (thuc huyn Ch Linh), V Trc Onh ni ln lng M Trch (thuc huyn ng An), t Sn Nam th c Hong Cng Cht, u ly ting ph L dit Trnh lm c, bi vy cho nn dn mt ng nam mang ba vc gy i theo gic. Ton no ng th k c hng vn ngi, ton no t th cng c n hng trm hng nghn ngi, ri i cp ph cc hng thn v vy cc thnh p, quan qun nh dp khng c. ang lc gic cp nh th, Trnh Giang c dm dt v , li o hm lm nh di t cho khi s sm st, cn vic chnh tr th cho nhng hon thn l bn Hong Cng Ph chuyn quyn lm by. Cc quan ph liu l Nguyn Qu Cnh, Nguyn Cng Thi, V cng T bn trut Trnh Giang m lp em l Trnh Doanh ln lm cha, lo vic nh dp cho yn gic gi. i by gi gic cp th nhiu, nhng m nhng gic to phi nh lu, th c Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C, v V Trc Onh t Hi Dng; Hong Cng Cht, V nh Dung Sn Nam; Nguyn Danh Phng, Nguyn Din, T, Bng, Sn Ty; Nguyn Hu Cu mt ng nam; L Duy Mt mt Thanh Ha v Ngh An. May lc y li c nhng quan nh gic gii nh Hong Ngha B, Hong Ng Phc, Phm nh Trng, Nguyn Phan, Bi Th t, v.v.... cho nn Trnh Doanh v Trnh Sm mi dn dn dp yn c cc ni.

16. S nh Dp Gic Gi Trong Nc.

Gic Ngn Gi: Nm canh thn (1740 trong khi t Hi Dng, lng Ninh X, c Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C lm lon, th t Sn Nam, lng Ngn Gi, c V nh Dung, on Danh Chn, T Cao, cp ph rt d, git c quan c lnh l Hong Kim Qua. Th gic mnh lm, Trnh Doanh phi t lm tng em binh i nh, bt c V nh Dung em chp, v i tn x Ngn Gi lm Lai Cch (nay l Gia Ha). Gic Ninh X: Trc ht Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C, V Trc Onh v Nguyn Din dy binh t nm k mi (1739) lm lon Hi Dng, ri vy vng t T Sn, Thun Thnh, Nam Sch v Hng Chu. Nguyn C th gi t Lm Gia Phc, Nguyn Tuyn th gi ni Phao Sn Ch Linh, lm n, xy ly lin lc vi nhau, qun lnh k c hng my vn ngi, quan qun i nh c nhiu ngi phi bt. Nm tn su (1745) quan thng lnh Hi Dng l Hong Ngha B ph c cc n ca gic Phao Sn, Ninh X v Gia Phc; Nguyn Tuyn thua chy ri cht, V Trc Onh khng bit i u mt. Cn Nguyn C th chy ln Lng Sn c my thng li v ng Triu, nhng v ht lng phi vo np ni Nga Vn Sn, b quan Hip ng l ng Phm nh Trng bt c ng cng em v kinh lm ti. T gic C v gic Tuyn mi tan. Nguyn Hu Cu: Nguyn Hu Cu, tc gi l qun He, ngi Hi Dng, trc i n cp, sau theo Nguyn C lm gic. n khi Nguyn C b bt ri, Nguyn Hu Cu em ng v gi ni Sn v t Vn n. Nm qu hi (1743), Hu Cu git c quan Thy o c binh l Trnh Bng, ri t xng lm ng o Thng Quc Bo Dn i Tng Qun, thanh th lng ly mn y. Sau b Hong Ng Phc em binh n vy ni Sn, Hu Cu ph vy ra, v nh ly thnh Kinh Bc, quan Trn ph l Trn nh Cm, v quan c ng l V Phng nh thua Th Cu phi b n tnh m chy; Kinh S, c tin y rt ly lm bo ng. Hong Ng Phc em binh v, cng vi Trng Khung ly li thnh Kinh Bc, nhng th Nguyn Hu Cu vn mnh, ph qun ca Trng Khung lng Ngc Lm (thuc huyn Yn Dng), ui qun ca quan thng lnh inh Vn Giai Xng Giang (thuc huyn Bo Lc) ri li v vy dinh Th Cu. Trnh Doanh sai Hong Ng Phc v Phm nh Trng em binh n nh Hu Cu Xng Giang, git c tng ca gic l tn Thng, ly c qun nhu chin m tht l nhiu. 132

109

Duy Mt v Duy Qui l con vua D Tng, Duy Chc l con vua Hi Tng.

Nguyn Hu Cu l mt ngi kit hit nht trong bn lm gic thi by gi, m li qu quyt, ra vo bt trc lm; c khi b vy hng my vng, m ch mt mnh mt nga ph vy ra, ri ch trong my ngy li c hng vn ngi i theo. V rng ngy thng cp c thc go ca thuyn bun, em cho dn ngho, cho nn i n u cng c ngi theo, mun ly bao nhiu qun lng cng c. Cc tng s ai cng s, duy ch c ng Phm nh Trng l nh c Hu C m thi, cho nn Hu Cu o m m ng y xung sng. T Phm nh Trng th khng cng sng i vi Nguyn Hu Cu. Cng v l y cho nn nm bnh dn (1749) Hu Cu cho ngi em vng v t lt cho Th Giai v ngi ni gim l Nguyn Phng nh xin hng, Trnh Doanh thun cho v li phong cho lm Hng Ngha Hu, li sai quan Thim Tri l Nguyn Phi Sng em t d ra bo Phm nh Trng ng nh Nguyn Hu Cu na. Phm nh Trng khng khng mt mc khng chu, bo Nguyn Phi Sng rng: "Nhng ngi lm tng ngoi du c mnh vua cng c iu khng nn chu. ng vng mnh vua i gi gic v hng th ng c i, ti vng mnh vua i nh gic, th ti c nh". Ni xong, ct qun i ngay. Lc y Phm nh Trng c m ngi huyn Thanh Ha, huyn T K, huyn Vnh Li v huyn Thng Hng, t lm 4 c, giao cho hai ngi th h cai qun. ph liu bn Th Giai nhn ly iu y m ni gim vi Trnh Doanh. Nhng Trnh Doanh vn bit Phm nh Trng l ngi trung thnh, khng ni g n vic y, li lm mt bi th a ra cho ng y ng y yn lng. Nguyn Hu Cu tuy xin v hng, nhng vn c cp ph cc ni, sau li v ph t Sn Nam. Mt hm Phm nh Trng nh ui Hu Cu Cm Ging, Hu Cu ni vi th h rng: "Ta va mi thua, c tin v Kinh, tt nhin khng ai phng b, nay ta ln v nh c l c". Ni on, ngay m hm y ko qun v bn B . n ni th tri va sng; c tin bo, Trnh Doanh t em qun ra gi bn Nam Tn. Phm nh Trng bit tin y lp tc em qun v nh mt sau, Hu Cu li thua b chy. T khi thua trn B ri, Hu Cu v cng vi Hong Cng Cht cp huyn Thn Kh v Thanh Quan. Phm nh Trng v Hong Ng Phc li em binh xung nh ui. Hong Cng Cht chy vo Thanh Ha, Hu Cu chy vo Ngh An hp ng vi tn Din Hng Lm (thuc huyn Nam ng). Phm nh 133

Trng em qun vo nh ph tri gic, ri ui Hu Cu ra n lng Hong Mai bt c, ng ci em v np cha Trnh. By gi l nm tn v (1751) tc l nm Cnh Hng th 12. Nguyn Danh Phng: Nm canh thn (1740) tn T v tn Bng lm lon t Sn Ty, quan Chnh Ty i Tng qun l V T L nh bt c c hai tn y huyn An Lc (thuc ph Vnh Tng). By gi th h tn T l Nguyn Danh Phng, tc gi l qun Ho, em d ng v gi ni Tam o. Mt mt th m qun tr lng v mt mt th cho ngi v ni di xin hng. Lc by gi tn Cu tn Cht ang lm lon pha ng nam, cho nn Trnh Doanh cng tm cho hng. Nm gip t (1744) tn Phng em hn mt vn qun v gi t Vit Tr, sang cp ph bn huyn Bch Hc. By gi quan c sut Sn Ty l Vn nh c em binh n vy nh, Danh Phng chy sang gi lng Thanh Linh (huyn Bnh Xuyn, t Thi Nguyn). T Danh Phng lp i n ni Ngc Bi (gip huyn Bnh Xuyn v huyn Tam Dng), trung n t Hng Canh, ngoi n t c K, ri t xng l Thun Thin Khi Vn i Nhn, lm cung in, t quan thuc, thu cc th thu t Tuyn Quan, thanh th lng ly trong non 10 nm tri, thnh ra mt nc ring trong nc Nam vy. Nm canh ng (1750) Trnh Doanh t em i qun i ng Thi Nguyn n nh ph c n c K. Khi qun tin ln n n Hng Canh, gic bn sng, n ra nh ma, quan qun khng tin ln c Trnh Doanh mi ly gm trao cho ng Nguyn Phan m bo rng: "n ny ph khng c th ly qun php m tr!" Nguyn Phan em qun sn vo ri ci o chin bo ra, xung nga i b, v bo nhng ngi th h rng: "Qun s c tn trong s sch, vic g c qun php. Chng bay l ngi ring ca ta m hm nay l bui ta phi b mnh gip nc, v li chnh l ngy chng bay n n cho ta. Vy ai c cha gi con di, th cho lui ra, cn th nn cng vi ta m liu mt trn sng cht bo n n nc, cho khi ph ci ting ru my!". Th h khng ai chu li, u xin cng xng vo, ph c n Hng Canh. Doanh Phng rt qun v gi n Ngc Bi, qun Trnh Doanh tin ln ui nh. Nguyn Phan sai th h cm on binh cho t tin i trc m vo, i qun theo sau. Gic gi khng ni b chy tan c. Nguyn Danh Phng chy vo ni c Tn, quan qun ui n lng Tnh Luyn huyn Lp Thch th bt c. Trnh Doanh em qun v Kinh , i n lng Xun Hi, huyn Kim Anh, gp ngi ca Phm nh Trng gii Nguyn Hu Cu n. Trnh Doanh bn m

tic khao qun, bt tn Phng dng ru, tn Cu thi kn, ba qun hm y tht l vui v. V n Kinh s, tn Cu v tn Phng u phi chm c. Hong Cng Cht: Hong Cng Cht cng vi Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C ni ln mt lc. Trc ph t Sn Nam v ht Khoi Chu. n nm t su (1745) li bt c v git quan trn th Sn Nam l Hong Cng K, sau v quan qun ui nh, Cng Cht chy vo Thanh Ha ri ra Hng Ha cng vi tn Thnh lm lon vng y. Nm tn t tn Thnh b quan qun bt c, tn Cht chy ln gi ng Mnh Thin (pha bc Hng Ha) ri chim gi c my chu gn y, ng c hng vn ngi. T tn Cht c cp ph t Hng Ha v t Thanh Ha. Mi n nm k su (1769) Trnh Sm mi sai quan thng lnh l on Nguyn Thc em qun Sn Ty ln nh ng Mnh Thin. Khi quan qun ln n ni th Hong Cng Cht cht ri, con l Hong Cng Ton chng gi khng ni, b chy sang Vn Nam. ng tan c. L Duy Mt: Nm mu ng (1738) i vua Tng, bn hong thn l L Duy Mt, L Duy Qui v L Duy Chc nh mu git h Trnh, nhng chng may s khng thnh phi b chy vo Thanh Ha. Sau Duy Qui v Duy Chc phi bnh mt, cn Duy Mt gi t thng du pha ty nam. Nhng ngi ng mu vi Duy Mt u b h Trnh bt c git c. By gi Duy Mt c bt c Phm Cng Th em ra hi rng: "ng l ngi khoa gip sao li theo nghch?" - Cng Th ci m ni rng: " lu nay danh phn khng r, ly g m phn thun nghch?" Ni ri ging c ra chu hnh. L Duy Mt t khi chy v Thanh Ha, chiu tp binh s, ri t nm canh thn (1740) l Cnh Hng nm u, v nh t Hng Ha v Sn Ty, sau li cng vi gic l tn Tng gi n Ngc Lu (thuc huyn Thch Thnh). n khi tng h Trnh ph c n Ngc Lu, tn Tng t trn, L Duy Mt li chy vo Ngh An, ri sang Trn Ninh gi ni Trnh Quang lm cn bn. Nm gip t (1764) L Duy Mt sai ngi em th vo cu cu vi cha Nguyn l V Vng. Nhng cha khng mun gy s vi h Trnh, cho nn khng gip. Nm inh hi (1767) c tin Trnh Doanh va mt, con l Trnh Sm ln lm cha, L Duy Mt em qun v nh t Hng Sn v t 134

Thanh Chng ri li rt v Trn Ninh. Trnh Sm cho ngi a th sang v v khng c, mi quyt dng binh dt mi lon. Nm k su (1769) Trnh Sm sai Bi Th t lm thng lnh t Ngh An, Nguyn Phan lm chnh c lnh t Thanh Ha, Hong nh Th lm c binh t Hng Ha, c ba o u tin sang nh Trn Ninh. Khi qua6n ca Bi Th t v Nguyn Phan n vy Trnh Quang. L Duy Mt nh c gi him khng ra nh. Khng ng l ngi con r l Li Th Chiu lm phn, m ca ly cho qun h Trnh vo. Duy Mt bit c ni bin, bn cng vi v con t t m cht *** Tm li m xt, th nhng cng vic ca h Trnh sa i min Bc cng nhiu, v c th chia ra lm ba thi k: Thi k th nht vo khong Trnh Kim, Trnh Tng v Trnh Trng. Lc by gi cn phi nh h Mc pha Bc, ri li chng vi h Nguyn pha Nam, cho nn trong thi k y ch c vic chin tranh ngoi m thi, cn nhng cng vic trong nc khng sa sang c my. Thi k th hai l vo khong Trnh Tc, Trnh Cn v Trnh Cng. Lc by gi vic chin tranh yn, trong nc bnh tr, cho nn trong thi k y cc chac mi sa sang v chnh n li nhng php tc, lut l, vic thu kha, s hc hnh, thi c, v.v.... Thi k th ba l vo khong Trnh Giang, Trnh Doanh v Trnh Sm. V Trnh Giang tht chnh cho nn trong thi k ny c lm gic gi, quan qun phi nh ng dp bc trong ba bn nm tri, thnh ra khng lm c vic g ch li, n ni dn ngho nc yu, chnh tr iu tn, bi vy cho nn chng bao lu m nh Trnh , nh L cng mt.

CHNG VI

Mi ti li c quan Cai-hp, Th-hp v cc li-ti lm mi vic. ngoi cc dinh, th c ni ch t c mt Lnh-s-ti kim c vic X-sai-ti v Tng-thn-li-ti, c ni th t X-sai-ti v Lnh-s-ti coi vic qun dn, t tng, inh in, s sch, thu kha, v.v. ngha l ty ni quan-trng hay l khng, m thm bt quan-vin. ph huyn, th t tri-huyn, tri-ph, coi vic t tng, thuc h th c -li, thng-li, chuyn vic khm xt. Li c hun o, l-sinh, chuyn vic t-t ch s ti. Cn vic thu thu th t quan khc coi v vic y. n i cha Thng Nguyn phc Lan (1635-1648) li t thm chc ni-t, ngoi-t, ni-hu, ngoi-hu, gi l t tr gip cha tr dn. V ng quan v th t chc: chng-inh, chng-c, cai-c, caii coi vic binh. Nm inh-hi (1674) cha Nguyn m khoa thi gi l thi chnh v thi hoa-vn. Thi chnh chia ra lm ba k: k -nht thi t-lc, k -nh thi th-ph, k -tam thi vn-sch. Quan tri-ph tri-huyn lm s-kho, quan cai-b, k-lc, v-y lm gim-kho. Nhng quyn u, th chia ra lm ba hng: hng th nht gi l gim-sinh, c b ra lm tri-ph, tri-huyn; hng th nh gi l sinh c b lm hun o; hng th ba cng gi l sinh c b lm l-sinh, hoc lm nhiu-hc. Thi hoa-vn th cng phi ba ngy, mi ngy ch phi lm c mt bi th m thi. Ai u th c b vo lm vic Tam-ti. Nm t-hi (1695) Quc-cha Nguyn Phc Chu (1691-1725) m khoa thi trong ph cha, gi l thi Vn-chc v thi Tam-ti. Thi Tam-ti l thi X-sai ti, thi Tng-thn-li-ti v thi Lnh-s-ti. Thi Vn-chc th thi tlc, th-ph, vn-sch; thi X-sai-ti th hi v vic binh-lnh, tin lng, t tng; thi Tng-thn-li-ti v Lnh-s-ti th ch lm mt bi th m thi. Nm canh-thn (1740), V-vng Nguyn Phc Khot (1738-1765) nh li php thi: nhng ngi u k -nht gi l nhiu-hc, c min sai 5 nm; u k -nh v k -tam th c min sai chung thn; u k -t gi l hng-cng, c b i lm tri-ph, tri-huyn. 135

Cng-vic h Nguyn lm min Nam

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Quan-ch Thi-c Vic v-b Vic thu-kha S tin chi-thu trong nc Ly t Chim-thnh M t Nam Vit v s giao-thip vi Chn-lp 8. Vic giao-thip vi nc Tim-la 9. Vic lp dinh nh ph

2. Thi C.

H Nguyn gi ring mt ci pha nam, lp ra nghip cha, lutruyn i n qua i kia, bi vy cho nn chnh-tr, thu-l, binh-lnh, vic g cng t sa-sang v xp t ly nh l mt nc t-ch vy. Lc h Nguyn cha ra mt chng nhau vi h Trnh th quan-li vn ngoi Bc b vo nhng m t khi cha Si l Nguyn Phc Nguyn khng chu np thu cho nh L, v em qun chng gi vi qun h Trnh bc B-Chnh th cc quan-vin u do cha Nguyn t ly c. Chnh dinh l ch cha ng th t tam-ti gip cha coi vic chnhtr. Tam-ti l: X sai-ti, Tng-thn-li-ti, Lnh-s-ti. 1. X-sai-ti gi vic t tng vn n. C quan -tri, K-lc lm u. 2. Tng-thn-li-ti gi vic thu tin thu thu, chi-pht lngthc cho quan cc o. C quan cai-b lm u. 3. Lnh-s-ti gi vic t t, tt nht v vic chi-cp lng cho qun chnh dinh. C quan Nha-y lm u.

1. Quan-Ch.

Xem nh vy th s thi-c min Nam i by gi cn s-lc lm. H Nguyn by gi phi chng nhau vi h Trnh cho nn phi lo vic v-b hn. Qun th chia ra lm nm c gi l: trung c, t c, hu c, tin c, hu c. S qun chng non ba vn ngi. Nm tn-mi (1631) cha Si lp ra s c sng i-bc v m trng bn, trng tp voi, tp nga, c hng nm luyn-tp phng-b chin-tranh. in-th chia ra lm 3 hng nh thu. Li c hng gi l thu in, kh th, ngha l rung t xu th thu nh li nh hn rung t thng. Nhng cng in th cp cho dn cy-cy np thu; cn ai khai-khn c t hoang ra lm rung, th cho l t in. Thu m. t Qung-nam, Thun-ha c m vng; t Qungngha c m bc; t B-chnh c m st. Cc m y u nh thu c. Thu xut-cng nhp-cng. L c nhng tu Thng-hi v Qung ng li, th phi np 3.000 quan, n lc i phi np 300 quan. Tu M-cao, Nht-bn li, th phi np 4.000 quan, n lc i phi np 400 quan. Tu Tim-la, L-tng li, th phi np 2.000 quan, n lc i phi np 200 quan. Tu cc nc phng Ty li, th phi np 8.000 quan, n lc v phi np 800 quan. Thu y chia ra lm 10 thnh: 6 thnh th em vo kho, cn 4 thnh np cho quan-li, binh-lnh coi v vic thu thu.

lng; th k-ngn (?) c nm c 10.100 ng, c nm c 400 ng, cng c nm khng c ng no. Tnh ng li t nm bnh-dn (1746) n nm nhm-thn (1752) ngha l trong 7 nm, s vng c 5.768 lng, s gip ngn c 9.978 lng, s dung-ngn c 14.276 lng, s k-ngn c 21.150 ng. T tr i mi nm phi lm s k r ra trong nm vng bc v tin thu vo v pht ra mt bao nhiu, l c n ngy mng ba thng ging nm sau dng ln cha xem. Nhng tin tiu trong nc, th c tin ng v tin km, khc hai ch thi-bnh. Trc Trnh Kim ch cho Nguyn Hong vo trn-th t Thun-ha m thi; sau n nm canh-ng (1570) h Trnh i quan trn-th Qung-nam l Nguyn B Qunh v trn t Ngh-an, t Qung-nam cho Nguyn Hong kim lnh. Nm tn-hi (1611) Nguyn Hong vo nh nc Chim-thnh ly t lp ra ph Ph-yn; chia ra lm hai huyn l ng-xun v Tuyn-ha. n nm qu-t (1653) vua nc Chim-thnh l B Thm sang quy-nhiu t Ph-yn, cha Hin l Nguyn Phc Tn mi sai quan cai-c l Hng Lc sang nh. B Thm phi dng th xin hng. Cha Nguyn t sng Phan-lang tr vo cho vua Chim, cn t sng Phan-lang tr ra ly lm Thi-ninh-ph, sau i lm ph Din-khnh (tc l Khnh-ha by gi), t dinh Thi-khang Hng Lc lm thi-th. Nm qu-du (1693) vua nc Chim-thnh l B Tranh b khng tin cng, cha Nguyn l Nguyn Phc Chu sai quan tng-binh l Nguyn hu Knh (con Nguyn hu Dt) em binh i nh bt c B Tranh v bn thn-t l T tr Vin, K b T cng thn-thuc l B n em v Ph-Xun. Cha Nguyn i t Chim-thnh lm Thun-ph, cho T tr Vin, K b T lm chc Khm-l v ba ngi con ca B n lm c gi Thun-ph, li bt phi i y phc theo nh ngi Vit-nam ph d dn Chimthnh. Qua nm sau li i Thun-ph ra lm Thun-thnh-trn, cho K b T lm t--c. Nm inh-su (1697) cha Nguyn t ph Bnh-thun ly t Phan-l (Phan-tri) Phan-lang (Phan-rang) lm huyn Yn-phc v huyn Ha-a. T nc Chim-thnh mt hn. 136

3. Vic V-B.

4. Vic Thu-Kha.

6.

Ly t Chim-Thnh.

5. S tin chi-thu trong nc. Nm qu u (1753) Vvng sai quan Chng-thi-gim l Mai vn Hoan tnh s vng, bc v tin thu vo pht ra mi nm l bao nhiu.
By gi s tin th c nm thu vo c hn 338.100 quan, m pht ra mt hn 364.400 quan; c nm c hn 423.300 quan, m pht ra mt hn 369.400 quan. Vng th c nm thu c 830 lng, c nm c 890 lng. Bc th th gip-ngn (?) c nm thu c 240 lng, c nm c 390 lng; th dung-ngn (?) c nm c 2.400 lng, c nm c 1.800

Nc Chim-thnh chnh l nc Lm-p ngy trc tng qua my trm nm, cng vi h L, h Trn i ch, chng vi qun Mng-c, khng cho xm phm vo ci, lp nn mt nc c vua, c ti, c chnh-tr, c lut-php. Nhng ch him v ngi nc y c hay sang cp ph t Vit-nam, thnh ra hai nc khng my khi ha hiu c vi nhau. l i ch th khng sao trnh khi c ci lut chung ca toha l: khe cn, yu cht. V vy cho nn t khi vua Thnh-tng nh L ly t Qung nam v chia nc Chim ra lm 3 nc ri, th t v sau th-lc nc y mi ngy mt km, dn tnh mi ngy mt suy. Chng nhng l n ni mt nc vi cha Nguyn m chng-loi Chim-thnh by gi cng chng cn c my nghn ngi na. Mt nc trc nh th, m nay nh th, du rng nc y ng ha vi nc ta mc lng, song ngh cng thng-tm thay cho nhng nc yu-hn khng trnh khi c ci ha: c nh b c ln nut.

Nm k-t (1679) c quan nh Minh l tng-binh trn-th t Longmn (Qung-ty) Dng ngn ch, ph-tng Hong Tin, tng-binh chu Cao, chu Li, v chu Lim (thuc Qung-ng) l Trn Thng Xuyn, ph-tng Trn an Bnh, khng chu lm ti nh Thanh, em 3.000 qun cng 50 chic thuyn sang xin lm dn Vit-nam. Cha Hin nhn mun khai-khn t Chn-lp, bn cho vo t ng-ph (tc l t Gia nh). Bn Ngn ch chia nhau t Lc (tc l t ng-nai thuc Bin-ha), M-tho (thuc nh-tng), Ban-ln (thuc Bin-ha) ri cy rung lm nh lp ra phng-ph, c ngi phng ty, ngi Nht-bn, ngi Ch-v n bun bn ng lm. Nm mu-thn (1688) nhng ngi khc M-tho lm lon. Hong Tin git Dng ngn ch i, ri em chng ng n Nan-kh, lm tu c sng chng nhau vi ngi Chn-lp. Vua Chn-lp l Nc ng Thu cng o ho p ly lm k c th v b khng chu thn-phc cha Nguyn na. By gi cha Nguyn l Nguyn-phc Trn sai quan em qun i nh dp, dng mu git c Hong Tin v bt vua Chn-lp phi theo l triu-cng. Nm mu-dn (1698) cha Nguyn l Nguyn-phc Chu sai ng Nguyn hu Knh lm kinh-lc t Chn-lp, chia t ng-ph ra lm dinh, lm huyn, ly ng-nai lm huyn Phc-long v Si-gn lm huyn Tn-bnh. t Trn-bin dinh (tc l Bin-ha) v Phan-trn dinh (tc l Gia nh) sai quan vo cai-tr. Li chiu-m nhng k lu dn t Qung-bnh tr vo lp ra thn-x v khai-khn rung t. Cn nhng ngi Tu t Trn-bin (Bin-ha) th lp lm x Thanh-h, nhng ngi t Phan-trn (Gia nh) th lp lm x Minh-hng. Nhng ngi y u thuc v s b nc ta. By gi li c ngi khch Qung ng tn l Mc Cu, trong khi nh Thanh cp ngi nh Minh bn Tu, b sang Chn-lp, thy ph Si-mt c nhiu ngi cc nc n bun-bn, bn m sng nh bc, ri ly tin chiu-m nhng lu dn lp ra 7 x, gi l H-tin. Nm mu-t (1708) Mc Cu xin thuc v cha Nguyn; cha phong cho lm chc tngbinh, gi t H-tin. n khi Mc Cu mt, cha Nguyn li phong cho con Mc Cu l Mc thin T lm chc c, trn H-tin. Mc thin T p thnh, xy 137

7. M t Nam-Vit v s giao thip vi Chn-Lp.

Nguyn nc Chn-lp vo qung di sng M-kng, c lm sng nhiu ngi, rung t th nhiu m nc Nam ta thng hay mt ma, dn-tnh phi i kh lun, v li vo lc cha Nguyn, cha Trnh nh nhau, cho nn nhiu ngi b vo khn t, lm rung M-xoi (B-ra) v ngnai (nay thuc Bin-ha). Nm mu-tut (1658) vua nc Chn-lp mt ri, ch chu tranh nhau, sang cu cu bn cha Nguyn. Cha Nguyn by gi l cha Hin sai quan em 3.000 qun sang nh Mi-xuy (nay thuc huyn Phcchnh, tnh Bin-ha) bt c vua nc y l Nc ng Chn em v giam Qung-bnh mt , ri tha cho v nc, bt phi triu-cng v phi bnhvc ngi Vit-nam sang lm n bn y. Nm gip-dn (1674), nc Chn-lp c ngi Nc ng i i cuvin nc Tim-la nh Nc ng Nn. Nc ng Nn b chy sang cu cu dinh Thi-khang (nay l Khnh-ha). Cha Hin bn sai Cai-c o Nha-trang l Nguyn dng Lm cng vi Nguyn nh Phi lm tham-mu em binh chia ra hai o sang nh Nc ng i, ph c n Si-gn, ri tin qun ln vy thnh Namvang. Nc ng i phi b thnh chy vo cht trong rng. Nc ng Thu ra hng. Nc ng Thu l chnh dng con trng cho nn li lp lm chnh quc-vng ng Long-c, Nc ng Nn lm -nh quc-vng, ng Si-gn, bt hng nm phi triu cng.

ly, m ch, lm ng v rc thy v dy Nho-hc khai-ha t Htin. Thi by gi t Chn-lp c lon lc lun. Nm k-mo (1699) vua nc y l Nc ng Thu em qun chng vi qun cha Nguyn, cha sai quan tng-sut Nguyn hu Knh sang nh. Qun ta sang n thnh Namvang, Nc ng Thu b chy, con Nc ng Nn l Nc ng Ym m ca thnh ra hng. Sau Nc ng Thu cng v hng, xin theo l triu-cng nh c. Qun ta rt v. c t lu vua th hai l Nc ng Nn mt, vua th nht l ng Nc ng Thu phong cho con Nc ng Nn l Nc ng Ym lm quan v li g con gi cho. Sau Nc ng Thu gi yu, truyn ngi cho con l Nc ng Thm. Nm t-du (1705) Nc ng Thm nghi cho Nc ng Ym c lm phn, bn khi binh nh nhau. Nc ng Thm li em qun Tim-la v gip mnh. Nc ng Ym phi chy sang cu cu Gia nh. Cha Nguyn sai quan cai-c l Nguyn cu Vn sang nh Nc ng Thm. Nguyn cu Vn sang ph c qun Tim-la; em Nc ng Ym v thnh La-bch. T Nc ng Thm Tim-la c thnh-thong em qun v nh Nc ng Ym. Nm gip-ng (1714) qun ca Nc ng Thm v ly thnh La-bch v vy nh Nc ng Ym nguy-cp lm. Nc ng Ym sai ngi sang Gia nh cu-cu. Quan c Phin-trn (Gia-nh) l Trn thng Xuyn v quan ph-tng Trn-bin (Bin-ha) l Nguyn cu Ph pht binh sang nh, vy Nc ng Thu v Nc ng Thm trong thnh La-bch. Nc ng Thu v Nc ng Thm s-hi, b thnh chy sang Tim-la. Bn ng Trn thng Xuyn lp Nc ng Ym ln lm vua Chn-lp. Nm tn-hi (1729) qun Chn-lp sang quy-nhiu ht Gia nh. Cha Nguyn bn t s iu-khin thng-nhip vic binh mn y. Nm bnh-thn (1736) Nc ng Ym mt, con l Nc ng Tha ln lm vua. n nm mu-thn (1747) Nc ng Thm li bn Tim-la v, c binh nh ui Nc ng Tha i, ri chim ly ngi lm vua. Nc ng Tha phi b chy sang Gia nh. c t lu Nc ng Thm mt, con l Nc n, Nc Hin v Nc Ym tranh nhau. Cha Nguyn bn sai quan iu-khin l Nguyn hu Don em qun sang nh bn Nc n v em Nc ng Tha v nc. 138

Nc ng Tha v c my thng li b ngi con th hai ca Nc ng Thm l Nc Nguyn em qun Tim-la sang nh ui i. Nc ng Tha chy sang cht Gia nh. Nc Nguyn v lm vua Chn-lp thng hay h-hip r Cn-man110 v li thng s vi cha Trnh ngoi Bc lp mu nh cha Nguyn. Cha Nguyn bit tnh- y, n nm qu-du (1753), sai Nguyn c Trinh sang nh Nc Nguyn. Nm t-hi (1755) Nc Nguyn thua b thnh Nam-vang chy sang H-tin nh Mc thin T. Nm sau Mc thin T dng th v ni rng Nc Nguyn xin dng hai ph Tm-bn v Li-lp chuc ti, v xin cho v nc. Cha Nguyn khng mun cho. By gi ng Nguyn c Trinh dng s by-t cch khaithc nn dng k "tm thc" ngha l nn ly dn dn nh con tm n l, th mi chc chn c. Cha Nguyn nghe li y bn nhn hai ph v cho Nc Nguyn v Chn-lp. Nm inh-su (1759) Nc Nguyn mt, ch h l Nc Nhun lm gim-quc. Nc Nhun cn ang lo xin cha Nguyn phong cho lm vua, th b ngi con r l Nc Hinh git i, ri cp ly ngi lm vua. Quan tng-sut l Trng phc Du tha k sang nh, Nc Hinh thua chy b thuc-h git cht, by gi con Nc Nhun l Nc Tn chy sang nh Mc thin T H-tin. Mc thin T dng th v xin lp Nc Tn lm vua Chn-lp. Cha Nguyn thun cho, sai Thin T em Nc Tn v nc. Nc Tn dng t Tm-phong-long t n cha Nguyn. Cha bn sai ng Trng phc Du v Nguyn c Trinh em dinh Long-h v x Tm-bo, tc l ch tnh-l tnh Vnh-long by gi, v li t ra ba o l ng-khu o Sa-c, Tn-chu o Tin-giang v Chu c o Hu-giang. Nc Tn li dng 5 ph l Hng-c, Cn-bt, Trc-sm, Si-mt v Linh-qunh t n Mc thin T. Mc thin T em nhng t y dng cha Nguyn, cha cho thuc v trn H-tin cai-qun. Vy t 6 tnh Nam-Vit by gi l t ly ca nc Chn-lp m ngi Vit-nam khai-thc ra.
110

Cn-man l ch nhng ngi Chim Thnh sang t hp ti x Chn Lp

Tim-la l mt nc v pha ty-nam sng M-kng dng i ngi Thi sang y. C theo s ta v s Tu th thot u tin gi l nc Ph-nam. n qung nh Ty v nh ng bn Tu l vo qung th-k th su, th by th t Ph-nam chia ra lm hai: mt na v pha ng c mt dn-tc khc n lp ra nc Chn-lp, cn mt na v pha ty th ngi Ph-nam gi l nc Xch-th. Vo qung nh Tng, nh Kim (th-k th XI, th XII) th nc Xchth li chia ra lm hai: mt nc gi l La-hc, mt nc gi l Tim. Lc nh Nguyn lm vua bn Tu (th-k th XIII, th XIV) th s c chp hai nc y sang cng. V sau nc La-hc gm c c nc Tim, mi gi l nc Timla-hc. n u nh Minh (cui th-k th XIV) vua nc y sang cu phong bn Tu, vua Thi-t nh Minh mi phong l nc Tim-la111. Nc Tim-la lc u cn nh-yu, thng b ngi Chn-lp pch. Sau cng-thnh dn dn ln, ri vo khong nm Vn-lch (15731620) nh Minh, nc Tim-la li nh Chn-lp m hng-b c phng y. Trong thi y vua Tim-la l Phra Naroi dng di nh Ayouthia dng mt ngi Hi-lp tn l Constantin Phaulcon lm tng. Ngi y xin vua giao-thip vi nc Php. Bi vy nm 1620 mi c bn s-thn Tim-la sang bi-yt Php-hong Louis XIV ti Versailles. Tha by gi cha Nguyn cn ang khai sng t Ph-yn, Khnh-ha, nhng v sau cha Nguyn ly ht t Chim-thnh, li ln sang t Chn-lp. Ngi Tim-la c mun ngn-tr gi ly Chn-lp lm ca mnh. Nhng v th cha Nguyn mnh hn, cho nn phi chu cha Nguyn sang bo-h Chn-lp. Tuy vy nc Tim-la thng hay dng nhng ngi phn i vi vua Chn-lp, ri gip binh-lc cho v lm lon trong nc. Nhiu khi qun ta phi sang nh ui qun Tim-la gip quc-vng Chn-lp. Cng c khi qun Tim-la sang nh t H-tin, nh nm t-t (1715) ngi Chn-lp l Nc Thm em qun Tim-la sang cp ph, quan tng-binh H-tin l Mc Cu phi b thnh m chy.
111

8. Vic giao-thip vi nc Tim-La.

Qun ta v qun Tim-la giao chin nhiu ln, cho nn hai bn khng thng s vi nhau. Mi n nm canh-ng (1750) i cha Nguyn l V-vng Nguyn-phc Khot, th mi thy s chp rng cha sai quan em th sang trch nc Tim-la dung-tng k nghch-thn lm lon nc Chn-lp. Nm t-hi (1755) nc Tim-la sai s sang xin ng nh thu nhng thuyn ca nc y sang bun-bn t cha Nguyn. Cha p th li rng thu y l quc-l t ra khng th b i c. Nm inh-hi (1767) qun nc Din-in sang nh Tim-la bt c vua nc y l Phong-vng112 v con l Chiu c cng my vn ngi dn em v Din-in. Cn nhng ngi con ca Phong-vng l Chiu x Khang th chy sang Chn-lp v Chiu Thy th chy sang H-Tin. By gi nc Tim-la khng c vua, chc Phi-nh (Phya) t Mangtt l Trnh quc Anh bn khi binh t lp lm vua. Trnh quc Anh l ngi Triu-chu, tnh Qung ng, cha tn l Yn sang t Tim-la lm trng Mang-tt. Yn cht, Trnh quc Anh ln ni nghip xng l Phi-nh, l mt chc x-trng vy. Trnh quc Anh ln lm vua ri sai s sang bt vua Chn-lp l Nc Tn phi sang cng. Nc Tn ly l rng Trnh quc Anh khng phi l dng di ngi Tim-la, khng chu cng. Vua Tim-la ly iu y lm him, sai tng l Bn Ma em ngi Chn-lp tn l Nc Non v nh Nc Tn. Nc Tn gi vng cc ni, qun Tim-la khng lm g c li phi rt v. Trnh quc Anh bit con vua c l Chiu Thy cn H-tin, s ngy sau sinh ra bin lon, bn n thng 10 nm tn-mo (1771) em binhthuyn sang vy nh H-tin. Quan tng-binh l Mc thin T gi khng ni phi b thnh chy. Vua Tim-la tng l Trn Lin, li gi H-tin ri tin qun sang nh Chn-lp. Quc-vng l Nc Tn phi b chy. Vua Tim-la ng qun thnh Nam-vang v lp Nc Non ln lm vua Chn-lp.

Nc Thi Lan ngy nay.

112

Vua nc Tim La by gi c bnh hi, cho nn s gi l Phong Vng

139

Thng 6 nm sau (1772) cha Nguyn sai quan tng-sut l Nguyn cu m lnh chc iu-khin em binh-thuyn i nh qun Tim-la. Qun ca Nguyn cu m tin sang n Nam-vang, qun Tim-la b chy v H-tin, Nc Non cng chy v Cu-bt. Nc Tn li v lm vua Chn-lp. Vua Tim-la v n H-tin sai ngi a th sang gi Mc thin T v ging-ha. Mc thin T khng chu. Vua Tim-la bn Trn Lin li gi H-tin, ri bt con gi Mc thin T v Chiu Thy em v nc. Nm sau Mc thin T thy vic khng xong, bn sai ngi sang Tim-la xin ha. Vua Tim-la gi Trn Lin v v cho ngi con gi ca Mc thin T v H-tin. Cn Chiu Thy th em git i. T Mc thin T li v gi t H-tin. Lc u, Nguyn Hong mi vo trn t Thun-ha th ng dinh lng i-t (thuc huyn ng-xng, gn tnh-l tnh Qung-tr). c 13 nm sau (1570) Nguyn Hong li di vo lng Tr-bt huyn y, tc l Ct Dinh. n nm bnh-dn (1626) cha Si l Nguyn phc Nguyn sp sa chng nhau vi cha Trnh, mi di dinh vo lng Phc-an (thuc huyn Qung-in, tnh Tha-thin by gi) v i ch t s l ph. Nm bnh-t (1636) cha Thng l Nguyn phc Lan li di ph vo lng Kim-long (thuc huyn Hng-tr, tnh Tha-thin). Nm inh-mo (1687) cha Nguyn l Nguyn phc Trn em ph v lng Ph-xun, tc l t Kinh-thnh by gi, gi l chnh dinh. Ch ph c lm Thi-tng-miu, th cha Hin. Nm gip-t (1744) V-vng mi xng vng-hiu i ph ra lm in, sa-sang php-tc, v nh triu-phc. Li chia nc ra lm 12 dinh. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Chnh dinh (Ph-xun) Cu dinh (i-t) Qung-bnh dinh V-x dinh B-chnh dinh Qung-nam dinh Ph-yn dinh | 140

8. Bnh-khang dinh 9. Bnh-thun dinh 10. Trn-bin dinh 11. Phin-trn dinh 12. Long-h dinh

| t Chim-thnh | } } t Chn-lp }

Dinh no cng t quan Trn-th, quan Cai-h, quan K-lc coi vic cai-tr. Cn ph Qung-ngha v ph Qui-nhn th thuc v tnh Qungnam, cho nn mi ph t ring quan Tun-ph v quan Khm-l coi mi vic. t H-tin th t l Trn, c quan c cai-tr. Tm li m xt, h Nguyn lm cha min nam, nhng trc th vn gi chc vua L phong cho, mi n u th-k th XVIII nm nhm-ng (1702) Nguyn phc Chu mi sai ngi sang cng vua nh Thanh xin phong lm vua, nhng Thanh-triu ni rng nc Nam cn c h L khng phong c cho h Nguyn. Vic y li im i. Nguyn-phc Chu bn xng l quc-cha v c ci n i-Vit-Quc Nguyn Cha Vnh Trn Chi Bo lm ci Truyn-quc-bo, n i vua Th-t mi thi. n nm gip-t (1744) Nguyn-phc Khot mi xng vng-hiu v i li ch , nh ra triu-nghi. By gi t pha nam tuy c-lp, nhng h Nguyn ch xng cha, ch khng xng vua v vn khng t quc-hiu. Nhng ngi ngoi-quc thng gi t cha Nguyn l Qung-nam quc. y l v Qung-nam c ph Hi-an (Faifo) l ch ngi Tu v ngi cc nc ra vo bun bn, cho nn mi ly tn Qung-nam m gi. Cn nhng cng-vic h Nguyn lm pha nam quan-trng cho nc Nam ta hn c, l vic m-mang b-ci, khin cho nc ln ln, ngi nhiu ra, v nht l chiu-m nhng ngi ngho-kh trong nc a i khai-ha nhng t ph-nhiu b hoang, lm thnh ra Nam-Vit by gi phn-ph hn c mi ni, y l ci cng h Nguyn vi nc Nam tht l to lm vy.

9. Lp dinh nh ph.

CHNG VII

Ngi u-chu sang nc Nam

I. S I TM T 1. Ngi u-chu sang -ng 2. Ngi u-chu sang t Vit-nam II. S I TRUYN GIO 1. o Thin-cha 2. o Thin-cha sang nc Vit-nam
Nguyn ngi u-la-ba i du-lch thin-h l v c hai c: mt l i m t bun-bn, hai l truyn-b tng-gio Thin-cha cc nc. Ngi u-chu sang ng - T i Lam, c sch chp ngi u-chu sang n nc Tu, nhng khng r cch giao-thip ra lm sao; n thp-tam th-k mi c ng Marco Polo, ngi nc I-ta-li sang triu nh Nguyn v i vua Th-t Tt Lit hng 17 nm, ri sau i qua n--dng v nc, lm ra quyn sch: "Th-gii k-quan" (Les merveilles du monde), k nhng chuyn ng y bit. V sau vo thp-ng th-k, ng Kha Lun B (Christophe Colomb) dng a-bn ch nam (boussole) nh i qua i-ty dng sang n , ri tm thy chu A-m-l-gia (Amrique); n nm 1479, ngi B o-nha (Portugal) tn l Vasco de Gama i vng qua Ho-vng-gic (Cap de Bonne Esprance) sang n--dng vo t n . Nm 1521 li c ngi B o-nha tn l Magellan i qua n dng sang Thi-bnh-dng vo t Phi-lut-tn (Philippines). T v sau ngi B o-nha (Portugal) mi sang Ty-ban-nha (Espagne) v ngi Ha-lan (Hollande) mi sang ng ly t thuc a v m ca hng bun-bn nh sau ny: Nm qu-hi (1563) v i Gia-tnh nh Minh, ngi B-o-nha n t o-mn (Macao) nc Tu. 141

Nm mu-thn (1568) ngi Ty-ban-nha sang ly t Phi-lut-tn lm thuc a. Nm bnh-thn (1596) ngi Ha-lan sang ly t Tr-v (Java) lm thuc a. V sau dn dn ngi B-o-nha, ngi Php-lan-ty (France) v ngi Anh-ct-li (Angleterre) n t n . Ngi u-chu sang t Vit-nam. Ngi u-chu sang bun-bn nc ta, th c ngi B-o-nha n x Nam trc ht c, m ca hng ph Hi-an (tc l Faifo) thuc t Qung-nam. y li c ngi Tu, ngi Nht-bn v ngi Ha-lan n bun-bn nhiu lm. Sch ca ng Maybon v Russier c chp rng nm gip dn (1614) i cha Si c ngi B-o-nha tn l Jean de la Croix n lp l c sng t Thunha, m by gi Hu ngi ta cn gi ch y l Phng c. ngoi Bc th trc c tu ca ngi B-o-nha ra vo bun-bn, nhng mi n nm inh-su (1637) i vua Thn-tng nh L, Thanh vng Trnh Trng mi cho ngi Ha-lan n m ca hng Ph-Hin (gn ch tnh-l Hng-yn by gi). V sau y c ngi Nht-bn, ngi Tu, ngi Tim-la n bun-bn k c 2.000 nc nh, lm thnh ra ch vui-v lm, cho nn tc-ng by gi c cu rng: "Th nht Kinh-k, th nh Ph-hin" Lc by gi ngi B-o-nha sang bun-bn trong Nam nhiu hn, m ngoi Bc th c ngi Ha-lan nhiu hn, nhng tha y ngi hai nc y hay tranh-cnh vi nhau, bi th cha Trnh v cha Nguyn u c mun nhn c y m nh h gip mnh. Song v li bun-bn cho nn h khng chu ra mt gip hn, thnh ra lu ngy cc cha cng chn v li li-thi v vic tng-gio, cho nn n nm canh-thn (1700) i vua L Hi-tng, ngi Ha-lan thi khng vo bun-bn ngoi Bc na. i by gi ngi Anh-ct-li v ngi Php-lan-ty cng vo bunbn nc ta. Nm nhm-t (1672) i vua L Hi-tng, ngi Anh-ct-li em chic tu Zant vo xin m ca hng bun-bn, cha Trnh cho xung Ph-hin, nhng v sau s bun-bn khng c thnh-li, ngi Anh-ct-li ch n nm inh-su (1697) ri thi. Cn ngi Php-lan-ty th t nm canh-thn (1680) c tu vo xin m ca hng Ph-hin; n nm nhm-tut (1682) li c chic tu Saint Joseph Tim-la sang em phm-vt dng cha Trnh.

1. S i tm t.

 trong Nam th nm bnh-dn (1686) c ngi Php tn l Verret c php m ca hng c-lao Cn-ln. n nm k-t (1749) li c mt ngi Php tn l Poivre i chic tu Machault vo ca Hi-an, xin vo ytkin cha Nguyn v dng t quc-th cng phm-vt t tnh giao hiu ca hai nc. Cha Nguyn cng p th li, thun cho ngi Php vo thng-thng. Nhng chng c bao lu th cng-ty ca Php n bi i, cho nn s thng thng vi ngi Php cng bi.

Bn ng ta th t i nh ng (618-907) s chp c Cnhgio114 tc l mt phi Gia-t-gio sang Tu, nhng v by gi o Pht ang thnh, cho nn o Cnh-gio mt dn i. Mi n i nh Nguyn, nh Minh mi tht c gio-s sang ging o Gia-t nc Tu. o Thin-cha sang nc Nam. nc Nam ta t khi c ngi u-la-ba sang bun bn, th tt l c gio-s sang dy o. C theo sch Khm nh Vit-s, th t nm Nguyn-ha nguyn-nin i vua Trang-tng nh L (1533) c ngi Ty tn l I-n-khu i ng b vo ging o Thin-cha lng Ninh-cng, lng Qun-anh, thuc huyn Nam-chn (tc l Nam-trc) v lng Tr-l, thuc huyn Giao-thy. Sch Nam-s ca Trng vnh K chp rng nm bnh-thn (1596) i ng Nguyn Hong c ngi gio-s Ty-ban-nha tn l Diego Adverte vo ging o trong Nam trc ht c. Nhng lc by gi li c my chic tu Ty-ban-nha cng n, cha Nguyn s c quy-nhiu g chng, bn ui i. n nm t-mo (1615) i cha Si, gio-s l P. Busomi li n ging o, ri n nm gip-t (1624) c gio-s tn l Jean Rhodes, ngi Php-lan-ty, n ging o Ph-xun v lp ra cc gio ng. Nm bnh-dn (1626) i vua L Thn-tng, gio-s l Baldinoti vo ging o ngoi Bc, b cha Trnh khng cho, phi b i. c t lu ng Jean Rhodes trong Nam ra Bc vo yt-kin cha Trnh v em dng cc ngh qu lc, cha Trnh cho ng Jean Rhodes c ging o ti Kinh . T v sau cc gio-s c dn dn vo nc dy o, m ngi mnh cng ngy cng theo o cng nhiu. Nhng v nc ta t xa n nay vn theo Nho-gio, ly s th-cng ng cha lm trng, ly s t-t thn-thnh lm phi, m l nc th ly s cng-t lm mt vic rt quantrng. t nhin thy nhiu ngi mnh theo o Thin-cha, b c cc thi c, ch chuyn v mt mt theo o mi, bi vy cho nn trong Nam ngoi Bc, vua cha u cho o y l mt t o, lm hy-hoi c ci phong-ha ca nc nh xa nay, bn xung ch cm khng cho ngi trong nc theo o mi na, v t ra php nghim bt ti nhng k khng tun theo ch y. C theo trong s th nm tn-v (1631) trong Nam, cha Thng l Nguyn-phc Lan cm khng cho ngi Ty vo ging o trong nc.

2. S i truyn gio. o Thin-cha. Nguyn khi xa ton x u-la-ba khng c nht nh mt tng-gio no c. Mi dn-tc th mt v thn ring ca mnh. Thng hay ly ci lc hot ng ca to-ha m tng-tng ra cc v thn, ri lm n, lm i, th cng. Nh dntc Hi-lp (Grec) v dn-tc La-m (Romain) th thn Giu-bi-te (Jupiter), thn A-b-lng (Apollon) v cc v thn khc vy. Duy c dn-tc Do-thi (Juifs) t Tiu -t-, nay l t Palestine c c-lp, ch th mt v thn gi l Jhovah sinh-ha vn vt v ngi; cho nn ngi ch phi th mt v thn y m thi. n i dn La-m kim-tnh c c t Tiu -t-, t bc A-phi-l-gia v t ty-nam u-la-ba, dn Do-thi cng thuc v La-m, m o Do-thi by gi cng suy lm ri. Lc y c Gia-t ra i, nhn o Do-thi m lp ra o mi113 dy ngi ly s yu-mn v tn-knh Thin-cha lm gc, ly bng t-bi nhn th, coi ngi nh anh em rut tht lm ct. T v sau cc mn em o y i truyn-b cc ni. ng Saint Pierre th sang lp gio ng ti Kinh-thnh La-m, ng Saint Paul th i truyn o khp trong nc.
Lc u o Thin-cha b nhiu phen vua La-m nghim-cm, dng cc hnh m git hi cc gio-s v nhng ngi theo o mi, nhng du nguy-nan th no mc lng, cc mn c mt nim i truyn o khp bn phng. Mi n u -t th-k (313) vua La-m l Constantin mi cho ging o Thin-cha mi ni trong nc. T by gi tr i o Thin-cha mi ni trong nc. T by gi tr i o Thin-cha mt ngy mt thnh, lp Gio-hong thng-nht vic gio, t Gim-mc coi vic gio cc ni, li sai gio-s i truyn o khp trong thin-h: h u c ngi l c gio-s n dy o. Bi vy cho nn chng bao lu m ton u u theo o Thin-cha c.

o ca ng Gia T lp ra cho nn ta thng gi l o Gia T, li v o y ch th Thin Cha m thi, cho nn li gi l o Thin Cha. C phi gi l C c bi ch Christ l bc cu th.

113

114 Cnh gio l mt phi o Gia T ca ngi ch gio tn l Nestorius lp ra t ng th k ng La M, ri truyn sang nc Ba T (Perse) v nc Tu.

142

Nm qu-mo (1663) ngoi Bc, cha Trnh l Trnh Tc bt ui cc gio-s v cm khng cho ngi mnh theo o Gia-t. Nm gip-thn (1644) cha Hin min Nam bt git nhng ngi i ging o -nng. Nm bnh-t (1696) i vua L Hi-tng, Trnh Cn bt t ph ht c nhng sch o v nh o cc ni v ui nhng ngi ging o ra ngoi nc. Nm nhm-thn (1712) i vua L D-tng, Trnh Cng bt nhng ngi theo o Gia-t phi co trn v khc vo mt bn ch "hc Hoa-lan o"115. Nm gip-tut (1754) i Cnh-hng, Trnh Doanh li nghim-cm mt cch rt ngt, khng cho ngi ta i theo o, v li git c cc otrng v o . T v sau vic cm o mt ngy mt nghim, m ngi i ging o cng khng ly lut nc lm s, c c sc d cho c nhiu ngi theo o. Ri dn dn ngi trong nc phn ra bn lng bn gio, ghen-ght nhau hn ngi cu ch. Vua quan th thy dng php thng khng cm c, mi dng n cc hnh m trng-tr, git hi bao nhiu ngi v ti. Tm li m xt, th gi s ngi ngoi quc vo nc ta m ch c vic bun bn m thi, th chc rng nc ta xa nay vn l mt nc vn hin, vua quan ta cng khng c l g m ngn-cm; nhng bi v khi quan-h n vic sng-tn, th d hay d th no mc lng, ngi ta ai cng cho s sng-tn ca mnh l phi hn, thnh ra khng ai khoan dung cho ai, ri c phi dng th-lc m -nn nhau. Cng v th cho nn v sau nc ta khng chu suy-xt l phi-tri cho k-cng, lm lm s tn-c n ni mt c s ha-hiu vi cc nc Ty dng v gy nn ci mi bin-lon cho nc nh vy.

CHNG VIII

Vn Trung Suy ca Cha Nguyn

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn Ty Sn dy binh Qun h Trnh vo ly Ph Xun Cha Nguyn vo Gia nh Nguyn Vng khi binh nh Ty Sn Nguyn Vng nh cu vin nc Php Lan Ty Nguyn Hu ph qun Tim La

1. Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn. T ng Nguyn Hong tr i, h Nguyn lm cha trong Nam: pha bc chng nhau vi h Trnh, pha nam nh ly t Chim thnh v t Chn Lp, truyn n i V Vng l Nguyn Phc Khot mi xng vng hiu. V Vng nh triu nghi, lp cung in t Ph Xun, v phong cho ngi con th 9 l Nguyn Phc Hiu lm th t.
Nm t du (1765) V Vng mt. By gi th t mt ri, con th t l Nguyn Phc Dng hy cn nh, m ngi con trng ca V Vng cng mt ri. T di chiu li nh lp ngi con th hai ln ni nghip cha116. Nhng khi y ngi quyn thn l Trng Phc Loan, mun chuyn quyn lm by, bn i t di chiu i m lp ngi con th 16 ca V Vng, mi c 12 tui, ln lm cha, gi l nh Vng. Trng Phc Loan l ngi tham lam, lm nhiu iu tn c, trong nc ai ai cng on gin, bi th cho nn, pha nam th c Ty Sn dy binh nh ph ti t Qui Nhn; mt bc th c qun h Trnh vo ly t Ph Xun, lm cho c nghip h Nguyn xiu vy.

Hoa Lan tc l Ha Lan (Hollande). Ngi Ha Lan sang bun bn ngoi Bc trc ht c cho nn mi gi l o Ha Lan. V lc by gi ngi Vit Nam ta khng phn bit c nhng nc no, h thy ngi Ty th thng c gi l Ha Lan

115

116

Tc l hong kho vua Th T, sau truy tn l Hng T Hiu Khang Hong .

143

2. Ty Sn Dy Binh.

Lc by gi huyn Ph Ly (nay i l Ph Ct) t Quy Nhn, c ngi tn l Nguyn Nhc khi binh phn i vi cha Nguyn.

nh Th, Hong nh Bo vo t B Chnh nh h Nguyn, gi ni l vo nh Trng Phc Loan. n thng 10 nm gip ng (1774) qun Hong Ng Phc sang sng Linh Giang, sai Hong nh Th em binh n nh ly ly Trn Ninh, nh c ni ng, cho nn khng nh m ly c ly. Trnh Sm c tin Hong Ng Phc ph c thnh Trn Ninh ri, bn quyt k em i binh i vo tip ng. n thng chp th qun ca Ng Phc tin ln ng lng H X (thuc huyn Minh Linh, Qung Tr) ri truyn hch i ni rng qun Bc ch vo nh Trng Phc Loan m thi, ch khng c g khc c. Cc quan Ph Xun bn mu bt Phc Loan em np. Hong Ng Phc bt c Trng Phc Loan ri, li tin binh n huyn ng Xng, sai ngi a th n Ph Xun ni rng Phc Loan tuy tr, nhng m Ty Sn hy cn, vy xin em binh n hi ti Ph Xun cng i nh gic. Cha Nguyn bit mu Hong Ng Phc chc nh la ly kinh thnh, bn sai Tn Tht Tip cng vi quan Chng c l Nguyn Vn Chinh em thy b qun ra n ng sng Bi p Giang (nay gi l Phu l huyn Qung in). Hong Ng Phc sai Hong nh Th em binh i ln ng ni ri tin binh hai mt nh p li, qun h Nguyn v tan b chy c, qun Bc tin ln ly thnh Ph Xun, cha Nguyn v cc quan chy vo Qung Nam. By gi Trnh Sm ng H Trung, c tin Hong Ng Phc ly c Ph Xun ri, mng lm, sai quan a cho Ng Phc 100 lng vng, v cho cc tng s 5000 lng bc, li phong cho Ng Phc lm i Trn Ph, t Thun Ha lo vic ly t Qung Nam. on ri Trnh Sm rt qun v Bc.

Nguyn ng t bn i ca Nguyn Nhc l h H cng mt t vi H Qu Ly ngy trc, ngi huyn Hng Nguyn, t Ngh An, gp lc cha Trnh, cha Nguyn nh nhau, b bt em vo p Ty Sn117 thuc t Quy Nhn. n i ng thn sinh l H Phi Phc di nh sang p Kin Thnh, nay l lng Ph Lc, huyn Tuy Vin, sinh c 3 ngi con: trng l Nhc, th l L, th ba l Hu. Anh em ng Nhc mun khi lon, mi ly h m l Nguyn khi s cho d thu phc nhn tm, v rng t trong Nam vn l t ca cha Nguyn. Nguyn Nhc trc lm bin li Vn n, cho nn sau ngi ta thng gi l bin Nhc. Nhng v tnh hay nh bc, tiu mt c tin thu, s phi ti, b i vo rng lm gic. n nm tn mo (1771) mi lp n tri t Ty Sn, chiu np qun s, ngi theo v cng ngy cng ng. Thng hay ly ca nh giu cho nh ngho, cho nn nhng k ngho kh theo phc rt nhiu. Th Nguyn Nhc mi ngy mt mnh, qun nh cha nh khng c. V li Nhc l mt ngi c can m v lm c tr; mt hm nh vo ly thnh Qui Nhn, bn lp mu, ngi vo trong ci ci, cho ngi khing vo np quan Tun Ph y l Nguyn Khc Tuyn. Nguyn Khc Tuyn tng l tht, cho a vo trong thnh. n na m, Nhc ph c ra, m ca thnh cho qun mnh vo nh ui quan qun i, gi ly thnh Qui Nhn lm ch cn bn. By gi li c my ngi khch bun tn l Tp nh v L Ti cng m qun ni ln theo gip Ty Sn. Nguyn Nhc chia qun ra lm 5 n l: trung, tin, hu, t, hu, ri tin ln nh ly t Qung Nam. Chng bao lu t t Qung Ngha by gi vao cho n Bnh Thun u thuc v Ty Sn c.

3. Qun H Trnh vo ly Ph Xun. ang khi trong Nam c quyn thn chuyn chnh trong, Ty Sn nh ph ngoi, ngoi Bc cha Trnh l Trnh Sm bit tnh trng nh vy, bn sai i tng l Hong Ng Phc em thy b hn 3 vn qun cng vi Hong Phng C, Hong
117 p Ty Sn nay l t thn An Kh v thn Cu An thuc ph Hoi Nhn. V anh em Nguyn Nhc khi nghip ch y, nn mi gi l Ty Sn.

4. Cha Nguyn vo Gia nh. Cha Nguyn vo n Qung Nam ng Bn Vn, lp chu l Nguyn Phc Dng ln lm ng cung, lo vic nh gic. c my thng qun Ty Sn Quy Nhn ko ra nh ly Qung Nam, qun Cha Nguyn nh khng ni, thua chy v ng Tr Sn.
Cha Nguyn liu chng khng chng gi c, bn cng ngi chu l ng Nguyn Phc nh xung thuyn chy vo Gia nh, ng Cung li Qung Nam chng gi vi gic. ng cung ng n lng Cu (thuc huyn Ha Vinh). 144

Nguyn Nhc bit ng cung yu th, v li mun ly ting m sai chng, bn sai ngi i rc ng cung v ng ph Hi An (Faifo, thuc Qung Nam). Ngay lc y qun ca Hong Ng Phc qua Hi Vn Sn vo ly n Trung Sn v n Cu huyn Ha Vinh, Nguyn Nhc sai ngi khc l Tp nh lm tin phong, L Ti lm trung qun, t mnh lm hu tp ra nh nhau vi qun h Trnh lng Cm Sa (thuc Ha Vinh). Qun ca Tp nh u l ngi khch Qung ng v nhng ngi mi to ln, ai ny ci trn ra i khn cm phang, eo khin, nh tht l hung mnh. Qun tin i ca Ng Phc ng khng ni, Ng Phc mi sai Hong nh Th v Hong Phng C em k binh vo xng trn, ri b binh nh trn vo. Tp nh thua chy. Nguyn Nhc v L Ti phi li v gi bn Bn ri a ng Cung v Quy Nhn. Tp nh vn l ngi bo ngc, Nguyn Nhc mun nhn dp thua trn bt git i. Tp nh bit b chy v Qung ng b quan nh Thanh bt c em chm. Lc by gi pha nam c quan Lu th t Long H l Tng Phc Hp em qun nh ly li c ba ph l Bnh Thun, Din Khnh v Bnh Khnh, ri li tin binh ra nh t Ph Yn; pha bc th c qun h Trnh ng Qung Nam, Nguyn Nhc liu th chng khng ni, bn sai Phan Vn Tu em th v vng la ra ni vi Hong Ng Phc xin np t Qung Ngha, Quy Nhn, Ph Yn v xin lm tin khu i nh h Nguyn. Hong Ng Phc cng mun dng Nguyn Nhc nh t Gia nh, bn lm biu xin cha Trnh cho Nguyn Nhc lm tin phong tng qun, Ty Sn Hiu trng, sai Nguyn Hu Chnh em c v n kim vo cho Nguyn Nhc. Nguyn Nhc khng lo mt bc na, bn lp mu nh ly t Nam, em con gi mnh l Th Hng dng cho ng Cung v khong i mt cch rt tn knh, ri sai ngi gi n ni vi Tng Phc Hp xin v hng lo s khi phc li t Ph Xun. Tng Phc Hp cho s n xem h thc, Nguyn Nhc a ng Cung ra tip, ri vit th cho s a v ni ly ngha ph lp ng Cung, in an x tc, Tng Phc Hp tin l thc tnh, khng phng b g na. Nguyn Nhc bit r tnh hnh, sai em l Nguyn Hu em qun n nh Tng Phc Hp. Qun h Nguyn thua to b chy v gi Vn Phong. Nguyn Nhc cho ngi a tin thng trn ra cho Hong Ng Phc bit. Ng Phc xin cha Trnh phong cho Nguyn Hu lm Ty Sn Hiu Tin Phong Tng Qun. 145

Qun Hong Ng Phc ng Chu , gip t Qung Ngha, n thng chp nm y l nm t t (1775) b dch cht mt nhiu. Ng Phc vit th ra xin cha Trnh cho rt v gi Thun Ha. Trnh Sm thun cho. Hong Ng Phc v n Ph Xun th mt, cha Trnh sai Bi Th t vo thay, v sai L Qu n vo lm Tham Th cng gi t Thun Ha. t Thun Ha by gi k t t Nam b chnh tr vo l 2 ph: Triu Phong v Qung Bnh118, 2 huyn, 8 chu. S nhn inh c 126.857, s rung t rng c 265.508 mu, nhng m tr t rng v cc th i, th cn c 153.181 mu phi ng thu. T khi qun h Trnh lui v Thun Ha ri, t Qung Nam li thuc v Ty Sn. Nm bnh thn (1776) Nguyn Nhc sai em l Nguyn L em thy qun vt b vo nh Gia nh, ly c thnh Si Cn. Cha Nguyn phi chy v Trn Bin (tc l Bin Ha). By gi ng Sn c Thnh Nhn khI binh chng vi Ty Sn ly li thnh Si Cn. Nguyn L ly thc go ri rt qun v Quy Nhn. Nguyn Nhc thy th mnh mt ngy mt mnh, bn sai sa li thnh Bn (l kinh thnh c ca Chim Thnh ngy trc) ri n thng ba nm bnh thn (1776) t xng lm Ty Sn Vng v phong chc tc cho mi ngi. By gi Ty Sn em ng Cung ra cha Thp Thp. ng Cung bn trn xung thuyn chy v Gia nh. Ngi khch L Ti trc b Nguyn Nhc theo gip cha Nguyn, ri sau li phn li, nh cha Nguyn, nay nghe ng cung trn v, li em binh rc v Si Cn lp ln lm Tn Chnh Vng, tn nh Vng lm Thi Thng Vng cng lo s khi phc. Nm inh du (1777) Nguyn Nhc sai ngi ra xin vi cha Trnh cho trn th t Qung Nam, Trnh Sm by gi cng chn s dng binh, bn nhn dp phong cho Nguyn Nhc lm Qung Nam trn th, Tuyn y i s, Cung Qun Cng. Nguyn Nhc c phong ri, khng phi phng gia mt bc na, bn sai Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu em thy b qun vo nh Gia nh. L Ti chng khngh ni phi b chy. Tn Chnh Vng chy v bn Tr (thuc nh Tng) ri li chy v Ba vt (thuc Vnh Long), cn Thi
118

Triu Phong ph c 5 huyn; Qung Bnh ph c 3 huyn 1 chu.

Thng Vng th chy v Long Xuyn. Nhng chng bao lu Nguyn Hu em qun ui bt c c Thi Thng Vng v Tn Chnh Vng, em git i. Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu ly xong t Gia nh, tng c Chu li trn th, ri em qun v Quy Nhn. Qua nm sau l nm mu tut (1778) Nguyn Nhc t xng hiu, t nin hiu l Thi c, gi thnh Bn l Hong Thnh, phong cho Nguyn L lm Tit Ch, Nguyn Hu lm Long Nhng Tng Qun. Khi Thi Thng Vng v Tn Chnh Vng b bt, th ngi chu Thi Thng Vng l Nguyn Phc nh, chy thot c. n khi Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu v Quy Nhn ri, Nguyn Phc nh li t tp nhng ti t c, khi binh t t Long Xuyn, tin ln n Sa c, v cng vi quan chng dinh l Thanh Nhn, quan cai i L Vn Cu119 v cc tng l Nguyn Vn Hong, Tng Phc Khung, Tng Phc Lng v nh ui tng c Chu, ly li thnh Si Cn. By gi Nguyn Phc nh mi c 17 tui, cc tng u tn lm i Nguyn Sy, Nhip Quc Chnh. c t lu vua Ty Sn li sai tng c Chu, t khu Uy, v quan h gi Phm Ngn em qun thy vo nh Trn Bin v Phan trn cng cc min mt b. Thanh Nhn em qun ng Sn nh chm c t khu Uy, ui c qun Ty Sn i, ng Nguyn Phc nh bn sai L Vn Qun em binh ra nh ly thnh Bnh Thun v thnh Din Khnh. T khi khi phc c t Gia nh ri, Nguyn Phc nh sai s sang thng vi nc Tim La, v li sai Thanh Nhn, H Vn Ln em binh i nh Chn Lp, lp con Nc Tn l Nc In ln lm vua H Vn Ln li bo h. t Gia nh th ngi sa sang mi vic: t quan cai tr cc dinh, nh l thu thu nui binh lnh, lm chin thuyn, tp binh m phng b vic chin tranh. Nm canh t (1780) Nguyn Phc nh xng vng hiu ri phong cho Thanh Nhn lm chc Ngoi Hu, Ph Chnh, Thng Tng Cng, v thng thng cho cc tng s. Nhng sau v Thanh Nhn cy cng lng quyn, cho nn Nguyn Vng mi git i. Cng v vic y cho nn ng Sn trc ht lng gip Nguyn Vng, sau u b c, v li phn li, thnh ra li thI phi nh dp mi.
119 L Vn Cu l ngi Vnh Tng t Gia nh, trc theo Chu Vn Tip sau lm thuc tng Thanh Nhn.

5. Nguyn Vng Khi Binh nh Ty Sn.

Thng 10 nm tn su (1781) vua nc Tim La l Trnh Quc Anh sai tng l Cht Tri (Chakkri) v S Si, hai anh em sang nh Chn Lp. Nguyn Vng sai quan Chng c l Nguyn Hu Thoi v H Vn Ln em 3000 qun sang cu. Trong khi qun Nam v qun Tim La cn ang chng gi nhau Chn Lp, th Vng Cc vua nc Tim La bt giam c v con ca hai anh em Cht Tri, bi vy hai tng y mi giao kt vi Nguyn Hu Thoi th phi cu nhau trong lc hon nn. on ri Cht Tri em qun v Tim La. Ngay lc y bn nc Tim c gic ni ln, vua nc y b ngi Phan Nha Vn Sn ui i cp mt ngi. Cht Tr v n Vng Cc, sai ngi i tm quc vng l Trnh Quc Anh em git i, v bt git c Phan Nha Vn S, ri t lp lm vua, xng l Pht Vng, phong cho em l S Si lm nh vng, chu l Ma Lc lm tam vng. H Chakkri lm vua n nay hy cn, v cc vua u xng l Rama. Thng ba nm nhm dn (1782) vua Ty Sn l Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu em hn 100 chic thuyn vo ca Cn Gi, nh nhau vi qun Nguyn Vng Tht K Giang (tc Ng By). Trn y qun Nguyn Vng thua to, c ngi nc Php tn l Mn He (Manuel) lm ch mt chic tu phi t tu m cht. Nguyn Vng phi b thnh Si gn chy v t Tam ph (Ba ging), ri ra lnh o Ph Quc. Vua Ty Sn bnh xong t Gia nh, rt qun v Quy Nhn, hng tng l Nhn Trp li gi thnh Si Cn (tc Si Gn). Khi qun Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu v Quy Nhn ri, cc tng nh Nguyn li ni ln nh qun Ty Sn. By gi c Chu Vn Tip l ngi Quy Nhn, nhn lc lon, t chng gi ni Tr Lang (thuc Ph Yn). n khi cha Nguyn b Ph Xun chy vo Gia nh, Chu Vn Tip em binh ra gip. Sau chng may cha Nguyn tht th ng hi, Nguyn Vng ln ni nghip. Vn Tip theo gip, c phong lm chc chng c, em binh ra nh Ty Sn, b thua, phi b v gi Tr Lang. Nay c tin Gia nh li tht th, Vn Tip bn em qun t Ph Yn v hp vi qun cc o, nh ui qun Ty Sn i, ly li c thnh Si Cn ri cho ngi ra Ph Quc n Nguyn Vng v. Nguyn Vng v sa sang mi vic chng gi vi Ty Sn, nhng qua nm qu mo (1783) vua Ty Sn li sai Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu em binh vo nh. Nguyn Vng li phi rc vng mu v cung quyn ra Ph Quc. n thng 6 nm y, Nguyn Hu ra nh Ph Quc. Nguyn Vng chy v Cn Nn; qun Ty Sn li em thuyn n vy Cn Nn; nhng may nh c cn bo nh m c thuyn ca Ty Sn, cho nn 146

Nguyn Vng mi ra khi trng vi, chy v o C Ct, ri li tr v Ph Quc.

Lc by gi lng thc ht sch, Nguyn Vng cng vi nhng ngi i theo phi hi rau v tm c chui m n, th lc cng kit, tht l nguy nan qu. Nhn v khi trc Nguyn Vng c quen mt ngi nc Php lm gim mc o Gia T, tn l B a Lc (Pierre Pigneau de Bhaine, vque d'Adran) khi y ang t Chantaboun (thuc nc Tim La), ngi bn sai ngi n bn vic. ng B a Lc ni nn sang cu cu nc Php, nhng phi cho Hong T i lm tin th mi c. Nguyn Vng theo li y, ben giao Hong T Cnh v ci quc n cho ng B a Lc, li lm t quc th cho ng y c quyn t tin sang thng ngh vi chnh ph Php xin vin binh. T quc th y c 14 khon, i lc ni nh ng B a Lc sang xin nc Php gip cho 1500 qun v tu b, sng ng, thuc n, mi c th. Nguyn Vng xin nhng cho nc Php ca Hi An (Faifo), o Cn Nn v ring cho ngi nc Php c c quyn vo bun bn nc Nam120. Nguyn Vng li lm mt ci th ring dng cho vua nc Php, v sai quan ph v y l Phm Vn Nhn, quan cai c l Nguyn Vn Lim theo h v Hong T Cnh by gi mi c 4 tui.

6. Nguyn Vng nh Cu Vin Nc Php Lan Ty.

gip Nguyn Vng. Qun Tim La sang ly c Rch Gi, Ba thc, Tr n, Mn tht, Sa c. Khi nh Mn tht, Chu Vn Tip b thng nng m mt. T qun Tim th i n u quy nhiu dn s, lm nhiu iu tn c, cho nn lng ngi on hn lm. Tng Ty Sn gi t Gia nh l Trng Vn a, thy qun Tim La sang nh ph, th lc mnh lm, bn sai ngi v Quy Nhn phi bo. Vua Ty Sn sai Nguyn Hu em binh vo chng gi. Nguyn Hu vo n Gia nh nh qun Tim La n gn Rch Gm v Xoi mt pha trn M Tho, ri nh ph mt trn, git qun Tim ch cn c vi nghn ngi, chy theo ng thng o trn v nc. Nguyn Hu ph c qun Tim La ri, em binh ui nh Nguyn Vng. Nguyn Vng by gi ht c lng thc, cng vi my ngi chy v Trn Giang, ra o Th Chu, o C Ct, ri sang Tim La. nh dp xong, Nguyn Hu em qun v Quy Nhn c l ng Vn Chn li trn t Gia nh. Nguyn Vng bit th khng mong cy c ngi Tim La, bn gic ng B a Lc em Hong t i sang nc Php cu vin. ng B a Lc i ri, Nguyn Vng rc vng mu v cung quyn sang tr Vng Cc ch c c hi li v khi phc.

7. Nguyn Hu Ph Qun Tim La.

Mi s xp t c ri, nhng v cn tri ma gi cho nn ng B a Lc cha khi hnh c. Nguyn Vng tuy nghe li ng B a Lc nh sang cu cu nc Php, nhng trong bng cha quyt hn, cn c mun nh nc Tim La. Nguyn lc nh thua Si Cn, Chu Vn Tip chy sang Tim La cu cu. n thng 2 nm gip thn (1784) vua Tim La sai tng l Cht Si a em thy qun sang H Tin, tm Nguyn Vng mi sang bn vic. Nguyn Vng li tip c mt biu ca Chu Vn Tip, cho nn mi n hi vi tng nc Tim, ri cng sang Vng Cc xin binh cu vin. Tim Vng tip i Nguyn Vng rt hu, v sai hai tng l Chiu Tng, Chiu Sng em hai vn qun cng 300 chic thuyn sang
120 T quc th ny v ci th ca Nguyn Vng vit cho vua nc Php nay hy cn Ngoi Giao B ti Paris.

147

CHNG IX

H Trnh Mt Nghip Cha

1. 2. 3. 4. Cha Trnh b trng lp th Kiu binh Ty Sn ly Thun Ha Ty Sn dt h Trnh

n nm nhm dn (1782) Trnh Sm mt, ng Th v Hong nh Bo lp Trnh Cn ln lm cha. Con trng Trnh Sm l Trnh Khi mu vi qun tam ph tranh ngi cha. By gi c tn bin li thuc i Tip bo tn l Nguyn Bng, ngi Ngh An, ng ln lm u, vo ph cha nh ba hi trng lm hiu, qun u binh ko n vy ph, vo git Hong nh Bo, b Trnh Cn v ng Th Hu, lp Trnh Khi ln lm cha. Trnh Khi phong quan tc cho Nguyn Bng v trng thng cho qun tam ph. T qun y mt ngy mt kiu, c i cp ph cc nh, khng ai kim ch c. Nm gip thn (1784) qun tam ph li ph nh quan tham tng Nguyn Ly, nh Dng Khung v git Nguyn Trim trc ca ph cha. Khi by gi Nguyn Ly chy thot c ln Sn Ty cng vi em l Nguyn iu bn nh rc Trnh Khi ra ngoi, ri gi binh cc trn v tr kiu binh. Nhng s l ra, qun kiu binh vo canh gi ph cha, Trnh Khi khng ra c. Qun y li chia nhau ra gi cc ca . Qun cc trn cng s cha b hi u phi rt v. T qun kiu binh ko nhau hng trm hng nghn i cp ph cc lng. H c a no i l loi th dn lng li bt git i, thnh ra qun vi dn xem nhau nh cu ch, m cc vn thn v tng cng b tay m chu khng lm sao c. Sau c quan tham tng l Bi Huy Bch d dnh mi mi dn dn hi yn. Lc by gi trong ang c kiu binh lm lon, ngoi Ty Sn nhn dp em qun vo nh ph, bi th cho nn c nghip h Trnh nt vy.

1. Cha Trnh b trng lp th. T khi qun cha Trnh ly c t Thanh Ha ri, Trnh Sm c ch, cng thm kiu hnh, li c mun cp ngi nh L, bn sai quan Th Lang l V Trn Thiu sang nh Thanh dng biu ni rng con chu h L khng c ai ng lm vua na, v li sai quan ni gim i vi V Trn Thiu em tin ca sang t lt m xin phong lm vua. Nhng sang n ng nh H, th V Trn Thiu em t biu t i, ri ung thuc c m cht, bi vy vic cu phong li b, khng ni n.
Sau Trnh Sm say m nng ng Th Hu, b con trng l Trnh Khi m lp ngi con ca ng Th l Trnh Cn lm th t. T ngi th theo ng Th, ngi th ph Trnh Khi, trong ph cha chia ra b ng. Thng chn nm nhm dn (1782) Trnh Sm mt di chiu lp Trnh Cn lm cha v Huy Qun Cng Hong nh Bo lm ph chnh. Trnh Cn cn t tui m li lm bnh, khng my ngi chu phc, bi vy cho nn thnh s bin lon. Nguyn t khi h Trnh gip nh L Trung Hng v sau, t Kinh K ch dng lnh Thanh, lnh Ngh gi l u binh lm quan tc v. Nhng lnh y thng hay cy cng lm nhiu iu tri php. Nm gip dn (1674) i Trnh Tc, lnh tam ph tc l lnh Thanh, lnh Ngh git quan Tham Tng Nguyn Quc Trinh v ph nh Phm Cng Tr. Nm tn du (1741) qun u binh li ph nh v chc git quan Tham Tng Nguyn Qu Cnh. Nhng lc qun u binh lm lon nh vy, tuy nh cha c bt nhng a th xng lm ti nhng chng quen thi, v sau h hi c iu g bt bnh, th li ni ln lm lon. 148

3. Ty Sn Ly Thun Ha.

2. Kiu Binh.

Nguyn khi trc Hong nh Bo trn th t Ngh An, c nhiu th h gii, m trong bn y c mt ngi huyn Chn Lc, thuc Ngh An, tn l Nguyn Hu Chnh, hng cng t lc 16 tui, tc gi l cng Chnh, tnh ho hoa, lm c tr, nhiu can m, m li c ti bin bc. Trc theo Hong Ng Phc, thng i nh gic b, gic s lm, gi l chim d; sau khi Hong Ng Phc mt ri, Hu Chnh v theo Hong nh Bo.

n khi kiu binh git Hong nh Bo ri, c ngi em tin Hu Chnh bit, Hu Chnh vo bn vi quan trn th Ngh An l V T Giao t lp x Ngh, nhng m V T Giao s khng dm lm, Hu Chnh bn b vo vi vua Ty Sn l Nguyn Nhc. Nguyn khi trc Nguyn Hu Chnh theo Hong Ng Phc vo nh Qung Nam thng vn i li quen Nguyn Nhc, cho nn Nguyn

Nhc tin dng, i lm thng tn. T Nguyn Hu Chnh by mu nh k xin vua Ty Sn ra nh Thun Ha v t Bc H. V, t khi Hong Ng Phc mt ri, Trnh Sm sai Bi Th t vo trn th t Thun Ha, sau li sai Phm Ng Cu vo thay Bi Th t. Phm Ng Cu l ngi nhu nhc v mu, m li c tnh tham lam, ch lo vic lm giu, ch khng ngh g n vic binh. Quan ph c th l Nguyn Lnh Tn vit th v by t mi l v xin Trnh Sm cho tng khc vo thay Phm Ng Cu. Trnh Sm khng nghe, li i Nguyn Lnh Tn v. Vua Ty Sn bit t Thun Ho khng phng b, bn sai em l Nguyn Hu lm tit ch, r l V Vn Nhm lm t qun c, Nguyn Hu Chnh lm hu qun c, em qun thy b ra nh Thun Ha. Mt hm Phm Ng Cu thy mt ngi khch bun ni thut s, n bo Ng Cu rng: "Hu vn tng cng phc lc nhiu lm, nhng nm nay c hn nh c l phi m au, nn lp n lm chay mi c yn lnh". Phm Ng Cu nghe li y lp n cu khn by m ngy, bt qun s phi phc dch khng c ngh ngi cht no. Cht nghe tin qun Ty Sn ly c n Hi Vn, tng gi n l Hong Ngha H t trn, li thy bo rng thy qun ca Ty Sn vo ca b, thy b hai mt u ko n nh. Ng Cu ht hong, t n chy v dinh, gi binh tng chng gi, nhng qun lnh u mi mt c, khng ai c lng mun nh. Phm Ng Cu li c tnh a nghi. Nguyn Hu Chnh bn lm mt ci th ngoi gi cho ph tng l Hong nh Th, r v hng Ty Sn, ri gi tng sai ngi a nhm sang cho Ng Cu. Ng Cu bt c th y nghi cho Hong nh Th nh tm. n khi qun Ty Sn n nh, Hong nh Th em qun bn b ra trn i ch bn ht thuc n. Ng Cu ng ca thnh li khng ra tip ng. Hong nh Th cng hai con v t tng l V T Kin u t trn c. Khi qun Ty Sn ko n nh thnh, Phm Ng Cu ko c trng m ca thnh ra hng. Qun h Trnh gi cc n u tan v b chy. Trong my ngy m t Thun ha ra n Linh Giang u thuc v Ty Sn c. By gi l thng nm nm bnh ng (1786) i Cnh hng nm th 47.

mnh ra nh mt trn m bnh c t Thun Ha, uy kinh c chn Bc h. Phm ci php dng binh, mt l thi hai l th ba l c, c ba iu nh u cng c. By gi t Bc H tng th li, qun th kiu, triu nh khng c k cng g c, nu ng nhn ly ci uy thanh ny, em binh ra nh th lm g m khng c. ng khng nn b mt ci c, ci thi v ci th y". Nguyn Hu ni rng: " Bc H c nhiu nhn ti, khng nn coi lm thng". Hu Chnh p li rng: "Nhn ti Bc H ch c mt mnh Chnh, nay Chnh b i, th nc khng c ai na, xin ng ng c ngi g!" Nguyn Hu ci m ni rng: " y! ngi khc th khng ngi, ch ngi c ng thi!" Hu Chnh tht st i ri ni rng: " Ti t bit ti hn, nhng m ti ni th l c t cho ng bit ngoi Bc khng c nhn ti thi". Nguyn Huu ly li ni ngt yn lng Hu Chnh v bo rng: " Nh L lm vua my trm nm nay, by gi cp ly, cha chc lng ngi theo mnh." Hu Chnh ni: "Nay Bc H c vua li c cha, y l mt s c kim i bin. H Trnh ting rng ph L, thc l hip ch, c nc khng ai phc. V xa nay khng ai lm g gip nh L, l ch s ci th mnh m thi, nay ng m, ph L dit Trnh th thin h ai chng theo ng." Nguyn Hu ni: "ng ni phi lm, nhng ta ch phng mnh i nh t Thun Ha m thi, ch khng phng mnh i nh Bc H, s ri can ti kiu mnh th lm th no ?" Hu Chnh ni: "Kiu mnh l ti nh, vic ng lm l cng to. V lm tng ngoi c iu khng cn phi theo mnh vua, ng li khng bit hay sao?" Nguyn Hu bn sai Nguyn Hu Chnh em thy binh i tin phong vo ca i An nh ly kho lng bn sng V Hong. Nguyn Hu t em binh i sau, c vi Hu Chnh n sng V Hong t la ln lm hiu. Nguyn Hu Chnh em qun i qua Ngh An, Thanh Ha, quan trn th l Bi Th Toi v T Danh Thy khng ai dm ra c ch; khi ra n V Hong, quan coi n y b chy. Hu Chnh ly c hn trm vn hc lng, ri t la lm hiu, qun Nguyn Hu ko n ng gi y. Trc kia thnh Ph Xun v ri, tin bo n Thng Long, cc quan bn rng: x y vn khng l t ca triu nh, by gi mt cng khng hi g. V th, ch sai Trnh T Quyn em 27 c vo gi t Ngh An. Trnh T Quyn thu xp hn 10 ngy cha xong, n khi i c 30 dm th c tin bo Ty Sn n ng sng V Hong ri. T Quyn bn em qun xung gi mt Kim ng. Quan trn th Sn Nam l Bi Th Dn em b binh xung ng x Ph Sa, thuc huyn ng An. inh Tch Nhng em thy qun ra gi ca Luc By gi gi ng Nam thi to, n m Nguyn Hu sai ly tng g ln trn my chic thuyn ri nh trng ko c th thuyn cho tri i. inh Tch Nhng trng thy tng l 149

4. Ty Sn Dt H Trnh. Nguyn Hu ly c t Thun Ha ri, sai ngi gii Phm Ng Cu v Qui Nhn nh ti phi chm, on ri Nguyn Hu hi cc tng li bn sai ngi ra sa sang n ng Hi, v nh gi a gii c sng La H. Nguyn Hu Chnh ni rng: "ng phng

qun Ty Sn n nh, gin thuyn ra trn thnh ch nht, ri truyn ly sng m bn. Bn mi, sau mi bit ngi trn thuyn l tng g. Lc qun Ty Sn tin ln nh, th inh Tch Nhng ht c thuc n, phi b thuyn m chy. Qun ca Bi Th Dn v Trnh T Quyn cng tan c. Nguyn Hu h c thnh Sn Nam ri, ri mt mt truyn hch i cc l ni ly ngha ph L dit Trnh, mt mt ko qun ln ly Thng Long. By gi kinh thnh th qun kiu binh khng sai khin c, m qun Ty Sn th n ni ri. Trnh Khi mi cho gi Hong Phng C, Sn Ty v, em qun ng h Vn Xun (x Vn Ph, Thanh Tr) cn thy binh th ng bn Ty Long (Th Xng) phng gi. Qun Ty Sn tin ln nh tan thy qun ca nh Trnh, Hong Phng C phi b chy. Trnh Khi mc o nhung y cm c ln voi thc qun vo nh, nhng th Ty Sn mnh lm, nh khng c, Trnh Khi b chy ln Sn Ty. i n lng H Li, huyn Yn Lng, gp tn Nguyn Trang nh la bt em np cho Ty Sn. Trnh Khi v n lng Nht Chiu ly gm ct c t tn. By gi l nm bnh ng (1786). Nguyn Hu cho ly vng l m tng tng cho cha Trnh, ri vo thnh Thng Long yt kin vua L. H Trnh gip nh L trung hng ln, ri gi ly quyn chnh, lp ra nghip cha, lu truyn t Trnh Tng n Trnh Khi c 216 nm (15701786) n y l ht.

CHNG X

Nh Hu L Mt Ngi Vua
1. Ty Sn rt qun v Nam 2. Nguyn Hu Chnh chuyn quyn t Bc 3. Ty Sn ly t Bc H

1. Ty Sn Rt Qun V Nam. Nguyn Hu dt c h Trnh ri, vo thnh Thng Long, xung lnh cm qun lnh khng c cp ph dn gian, v nh ngy xin yt kin vua L n Vn Th.
By gi vua Hin Tng ang au, khng ngi dy tip c, ngi mi Nguyn Hu vo ngi gn sp ng, ly li n tn m ph d. Nguyn Hu tu by ci l em binh r ph L dit Trnh, ch khng dm c dm ng g. Vua mng r m t Nguyn Hu. Khi qun Ty Sn ra n Thng Long, cc quan triu thn chy trn c, ch cn c my ngi ni gim li hu h vua. Nguyn Hu Chnh thy vy vo tu vi vua xin xung chiu tuyn triu cc quan v triu; c my hm c mi ngi lc tc ko nhau tr v. Vua bn nh n ngy mng 7 thng 7 lp i tro in Knh Thin, Nguyn Hu em cc tng v ly v dng s qun s, dn inh, t r ci ngha tn ph nht thng, ngha l t v sau nh L c quyn t ch. Vua phong cho Nguyn Hu lm Nguyn Soi Uy Quc Cng, v li g cho b Ngc Hn Cng Cha l con gi ca ngi. Chng bao lu vua Hin Tng mt, Hong Tn l Duy K ln ni ngi, t nin hiu l Chiu Thng. Nguyn lc trc vua Ty Sn l Nguyn Nhc vn khng c ra nh Bc H, n khi tip c th ca Nguyn Hu ni sp ra nh ngoi Bc, Nguyn Nhc vi vng sai ngi ra Thun Ha ngn li. Nhng khi s thn ra n ni, th Nguyn Hu c binh i ri. Sau li tip c th ni rng qun Ty Sn ly c Thng Long ri, v cn phi li gip nh L. Nguyn Nhc s em lu ngoi Bc H c s bin chng, bn em 500 qun ra Thun Ha, ri ly thm 2000 qun, i khng k ngy m ra Thng Long. 150

Vua Chiu Thng c tin vua Ty Sn ra Bc, bn em bch quan ra n ngoi Nam Giao. Nhng Nguyn Nhc c i thng, ri cho ngi n ni rng: xin ngy khc tip kin. c my hm Nguyn Nhc mi vua Chiu Thng sang ph ng l l tng kin. Nguyn Nhc ngi gia, vua Chiu Thng ngi bn t, Nguyn Hu ngi bn hu, cc quan vn v ng hu hai bn. Khi vo lm l xong ri, vua Chiu Thng xin nhng my qun khao qun. Nguyn Nhc ni rng: "V h Trnh hip ch, cho nn chng ti ra gip nh vua; nu bng t nc h Trnh th mt tc cng khng li, nhng m ca nh L th mt tc cng khng dm ly. Xin mong nh vua gng sc lm vic, gi yn ci t, i i giao hiu vi nhau, y l ci phc ca hai nc y." on ri vua Chiu Thng v in, hm sau anh em Ty Sn bn rt qun v Nam, v thy Nguyn Hu Chnh l ngi gio quyt, nh b li Bc H, bn mt truyn cho cc tng thu xp qun thy b, kho tng c g ly ht, ri n na m ngy 17 thng 8, ko qun v Nam. Sng hm sau Nguyn Hu Chnh bit Ty Sn v ri, s hi lm, hong ht b c c, chy xung chic thuyn bun vo Ngh An, theo vua Ty Sn. Nguyn Nhc thy Hu Chnh li theo v, khng n b, cho li cng vi Nguyn Du gi t Ngh An. By gi quyn bnh t Bc H v c vua nh L, tht l mt c hi t c lp li ci nn t ch ca nh L, nhng tic v vua Chiu Thng khng c ti quyt on, m nh thn lc by gi khng c ai l ngi bit kinh lun: h thy c gic th b chy, gic i ri th ko nhau ra bn ngc bn xui, ngi th nh lp li nghip cha, k th mun tn ph nh vua. Li c dng di h Trnh l Trnh L v Trnh Bng chia ng ra nh nhau tranh quyn. Vua Chiu Thng bt c d phi phong cho Trnh Bng lm n Vng, lp li ph Cha. ng h Trnh li toan ng hip ch nh vua, vua Chiu Thng phi xung mt chiu vi Nguyn Hu Chnh ra gip. Nguyn Hu Chnh t khi tr v Ngh An, chiu m dng s, ngy m luyn tp, nhn c chiu nh vua gi vo, bn thu xp c hn mt vn qun ra gip vua L. Trnh Bng em qun ra chng gi, nh thua phi b chy. Hu Chnh vo yt kin vua Chiu Thng v chuyn gi binh quyn. Trnh Bng c khi binh my ln toan s khi phc, nhng khng thnh co6ng, cho nn cng chn s i bn b i tu, v sau khng bit cht u. H Trnh mt t y. 151

Nguyn Hu Chnh nh ui h Trnh i ri, vua phong cho chc i T Bng Trung Cng. T Hu Chnh cy cng khinh ngi, lm lm iu tri php, vua cng ly lm lo. Nhng khng bit trng cy vo ai, cho nn nh phi chu vy. trong Nam th t khi vua Ty Sn l Nguyn Nhc v Quy Nhn ri, t xng lm Trung ng Hong , phong cho Nguyn L lm ng nh Vng t Gia nh, cho Nguyn Hu lm Bc Bnh Vng, t Thun Ha, ly Hi Vn Sn lm gii hn. c t lu Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu c chuyn him khch vi nhau, Nguyn Hu em binh vo vy nh thnh Qui Nhn, ngt ni Nguyn Nhc phi thn ln thnh m ku khc, gi Nguyn Hu m bo rng: " N lng no li ni da nu tht nh th"121 - Nguyn Hu ng lng mi gii vy rt qun v Thun Ha. Trong khi anh em Ty Sn nh nhau, th Nguyn Hu Chnh ra Bc H, n khi anh em Ty Sn ging ha ri, Nguyn Hu Ph Xun thy Hu Chnh lng ly t Bc, bn sai V Vn Nhm ra bt. Thng 11 nm inh t (1787) V Vn Nhm ph qun Nguyn Hu Chnh Thanh Quyt Giang (lng Thanh Quyt, huyn Gia Vin), v Chu Cu ( ph L Nhn) ri nh ui ra n Thng Long. Vua Chiu Thng thy qun ca Nguyn Hu Chnh thua ri, bn b Kinh , chy sang Kinh bc, v sai L Qunh cng vi hn 30 ngi tn tht em b Hong Thi Hu, b Hong Phi v Hong T ln Cao Bng. Cn vua th cng vi Hu Chnh v ng ni Mc Sn t Yn Th. Tng Ty Sn l Nguyn Vn Ha em binh ln nh bt c Hu Chnh em v lm ti Thng Long. V Vn Nhm git Nguyn Hu Chnh ri, cho i tm vua Chiu Thng khng c, bn tn Sng Nhng Cng tn l L Duy Cn ln lm gim quc thu phc lng ngi. By gi cc quan khng ai theo, Sng Nhng Cng trong in ch c vi ngi hong thn v my vin v tng, sm ti hu h, cn th
121

3. Ty Sn Ly t Bc H.

2. Nguyn Hu Chnh Chuyn Quyn t Bc.

Tc ngi trong Bnh nh h ai i sn c hu nai g th lt da ra lm ni m nu tht: y Nguyn NHc c ni rng cng da cng tht n no hi ln nhau vy.

khng ai tu hi vic g c. Ngy ngy c i b sang chu chc bn dinh V Vn Nhm. Vn Nhm cng khng bit x lm sao. Ngi kinh thnh thy vy gi Sng Nhng Cng l thy li gim quc. Khi Bc Bnh Vng Nguyn Hu sai V Vn Nhm ra nh Nguyn Hu Chnh th c lng nghi V Vn Nhm, cho nn li sai Ng Vn S v Phan Vn Ln lm tham tn qun v chia bt binh quyn. n khi Vn Nhm ly c Thng Long, bt c Hu Chnh ri, c cy ti v ra b kiu ngo. Ng Vn S em y vit th v ni V Vn Nhm mun lm phn. Bc Bnh Vng lp tc truyn ln ko qun k, m ngy i gp ng ra Thng Long, na m n ni bt V Vn Nhm git i, ri truyn gi cc quan vn v nh L cho vo yt kin, t quan lc b v cc quan trn th, L Duy Cn lm gim quc, ch trng vic t l, dng Ng Thi Nhm lm Li B T Th Lang. Cn cc quan nh L th c ngi li nhn chc, c ngi trn i, cng c ngi tun tit. Bc Bnh Vng i t quan qun, chnh n mi vic xong c ri, chn ngy v Nam, bn Ng Vn S li gi t Bc H. Vua Chiu Thng t khi thua trn Mc Sn chy v ni Bo Lc, ri nay Hi Dng, mai Sn Nam, cng vi my ngi trung ngha lo s khi phc, nhng v th lc mi ngy mt km, b ti nh bn inh Tch Nhng th gi mt lm phn, cn th ai ny trn trnh i mt c, bi th cho nn c nghip nh L nt vy. Nh L k t vua Thi T khi ngha, nh ui qun nh Minh v Tu, lp li ci nn t ch cho nc nh, truyn n vua Chiu Tng th h Mc cp mt ngi. Sau nh c h Nguyn v h Trnh gip , nh Hu L li trung hng ln, truyn n vua Chiu Thng tc l Mn th ht. Nh L lm vua, k c Tin L v Hu L, c 360 nm (14281788), trc sau sa sang c nhiu vic: s hc hnh, vic lut php, vic canh nng u c m mang ra hn trc. Nhng t khi trung hng ln tr v sau nh vua b h Trnh hip ch thnh ra c vua li c cha. Vua ngi lm v, cha gi c quyn chnh tr. n khi nghip cha suy th ngi vua cng vy.

CHNG XI

Nh Nguyn Ty Sn
1. Nh Nguyn Ty Sn dy nghip 2. Vua Quang Trung 3. Tn S Ngh em qun sang Vit Nam 4. Vua Quang Trung i ph qun nh Thanh 5. Vua Quang Trung cu phong 6. Vua Chiu Thng nh L b nhc bn Tu 7. c vua Quang Trung 8. Chnh Tr ca vua Quang Trung 9. Quan Ch 10. Vic Dinh in 11. Vic Hc Hnh 12. Vic lm cha chin 13. Vic nh nh Tu 14. Vua Quang Trung mt 15. Vua Cnh Thnh
Nhng ngi lm quc s nc Tu v nc ta thng chia nhng nh lm vua ra chnh thng v ngy triu. Nh no, mt l nh gic m nc, sng to ra c nghip, hai l c k truyn phn minh, thn dn u phc, ba l dp lon yn dn, dng nghip t trung nguyn, th cho l chnh thng. Nh no, mt l lm ti cp ngi vua, lm s thon ot khng thnh, hai l xng , xng vng ch rng ni, hay l t bin a, b l nhng ngi ngoi chng vo chim nc lm vua, th cho l ngy triu. Vy nay ly nhng l y m xt xem nn cho nh Nguyn Ty Sn lm chnh thng hay ngy triu, cho hp l cng bng v cho xng ci danh hiu nhng ngi anh hng qua. Nguyn nc ta l nc qun ch, ly ci ngha vua ti lm trng hn c, th m t khi nh L trung hng ln tr v sau, h Nguyn hng c phng Nam, h Trnh xng cha min Bc; trn tuy cn tn vua nhng m quyn v c nh cha. Trong nc ta c vua li c cha, lm thnh ra 152

1. Nh Nguyn Ty Sn Dy Nghip.

vua khng phi l vua, ti khng phi l ti, y l mt thi lon. n sau trong Nam th c Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn lm by, ngoi Bc th c kiu binh lm lon, git hi quan i thn, vua cha phi nhn mnh m chiu i, nh thn phi khoanh tay m chu mt b, y li l mt lc i lon vy. Lc y anh em Nguyn Nhc l ngi dn mc o vi, dy binh p Ty Sn, chng nhau vi cha Nguyn lp nghip t Quy Nhn. Tuy rng i vi h Nguyn l cu ch, nhng m i vi nc Nam, th chng qua cng l mt ngi anh hng lp thn trong lc bin lon m thi. Cn nh Nguyn Hu l vua Thi T nh Nguyn Ty Sn, th trc gip anh bn ln vo Gia nh u c ton thng, ph hai vn qun hm beo ca Tim La, ch cn c my trm ngi li thi chy v nc; sau li ra Bc H, dt h Trnh; tn vua L, em li mi cng thng cho r rng. y l c sc mnh m li bit lm vic ngha vy. Nhng v vua nh L nhu nhc, triu thn lc by gi khng ai c ti kinh lun, li cho Trnh Bng v Nguyn Hu Chnh ni nhau m chuyn quyn, n ni thnh ra tn lon. Du th mc lng, khi Nguyn Hu git V Vn Nhm ri, khng n dt nh L, t Gim Quc gi tng miu tin triu; nh th th cch vi nh L khng ly g lm bc. Sau vua Chiu Thng v b Hong Thi Hu i sang ku cu bn Tu, vua nh Thanh nhn ly dp y mn tin cu nh L, ly nc Nam, bn sai binh tng sang gi thnh Thng Long. By gi c theo nh t mt d ca vua nh Thanh th nc Nam ta, b ngoi tuy cha mt hn, nhng k tht vo tay ngi Tu ri. Vy nc mt, th phi ly nc li, ng Nguyn Hu mi ln ngi Hong , truyn hch i cc ni, ng ng chnh chnh, em qun ra nh mt trn ph 20 vn qun Tu, tng nh Thanh l Tn S Ngh phi b c n tn m chy, lm cho vua ti nc Tu khip s, tng s nh Thanh tht m. Tng t xa n nay nc ta cha c v cng no lm lit nh vy. V nh ui ngi Tu i ly nc li m lm vua th c iu g m tri o? H li chng hn nh L, nh Trn nhn lc u qun, n cha, m lm s thon ot hay sao? Vy th ly l g m gi l ngy? Hung chi sau vua nh Thanh cng cng nhn cho ng Nguyn Hu lm vua nc Nam, v li sai s sang phong cho ng lm An Nam Quc vng theo nh l cc triu 153

trc, nh th th nh Nguyn Ty Sn m nc c khc g nh inh v nh L khng? Tuy rng chng c bao lu nh Nguyn Ty Sn sinh ra ni lon, vua Th T Cao Hong nh Nguyn li thu phc c c nghip c m nht thng c nam bc li lm mt, nhng vic thnh bi hng vong l mnh tri, v li khi hai ngi anh hng ui mt con hu, tt l ngi n gi ngi kia l cu ch. Vy ly l tn bn triu m xt th nh Nguyn Ty Sn l ngy, m ly cng l m suy th vua Quang Trung Nguyn Hu l mt ng vua cng ng ngang vai vi vua inh Tin Hong, vua L Thi T, m nh Nguyn Ty Sn cng l mt nh chnh thng nh nh inh v nh L vy.

2. Vua Quang Trung (1788-1792). ng Nguyn Hu (sau i tn l Nguyn Quang Bnh) l mt ngi c sc khe tuyt trn, li c mu tr quyn bin, mo mc nh thn, khi binh t Ty Sn (thuc huyn An Kh, Bnh nh) gip anh l Nguyn Nhc lp nn nghip ln, c phong lm Bc Bnh Vng, ng t Ph Xun.
Nm mu thn (1788) qun nh Thanh mn ting sang cu nh L, chim gi thnh Thng Long, c mun ly t An Nam, Bc Bnh Vng ln ngi Hong t nin hiu l Quang Trung, ri em binh i nh gic. Nguyn vua Chiu Thng my ln toan s khi phc, nhng khng c, phi nng nu t Lng Giang; cn b Hong Thi Hu th em hong t sang Long Chu ku van vi quan Tu, xin binh cu vin. By gi quan tng c Lng Qung l Tn S Ngh dng biu tu vi vua Cn Long nh Thanh, i lc ni rng: "H L l cng thn nc Tu, nay b gic ly mt nc, m v v T qun sang cu cu, tnh cng nn thng. V nc Nam vn l t c ca nc Tu, nu sau khi cu c nh L, v li ly c t An Nam, thc l li c i ng." Vua Cn Long nghe li tu y sai Tn S Ngh khi qun bn tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty, Qu Chu, Vn Nam, em sang nh Ty Sn. Tn S Ngh chia qun ra lm 3 o, sai quan tng binh tnh Vn Nam v Qu Chu em mt o sang mn Tuyn Quang122, sai Sm Nghi ng l tri ph in Chu em mt o sang mn Cao Bng. S Ngh cng vi c l Ha Th Hanh em mt o sang mn Lng Sn, hn ngy tin binh sang nh An Nam.
122

3. Tn S Ngh em Qun Sang An Nam.

Khi xa t H Giang, Lao Kay, Yn By thuc v a ht tnh Tuyn Quang.

Tng Ty Sn l Ng Vn S Thng Long c tin qun Tu sang, s th yu nh khng ni, bn rt qun thy b v ng gi t ni Tam ip123 ra n b b, ri sai ngi v Ph Xun co cp. Tn S Ngh ko qun n Kinh Bc (Bc Ninh), vua Chiu Thng ra cho mng ri theo qun Tu v Thng Long. S Ngh ng n gia bi, v m nam sng Nh Ha, bc cu phao gia sng tin i li, v chia qun ra gi cc mt. Ngy hm sau, S Ngh l l tuyn c t sc ca vua nh Thanh phong cho vua Chiu Thng lm An Nam Quc Vng. Vua Chiu Thng tuy th phong, nhng cc t vn th u phi nin hiu Cn Long. Mi khi bui chu xong ri, li n dinh S Ngh chu chc vic c mt qun quc. Vua ci nga i vi mi ngi lnh hu m thi. S Ngh th ngo ngh, t c, t x vi vua rt l khinh bc; c khi vua Chiu Thng li hu, khng cho vo yt kin, ch sai mt ngi ng di gc ching truyn ra rng: khng c vic qun quc g, xin ngy hy v cung ngh. Ngi by gi bn ring vi nhau rng: "Nc Nam ta t khi c vng n gi, khng thy vua no hn h n th. Ting l lm vua m phi theo nin hiu vua Tu, vic g cng phi bm n quan Tng c, th th c khc g l ni thuc ri khng?" Vua v triu thn by gi vic g cng trng cy vo Tn S Ngh; ngy m ch lo vic bo n bo on, git hi nhng ngi trc i theo Ty Sn. Tn S Ngh th cng ngy cng kiu ngo thm, coi vic binh lm thng, li th qun lnh ra cp ph dn gian, lm lm s nhng nhiu. V th cho nn lng ngi mt c trng cy. Bc Bnh Vng c tinh qun nh Thanh sang ng Thng Long, lp tc hi cc tng s bn vic em binh ra nh, cc tng u xin hy chnh ngi tn, yn lng ngi ri s khi binh. Bc Bnh Vng bn sai p n ni Bn Sn, ngy 25 thng mi mt nm mu thn (1788), Vng lm l ln ngi Hong , ri t mnh
123

thng lnh thy b i binh ra nh gic Thanh. Ra n Ngh An ngh li 10 ngy kn ly thm binh, c thy c 10 vn qun v hn 100 con voi. Vua Quang Trung im duyt qun s, truyn d nh bo mi ngi phi c gng nh gic gip nc. on ri ko qun ra Bc, n ngy 20 thng chp th n ni Tam ip. Bn Ng Vn S, Ng Th Nhim u ra t ti, k chuyn qun Tu th mnh, s nh khng ni, cho nn phi lui v gi ch him yu. Vua Quang Trung ci m ni rng: "Chng n sang phen ny l mua ci cht thi. Ta ra chuyn ny thn coi vic qun nh gi, nh mo ri, ui qun Tu v chng qua 10 ngy l xong vic. Nhng ch ngh chng l nc ln gp 10 nc ta, sau khi chng thua mt trn ri, tt chng ly lm xu h, li mu bo th, nh th th nh nhau mi khng thi, dn ta hi nhiu, ta sao n th. Vy nh xong trn ny, ta phi nh Th Nhim dng li ni cho kho nh ch vic chin tranh. i mi nm na, nc ta dng c sc ph cng ri, th ta khng cn phi s chng na." Vua Quang Trung truyn cho tng s n tt Nguyn n trc, n hm tr tch th ct qun i, nh ngy mng 7 thng ging th vo thnh Thng Long m tic n mng. on ri, truyn lnh cho ba qun n nghe lnh iu khin. i t m S, Ni Hu Ln em tin qun i lm tin phong. H h Hu em hu qun i c chin. i c Lc, c Tuyt em hu qun cng thy qun, vt qua b vo sng Lc u. Ri Tuyt th kinh lc mt Hi Dng, tip ng ng m ng; Lc th ko v vng Lng Giang, Phng Nhn, Yn Th chn ng qun Tu chy v. i c Bo, c Mu em t qun cng qun tng m i ng ni ra nh pha ty. Mu th xuyn ra huyn Chng c (nay l Chng M), tin ng ko thng n lng Nhn Mc, huyn Thanh Tr, nh qun in Chu; Bo th thng sut qun tng m theo ng huyn Sn Lng ra lng i ng thuc huyn Thanh Tr tip ng cho mt t. Nm qun c lnh u thu xp u y, n hm 30 khua trng ko ra Bc. Khi qun sang sng Gin Thy124, cnh ngha qun ca nh L
124

4. Vua Quang Trung i Ph Qun Thanh.

Ni Tam ip trc gi l o Ba Di ch phn bit a gii tnh Ninh Bnh v tnh Thanh Ha.

Gin Thy chc l bn Gin gip gii tnh Ninh Bnh v H Nam by gi.

154

tan v chy c. Vua Quang Trung thn c cc qun ui theo n huyn Ph Xuyn bt sng ht c ton qun Tu ng y, khng mt ngi no chy thot c; v th cho nn khng c tin bo v, nhng qun Tu ng lng H Hi v lng Ngc Hi khng bit g c. Na m ngy mng 3 thng ging nm K Du (1789) qun vua Quang Trung n lng H hi vy kn n gic, ri bc loa ln gi, cc qun d rm c ln, c hng mun ngi. Qun canh n by gi mi bit, s hi tht th, u xin hng, bi th, ly c ht c qun lng v kh gii. Sng m m ngy mng nm, qun Ty Sn tin ln n lng Ngc Hi, qun Tu bn sng ra nh ma. Vua Quang Trung sai ngi ly nhng mnh vn, ghp ba mnh li lm mt, ly rm c gip nc qun ngoi, ri sai qun kiu dng c 20 ngi khing mt mnh, mi ngi dt mt con dao nhn, li c 20 ngi cm kh gii theo sau. Vua Quang Trung ci voi i sau c chin, qun An Nam vo n gn ca n, b vn xung t, rt dao ra, xng vo chm, qun i sau cng ko a c vo nh. Qun Tu ch khng ni, xn xao tn lon, xo ln nhau m chy. Qun Nam tha th nh trn i, ly c cc n, git qun Thanh thy nm ngn ngang khp ng, mu chy nh tho nc. Qun cc o khc cng u c ton thng. Quan nh Thanh l c Ha Th Hanh, tin phong Trng S Long, t dc Thng Duy Thng u t trn c; quan ph in Chu l Sm Nghi ng ng ng a125 b qun An Nam vy nh cng tht c m cht126. Tn S Ngh na m c tin bo, hong ht khng kp thng yn nga v mc o gio, em my tn lnh k chy qua sng sang Bc. Qun cc tri nghe tin nh th, xn xao tan r chy trn, tranh nhau sang cu, mt lt cu , sa c xung sng cht ui, sng Nh H y nhng thy ngi cht. Vua Chiu Thng cng theo Tn S Ngh sang sng cng vi b Hong Thi Hu v my ngi cn thn chy sang Tu. o qun Vn Nam v Qu Chu ng min Sn Ty127 nghe tin Tn S Ngh thua, cng rt qun chy v. Ngy hm y vua Quang Trung c qun nh gic, o ng bo b thuc sng bn vo en nh mc. n tra th vo thnh Thng Long, sai
cnh Thi H p, gn H Ni. 126 V sau bn khch tr Thng Long lm ci n th Sm Nghi ng ng Sm Cng, sau Hng Bum, n s H Xun Hng c vnh bi tuyt c rng: Gh mt trng ngang thy bng treo, Ka n Thi th ng cheo leo. V y i phn lm trai c, Th s anh hng h by nhiu? 127 Trc t Ph Th, Vnh Yn thuc v a ht tnh Sn Ty.
125

tng em binh ui nh qun nh Thanh n ca Nam Quan. Nhng dn Tu gn Lng Sn s khip, n ng, n b dt du nhau m chy, t ca i v m bc hn my trm dm, tnh khng nghe thy ting mt ngi no? Vua Quang Trung vo thnh Thng Long, h lnh chiu an, phm nhng ngi Tu trn trnh u ra th ti, u c cp cho o mc, lng n. Li bt c c n tn ca Tn S Ngh b li, trong nhng giy m bt c c t mt d ca vua Cn Long ni rng: " Vic qun nn t , khng nn hp tp. Hy nn a hch truyn thanh th i trc, v cho cc quan nh L v nc c hp ngha binh, tm t qun nh L em ra ng u i ch vi Nguyn Hu, th xem s th th no. Nu lng ngi nc Nam cn nh nh L, c qun ta ko n, ai l chng gng sc. Nguyn Hu tt phi tho lui; ta nhn ly dp y m sai T qun ui theo, ri i binh ca ta theo sau, nh th khng kh nhc my ni m nn c cng to, l mo hay hn c. V bng sut ngi trong nc, na theo ng n, na theo ng kia, th Nguyn Hu tt khng chu lui. Vy ta hy a th sang t bo ng ha phc xem n i p lm sao. i khi no thy qun Mn, Qung i ng b sang nh mt Thun Ha v Qung Nam ri, b binh s tin ln sau. Nguyn Hu trc sau b ch, th tt phi chu thua. By gi ta s nhn m l n cho c hai bn; t t Thun Ha Qung Nam tr vo Nam, th cho Nguyn Hu; t chu Hoan, chu i tr ra Bc th phong cho T qun nh L. Ta ng i binh li kim ch c hai bn, ri s c x tr v sau". Vua Quang Trung em t mt d y bo vi Ng Th Nhim rng: " Ta xem t chiu ca vua nh Thanh chng qua cng mun mn ting ly nc ta thi. Nay b ta nh thua mt trn, tt l ly lm xu h, chc khng chu yn. Hai nc m nh nhau th ch kh dn. Vy nn dng li ni kho, khin cho khi s binh ao; vic y nh nh ngi ch trng cho mi c". Ng Th Nhim vng lnh lm th i khi ni rng: "Nc Nam vn khng dm chng c vi i quc, nhng ch v Tn S Ngh lm nh vic cho nn phi thua. Vy nay xin t ti v xin ging ha." Vua Quang Trung sai s em th sang Tu, v li sai em nhng qun nh Thanh bt c, mt ni, cp cho lng thc, i ngy cho v nc. Xp t mi vic xong ri, em qun v Nam, lu Ng Vn S v Phan vn Ln li tng thng cc vic qun quc; cn nhng vic t lnh giao thip vi nc Tu th y thc cho Ng Th Nhim v Phan Huy ch cho 155

c t tin m khu x, h khng c vic g quan h th bt tt phi i tu bo m lm g.

5. Vua Quang Trung Cu Phong.

Vua nh Thanh nghe tin Tn S Ngh bi binh, ni gin ng ng, lp tc ging ch sai quan ni cc l Phc Khang An128 ra thay S Ngh lm tng c Lng Qung, em binh m chn tnh, sang kinh l vic An Nam.

Phc Khang An ra n Qung Ty nghe ting qun An Nam th mnh trong bng s, c mun ha, bn sai ngi a th sang ni vic li hi v bo phi lm biu t ti cho yn vic binh ao. Vua Quang Trung bn cho ngi a vng bc sang t lt cho Khang An, ri sai ngi chu l Nguyn Quang Hin v quan l V Huy Tn em cng phm sang Yn Kinh vo chu vua nh Thanh v dng biu xin phong. By gi quan ngoi th c Phc Khang An t gip , quan trong th c cc thn l Ha Thn129 lm ch trng, cho nn vua nh Thanh mi thun cho ging ha. Ha Thn c tin bc ca vua Quang Trung t lt, ri dng li ni kho, iu g cng hp vua nh Thanh. Vua nh Thanh bn sai s sang phong cho vua Quang Trung lm An Nam Quc Vng, v li ging ch vi quc vng vo chu. Vua Quang Trung bn chn mt ngi hnh dung ging mnh, tn l Phm Cng Tr tr lm quc vng, ri sai Ng Vn S, ng Vn Chn, Phan Huy ch, V Huy Tn a sang Yn Kinh, vo chu Cn Long. Ngoi nhng phm vt phi em cng, vua Quang Trung li em cng thm i tng c, lm cho cc cung trm dc ng bn Tu phI phc dch a n tht l vt v. Quan Tng c Lng Qung l Phc Khang An v quan Tun ph Qung Ty l Tn Vnh Thanh phi a Quc Vng An Nam vo Kinh. Sang n Yn Kinh, vua Cn Long nh Thanh Quang Trung tht, vi n chu Nhit H, cho vo lm tnh cha con mt nh, v cho n yn vi cc thn vng. vua li sai th v lm mt bc nh truyn thn ban cho tng l Nguyn l m gi, nh l n lc v nc, n l tht l hu.

Vua Chiu Thng theo Tn S Ngh vo thnh Nam Kinh Qung Ty, c t lu th vua nh Thanh sai cc thn l Phc Khang An ra thay Tn S Ngh. Khang An mun ging ha vi Ty Sn, bn mi vua Chiu Thng v Qu Lm. By gi nhng quan cu thn nh L l: Hong thc L Duy n, inh Nh Hnh, inh Lnh Dn, Trn Huy Lm, L Don, L Dnh, Phan Khi c, B Nguyn Cung, B Nguyn Don, u lc tc sang theo vua Chiu Thng, vo ra mt Khang An. Khang An dng inh Nh Hnh lm chc th b Ton Chu, Phan Khi c lm chc t Liu Chu, cn th ty tin an tr mi ngi mt ni. Duy ch c L Duy n, Trn Huy Lm, L Don, L Dnh v Qu Lm theo vua nh L. n thng t nm k du (1789), vua ti nh L vo thnh Qu Lm, Khang An ni thc ra bo vi vua Chiu Thng rng: Tri ang ma h nng nng, sang nh phng nam khng tin, nn n ma thu mt m s khi binh. Vy nh vua nn ging gi dn bn tng thuc i trc. Nhng nh vua hy nn gt u thay o, lm nh dng ngi Tu, khi v nc, gic khng nhn c mt. Vic hnh binh phi nn bin tr, i khi thnh cng ri li theo tc nc m n mc. Vua Chiu Thng khng ng l Khang An nh la mnh, bn cng vi cc quan co u gic tc v i y phc. Phc Khang An bn lm mt t biu tu vi vua nh Thanh rng: "Vua nc Nam l L Duy K khng c xin vin binh na, vua ti hin gic tc, thay o, xin yn tm li nc Tu. Vy xin bi binh nh An Nam". trong li c Ha Thn tn thnh, bi vy vua nh Thanh mi xung ch bi binh. Vua nh Thanh nghe li bn Phc Khang An v Ha Thn, v phong vng cho vua Quang Trung ri, li ging ch triu vua ti nh L v Yn Kinh130.

6. Vua Chiu Thng Nh L b nhc bn Tu.

128 Phc Khang An l ngi Mn Chu, thuc v dinh Hong K, vn l ngi tn dng ca vua nh Thanh. 129 Ha Thn cng l ngi Mn Chu v dinh Hong K, cng vi Phc Khang An coi vic phin vin.

Bn L Qunh, Trnh Hin c thy n 10 ngi sau cng b Phc Khang An gi v Qung Ty, ri bt i o gic tc nh mi ngi. L Qunh ni rng: "ng cho gi chng ti n chng bn c iu g, li d chng ti i o, gic tc, y l ngha g? u chng ti c th cht c, ch tc khng gic, da c th lt c, ch o khng i!". Phc Khang An tc gin cho gii v c Yn Kinh, i n Sn ng gp vua Cn Long i chi, vua i vo hi sao vua An Nam chu i o gic tc theo nh Thanh m bn y li cn khng chu ? L Qunh tu rng: " Chng ti mun dm tng vong, xin c theo tc bn quc vo ra mt quc vng, ri sau s vng ch" Vua nh Thanh khen l trung. Nhng v sau L Qunh khng chu gic tc, chiu ti vi mnh phi giam mi.

130

156

Ma xun nm canh tut (1790), vua Chiu Thng cng vi cc quan tng vong vo kinh. Vua Cn Long vua Chiu Thng, b Thi Hu v Hong T ng H ng, Ta Quc T Gim, ca Ty nh Yn Kinh, ngoi ca ch "Ty An Nam Dinh". Cn cc quan An Nam i theo, th cho ng H ng, ca ng Trc, ngoi ca ch: "ng An Nam Dinh". Vua Chiu Thng n Yn Kinh c my hm, th thy quan Thng Nhng Hong K l Kim Gin phng ch vua nh Thanh ra phong cho chc T Lnh, v ban cho o mo quan tam phm. Cn cc quan i theo th cp cho mi ngi ba lng bc v mt thch go. Vua Chiu Thng gin v b ngi Tu nh la, bn cng vi b ti l bn Phm Nh Tng, Hong ch Hin, L Hn, Nguyn Quc ng, Nguyn Vit Triu, L Qu Thch, Nguyn nh Min, L Vn Trng, L Tng, L Thc ung mu n th, nh sng cht th no th cng dng biu xin binh cu vin. Nu khng cho th xin t hai tnh Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn phng th tng t; m khng na, th xin cho v nc vo t Gia nh vi cha Nguyn vic khi phc. Vn biu lm xong, n ni lt trc vi Kim Gin, Kim Gin khng nghe, vua ti nh L phc xung t m ku khc. Kim Ging bt c d mi vo an i, ri ni rng: hy xin v qun ngh ngi, i thng lng th no, sau s cho bit. Kim Gin bn mu vi Ha Thn phn tr vua ti An Nam i mi ngi mt ni, cho khi ku ca kh chu. n thng t nm tn hi (1791) Hong ch HIu phi y sang I-l (thuc Hi-b Ty-vc, pha Ty nc Tu); L Hn y i Phng Thin (Mn Chu); Phm Nh Tng y ln Hc Long Giang (Mn Chu); Nguyn Vit Triu, L Qu Thch, Nguyn nh Min, m Thn Xng, L Vn Trng y ra bn Trng-gia Nhit-h (thuc tnh Trc-l). Ch Phm nh Thin, inh Nh Hnh li hu h vua L. Vua Chiu Thng nghe chuyn y lo lng chua xt, rut nng nh la t, sng hm sau ci nga nh Kim Gin, ku oan cho my ngi phi i y, gp Kim Gin vo chu vua nh Thanh vn Vin Minh, vua Chiu Thng i vo ca vng, b lnh gi vng ngn cm khng cho i. By gi c Nguyn Vn Quyn i theo hu vua, thy l lnh v l, mi ni gin ln m chi mng rng: "L ch Ng kia sao chng bay c lm nhc 157

n vua tao!" Ri ly gch nm vo chng n. Chng n xm nhau li nh Vn Quyn v thnh bnh m cht. T vua Chiu Thng trong bng bun b ru r, khng dm ni n vic xin binh na. Qua thng nm nm nhm t (1792) hong t ln u mt. Vua nhn dp phi bnh mt ngy mt nng, n thng mi nm qu su (1793) th mt, th c 28 tui. Vua nh Thanh sai theo l tc cng m tng ngoi ca ng Trc. Thng 11 nm k mi (1799) i vua Gia Khnh th b Hong Thi Hu mt. n nm nhm tut (1802) nhn khi bn Vit Nam ta vua Th T nh Nguyn thng nht c nam bc, v c s ta sang cu phong, cc quan nh L mi nhn dp dng biu xin em ma Thi Hu v C Qun v nc. Vua Gia Khnh cho tt c nhng ngi Vit Nam theo vua L sang Tu v nc. S chp rng khi o t ln ci tng m C Qun, th thy da tht tiu c, ch cn c qu tim khng nt, vn nh thng. Ai trng thy cng ng lng thng xt. Du chuyn thc h th no mc lng, nhng tng n tnh cnh vua Chiu Thng lc by gi, th ai cng i ngi thay cho ng vua mt nc, phi y a n ni nh th, c th lm c mt bi bi kch thm xt mun i. Tuy rng ti vua ti nh L vng tnh cho nn b ngi ta nh la, nhng cng nn trnh vua quan nh Thanh x t, bc i mt ng vua vong quc, em thn n nng nh nc mnh. y cng l mt thi d man v i p ch, khin cho ci oan kh ca ngi ta mun i v sau khng tiu thot i c. Khi em ma b Thi Hu v vua Chiu Thng v n Vit Nam th b Hong Phi trc phi n np t Kinh Bc, nay ln n i quan n rc, ri v n Thng Long cng nhn n m t t. Ngy 24 thng 11, rc ma C qun, Thi Hu, Hong Phi v Hong t v tng lng Bn Thch Thanh Ha. Vua Quang Trung nh Nguyn Ty Sn l ng vua anh dng, ly v lc m dng nghip, nhng ngi c lng, rt am hiu vic tr nc, bit trng nhng ngi hin ti vn hc. Khi ngi ra ly Bc h, nhng ngi nh Ng Th Nhim, Phan Huy ch u

7. c Vua Quang Trung.

c trng dng v nht l i vi mt ngi x s nh Nguyn Thip th tht l khc thng. ng Nguyn Thip, t l Khi Chuyn, hiu l Nguyt c, bit hiu l Hnh Am. ng lm nh Lc Nin Thnh, thuc huyn La Sn, tnh H Tnh by gi, cho nn ngi ta gi l Lc Nin tin sinh hay l La sn phu t. Vua Quang Trung t khi em qun ra nh Bc h, bit ting Nguyn Thip, my ln cho ngi em l vt mi ng ra gip, ng khng nhn l v cng t chi khng ra. n khi ngi ng cc, li my ln cho ngi n mi ng, ng c n bi yt v khuyn vua nn ly nhn ngha m tr dn tr nc, ri li xin v. Vua Quang Trung tuy khng dng c ng, nhng bao gi cng tn knh ng nh bc thy, v vic chnh tr trong nc thng theo ngha ca ng trnh by. Vua Quang Trung tuy th phong nh Thanh, nhng vn t x theo cch Hong , lp b Ngc Hn con vua Hin Tng nh L lm Bc Cung Hong Hu, lp con l Quang Ton lm Thi T. Li ly thnh Ngh An l t gia nc v li l t t khi xa , mi sai th thuyn ti vn , g, gch, ngi, sa sang n i cung in, v sai qun cc o o ly ong xy ni thnh, gi l Phng Hong Trung . Ci thnh Thng Long l Bc Thnh, chia t Sn Nam ra lm hai trn, gi l Sn Nam Thng, Sn Nam H131. Mi trn t quan trn th v quan hip trn. Mi huyn, vn th t chc phn tri xt vic kin co, v th t chc phn sut coi vic binh lng.

10. Vic inh in. inh th chia ra lm ba hng: t 2 tui n 17 tui lm hn "v cp cch"; t 18 n 55 tui lm trng hng; t 56 n 60 tui lm lo hng; t 61 tr ln lm lo nhiu.
Rung cng chia ra lm ba hng: nht ng in mi mu phi np 150 bt thc, nh ng in mi mu 80 bt, tam ng in mi mu 50 bt. Li thu tin thp vt, mi mu mt tin v tin khon kh mi mu 50 ng. Rung t in cng nh thu: nht ng in mi mu np 40 bt thc, nh ng in mi mu 30 bt, tam ng in mi mu 20 bt. Tin thp vt cng theo nh rung cng in, cn tin khon kh th mi mu phi np 30 ng.

8. Chnh Tr ca vua Quang Trung.

11. Vic Hc Hnh.

i Ty Sn vic cai tr thng hay dng ch nm. Nh vua mun rng ngi Vit Nam th phi dng ting Vit Nam, gy thnh ci tinh thn ca nc nh, v ci vn chng c bit, khng phi i mn ting mn ch ca nc Tu. Vy nn khi thi c thng bt quan ra bi ch nm v bt s t lm bi bng ch nm. Thi by gi nhiu ngi khng hiu r ci ngha su x y, cho l vua Ty Sn dng h chnh m c hip nhn dn.

9. Quan Ch. Quan Ch thi by gi th khng thy s chp r, nhng xem cc d s th thy c tam co6ng, tam thiu, c i chng t, i t , i t khu, i t m, i t khng, i t ci, i t l, Thi y, i tng qun, i ng l, i c, i h, v.v... Li c Trung th snh, Trung th lnh, i hc s, Hip bin i hc s, Th trung ng s, Lc b thng th, T hu ng ngh, T hu phng ngh, Th lang, T v, Hn lm, v.v....
V ng qun binh th t ra tin qun, hu qun, trung qun, t qun, hu qun, v.v...

Vua Quang Trung thy lng no cng c cha chin, m nhng ngi i tu hnh th ngu dt, khng my ngi t c ci o cao su ca Pht, ch mn ting thn thnh m nh la k ngu dn, ngi xung chiu bt b nhng cha nh cc lng, em g gch lm mi ph mi huyn mt ci cha tht to, rt p, ri chn ly nhng tng nhn c hc thc, c o c, coi cha th Pht. Cn nhng ngi khng xng ng th bt v lm n. vua Quang Trung mun rng ch th Pht phi cho tn nghim, m nhng ngi i tu hnh th phi l ngi chn tu m o mi c. Nhng vic ci cch y rt c ngha l, nhng v tha y c nhiu s chin tranh, v nh Ty Sn cng khng lm vua c bao lu, cho nn thnh ra khng c cng hiu g c.

12. Vic Lm Cha Chin.

131

Trn l Sn Nam Thng Chu Cu, trn l Sn Nam H V Hong.

13. Vic nh nh Tu. Trc vua Quang Trung cu ha vi nc Tu v chu phong l ct i ngy c sc m nh bo th, cho nn t khi trong nc dp yn ri, ngy m tr tnh vic nh Tu. nh thn ai cng bn nn xt s dn inh cho ch thc kn ly lnh. Vua bn xung lnh cho cc trn bt dn x lm li s inh, ai ai cng phi bin vo s, ri cp cho mi ngi mt ci th bi, khc bn ch "Thin H
158

i Tnh", chung quanh ghi tn h qu qun, v phi im ch lm tin. Ngi no cng phi eo th y gi l tn bi. Ai khng c th l dn lu, bt sung vo qun phng, v bt ti tng trng, x trng. Nhn c vic y, nhng k li dch hip vi x trng i li lm by: thng vo lng vy bt hi th, lm cho dn gian nhiu ng, nhiu ngi phi trn vo rng m . S inh lm xong ri c ba tn inh kn ly mt ngi lnh. Qun th chia ra lm o, c, i. o th thng cc c, c th thng cc i. C i no theo v c i y, bt phi din tp lun lun. By gi bn Tu c nhng gic Tu , quy nhiu min b b qun nh Thanh nh ui, chy sang xin ph thuc nc ta, vua Quang Trung cho ngi tng Tu- lm chc tng binh, sai sang quy nhiu mt b nc Tu. Li c ngi thuc v ng Thin a Hi lm gic T Xuyn, vua cng thu dng cho lm tng. Cng vic xp t u vo y ri, n nm nhm t (1792) vua Quang Trung sai s sang Tu, xin cu hn v xin tr li cho Vit Nam t Lng Qung. Vic y tuy khng phi l bn nhng mun mn chuyn th vua nh Thanh. Khng ng vua Quang Trung phi bnh mt, cc quan dm vic cu hn v vic xin tr t i, khng cho Thanh triu bit. Vua Quang Trung mt nm nhm t (1792), lm vua c 4 nm, th c 40 tui, miu hiu l Thi T V Hong . Triu thn by gi l Bi c Tuyn, Trn Quang Diu132, V Vn Dng lp thi t l Nguyn Quang Ton ln ni ngi lm vua, ri sai s sang Tu dng biu co tang v cu phong. Trong biu ni di rng khi vua Quang Trung mt c dn li rng phi em chn Ty H gn Bc Thnh, t ci bng quyn luyn trng v Thin triu. Vua nh Thanh xem biu tng l tht, khen l trung, t tn thy cho l Trung Thun, lai ng ch mt bi th sang ving, sai quan n st Qung Ty l Thnh Lm sang t, v phongcho Quang Ton lm An Nam Quc Vng. Trong bi vn t c cu rng: Chu ng Nam cc, Lng trung ngha ht o th vua Chn t Ty h
132

Ngha thn t vn cn mn cha.

15. Vua Cnh Thnh (1782-1802). Khi vua Quang Trung mt th Thi T l Nguyn Quang Ton mi ln 10 tui, triu nh tn ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Cnh Thnh, sau thnh Ph Xun tht th, vua ti nh Ty Sn chy ra Bc h li i nin hiu l Bo Hng.
Vua Cnh Thnh tuy ln ngi nhng m vic g cng do thi s l Bi c Tuyn quyt on c. Bi c Tuyn l anh rut b Thi Hu, cho nn uy quyn li cng hng hch lm. Cc quan vn v c nhiu ngi khng phc, bi vy cho nn v sau trong Triu phn ra b ng; cc i thn git hi ln nhau. V li lc by gi c vua Th T Cao Hong nh Nguyn l mt bc c ti tr, quyt ch phc th, cho nn c nghip nh Ty Sn khng c bao lu m nt vy.

14. Vua Quang Trung mt.

C sch chp l Nguyn Quang Diu.

159

CHNG XII

thuyn, ngi th i ln v Gia nh, chiu tp nhng k ngh dng i ngy khi phc. Lc by gi nhn c qun Din in sang nh Tim La, Nguyn Vng cng vi bn L Vn Cu, Nguyn Vn Thnh em qun bn b i nh gip nc Tim. Nguyn Vng li c cng tr c nhng gic M Lai thng vn hay n quy nhiu mt b. Bi vy cho nn nc Tim li cng trng i vua ti nh Nguyn. Trong khi Nguyn Vng cn phi nng nu t Tim La, ng Nguyn Hu tin binh ra Bc H git Trnh Khi, tn vua L, ri v c phong l Bc Bnh Vng, ng Ph Xun. ng Nguyn Nhc xng l Trung ng Hong , phong cho Nguyn L lm ng nh Vng vo gi t Gia nh. Nhng chng c bao lu, Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu khng ha vi nhau. Nguyn Nhc em qun Ph Xun vo vy thnh Quy Nhn nguy cp lm. Nguyn Nhc phi vi c ng Vn Chn em qun Gia nh ra cu. T qun th ca Ty Sn Gia nh km, cc ni li c nhiu ng theo v cha Nguyn, ri ni ln nh ph, lm cho qun Ty Sn cng ngy cng kh gi. V trong my anh em Ty Sn ch c Nguyn Hu l anh hng kit hit hn c, m ra chuyn gi mt bc, th cng vic mt nam ph mc Nguyn L l ngi tm thng, cho nn th Ty Sn mt y thnh ra suy nhc. Lc by gi Nguyn Vng Tim La vn c ngi i v tin tc, bit c c hi ly c t Gia nh, m cng bit rng ngi Tim La vn khng gip c cho mnh li cn c bng ghen ght: nh nm inh mi (1787) c ngi B o Nha a quc th cho Nguyn Vng xin em binh v thuyn thnh Goa134 li gip. Vua Tim La bit vic y lm khng bng lng, Nguyn Vng phi t chi v t n ngi B o Nha. n khi c tin rng t Gia nh c th ly c, Vng bn th li t t vua Tim La, ri na m em vng mu v cung quyn xung thuyn v nc. By gi l thng by nm inh mi (1787). Nguyn Vng i qua o C ct c ngi nh Thanh tn l H H Vn thuc v Thin a Hi em my ngi n xin theo gip. Vng v
134

Nguyn Vng Nht Thng Nc Nam

11. Nguyn Vng nh Tim La 12. Nguyn Vng v ly Gia nh 13. Nguyn Vng sa sang mi vic Gia nh 14. Vic khai khn in th 15. Vic bun bn 16. ng B a Lc v Hong T Cnh Php v 17. Nguyn Vng nh Quy Nhn ln th nht 18. Th lc Ty Sn 19. Nguyn Vng nh Quy Nhn ln th hai 20. Nguyn Vng nh Quy Nhn ln th nht 21. Qun Ty Sn vy thnh Bnh nh 22. Nguyn Vng thu phc Ph Xun 23. V Tnh t tit 24. Nguyn Vng ln ngi tn 25. Qun Nam ra ly bc h
Thng t nm t t (1785), ng Nguyn Hu ph qun Tim La M tho, Nguyn Vng th c, li phi sang nng nh nc Tim. n khi cc tng s bit ngi Tim La, u lc tc ko sang bi yt, by gi c quan c l L Vn Cu (cn gi Qun hay Dun) em 600 ngi sang theo gip. Vua nc Tim cho ngi Vit Nam ring mt ch gi l Long K, ngoi thnh Vng Cc (Bangkok)133. Nguyn Vng bn phn tr mi ngi i lm cc vic: ngi th i lm rung ly thc go nui qun, ngi th i ra cc o lm sng chin

2. Nguyn Vng V Ly Gia nh.

1. Nguyn Vng nh Tim La.

133

Nay Bangkok c mt ch gi l lng Gia Long tc l ch Nguyn Vng ngy trc.

t thuc a ca B o Nha n

160

n H Tin cho ngi a vng mu v cung quyn ra Ph Quc, ri cng mi ngi v ng Long Xuyn. Lc by gi Nguyn Vng i n u, nhng ngi ho kit ra theo rt nhiu li c tng Ty Sn l Nguyn Vn Trng em 300 qun, 15 chic thuyn ra hng. Qua thng 6, vng vo ca Cn Gi, qun th to lm, ng nh Vng Nguyn L khip s quan thi ph Phm Vn Tham li gi thnh Si Gn ri lui v ng Lng Ph, thuc Bin Ha. Nguyn Vng sai ngi tr lm mt ci th ca Nguyn Nhc gI cho Nguyn L, trong th bo phi git Phm Vn Tham i, ri vng sai ngi gi tng a lm cho Phm Vn Tham, Phm Vn Tham bt c ci th y s hi, lp tc v Lng Ph phn gii tnh oan vi Nguyn L, nhng Nguyn L thy t nhin Phm Vn Tham ko qun n, li c c trng i trc, tng l Vn Tham hng nh Nguyn ri, vi vng b thnh chy v Quy Nhn, c t lu th mt. Phm Vn Tham tr v gi thnh Gia nh nh ph c qun nh Nguyn. Nguyn Vng phi rt qun v min M Tho, ch cn c 300 qun v vi mi chic thuyn, th lc nng lm. Nhng nh c m thm c my nghn qun Cao Min v li c my ton qun Ty Sn v hng, cho nn qun th mi hi vng. By gi li nh c V Tnh l tng gii ra gip, cho nn Nguyn Vng li tin ln nh Nc Xoy, Phm Vn Tham li v ng Ba Thc. V Tnh l ngi Bin Ha, c ngi anh tn l V Nhn lm thuc tng Thanh Nhn. Sau Thanh Nhn b git, V Nhn t qun ng Sn lm phn, nh li cha Nguyn, nhng chng bao lu cng b bt, phi git. V Tnh mi em d ng ng Sn ca anh v gi Vn Tru (thuc Gia nh), ri sau li v ng G Cng, xng l Tng Nhung, th h c my vn ngi, qun Ty Sn b nh ph nhiu ln, thng ni rng: "Trong bn tam hng t Gia nh, V Tnh l anh hng bc nht, khng nn phm n". Khi Nguyn Vng Tim La v c sai Nguyn c Xuyn n d V Tnh v gip. n khi Nguyn Vng v ng Nc Xoy, V Tnh em b h i ui nh Phm Vn Tham, ri n thng t nm mu thn (1788) mi em V Vn Lng, Nguyn Vn Hiu, Mc Vn T, Trn Vn Tn n hnh ti bi kin Nguyn Vng. Nguyn Vng mng r, phong cho lm Tin Phong Dinh Chng C v li g cho b Ngc Du Cng Cha l em gi. Bn V Vn Lng u c phong lm cai c.

Qua thng 7 nm y (1788) Nguyn Vng em qun v ng Ba Ging, ri sai Tn Tht Hi v V Tnh em binh vo nh quan c chin Ty Sn l L Vn Minh n Ng Kiu, t ph c n tri, bt c tng s rt nhiu. Li c tng l Nguyn Vn Ngha ph c qun Ty Sn Lc D (tc l ng Nai). Thng tm th Nguyn Vng vo thnh Gia nh, chiu yn trm h, sa sang php tc v phong thng cho cc tng s. By gi quan thi bo Ty Sn l Phm Vn Tham vn ng Ba Thc; vng sai gi cc ca b khng cho qun Ty Sn chy thot, ri sai Nguyn Vn Nhn sang Tim La bo tip; sai Nguyn Vn Nhn v Trng Phc Gio ra Ph Quc n vng mu v cung quyn v Gia nh. Sang nm k du (1789) Phm Vn Tham Ba Thc em binh xung thuyn nh ra b v Quy Nhn, nhng Nguyn Vng sai L Vn Cu (cn gi Dun), Tn Tht Hi, V Tnh, Nguyn Vn Trng hp binh li nh H Chu, qun Phm Vn Tham khng ph c vy, li phi lui v Ba Thc. Vn Tham ch khng thy vin binh, liu th gi khng ni, bn em binh ra hng, c t lu b ti phi git. T ton t Gia nh thuc v cha Nguyn c. Nguyn Vng thu phc c t Gia nh ri, lp ra lut php, khNg cho dn gian nh c bc, li nghim cm ph thy v ng bng gi phong tc cho khi s m hoc. Trc ht vng lo chnh n nhng vic thu kha, vic canh nng, ly lng tin nui tng s v tu b vic v b. Li t ra cc s cng ng cc quan vn v hi ngh mi vic quc qun, v lo s tin binh nh Ty Sn.

3. Nguyn Vng Sa Sang Mi Vic Gia nh.

4. Vic Khai Khn in Th. t Gia nh lc by gi chi ra lm 4 doanh l: Phin Trn, Trn Bin, Trn Vnh, v Trn nh, nhng v phi lon lc mi, dn s i kh, rung t b hoang, lng thc khng . Nguyn Vng bn sai vn thn l Trnh Hoi c, L Quang nh, Ng Tng Chu, Hong Minh Khnh c thy l 12 ngi lm in tun quan khuyn nh qun dn c sc lm rung. T lnh ph binh cho n ngi cng c u bt phi lm rung c. H ai khng chu th bt phi lm lnh thay cho ph binh.

161

n ma la chn, th c mi ngi cy rung ng bng phi np 100 c135, m ai cy rung ni th phi np 60 c tr ln. Ai np l y, nh ph binh th c min cho mt nm khng phi i nh gic, m dn inh th c min cho mt nm giao dch. Ai khng np th khng c d vo l min y. Li m nhng dn cc ni n lm rung, gi l in tt. Quan in tun ly rung t b hoang cp cho cy cy. Ai khng c tru b m cy ba, th quan cng cp cho, ri n ma phi tr bng thc. Nguyn Vng li pht tru b v in kh cho qun dn, bt i khai khn nhng ni rng ni lm rung gi l n in, ri n ma ly thc vo kho, gi l n in kh. Cc quan vn v u phi m ngi lp thnh i, gi l n in i, mi nm mi ngi phi np 6 hc thc. Cn dn m ai m c 10 ngi tr ln, th cho lm cai tri v c tr su tch. Cch Nguyn Vng khai khn t Gia nh tht l khn kho, khin cho t Nam Vit trc l mt ch t b hoang, khng c ngi , m sau thnh ra mt ni rt ng ngi v rt tr ph trong nc Nam ta. y cng l mt ci cng ln ca ng Nguyn Phc nh vy. Nguyn Vng lp l: phm nhng thuyn ca khc m c ch nhng gang, st, km v lu hong, th quan mua lm binh kh, v cho c theo s hng nhiu t, c ch thc go v nc. Bi vy nhng khch bun bn cng vui lng em hng n bn. Vng li sai quan doanh Trn Bin c theo gi ch m mua ly ng ct i cho nhng ngi Ty Dng m ly binh kh.

ngoi giao b l De Montmorin B Tc, thng ngh vi ng B a Lc vic sang gip Nguyn Vng. n ngy 28 thng 11 nm 1787 th ng B a Lc v De Montmorin b tc k t giao c, i lc ni rng: 1. Vua nc Php thun gip cho Nguyn Vng 4 chic tu chin v mt o binh: 1.200 lc qun, 200 pho binh, 250 hc binh Phi Chu (Cafres) v cc th sng ng thuc n. 2. V vua nc Php c lng gip nh th, Nguyn Vng phi nhng t cho nc Php ca Hi An (Faifo) v o Cn Ln (Poulo-Condore). 3. Nguyn Vng phi cho ngi nc Php ra vo bun bn t do trong nc, ngoi gi khng cho ngi nc no u Chu sang bun bn nc Nam na. 4. Khi no nc Php c cn n lnh thy, lnh b, lng thc, tu b phng ng, th Nguyn Vng phi ng bin cho gip nc Php. 5. Khi Nguyn Vng khi phc c nc ri, th phi c mi nm lm mt chic tu, y nh tu ca nc Phm cho sang gip, em sang tr cho Php Hong136. T giao c k xong ri, Php Hong xung chiu giao cho quan tng trn thnh Pondichry t n , tn l De Conway b tc, kinh l vic sang gip Nguyn Vng. Ngy mng 8 thng chp ty, nm 1787, ng B a Lc vo bi t Php Hong Louis XVI, ri em Hong T Cnh xung tu v nc Nam. Nhng n khi sang ti thnh Pondichry, v De Conway b tc c chuyn bt ha vi ng B a Lc, cho nn b tc mi tm cch ngn tr vic gip Nguyn Vng, ri lm s v tu Php Hong xin bi vic y i, ly c rng s em binh sang cu vin Nguyn Vng l vic rt kh m khng c li g. Php nh thy s ca De Conway b tc ni nh vy cng ly lm nn; v li lc by gi chnh ph cn ang bi ri v vic trong nc dn cch mnh rc rch c mi ni, cho nn b vic y khng ni n na. y cng v c De Conway b tc, cho nn vic sang cu vin Nguyn Vng khng thnh, bi vy sau ng Faure chp truyn ng B a
136

5. Vic Bun Bn.

6. ng B a Lc v Hong T Cnh Php v.

T ma ng nm gip thn (1784), ng B a Lc em Hong T Cnh cng vi Phm Vn Nhn, Nguyn Vn Khim xung tu sang Ty; i qua n Dng v thnh Phong ti th ri (Pondichry) t n , li gn 20 thng, ri n ma xun nm inh mi (1787), th chic tu ch ng B a Lc mi vo ca Lorient pha ty nc Php Lan Ty. ng B a Lc a Hong T Cnh vo yt kin Php Hong Louis XVI. Php Hong ly vng l tip i Hong T, v giao cho thng th

135

Mi mt c l 42 bt.

T giao c ny hin cn Ngoi Giao B Paris, v bin r sch ng Gosselin.

162

Lc, c tic rng: "V bng lc by gi chnh ph nc Phm m sn lng gip ng B a Lc, th c l ng y lp nn cho nc Php thnh cuc bo h An Nam ngay t cui i thp bt th k, khin cho v sau khi phi dng n s chin tranh mi xong cng vic". ng B a Lc thy De Conway b tc khng chu xut binh thuyn, bn ng ln i m ngi, mua tu v sng ng kh gii em sang gip Nguyn Vng. n thng 6 nm k du (1789), ng B a Lc v hong t Cnh i chic tu chin Mduse v n Gia nh. Cc tu bun ch sng ng thuc n cng lc tc sang sau. By gi nhng ngi Php tn l Chaigneau (Nguyn Vn Thng), tc l cha tu Long, Vannnier, (Nguyn Vn Chn), tc l cha tu Phng, De Forcant (L Vn Lng), Victor Ollivier (ng Tn), Dayot v.v... c thy n non 20 ngi theo ng B a Lc sang gip Nguyn Vng; vng phong quan tc cho c mi ngi luyn tp qun s, lm tu, c sng, v chnh n mi vic v b. T , th lc ca Nguyn Vng mi ngy mt mnh, tng t mi ngy mt ng, lng thc nhiu, qun s gii, vic nh ph Ty Sn chc lm ri. Thng t nm tn hi (1791), b th phi sinh ra hong t th t ln l m, tc l vua Thnh T lng Tn Lc, gn Si Gn by gi. n thng ba nm qu su (1793), th vng lp hong t Cnh lm ng Cung, phong chc nguyn sy, lnh t qun doanh.

L Vn Cu ly iu bi binh y lm thn, xng bnh khng ra coi vic binh na. n khi v Gia nh ngh ti phi cch ht chc tc, L Vn Cu ung thuc c t t137. Qun nh Nguyn ra nh Ty Sn ln y khng li; v by gi l ma thng 7, gi bc thi mnh, cho nn Nguyn Vng truyn rt qun v Gia nh i ma gi thun th mi em qun i nh nhau, cho nn ngi i by gi gi l gic ma. Nm nhm t (1792) thng ba, nhn khi ma gi nam thi mnh, Nguyn Vng sai tng l Nguyn Vn Trng cng vi Nguyn Vn Thnh, Dayot v Vannier (Nguyn Vn Chn) em chin thuyn t ca Cn Gi ra t ph thy tri ca Ty Sn ca Th Ni (ca Quy Nhn) ri li v. Thng ba nm qu su (1793) Nguyn Vng ng Cung li gi t Gia nh, sai Tn Tht Hi cng Nguyn Hunh c v Nguyn Vn Thnh em b binh ra nh Phan R. Nguyn Vng cng vi Nguyn Vn Trng v V Tnh em thy s i nh mt b. n thng nm th chin thuyn ca Nguyn Vng vo ca b Nha Trang ri ln nh ly ph Din Khnh v ph Bnh Khang, sau li ra nh ly ph Ph Yn. Mt thy, Nguyn Vng c ton thng, cn mt b, th Tn Tht Hi ch ly c ph Bnh Thun m thi. Vng bn sai ngi a th gic Tn Tht Hi phi kp tin binh ln hi vi thy s, hai mt cng ra nh Quy Nhn. Khi qun ca Nguyn Vng vo ca Th Ni, vua Ty Sn l Nguyn Nhc sai thi t l Nguyn Bi, em binh ra chng gi. Nguyn Vng bn mt sai V Tnh em binh ln i hi vi ton qun Tn Tht Hi v Nguyn Vn Thnh nh tp hu. Qun ca Nguyn Bo b hai mt nh li, chng khng ni, phi b chy v Quy Nhn. T qun thy v qun b ca Nguyn Vng tng thng c vi nhau. Vng bn sai Tn Tht Hi, V Tnh, Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn Vn Thnh em binh tin ln nh thnh Quy Nhn. Nguyn Nhc phi sai ngi ra cu cu Ph Xun. By gi vua Quang Trung mt ri, vua Cnh Thnh, tc l Nguyn Quang Ton, sai quan thi y l Phm Cng Hng, quan h gi l Nguyn
137 L Vn Cu l mt ngi cng thn theo ph Nguyn ch trong lc gian nan, nay cng bt c k t.

7. Nguyn Vng nh Quy Nhn Ln Th Nht.

Nguyn Vng khi phc c t Gia nh ri, ngh ngi hn mt nm chnh n mi vic. n thng t nm canh tun (1790) mi sai quan chng tin qun l L Vn Cu em 5.000 qun thy v qun b ra nh ly Bnh Thun, sai V Tnh v Nguyn Vn Thnh em qun i lm tin phong. Chng bao lu nh Nguyn ly c t Phan R v h c thnh Bnh Thun. Nhng v L Vn Cu v V Tnh hai ngi khng chu nhau, Nguyn Vng bn lu L Vn Cu li gi Phan R, triu V Tnh v Nguyn Vn Thnh v Gia nh. L Vn Cu em qun ra ng Phan Rang b qun Ty Sn n vy nh, phi cho ngi i gi V Tnh v Nguyn Vn Thnh tr li cu, nhng V Tnh khng chu tr li, ch c Nguyn Vn Thnh a binh n nh gii vy ri cng L Vn Cu v gi Phan R. 163

Vn Hun, quan i t l l L Trung v quan i t m l Ng Vn S em 17.000 b binh v 80 con voi i ng b, v sai quan i thng lnh l ng Vn Chn em hn 30 chic thuyn i ng b, c hai o cng tin vo cu Quy Nhn. Nguyn Vng thy vin binh n, liu th chng khng ni, rt qun v Din Khnh (tc l Khnh Ha by gi) ri v Gia nh. Nguyn Vn Thnh li gi Din Khnh, Nguyn Hunh c li gi Bnh Thun. n thng 11, Nguyn Vng li sai ng Cung Cnh v ng B a Lc, Phm Vn Nhn, Tng Phc Kh ra gi thnh Din Khnh.

Nguyn t khi vua Quang Trung mt ri, vua Cnh Thnh ln ngi, nhng quyn v c Thi s Bi c Tuyn, cc quan c nhiu ngi on gin. Nm t mo (1795) Bi c Tuyn sai Ng Vn S ra Bc h thay cho V Vn Dng. Vn Dng v Ph Xun, i n trm Hong Giang138 gp quan trung th lnh l Trn Vn K phi ti y ra y. Vn K nhn ang cm tc Bi c Tuyn, bn xui V Vn Dng rng: "Thi s ngi trm c nhn thn, cho ai sng c sng, bt ai cht phi cht; nu m khng sm tr i, th ri c chuyn bt li cho nh nc. ng nn liu sm i". V Vn Dng xa nay vn tin trng Vn K, nay thy ni nh vy, bn nghe li y, v mu vi Phm Cng Hng v Nguyn Vn Hun, la n m em qun vy nh Bi c Tuyn bt b ngc, ri sai Nguyn Vn Hun vo Quy Nhn bt con c Tuyn l Bi c Tr, v cho ngi a th ra Bc H truyn cho quan tit cht l Nguyn Quang Thy (em Nguyn Quang Ton) bt gii Ng Vn S v Ph Xun. Bn V Vn Dng bn t chuyn ra vu cho nhNg ngi y lm phn, em dm xung sng git i. Vua Cnh Thnh khng sao ngn gi c, ch gt nc mt khc thm m thi. Lc by gi Trn Quang Diu ang vy thnh Din Khnh, nghe tin y, tht kinh, ni vi cc tng rng: "Cha thng khng phi l ngi cng ci, cho i thn git ln nhau. Nu trong m khng yn, th ngoi nh ngi ta th no c?" Quang Diu bn gii vy rt qun v. Khi v n Quy Nhn, Nguyn Vn Hun n t ti trc. Trn Quang Diu khng hi n, ri dn qun v n lng An cu ng bn b sng m nam. V Vn Dng cng vi ni hu T cng em qun bn b ra ng m bc b sng, mnh vua ra c nhau vi Trn Quang Diu. Vua Cnh Thnh s hi sai quan ra khuyn gii c hai bn, Trn Quang Diu mi em cc tng vo chu, ri vi bn V Vn Dng ging ha. T Trn Quang Diu lm thiu ph, Nguyn Vn Hun lm thiu bo, V Vn Dng lm i t , Nguyn Vn Danh (hay l Nguyn Vn T) lm i t m, gi l t tr i thn. Nhng chng c bao lu c ngi
138

8. Th Lc Ty Sn. Bn Phm Cng Hng gii c vy ri, ko qun vo thnh Quy Nhn, chim gi ly thnh tr v tch bin c cc kho tng.
Nguyn Nhc thy vy, tc gin n nI th huyt ra m cht. ng lm vua c 16 nm. Vua Cnh Thnh Ph Xun thy Nguyn Nhc mt ri, phong cho Nguyn Bo lm Hin Cng, cho n lc mt huyn, gi l tiu triu ri L Trung v Nguyn Vn Hun li gi thnh Quy Nhn. T cc tng Ty Sn mi hot ng hn trc. Thng ba nm gip dn (1794) Nguyn Vn Hng em b binh vo nh Ph Yn, v Trn Quang Diu vo vy thnh Din Khnh. ng Cung Cnh cho ngi v Gia nh cu vin, NguyN Vng bn em i binh n nh gii vy. Trn Quang Diu rt qun v. Nguyn Vng thy th Ty Sn cn mnh v li n ma gi bc, cho nn vng em ng Cung v Gia nh; V Tnh li gi thnh Din Khnh. Thng ging nm t mo (1795) Trn Quang Diu li em qun vo nh Din Khnh, V Tnh ht sc chng gi, Quang Diu nh mi khng c. n thng hai, Nguyn Vng ng Cung li gi Gia nh, em thy s ra cu Din Khnh. Trong khi hai bn cn ang chng gi nhau t Din Khnh, th Ph Xun cc quan i thn nh Ty Sn git hi ln nhau, gy thnh mi lon. 164

C ni chp l trm Hn Xuyn

gim pha, Trn Quang Diu b thu ht c binh quyn, ch c gi chc ti triu m thi. Th lc Ty Sn t y v sau mi ngy mt km: trn vua th cn nh di, khng c uy quyn sai khin cc quan, di tng t th v lng ghen ght ri c tm cch m git hi ln nhau. Bi vy cho nn n khi qun Nguyn Vng Nam ra nh, chng phi mt bao nhiu cng phu m lp nn cng ln vy.

nghi k m git hi cc cng thn nh vy, bn b trn sang hng nh Nguyn. Nguyn Vng trng dng cho lm chc Tng Qun. Nguyn Vng thy th Ty Sn suy nhc, n thng ba nm k mi (1799) bn c i binh ra nh Quy Nhn. n thng t thy qun ca Nguyn Vng vo ca Th Ni, ri Nguyn Vng sai quan hu qun V Tnh, hu qun Nguyn Hunh c em qun ln b ng Trc Kh. Ngay lc by gi quan Khm sai tin qun chng c Nguyn Vn Thnh em b binh ra nh ly Ph Yn, ri tin qun ln tip ng cho ton qun V Tnh. n thng nm, th qun ca Nguyn Vng n vy thnh Quy Nhn. Ph Xun sai Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng m binh vo cu. Nhng m vo n Qung Ngha gp qun ca Nguyn Vn Thnh gi Thch Tn, cho nn khng cu c Quy Nhn. S chp rng khi o qun ca V Vn Dng vo n Chung X, ng li y, n m c con nai trong rng chy ra, c ngi trng thy ku to ln rng: Con nai! Qun Ty Sn nghe lm l qun ng Nai! Mi ngi lung cung b chy. Cc qun i Ty Sn tng l qun nh Nguyn vy nh, u v tan c. Qun nh Nguyn tha th nh ui, thnh ra qun Ty Sn thua to. Quan trn th Quy Nhn l L Vn Thanh khng thy vin binh n, m lng thc trong thnh th ht c, bn cng cc tng m ca ra hng. Nguyn Vng em qun vo thnh ri i tn Quy Nhn gi l Bnh nh. Vua Ty Sn c tin Quy Nhn tht th, lin c i binh vo ng Tr Khc (thuc Qung Ngha) c cc tng tin binh nh qun nh Nguyn. Nhng v phi tri ma gi, thy chin khng tin, cho nn cc quan u can xin rt qun v. Vua Cnh Thnh bn sai Nguyn Vn Gip li gi Tr Khc, sai Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng gi Qung Nam. Nguyn Vng cng em qun v Gia nh, V Tnh v Ng Tng Chu li gi thnh Bnh nh. Nm y (1899) ng B a Lc i tng chinh, mt ca Th Ni. Nguyn Vng em v hu tng Gia nh, tng phong lm Thi T Thi Ph Bi Nhu Qun Cng.

9. Nguyn Vng nh Quy Nhn Ln Th Hai. T khi qun ca Trn Quang Diu gii vy Din Khnh v Ph Xun ri, Nguyn Vng cng rt qun v Gia nh sa son vic qun lng, v sai ngi i do thm mi ni chiu m ngi v nh Ty Sn.
n nm inh t (1797) Nguyn Vng Tn Tht Hi li gi Gia nh, ri cng ng Cung Cnh em binh thuyn ra nh Quy Nhn. Li sai Nguyn Vn Thnh v V Tnh ra nh Ph Yn. Qun thy ca Nguyn Vng ra n Quy Nhn, thy Ty Sn phng b, liu nh khng c, Nguyn Vng bn ra nh Qung Nam. c vi thng qun nhu khng , li phi em qun v Gia nh, sai Nguyn Vn Thnh v ng Trn Thng li gi thnh Din Khnh. Nguyn Vng v Gia nh ri, mt mt sai Nguyn Vn Thy sang Tim La xin vi quc vng nc y em qun i ng Vn Tng, hoc sang nh Thun Ha, hoc sang nh Ngh An, chn ng qun Bc h vo. Mt mt sai quan binh b tham tri l Ng Nhn Tnh sang s nh Thanh, do thm mi vic. Nm mu ng (1798) Tiu triu l Nguyn Bo cm tc vua Cnh Thnh l Nguyn Quang Ton chim gi mt t Quy Nhn, bn nh b v hng Nguyn Triu. Vua Cnh Thnh bit mu y, sai tng vo bt Nguyn Bo a v dm xung sng git i. Li c ngi ni gim rng vic Tiu Triu lm phn l ti quan trn th L Trung. Vua Cnh Thnh triu L Trung v Ph Xun, sai v s bt chm i. c t lu quan thiu ph Nguyn Vn Hun cng b git. T qun Ty Sn ai cng nn lng, c nhiu ngi b theo v Nguyn Vng. By gi c ngi con r L Trung l L Cht vn l ngi nh trn gii c ting, quan lm n chc i c; n khi thy vua Ty Sn hay 165

10. Nguyn Vng nh Quy Nhn Ln Th Ba.

11. Qun Ty Sn Vy Thnh Bnh nh. Khi qun nh Nguyn ra vy nh thnh Quy Nhn, vua Ty Sn sai Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng em binh vo cu, nhng v qun cu Vn Dng khng nh

m tan, n ni bi binh. Vic y l ti Vn Dng, nhng nh c Quang Diu giu i, cho nn khng ai bit. Vn Dng cm n y, cho nn mi kt ngha sinh t vi Quang Diu. By gi Ph Xun c nhiu ngi ght Quang Diu, nhn dp y m ti cho Quang Diu, bn tu vua xin sai ngi a mt th ra cho V Vn Dng git Quang Diu. V Vn Dng tip c th y a cho Trn Quang Diu xem. Trn Quang Diu s hi, lp tc em qun v Ph Xun, ng m nam sng Hng Giang, ni rng v bt nhng ngi lon thn. Vua Ty Sn sai ngi ra ging ha. Khng ai dm i, sau phi bt my ngi np cho Quang Diu. Quang Diu mi vo chu. Vua Cnh Thnh cng tm li ging d, khuyn phi ht sc gip nh nc. Quang Diu khc ly ri xin cng Vn Dng em thy b qun vo ly li thnh Quy Nhn. n thng ging nm canh thn (1800), qun ca Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng tin n gn thnh Quy Nhn. V Tnh gi vng, khng ra nh. Quang Diu sai p ly chung quanh thnh v chia qun ra vy bn mt. Vn Dng th em hai chic tu ln v hn 100 chin thuyn ra ng gi ca Th Ni, xy n v t sng i bc hai bn ca b, phng ng thy qun nh Nguyn. Nguyn Vng c tin qun Ty Sn ra vy thnh Bnh nh, lin c i binh ra cu vin, sai Nguyn Vn Thnh em L Cht, Nguyn nh c, Trng Tin Bo, chia ra lm ba o ra nh ly n Hi An Ph Yn, ri ko ra nh Th D (thuc Bnh nh). Nguyn Vng em thy binh ra n Quy Nhn ng thuyn ngoi ca Th Ni. By gi qun b ca Nguyn Vn Thnh v qun thy ca Nguyn Vng khng thng c vi nhau, cho nn s cu vin khng c cng hiu g c. n thng ging nm tn du (1801), Nguyn Vng sai Nguyn Vn Trng, Tng Phc Lng em qun tin o n nh n thy ca Ty Sn, v sai L Vn Duyt, V Di Nguy em thy qun vo nh ca Th Ni. V Di Nguy trng n cht, cn L Vn Duyt ra sc xng t, t c c tu v thuyn ca Ty Sn. Tng Ty Sn l V Vn Dng phi b ca Th Ni em binh v hp vi Trn Quang Diu phng gi mi ni. Nguyn Vng ly c ca Th Ni ri, cho ngi a tin v Gia nh bo cho tng s cc ni u bit. 166

Nm y ng Cung Cnh ln u, mt Gia nh, th c 22 tui. c mt thng hong t th hai tn l Hi cng mt Din Khnh, em v tng Gia nh. Nguyn Vng nh c trn thy Th Ni ri, bn sai Nguyn Vn Trng em thy qun ra nh Qung Nam, Qung Ngha, v li thy qun Ty Sn vy thnh Quy Nhn mt cch cn mt lm, nh ph khng c. Vng cho ngi ln vo thnh bo V Tnh v Ng Tng Chu b thnh m ra. Nhng V Tnh phc th li rng: qun tinh binh ca Ty Sn c Quy Nhn, vy xin ng lo vic gii vy vi, hy nn kp ra nh ly Ph Xun th hn. Nguyn Vng bn Nguyn Vn Thnh li chng gi vi Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng, ri em i qun ra nh Ph Xun. By gi nh Ty Sn cng bi ri lm: Ngh An th c tng nh Nguyn l Nguyn Vn Thy v Lu Phc Tng em qun Vn Tng sang nh ph; Thanh Ha th c phin thn l H Cng Thi khi binh gip nh Nguyn; Hng Ha th c th ti l Phan B Phng ni ln quy nhiu. Cn cc trn Bc H th ri v nhng vic tng gio; cc o trng v o o Thin Cha cng ni ln, c gip nh Nguyn; dn tnh th b quan qun nhng lm h hip, ai ai cng c lng on gin. Ph Xun, vua th hn, cc quan i thn th c ghen ght nhau ri tm k git hi ln nhau, vic chnh tr khng sa sang g c. Bi vy nhn dn u mong mi cha Nguyn, cho nn c cu ht rng: "Ly tri cho chng gi nm, cho cha Nguyn giong bum thng ra". Nguyn Vng thy lng ngi khng theo Ty Sn na, bn em binh ra nh Ph Xun, n thng nm (1801), thy s vo ca T Dung. Tng Ty Sn l ph m Nguyn Vn Tr em qun ra lp n gi ni Quy Sn. Tin qun nh Nguyn nh khng c. Nguyn Vng sai L Vn Duyt v L Cht em thy binh ra nh tp hu. Nguyn Vn Tr b n m chy. Qun Nguyn Vng vo ca Nguyn Hi (ca Thun An) ri ko ln nh thnh Ph Xun. Vua Ty Sn phi ng gi em qun ra chng gi, hai bn nh nhau n gia tra, th qun Ty Sn v tan. Qun Nguyn Vng tin ln ui nh, thu phc c thnh. By gi l ngy mng 3 thng 5 nm tn du (1801). Nguyn Vng vo thnh Ph Xun treo bin yn dn, ri sai L Cht em b binh ui nh qun Ty Sn, sai Nguyn Vn Trng em thy binh ra chn Linh Giang, nh qun Ty Sn chy ra Bc. Li sai Phm Vn Nhn ra gi ca Nguyn Hi, sai Lu Phc Tng em qun i

12. Nguyn Vng Thu Phc Ph Xun.

ng Cam L sang Vn Tng truyn bo cc Mng gi ng yu l khng cho qun Ty Sn chy trn sang.

13. V Tnh T Tit. Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng ang vy nh thnh Quy Nhn, c tin Ph Xun tht th, lin sai tng em qun ra cu, nhng ra n Qung Nam, gp qun ca L Vn Duyt ko vo nh chn ng, qun Ty Sn phi li tr li. T Trn Quang Diu ngy m ht sc c qun nh thnh. Qun Nguyn Vng trong thnh ht c lng thc, khng th chng gi c na, quan trn th l V Tnh bn vit th sai ngi a ra cho Trn Quang Diu ni rng: "Phn s ta lm ch tng, th nh liu cht di c. Cn cc tng s khng c ti g, khng nn git hi".
on ri sai ngi ly rm c cht di lu Bt Gic, thuc sng vo t t m cht. Quan hip trn l Ng Tng Chu cng ung thuc c t t. Trn Quang Diu vo thnh Quy Nhn tha cho c bn tng s v sai lm l lim tng V Tnh v Ng Tng Chu, ri sai i c Trng Phc Thng v t khu nh, em binh i ng thng o ra nh Ph Xun. i c na ng th qun ht lng. Trng Phc Thng v hng nh Nguyn, cn t khu nh th nh thua chy vo cht trong Mng. Trn Quang Diu li sai L Vn im vo nh Ph Yn, cng khng c. By gi Trn Quang Diu tuy ly c thnh Quy Nhn, nhng mt mt th c qun ca L Vn Duyt v L Cht Qung Nam, Qung Ngha nh vo, mt mt th qun ca Nguyn Vn Thnh ca Th Ni nh ln, cn pha nam, li c qun ca Tng Vit Phc v Nguyn Vn Tnh Ph Yn nh ra. Ba mt th ch, qun Ty Sn phi ht sc chng gi, ch qun Bc H vo cu vin.

Quan Chng Trung Qun Bnh Ty i Tng Qun Nguyn Vn Trng, cng vi Tng Phc Lng, ng Trn Thng gi Linh Giang, thy qun Ty Sn th mnh phi lui v gi ng Hi. Nguyn Vng c tin y, lin thn chinh em i binh ra tip ng, sai Phm Vn Nhn v ng Trn Thng em qun ra gi mt b, sai Nguyn Vn Trng ra gi mt b. Thng ging nm nhm tut (1802), vua Ty Sn sai Nguyn Quang Thy tin qun ln nh ly Trn Ninh; nh mi khng . Vua Ty Sn toan rt qun v, nhng Bi Th Xun khng chu, xin cho ra c qun nh trn. nh t sng sm n chiu ti, cha bn no c thua. Bng c tin rng thy qun ca Ty Sn ca Nht L (ca ng Hi) b Nguyn Vn Trng ph tan c. Qun Ty Sn khip s b chy, tng l Nguyn Vn Kin v hng nh Nguyn. Vua Ty Sn em tn qun chy v Bc, Nguyn Vn Thn li gi Ngh An. Nguyn Vng ph c qun Ty Sn thnh Trn Ninh ri em qun v Ph Xun, trung qun Nguyn Vn Trng gi ng Hi, Tng Phc Lng v ng Trn Thng gi Linh Giang. Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng Quy Nhn c tin qun Ty Sn thua Trn Ninh, liu chng khng ni, bn n thng 3 nm nhm tut (1802) b thnh Quy Nhn, em binh tng i ng thng o qua Ai Lao ra Ngh An, hi vi vua Ty Sn m lo s chng gi. Nguyn Vng t khi khi binh Gia nh tuy xng vng, nhng vn theo cc cha i trc khng t nin hiu. n nay khi phc c Ph Xun, thanh th lng ly, bc ph i qun ca Ty Sn, nam ly li thnh Quy Nhn; t An Nam by gi t sng Linh Giang vo n Gia nh li thuc v nh Nguyn nh trc. Cc quan thn thuc u xin Nguyn Vng t nin hiu v ln ngi tn. Thng 5 nm nhm tut (1802) ngi lp n t co tri t, ri thit triu cc quan chu mng, v t nin hiu l Gia Long nguyn nin.

15. Nguyn Vng Ln Ngi Tn.

11. Trn Trn Ninh. T khi tht th Ph Xun, vua Cnh Thnh ngy m kp ra Bc H, i nin hiu l Bo Hng v truyn hch i cc trn ly vin binh ri sai em l Nguyn Quang Thy em binh m vo gi Ngh An. n thng 11, vua Ty Sn em qun 4 trn x Bc v qun Thanh Ha, Ngh An, c thy c non 3 vn ngi, sang sng Linh Giang. Li sai tng em hn 100 chic chin thuyn vo gi ca Nht L. By gi c v Trn Quang Diu l Bi Th Xun cng em 5.000 th h i tng chinh.

16. Qun Nam Ra Ly Bc H.

Nguyn Vng ln ngi lm vua ri, sai Trnh Hoi c v Ng Nhn Tnh em cc phm vt v nhng n sch ca nh Thanh phong cho Ty Sn sang np cho Thanh Triu v xin phong. Ngi li nh ng gi i nh Bc H, bn sai Nguyn Vn

167

Trng lnh thy binh, L Vn Duyt v L Cht lnh b binh, hai mt thy b cng tin. Thng 6, th qun b sang sng Linh Giang tin ln ng H Trung, qun thy vo ca Hi Thng ri ln nh ph cc n ly ca Ty Sn. Quan Trn Th Ngh An l Nguyn Vn Thn b thnh chy ra gi n Tin L Din Chu. By gi Trn Quang Diu i ng Ai Lao ra n chu Qu Hp, xung huyn Hng Sn thy qun nh Nguyn ly c Ngh An ri, bn cng vi Bi Th Xun v huyn Thanh Chng, bao nhiu qun s u b c, c my hm hai v chng cng b bt. Cn V Vn Dng chy ra n Nng Cng cng b dn bt c em np. Qun Nguyn Triu ko trn ra ly Thanh Ha, i n u qun Ty Sn cha nh tan, ch trong mt thng ra n Thng Long. Vua Ty Sn thy th mnh khng chng gi c na, bn cng vi cc em l Nguyn Quang Thy, Nguyn Quang Thiu, v my ngi b ti l bn c T, v Nguyn Vn T sang sng Nh H chy v pha Bc, nhng ln n a ht Phng Nhn, b dn y bt c. Nguyn Quang Thy t t, c T v v cng t vn. Cn vua ti nh Ty Sn my ngi u b ng ci em v np Thng Long. Nh Ty Sn khi u t nm mu tut (1778), Nguyn Nhc xng Quy Nhn, n nm Nhm Tut (1802), c thy c 24 nm. Nhng Nguyn Nhc ch lm vua t t Qung Nam, Qung Ngha tr vo m thi, cn t Ph Xun tr ra, th thuc v nh L. n nm mu thn (1788), vua Quang Trung xng hiu, ri ra nh gic Thanh, ly li t Bc H, sa i vic chnh tr. T nc Nam mi thuc v nh Nguyn Ty Sn. Vy k t nm mu thn (1788) n nm nhm tut (1802) th nh Ty Sn ch lm vua c c 14 nm m thi. Trong by nhiu nm phi nh nam dp bc lun, khng my lc ngh vic chin tranh, cho nn nh Ty Sn khng sa sang c vic g. V sau khi vua Quang Trung mt ri, vua th hn, quan th nhng, chnh tr b nt, lng ngi on gin, ai cng mong mi c thi thnh tr yn nghip m lm n. Bi vy cho nn khi vua Th T Cao Hong nh Nguyn ct qun ra Bc, lng ngi theo phc, ch mt thng tri m bnh c t Bc H, em giang sn v mt mi, nam bc mt nh, lm cho nc ta thnh mt nc ln phng nam vy. 168

Nh Nguyn
(1802-1945)

CHNG I

Th T
PHN V
(1802-1819)
Nin hiu: Gia Long 26. Th T xng hiu 27. Vic triu chnh 28. Binh ch 29. Vic ti chnh 30. Cng v 31. Php lut 32. Vic hc hnh 33. Vic giao thip vi nc Tu 34. Vic giao thip vi nc Chn Lp v nc Tim La 35. Vic giao thip vi nc Hng Mao 36. Vic giao thip vi nc Php Lang Ty 37. S git hi cng thn 38. Xt cng vic ca vua Thi T
Th t khi binh chng nhau vi Ty Sn t Gia nh t nm mu tut (1778), k va 24 nm, mi dt c nh Ty Sn, thu phc c giang sn c ca cha Nguyn khi xa v hp c nam bc li lm mt mi. Khi vic nh dp xong ri, ngi xng hiu, t quc hiu l Vit Nam, ng Kinh Ph Xun, tc l thnh Hu by gi. Khi vua Th T ly c t Bc H ri, ngi xung ch tha cho dn mt v thu, v thng thng cho cc tng s. Ngi li phong tc cho con 169

Cn Kim Thi-i

1. Th T xng hiu.

chu nh L, nh Trnh, cp cho rung t v tr phong dch cho dng di hai h y gi vic th phng t tin. on ri, ngi i Bc H l Bc Thnh, t quan tng trn, triu Nguyn Vn Thnh Quy Nhn ra sung chc y, coi mi vic. Li t ra tam to l to H, to Binh, to Hnh, sai Nguyn Vn Khim, ng Trn Thng, v Phm Vn ng ra coi cc to y, gip Nguyn Vn Thnh. n thng by nm nhm tut (1802), Th T v Kinh, em vua ti nh Ty Sn v lm l hin ph n Thi Miu, ri em ra tn php trng x tr. Li sai qut m vua Thi c Nguyn Nhc v vua Thi T Nguyn Hu ln, em vt thy i, cn u th em b giam trong ngc ti. Nhng bn vn thn nh Ty Sn nh Ng Th Nhim, Phan Huy ch ra hng, em nc ra nh trc vn miu, ri tha cho v. Lc by gi c Ng Th Nhim v trc c him vi ng Trn Thng, cho nn n khi nh vn miu, ng Trn Thng sai ngi nh cht. Vua Th T nh ti, thng cng xong ri, lo sa sang mi vic; lm n Cn Chnh lp thng triu, n Thi Ha lp i triu; li sai qun dn xy thnh Kinh v Hong Thnh cng cc thnh tr ngoi cc doanh trn. Tuy rng ngi t nin hiu, ln ngi t nm nhm tut (1802), nhng m n nm gip t (1804), tc l Gia Long tam nin, vua nh Thanh mi sai s sang phong vng, v n nm bnh dn (1806), ngi mi lm l xng hiu n Thi Ha. nh triu nghi, c ngy rm v ngy mng mt thit i triu; ngy mng 5, mng 10, 20 v 25 th thit tiu triu. Lc ngi nh xong Ty Sn, th chnh tr trong nc nt, phong tc hy hoi, vic g cng cn sa sang li. Bi vy trong th ngi chnh n php lut, v mi vic cai tr cng l sa sang phong tc, cm dn gian khng cho ly vic thn pht m by ra ru ch n ung, nghim d quan li khng c sinh s nhiu dn. ngoi th ngi lo s giao hiu vi nc Tu, nc Tim, nc Chn Lp, khin cho nc Vit Nam lc by gi trong ngoi u c yn tr. trong cung, nh vua khng t ngi hong hu, ch c ngi hong phi v cc cung tn. Sau khi vua mt, th t qun ln ngi, mi tn m ln lm Hong Thi Hu.

Quan li trong Triu i khi theo ch nh L, nhng b chc Tham Tng v Bi Tng tc l chc t tng i xa. Mi vic u do Lc B ch trng ht c. Mi b c quan Thng Th lm u, quan t hu tham tri, t hu th lang, cng cc thuc vin nh l lang trung, vin ngoi lang, ch s v bt cu phm th li, v.v..... B Li: coi vic thuyn b quan vn, ban thng phm cp, kho xt cng trng, phong tng tc m, tho nhng t chiu sc co mnh v lm nhng s cc hng quan li v.v.... B H: coi vic inh in thu m, tin bc chuyn thng, kho tng cha cht, ha vt t r v.v... B L: coi vic triu h, khnh h, t t, tn phong, cng l cch thc hc hnh thi c, tinh biu cho ngi sng lu, ngi c tit ngha, phong thy cho cc thn nhn v.v..... B Binh: coi vic thuyn b v chc, ging duyt qun lnh, sai khin qun i th hoc i nh dp, kn chn binh inh, xt ngi c cng ngi c li v vic binh. B Hnh: coi vic hnh danh php lut, tra ngh dng tu, duyt li nhng ti nng n ng, xt k nhng t giam ngc cm. B Cng: coi vic lm cung in, dinh th, xy thnh, o ho, tu to tu b, t lm kiu mu, thu th thuyn, mua vt liu v.v.... Ngoi lc b li c St Vin gi vic can gin vua, v n hch cc quan. Cp s trung cc khoa v gim st ng s cc o, u thng thuc v vin y. Trong vin c t hu ng s v t hu ph ng s ng u. By gi vua Th T li t ra To Chnh coi vic vn ti cng l thu m tu b. C quan To Chnh S v To Ph S lm u. Cc a phng th lc by gi t nam ch bc chia ra lm 23 trn v 4 doanh. T Thanh Ha ngoi (tc l Ninh bnh by gi) tr ra, gi l Bc Thnh, thng c 11 trn, chia ra lm 5 ni trn: Sn Nam Thng, Sn Nam H, Sn Ty, Kinh Bc, v Hi Dng; 6 ngoi trn: Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Thi Nguyn, Qung Yn. T Bnh Thun tr vo gi l Gia nh Thnh, thng c 5 trn: Phin An (a ht Gia nh), Bin Ha, Vnh Thanh (tc l Vnh Long v An Giang), Vnh Tng v H Tin. 170

2. Vic Triu Chnh.

Cn qung gia nc, th t Thanh Ha Trn (gm c Thanh Ha ni, Thanh Ha ngoi), Ngh An trn, Qung Ngha trn, Bnh nh trn, Ph Yn trn, Bnh Ha trn (tc l Khnh ha) v Bnh Thun trn. t kinh k thng bn doanh l: Trc L Qung c doanh (tc l Tha Thin by gi), Qung Tr doanh, Qung bnh doanh, Qung Nam doanh. Bc Thnh v Gia nh Thnh u t chc tng trn, v ph tng trn, coi mi vic. cc trn th t quan lu trn hay l quan trn th, quan cai b v quan k lc coi vic cai tr trong trn. Trn li chia ra ph, huyn, chu, t chc tri ph, tri huyn, tri chu coi vic cai tr. Nhng trn Ngh An, Thanh Ha v 5 ni trn Bc Thnh, th dng nhng quan cu thn nh L lm quan cai tr. Cn 6 ngoi trn Bc Thnh, th giao quyn cai tr cho nhng th ho s ti. Khi vua Th T nh c Ty Sn ri, ngi ban thng cho cc tng s, tng phong v lm n th nhng ngi t trn. Cn nhng qun lnh gi nua th cho v qu qun. t ra php gin binh: l nh cc trn, t Qung Bnh vo n Bnh Thun th c ba tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh; t Bin Ha tr vo th c 5 tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh; t H Tnh tr ra n 5 ni trn Bc Thnh th c 7 tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh. Cn 6 ngoi trn l Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Thi Nguyn, Qung Yn th c 10 tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh. ch Kinh thnh th t ra thn binh, cm binh, tinh binh. Lnh thn binh mi v c 500 ngi v c 50 ngi tp qun nhc. cc trn th t ra lnh c, lnh m. Li t bin binh ban l, ngha l cc binh lnh chia ra lm 3 phin, 2 phin v qun, cn mt phin ti ban lun lu thay i cho nhau. Nhng binh kh th dng gm gio, m tu, v li c sng ln bng ng gi l sng i bc, sng nh gi l sng thch c iu thng, ngha l bn th m bng my la. ch kinh thnh lp ra ba s x trng qun lnh tp bn. cc ca b u lm n t sng phng gi v xem xt nhng tu b ngoi quc i li. Nc Vit Nam ta c nhiu b cn phi gi gn, bi vy vua Th T lu tm v vic chnh n binh thuyn: ly ngi gn b v doanh Qung 171

c v doanh Qung Nam lm 6 v thy qun ng ti Kinh Thnh. Cn cc hi khu, mi ni c mt c lnh thy coi gi. Nh vua li lm mt th thuyn ln ngoi bc ng, i li tun phng min b.

4. Vic Ti Chnh. Thu inh, thu in u nh li c. Thu in th chia ra lm 3 hng: nht ng in mi mu ng nin np thc 20 thng; nh ng in 15 thng; tam ng in 10 thng. Cn th rung ma ng nin phi np 10 thng.
Thu inh th l nh: t Ngh An ra n ni ngoi Thanh Ha, mi sut ng nin phi chu: Thu thn Mn tin Cc m 1 quan 2 tin 1 tin 2 bt

3. Binh Ch.

5 ni trn Bc Thnh v ph Phng Thin139, mi sut inh ng nin phi chu: Thu thn Mn tin iu tin (tp dch) Cc m 1 1 6 2 quan 2 tin tin tin bt

6 ngoi trn Bc Thnh, mi sut inh ng nin phi chu: Thu thn Mn tin iu tin Cc m 6 1 3 1 tin tin tin bt

L gim thu: Thu l tuy nh nh vy, nhng nm no u mt ma, nh l b hong trng, i hn hay l nc lt, v.v... th nh nc chiu theo s thit hi nhiu t m gim thu cho dn. La 10 phn thit hi ti 4 phn th khoan gim cho hai phn thut; thit hi 5 phn th gim cho 3; thit hi 6 phn th gim cho 4; thit hi 7 phn th gim cho 5; thit hi 8 phn th gim cho 6; thit hi 9 phn th gim cho 7; thit hi ht c th gim c. Hoc nh nc c ly dn inh i lm ng, o sng, xy thnh v.v... th cng c gim thu.

139

Tc l ph Hoi c by gi.

V thu: Nh vua li ty tng a phng m nh v thu. T Qung Bnh n Bnh Thun c mi nm mt v thu thu, khi u t thng 4 n thng 7 th ht. T Ngh An ra n Thanh Ha ngoi, cng cc trn Bc thnh mI nm thu thu 2 v: ma h th khi t thng 4 n thng 6 th ht; ma ng th khi s t thng 10 n thng 11 th ht. inh b: L nh 5 nm mt ln lm s inh, trong lng t chc sc cho n qun dn, u phi vo s. K t 18 tui tr ln, 59 tui tr xung, u phi khai vo s. in b: Cc lng, hoc rung ma, hoc rung chim, hoc rung hai ma, hoc c t hng no, bao nhiu mu, so, thc, tc, ta lc ti u, ng ty t ch phi chua cho r rng. Mi lng phi lm 3 quyn s, c 5 nm lm mt ln vo b ng du kim, ri mt bn lu li b, phng khi xt n; cn hai bn giao v tnh, tnh mt bn lu chiu, cn mt bn gia tr dn x lu th. Cm bn rung cng in: T khi nh L mt ngi, dn x c ni th em cng in i ra t in, c ni th em c bn i, bi vy nm Gia Long th hai (1803) nh vua lp l cm dn x khng c mua bn cng in cng th, ch tr lc no x thn c cng dng iu g, th mi c php cho in c, hn ht 3 nm li phi tr li. Ai gi qun hn y th phi ti. Thu cc sn vt: Nm Gia Long th hai (1803), nh l cc qu h Ngh An, ng nin phi np cc hng qu 120 cn. Thanh Ha phi np 70 cn, v u c min tr thu thn c. Nhng ngi tm c cy qu, phi trnh quan cp cho vn bng mi c n. n xong ri mt na np quan, mt na cho ngi tm c. Nm Gia long th t (1805), nh l nhng ngi i ly yn so cc o v ht Qung Nam, mi ngi ng nin phi np thu yn 8 lng, v c tha vic binh lnh. Cn nhng thu hng, thu sm, thu chiu, thu g, u c l ring, nh cho np bng tin hay l bng sn vt. Vua Th T li nh l nh thu nhng thuyn cc nc vo bun bn, c do thuyn ln nh m nh s thu phi np. Nhng m ng, m thic, m km, cng cho ngi Tu khai nh thu. 172

c tin: Nm Gia Long th hai (1803), m s c tin Bc Thnh, c tin ng v tin km; li c ra nn vng, nn bc, lng vng, lng bc, cho tin s giao thng bun bn trong nc. Mi ng tin km nng 7 phn, mt mt in ch "Gia Long Thng Bo", mt mt in ch "tht phn", mi quan tin nng 2 cn 10 lng. bc. Gi vng Bc Thnh th nh c mt lng vng i ly 10 lng V sau m thm l c tin Gia nh Thnh v cc trn. Thc o: Vua Th T ch to ra kiu thc ng o rung, mt mt khc 7 ch "Gia Long cu nin thu bt nguyt", mt mt khc 10 ch "ban hnh c in xch, cng b ng knh to". Chun nh li cc thc vung o rung khi trc, ch to ra thc ng, mt mt khc 7 ch "Gia Long Cu Nin Thu Bt Nguyt", mt mt khc 12 ch "ban hnh c in cu kinh xch, cng b ng khm to". Php cn: Nm Gia Long th 12 (1813), ch to ra cn thin bnh, cp cho cc doanh cc trn, cn ng, st, ch, thic v cc sn vt. Cn vng v bc th dng cn trung bnh. Vua Th T li sa sang nhng ng s, xoi o cc sng ngi, p cc iu, cho vic lm n ca dn gian c tin li. ng Quan L: ng s trong nc l s khn yu cho vic chnh tr, vy nn vua Th T mi nh l sai quan cc doanh, cc trn phi sa sang ng quan l: bt dn s ti phi p ng lm cu, l c 15.000 trng ng th pht cho dn 10.000 phng go. Li t ca Nam quan (thuc Lng Sn) vo n Bnh Thun, c 4.000 trng phi lm mt ci nh trm cnh ng quan l, cho quan khch i li ngh ngi. C thy 98 trm. Cn t Bnh Thun tr vo pha nam n H Tin th i ng thy. Sng ngi v iu: Nhng sng ngi v iu, u l s khn yu cho vic canh nng, bi vy vua Th T truyn cho quan cc trn phi xoi o sng ngi v cc ca b, v nht l Bc thnh phi gi gn iu cho cn thn: ch no khng c th p thm, ch no h hng th phi sa

5. Cng V.

li. cc trn li t ra kho cha thc go, phng khi mt ma i km th ly m pht cho dn. Nguyn khi trc vn theo lut nh L, nhng nay nh Nguyn nht thng c nam bc, vua Th T bn truyn cho nh thn lp ra php lut r rng, cho tin s cai tr. Nm tn mi (1811) sai Nguyn Vn Thnh lm tng ti, coi vic son ra sch lut; ly lut c ca i Hng c nh L, m tham chc vi lut nh Thanh lm thnh mt b, c thy 22 quyn, c 398 iu. n nm t hi (1815), th in sch lut y pht ra mi ni. B lut y tuy ni theo lut Hng c nhng k thc l chp lut ca nh Thanh v ch thay i t nhiu m thi. Thi by gi nh c v cng mi dng nn c nghip, cho nn lc y cc quan u triu l quan ng qun thng, v quan tng trn Nam Bc hai thnh u l quan v c. Nhng vua Th T cng bit rng s tr nc cn phi c v c vn, bi vy m ngy ngy lu v vic hc hnh thi c trong nc. Ngi lp nh Vn Miu cc doanh cc trn, th c Khng t, t lng trng Nho hc. t Quc T Gim Kinh , dy con cc quan v cc s t. M khoa thi Hng kn ly nhng ngi c hc hnh ra l quan. t thm chc c hc cc trn, v dng nhng ngi c khoa mc i nh L, coi vic dy d. Vua Th T lo c n a d v quc s, bi vy ngy sai quan Binh B Thng Th l L Quang nh k cu trong cc trn cc doanh, t Lng Sn n H Tin, xem sn xuyn him tr, ng s xa gn, sng b, cu qun, ch ba, phong tc, th sn, c nhng g lm thnh sch "Nht Thng a D Ch" dng ln. n nm bnh dn (1806), b sch y lm xong c thy c 10 quyn. Nm tn mi (1811), ngi sai quan tm nhng sch d s ni chuyn nh L v nh Nguyn Ty Sn sa li quc s. Thi by gi vn quc m cng thnh lm. Mt i khi nh vua cng dng ch nm m lm vn t. Bi vn t tng s khi quan Tin qun Nguyn Vn Thnh, tng trn Bc Thnh ra ch t khng r ai lm, nhng 173

6. Php Lut.

tht l mt bi vn chng i bt. Li c nhng chuyn nh "Hoa Tin" ca ng Nguyn Huy T, "Truyn Thy Kiu" ca quan Hu Tham tri b L l ng Nguyn Du140, cng pht hin ra thi by gi. "Truyn Thy Kiu" l mt tp vn chng rt hay, din c c nhn tnh th c, t c c mi cnh trong i, m ch no vn chng cng tao nh, li l cng l th. Ni theo ting i nay th "Truyn Thy Kiu" tht l mt tp vn chng i trc tc ca nc ta vy.

7. Vic Hc Hnh.

8. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nc Tu. Khi vua Th T dt c nh Nguyn Ty Sn v ly c t Bc H ri, sai quan thng th Binh B l L Quang nh lm chnh s sang Tu cu phong v xin i quc hiu l Nam Vit, ly l rng Nam l An Nam v Vit l Vit Thng. Nhng v t Nam Vit i nh Triu ngy trc gm c t Lng Qung, cho nn Thanh Triu mi i ch Vit ln trn, gi l Vit Nam cho khi lm vi tn c.
n nm gip t (1804) Thanh Triu sai quan n st s tnh Qung Ty l T B Sm sang tuyn phong. on ri, vua sai L B Phm lm chnh s em cng sang t v t c chiu l ba nm mt ln sang cng. cng phm l: Vng Bc La v cp mi th Sng t gic Ng voi v qu mi th 200 lng 1000 lng 100 cy 2 b 100 cn

9. Vic giao thip vi nc Chn Lp v nc Tim La.

Nguyn lc cn L Triu th cha Nguyn vn gi quyn bo h nc Chn Lp. Sau vua nc y l Nc ng Tn141 b anh em hip ch, phi chia quyn ra lm ba, cho Nc ng Vinh lm vua u, mnh lm vua th hai, em l Nc ng Thm lm vua th ba. c t lu Nc ng Vinh git c Nc ng Tn v Nc ng Thm gi ly quyn lm vua mt mnh. Lc by gi Nguyn Vng cn Gia nh mi sai Thanh Nhn sang nh Nc ng Vinh v lp con Nc ng Tn l Nc ng n ln lm vua. Nc ng n by gi mi c 8 tui. Nguyn Vng sai H Vn Ln li

140 141

ng Nguyn Du ngi lng Tin in, huyn Nghi Xun, tnh H Tnh Xem chng VI

bo h. Nhng n khi t Gia nh tht th quyn bo h nc Chn Lp thuc v nc Tim La. Nm bnh thn (1796), Nc ng n mt, truyn ni li cho con l Nc ng Chn. Vua Tim La sai s sang phong, nh th l vua Chn Lp phi thn phc vua Tim La. n nm inh mo (1807) Nc ng Chn li b Tim La m xin v thn phc vua Vit Nam ta, theo l cng tin, c ba nm mt ln. cng vt l: Voi c cao 5 thc Sng t gic Ng voi Ht sa nhn u khu Hong lp Cnh kin Sn en 2 con 2 chic 2 ci 50 cn 50 cn 50 cn 50 cn

L Vn Duyt dng s xin xy thnh Nam Vang (Phnompenh) v thnh La-lm. Khi nhng thnh y xy xong, th vua Th T sai Nguyn Vn Thy em 1.000 qun li bo h nc Chn Lp. T quyn bo h Chn Lp li v nc ta.

10. Vic giao thip vi nc Hng Mao.

Nm qu hi (1803), nc Hng Mao (tc l Anh Ct Li) sai s l ng Robert em phng vt sang dn v xin cho vo m ca hng bun bn Tr Sn, thuc Qung Nam. Vua Th T khng nhn , v cng khng cho m ca hng. Sau ngi Hng Mao cn a th sang hai ba ln na, nhng ngy vn mt nim t chi khng chu.

20 l

i vi nc Php th vua Th T c bit nhn hn, l v khi ngi cn gian trun, ngi c nh ng B a Lc c em my ngi sang gip ngy. n khi xong vic nh dp ri, cn c Chaigneau, Vannier v Despiau lm quan ti triu, m vua Th T cng c lng trng i, cho mi ngi 50 lnh hu, v n bui chu th khng bt ly. V trong khi vua Th T lm vua nc Vit Nam, th N Ph Lun nht (Napoleon I) lm vua bn nc Php, ang cn phi nh nhau vi cc nc, cho nn tu Php cng khng hay i li pha Vin ng ny. n khi N Ph Lun tht th, dng di nh vua c li trung hng ln, by gi s chin tranh yn, th mi c tu sang bun bn phng ng. Nm inh su (1817), c chic tu "La Paix" ca hiu Balguerie, Sarget et Cie ch hng sang bn, nhng m nhng hng y, ngi Vit Nam ta khng dng c, li phi ch v. Vua Th T tha khng nh thu. Qua thng su nm y, chic tu binh tn l Cyble ca nc Php vo c Nng. Quan thuyn trng l De Kergarion b tc ni rng Php Hong Louis XVIII sai sang xin thi hnh nhng iu c do B a Lc k nm 1787 v vic nhng ca Nng v o Cn Ln. Vua Th T sai quan ra tr li rng nhng iu c y nc Php trc khng thi hnh th nay b, khng ni n na. Nm k mo (1819), c chic tu bun ba ct tn l "Rose" v "Le Henri" vo ca Nng. Ln ny hng ha em sang bn c, li ch ch v la v. Nm y Chaigneau xin ngh ba nm, em v con xung tu "Le Henri" v Php.

11. Vic giao thip vi nc Php Lan Ty.

Nc ng Chn c ba ngi em tn l Nc ng Nguyn, Nc ng Lem, Nc ng n, mun tranh quyn ca anh, mi sang cu cu nc Tim La. Tim La bt Nc ng Chn phi chia t cho cc em. Nc ng Chn khng chu, qun Tim La bn sang nh thnh La Bch. Nc ng Chn chy sang Tn Chu, ri dng biu cu cu. Quan tng trn Gia nh thnh by gi l Nguyn Vn Nhn mi em vic y tu v Triu nh. Nm tn mi (1811), vua Th T cho s a th sang trch nc Tim La sinh s. Nm sau, vua Tim La sai s sang phc th li rng: vic y l mun ging ha cho anh em Nc ng Chn, ch khng c g c. Vy xin Vit Nam x tr th no, Tim La142 cng xin thun. Qua nm qu du (1813) vua Th T sai quan tng trn Gia nh Thnh l L Vn Duyt em hn 10.000 qun, hi ng vi s nc Tim La, a Nc ng Chn v nc. Nc Tim La tuy khng dm khng c, nhng vn lu qun li gi tnh Bc tm bon (Battambang), ni rng t y phong cho cc em Nc ng Chn. L Vn Duyt mi vit th sang trch nc Tim La v iu y, qun Tim mi rt v.
142

Tc l Thi Lan ngy nay

174

Nhng ngi cng thn nh Nguyn Vn Thnh v ng Trn Thng u b git hi trong khi vua Th T cn ang tr v. Nguyn Vn Thnh, nguyn l ngi Tha Thin, nhng vo Gia nh hai ba i. Theo vua Th T t khi ngi mi khi binh nh Ty Sn, chu ht mi ng kh s. Sau ra nh Ty Sn Quy Nhn, lp c cng ln, ng u hng cng thn. Khi vua Th T ra ly bc h, triu ng ra lm tng trn, giao cho xp t mi vic, ch c my nm m t Bc H c yn tr. Sau v Kinh lm chc trung qun. ng c hc thc, cho nn triu nh c lm tng ti vic lm sch lut v quc s. Nguyn Vn Thnh c ngi con tn l Nguyn Vn Thuyn thi u c nhn, thng hay lm th giao du vi nhng k vn s. By gi nghe ngi Thanh Ha l Nguyn Vn Khu v Nguyn c Nhun c ting hay ch, Vn Thuyn lm bi th sai tn Nguyn Trng Hiu cm i mi vo chi. Bi th rng: Vn o i chu a tun kit H hoi trc tch dc cu ty V tm cu bo Kinh sn phc Thin tng phng tri K bc k U cc hu hng thin l vin Cao cng minh phng cu thin tri Th hi nhc c sn trung t T ng kinh lun chuyn ha ky Dch nm l: i chu nghe ni lm ngi hay Ao c cu hin by nay Ngc phc Kinh sn ti sn Nga k K bc bit lu thay Mi hng hang ti xa nghn dm, Ting phng g cao sut chn my Sn t phen ny d gp g Gip nhau xoay i hi c ny Tng bi th ny chng qua l li l ca ngi thiu nin ni ngng m thi, khng ng tn Hiu a cho Nguyn Hu Nghi xem, Hu 175

12. S git hi cng thn.

Nghi xui tn Hiu i co vi L Vn Duyt. L Vn Duyt vn ght Nguyn Vn Thnh, nay thy bi th ny, nm ly em vo tu vua, vua sai bt Nguyn Vn Thuyn em b ngc. By gi triu thn c nhiu ngi b ti ng Thnh. Mt hm bi triu ri, ng Thnh chy theo nm ly o vua m ku khc rng: "Thn theo B H t tha nh n by gi, nay khng c ti g m b ngi ta cu x, B H n lng no ngi nhn ngi ta git thn m khng cu?". Vua Th T git o ra i vo cung, ri t cm khng co ng Thnh vo chu na, v sai L Vn Duyt em con Nguyn Vn Thnh ra tra hi, bt phi nhn ti. Nguyn Vn Thnh s ti, ung thuc c m cht, cn Nguyn Thuyn th phi chm. ng Trn Thng ngi Chng c (tc l huyn Chng M, tnh H ng by gi) c ti vn hc, trn Ty Sn vo Gia nh theo gip vua Th T lm n Binh B Thng Th. Sau v lm gian sc phong thn cho Hong Ng Phc l tng nh Trnh vo bc phc thn, triu nh lm n phi ti chm. Nhng ri li c tha. ng Trn Thng vn c him vi L Cht, cho nn L Cht mi bi nhng vic nh l khi ra coi to binh Bc Thnh, c chim gi m ao v n lu inh in, v.v.... Li b bt b ngc v x phi ti gio. Tng truyn rng ng Trn Thng trong ngc c lm bi "Hn Vng Tn Ph" bng quc m v mnh nh Hn Tn i Hn. Vua Th t l ng vua c ti tr, rt khn ngoan, trong 25 nm tri, chng nhau vi Ty Sn, tri bao nhiu ln hon nn, th m khng bao gi ng lng, c mt nim lo s khi phc. Ngi li c ci c tnh rt tt ca nhng k lp nghip ln, l ci c tnh bit chn ngi m dng, khin cho nhng k ho kit ai cng nc lng m theo gip. Bi vy cho nn khng nhng l ngi khi phc c nghip c, m li thng nht c sn h, v sa sang c mi vic, lm cho nc ta lc by gi thnh mt nc cng i, t xa n nay, cha bao gi tng thy. Cng nghip ca ngi th to tht, ti tr ca ngi th cao tht, nhng ch him c mt iu l khi cng vic xong ri, ngi khng bo ton cho nhng cng thn, m li ly nhng chuyn nh nht em git hi nhng ngi c cng vi ngi, khin cho hu th ai xem n nhng chuyn y, cng nh n vua Hn Cao, v li th di m thng tic cho nhng ngi ham m hai ch cng danh v i p ch ngy xa. Vua Th T mt nm k mo (1819), tr v c 18 nm, th 59 tui, miu hiu l Th T Cao Hong .

13. Xt cng vic ca vua Th T.

CHNG I

Thnh T
(1820-1840)
Nin hiu: Minh Mnh 1. c vua Thnh T 2. Vic chnh tr trong nc 3. Ni cc 4. C mt vin 5. Tn nhn ph 6. Quan ch 7. t tng c, tun ph cc tnh 8. Lng bng ca cc quan 9. Tin dng lim 10. S hc hnh thi c 11. Sch v 12. Vic sa sang phong tc 13. Nh dng t 14. Vic dinh in v thu m 15. Vic v b
Thng ging nm canh thn (1820), Hong Thi T hy l m ln ngi, t nin hiu l Minh Mnh. Vua Thnh T l mt ng vua c t cht minh mn, c tnh hiu hc v li hay lm; phm c vic g, ngi cng xem xt n, v c chu ph ri mi c thi hnh. Ngi tinh thm Nho hc, sng o Khng Mnh, cho nn khng a o mi, cho l mt t o ly tri thnh ra m lm m hoc lng dn. Bi vy, ngi mi nghim cm v trng tr nhng ngi theo o Gia T. V sau c nhiu nh lm s, v ring m cho ngi l bo qun, th thit tng iu y khng hp vi l cng bng. 176

1. c Vua Thnh T.

Phi bit rng nc ta t xa n nay, iu g cng theo Nho Gio, ly tam cng ng thng lm cn bn cho s n . Vua ti, cha con, v chng, y l ci kha lun l c x hi mnh. Ai tho ci kha y ra th cho l khng phi loi ngi na. Vy con phi theo cha, ti phi theo vua, ai tri vi ci o y ra phi ti nng, ng chm git. Lc trong nc mnh t vua quan cho ch dn s, ai ai cng ly ci l tng y lm phi, lm hay hn c, m li thy c ngi b i theo o khc, ni nhng chuyn m lc by gi li khng my ngi hiu r ra th no th tt cho l theo t o lm h hng ci phong tc hay ca mnh. Bi vy cho nn nh vua mi cm, khng cho ngi trong nc i theo o mi. Mt ng vua nghim khc nh Thnh T m cm khng c, th tt l phi git. Trong khi cm v git nh vy, l vn tng mnh lm bn phn lm vua ca mnh, ch c bit u l mnh lm s thit hi cho dn cho nc. V, bao gi cng vy, h ngi ta sng tn mt tng gio no, th tt cho ci tng gio ca mnh l hay hn, v cho ngi theo tng gio khc l th nghch vi mnh, ri h c quyn th l lm th no cng dng cch y m h hip ngi khc o vi mnh. Cng v l y, cho nn ngy trc Vua Phillippe II nc I Pha Nho, vua Louis XIV nc Php Lan Ty git hi bao nhiu ngi trong nc. M chc rng lc by gi cc ng y cng tng l mnh lm iu phi, ch c bit u l mnh lm iu tri l. Vn bit rng s git o l s khng lnh, nhng phi hiu ci tr no ngi Vit Nam ta lc by gi, khng r ci tng ch o Thin Cha ra th no, cho nn du khng phi l vua Thnh T na, th ng vua khc cng khng chc trnh khi ci li git o y. Nh lm s li cho vua Thnh T git Nguyn Vn Thnh, song xt trong cc truyn nh sch Thc Lc Chnh Bin v sch i Nam Chnh Bin Lit Truyn th ch thy chp rng Nguyn Vn Thnh b ti phi ung thuc c m t t nm Gia Long th 15 m thi. Cn nh v n L Vn Duyt v L Cht th c hp hi tht, nhng khi cc ng y mt ri, v li v c tn Khi khi lon cho nn mi truy ti hai ng y m lm n, ch lc hai ng y cn sng, th vua Thnh T, tuy c bng nghi ng, nhng vn khng bc i. Vic ngi git ch du l b v Hong T Cnh v cc chu, th khng thy sch no chp c, ch thy mt i ngi truyn ngn nh th m thi. Vy vic y thc h th no khng r. 177

Cn vic khng bit giao thip vi cc nc ngoi dng, th khng phi l ci li ring mt mnh ngi. Lc by gi ngi mnh ai cng ch bit c nc Tu l vn minh hn, cn th cho l man di c. Phng s c ai l ngi bit m ni thin h cn c nhiu nc vn minh hn na cng khng ai tin. Bi th, h thy ngi ngoi quc vo nc mnh, th khng nhng l s c s phn trc v s em o mi vo nc m thi, li cn s ly phi ci phong tc d man na, cho nn khng mun giao thng vi ngoi quc lm g. Nh th th c nn ring trch mt mnh ai khng ? Ci ngha v lm s, tng nn k cu cho tng tn, ri c s thc m ni, ch khng nn ly lng yu ght ca mnh m xt on. Du ngi mnh ght m c lm iu phi, mnh cng phi khen; ngi mnh yu m c lm iu tri, mnh cng phi ch. Vua Thnh T l mt ng vua chuyn ch, tt th no cng c nhiu iu sai lm v c nhiu iu tn c, nhng xt cho k, th tht ngi cng c lng v nc lm. Trong, lo sa sang mi vic, lm thnh ra nn np chnh t, ngoi, nh Tim dp Lo, lm cho nc khng n ni km hn. Vy c bnh tnh m xt, th du ngi khng c l ng anh qun na, th cng khng phi l ng vua tm thng; c xem cng vic ca ngi lm th hiu r. Vua Thnh T 30 tui mi ln ngi vua, cho nn vic triu chnh ngi am hiu lm. Vic g ngi cng mun bit. C khi xong bui chu ri, ngi i mt vi quan i thn ln bn mi vic kinh l v hi nhng s tch i xa, nhng nhn vt v phong tc cc nc xa l. Ngi chm xem xt mi vic, c khi m thp n xem chng, s, n trng hai, trng ba mi thi. Thng thng ngi ni vi cc quan rng: Lng ngi ai cng mun yn, m khng mun sinh s ra thay i lun, nhng lc tr mnh m khng sa sang mi vic, th ri n lc gi yu, mi mt cn lm g c. Bi vy cho nn trm khng dm li bing lc no143. trong triu, th ngi t thm ra cc t v cc vin. By gi c Ni Cc v C Mt Vin l quan trng hn c.

2. Vic Chnh Tr Trong Nc.

3. Ni Cc.

i vua Th T t Th Th Vin lm chn c yu trong in, c iu g th vua hi han v lm cc vic nh biu, sch, ch, co,

143

Minh Mnh Chnh Yu, quyn Cn Chnh.

chng, tu, sc, mnh, v.v.... i khi cng t h phng b th ca vua vy. Nm canh thn (1820) l nm Minh Mnh nguyn nin, vua Thnh T ci lm Vn Th Phng; n nm Minh Mnh th mi (1829), i lm Ni Cc, ly quan tam t phm cc b, vin, vo qun lnh mi vic.

Chnh Nh Phm Tng Nh Phm Chnh Tam Phm

4. C Mt Vin. Nm gip ng (1834) l nm Minh Mnh th 15, nhn v vic qun quc c yu l vic rt quan trng, vua Thnh T mi theo nh Khu Mt Vin nh Tng v Qun C x nh Thanh m chm chc t ra C Mt Vin, cho c trch nhim ring. Cc quan i thn sung chc trong vin y th dng 4 vin, vn v t tam phm tr ln, phng ch kn dng. Thuc vin th c vin ngoi lang, ch s, t v, bin tu, u kn trong cc b vin ra sung b. Cc quan i thn C Mt Vin c c ch cho em kim bi phn bit vi cc quan khc. Kim bi khi u c t y.
Nm bnh thn (1836) l nm Minh Mnh th 17, vua Thnh T t ra Tn Nhn Ph v t quan chc coi mi vic trong h nh vua. Nh vua th tin t c 7 miu: nhng miu pha t gi l chiu, nhng miu pha hu gi l mc. Con chu cc dng chiu hay l mc phi phn bit chi no ra chi y. t tn nhn lnh mt ngi, t hu tn chnh hai ngi, t hu tn nhn hai ngi, coi vic hong tc v vic phn bit t hng chiu hng mc, ghi chp hng lt ngi thn ngi s, vic nui nng v cp tc lc cho mi ngi trong hong tc; li t ra hu tn khanh hai ngi, t hu t l hai ngi, coi th trt mi ngi tn tht v vic cp dng cho k c u, gip nhng vic tang hn v.v....

Tng Tam Phm Chnh T Phm

Thng th, tng c, t hu ng s. Tham tri, tun ph, t hu ph ng s. Chng vin hc s, th lang, i l t khanh, thi thng t khanh, b chnh s, trc hc s, thng chnh s, thim s, ph don. Quang Lc t khanh, thi bc t khanh, thng chnh ph s. Hng l t khanh, i l t thiu khanh, thi thng t thiu khanh, t tu, lang trung, th c hc s, thiu thim s, thi y vin s, to chnh s, ph tha, n st s. Quang Lc t thiu khanh, thi bc t thiu khanh chng n, cp s trung, th ging hc s, kinh k o ng s, t nghip, t t s, qun o. Hng l t thiu khanh, gim st ng s, hn lm vin th c, vin ngoi lang, trng s, t t ph s,ng y, gim chnh, to chnh ph s,c hc,ph qun o. Hn lm vin th ging, hn lm vin tha ch, miu lang, gim ph, ph trng s, ph ng y, tri ph. Hn lm vic trc tc, ch s, ng tri ph, kinh huyn, tri huyn, y t vin phn, ng quan chnh. Hn Lm Vin tu son, tri huyn, tri chu, miu tha,

Thng ch, c. Chng v, khinh xa y, ch huy s,ph c. Nht ng th v, ch huy s, thn cm binh v y, lnh binh. Binh m s, tinh binh v y, thm cm binh ph v y, ph lnh binh, kiu k y, ph m y. Qun c, nh ng th v, binh m ph s, tinh binh ph v y, thnh th y.

5. Tn Nhn Ph.

Tng T Phm

Ph qun c, tuyn y s, k y.

Chnh Ng Phm

Tam ng th v, thn cm binh chnh i trng, phng th y.

6. Quan Ch. Vua Thnh T li t cc phm cp quan ch, t nht phm n cu phm, mi phm chia ra lm chnh v tng hai bc.
Chnh Nht Phm Tng Nht Phm Vn Cn chnh in i hc s, Vn Minh in i hc s, V hin in i hc s, ng cc i hc s. Hip bin i hc s. V Ng qun Thng ph thng chng ph s. Ng qun Thng ph thng. 178

Tng Ng Phm Chnh Lc Phm Tng Lc Phm

Tinh binh chnh i, t ng th v, thn cm binh chnh i trng sut i, tuyn ph s, phi k y. Ng ng, th v, cm y hiu y, tinh binh chnh i trng sut i, th binh chnh i, tr quc lang. Thn cm binh chnh i trng, n k y, th binh

Chnh Tht Phm Tng Tht Phm Chnh Bt Phm Tng Bt Phm Chnh Cu Phm Tng Cu Phm

hc chnh, thng phn, th tri ph, y hu vin phn. Hn lm vin bin tu, t v, lc s, gim tha, gim linh i lang, gio th, kinh lch. Hn lm vin kim tho, y chnh, tinh linh i lang, th tri huyn, tri chu. Hn lm vin in tch, hun o, chnh bt phm th li. Hn lm vin in b, y ph, tng bt phm th li. Hn lm vin cung phng, chnh cu phm th li, thi y y chnh, t tha, ph li mc. Hn lm vin i chiu, tng cu phm th li, tnh y sinh, huyn li mc, chnh tng.

chnh i trng sut i. Thn cm binh chnh i trng, n k y, th binh chnh i trng sut i. Tinh binh i trng, phng n y, dch tha, tng tht phm thin h, ni to ph t tng. Chnh bt phm i trng, chnh bt phm b h, dch mc, chnh bt phm chnh t tng. Tng bt phm i trng, tng bt phm b h, tha n y, tng bt phm ph t tng. Chnh cu phm i trng, ph l mc, chnh cu phm b h, chnh cu phm tng mc. Tng cu phm i trng, tng cu phm b h, huyn l mc, tng cu phm tng mc.

T tun ph tr xung u phi theo lnh quan tng c. Thng th tnh no ln, c lm vic quan trng mi t tng c qun tr c hai ba tnh. Cn nhng tnh nh th ch t tun ph l quan u tnh144.

8. Lng bng ca cc quan vin. Nm k hi (1839) l nm Minh Mnh th 20, vua Thnh T nh lng bng ng nin v tin xun phc ca cc quan vin.
Chnh nht phm:tin 400 quan, go 300 phng, tin xun phc 70 quan. Tng nht phm: tin 300 quan, go 250 phng, tin xun phc 60 quan. Chnh nh phm:tin 250 quan, go 200 phng, tin xun phc 50 quan. Tng nh phm: tin 180 quan, go 150 phng, tin xun phc 30 quan. Chnh tam phm:tin 150 quan, go 120 phng, tin xun phc 20 quan. Tng tam phm: tin 120 quan, go 90 phng, tin xun phc 16 quan. Chnh t phm:tin 80 quan, go 60 phng, tin xun phc 14 quan. Tng t phm: tin 60 quan, go 50 phng, tin xun phc 10 quan. Chnh ng phm:tin 40 quan, go 43 phng, tin xun phc 9 quan. Tng ng phm: tin 35 quan, go 30 phng, tin xun phc 8 quan. Chnh lc phm:tin 30 quan, go 25 phng, tin xun phc 7 quan. Tng lc phm: tin 300 quan, go 22 phng, tin xun phc 6 quan. Chnh tht phm:tin 25 quan, go 20 phng, tin xun phc 5 quan. Tng tht phm: tin 22 quan, go 20 phng, tin xun phc 5 quan. Chnh bt phm:tin 20 quan, go 18 phng, tin xun phc 5 quan. Tng bt phm: tin 20 quan, go 18 phng, tin xun phc 4 quan. Chnh cu phm:tin 18 quan, go 16 phng, tin xun phc 4 quan. Tng cu phm: tin 18 quan, go 16 phng, tin xun phc 4 quan. Li dch binh tng: mi thng tin mt quan, go mt phng. Hu b: mi thng tin 2 quan, go 2 phng. T nht phm n tam phm, mi nm hai k trnh giy lnh bng; t t phm n tht phm, mi nm 4 ln, n thng cui ma xun, h, thu, ng, trnh giy lnh bng; t bt cu phm tr xung, th c mi thng n lnh mt k. Tin lng bng ca cc quan vin lc by gi m so snh vi by gi, th tht l t i qu. Nhng m chc l s n tiu tha trc r rng khng ht bao nhiu. Nh vua li s nhng ph huyn thiu thn m nhng lm ca dn, cho nn mi nm li pht thm tin dng lim.
144 i vua Th T nc Nam ta c 27 trn, n i vua Thnh T t thm 4 tnh na l Hng Yn, Ninh Bnh, H tnh v An Giang, c thy thnh ra 31 tnh.

Nguyn trc nc Nam ta chia ra lm tng trn, c quan Trn Th, hay l quan Lu Trn coi vic trong trn. T i Gia Long tr i, Bc Thnh v Gia nh Thnh t quan Tng Trn v quan Hip Trn, coi vic qun v vic dn trong c ton x. n nm tn mo (1831) l nm Minh Mnh th 12, vua Thnh T mi theo li nh Thanh, i trn lm tnh v t chc tng c, tun ph, b chnh s, n st s v lnh binh. Tng c th coi vic qun, vic dn, kho hch quan li, sa sang b ci trong ht; tun ph th coi vic chnh tr, gio dc v gi gn phong tc; b chnh s th coi vic thu m, inh in, lnh trng v triu nh c n trch hay l cm lnh iu g, th phi tuyn cho mi ni bit; n st s th coi vic hnh lut v kim c vic trm dch bu chnh; lnh binh th chuyn coi binh lnh. 179

7. t Tng c, Tun Ph cc tnh.

9. Tin Dng Lim. Tri ph: ti yu khuyt cho 50 quan, yu khuyt 40 quan, khuyt 30 quan, gin khuyt 25 quan.
ng tri ph: ti yu khuyt cho 50 quan, yu khuyt 40 quan, khuyt 30 quan, gin khuyt 25 quan. Tri huyn, tri chu: ti yu khuyt cho 40 quan, yu khuyt 30 quan, trung khuyt 25 quan, gin khuyt 20 quan. Vic tr nc cn phi c vn hc, cho nn t i vua Th T cng lu v vic m mang s hc hnh. n i vua Thnh T th ngi li trng s vn hc lm, ngi thng ni vi cc quan rng: o tr nc th trc ht cn phi gy ly nhn ti. Bi vy ngi c lng yu dng nhng ngi c vn hc, cho cc hng cng vo lm hnh tu trong lc b, hc tp vic chnh tr. M Quc T Gim cho cc gim sinh c lng bng n hc. i vua Th T th ch c thi Hng m thi, n nm nhm ng (1822) l nm Minh Mnh th 3, mi m khoa thi Hi, thi nh ly tin s, n nm Minh Mnh th 10 (1829) nh vua li cho nhng ngi trng cch, nhng khng cp phn, c ph bng. Ph bng khi u c t y. Nguyn trc c 6 nm mt khoa thi, nay i li lm 3 nm mt khoa, c nm t, ng, mo, du, thi Hng; nm thn, tut, su, mi, thi Hi, thi nh. Php thi th vn theo nh i Gia Long, ngha l k nht: kinh ngha; k nh: t lc; k tam: thi ph; k t: vn sch. Trc ai tam trng, gi l sinh i, ai t trng gi l hng cng, nay i sinh l t ti, hng cng l c nhn. Vua Thnh T l ng vua thng minh, ngi vn bit s hc ca nc ta sai lm, nhng s phu trong nc ch hc theo li c nghip, ngha l ct hc ly thi , ch khng my ngi c thc hc. Thng ngi ni chuyn vi cc quan rng: "Lu nay khoa c lm cho ngi ta sai lm. Trm ngh vn chng vn khng c qui c nht nh, m nay nhng vn c nghip ch cu n ci h so, khoe khoang ln vi nhau, bit lp mi nh mt li, nhn phm cao hay thp do t , khoa trng ly hay b cng do t . Hc nh th th trch no m nhn ti chng mi ngy mt km i. Song tp tc quen ri, kh i ngay c, v sau nn dn dn i li". Vua Thnh T tht l bit r ci tt ca nhng ngi i hc trong nc ta, nhng ch v 180

thi quen lu ngy kh b. V li du c mun i, th d thng cng khng bit i ra th no cho hay hn c, cho nn s hc ca mnh vn nguyn nh c.

10. S Hc Hnh Thi C.

11. Sch V. Vua Thnh T mi ln ngi, lo vic lm sch v; ngi t Quc S Qun gp nht nhng chuyn lm quc s. Ngi li lu v vic tng l cho nhng ngi lm ra sch v. Bi vy, ngi xung chiu: h ai tm c sch c, hay lm ra sch mi, th c ban thng. T ng Trnh Hoi c dng sch: Gia nh Thnh Thng Ch v sch Minh Bt Di Hon Vn Tho; ng Hong Cng Ti dng mt bn Bn Triu Ngc Ph, 2 bn K S; ng Cung Vn Hi, ngi Qung c dng 7 quyn Khai Quc Cng Nghip Din Ch; ng Nguyn nh Chnh ngi Thanh Ha dng 34 quyn Minh Lng Khi Co Lc; ng V Vn Tiu, ngi Qung Ngha, dng mt quyn C S Bin Lc.
Vua Thnh T li sai quan son xong b Lit Thnh Thc Lc Tin Bin, b Khm nh Tiu Binh Lng K Ph Khu Phng Lc, cn sch ca ngi son ra c hai b l Ng Ch Tiu Bnh Nam K Tc Khu Thi Tp v Ng Ch Thi Tp.

12. Vic Sa Sang Phong Tc. My nm v cui i vua Thnh T trong nc lm gic gi, phong tc thnh ra kiu bc, dn s lm ngi c bc ru ch v hay m hoc nhng t gio. Nh vua ly s y lm lo, bn son ra 10 iu hun d, ban ra mi ni, dy bo ngu dn. 1. Nhn Lun: trng tam cng ng thng. 2. Chnh Tm Thut: lm vic g cng ct phi gi bng d cho chnh nh trong sch. 3. V Bn Nghip: gi bn phn chm ngh nghip ca mnh. 4. Thng Tit Kim: chung ng tit kim. 5. Hu Phong Tc: gi phong tc cho thun hu. 6. Hun T : phi dy bo con em. 7. Sng Chnh Hc: chung hc o chnh. 8. Gii Dm Thc: rn gi nhng iu gian t dm dc. 9. Thn Php Th: cn thn m gi php lut. 10. Qung Thin Hnh: rng s lm lnh.
Nm bnh thn (1836) l nm Minh Mnh th 17, c quan gim st ng s l Bi Mu Tin dng s tu rng: "Cc lng ngoi Bc Thnh nhiu k ho cng tri php, m dn th bing nhc ch c bc ru ch; vic t l qu thn th hay dng cch xa x, vic tng t th chung ng xa hoa,

thm ch c k bn sch ca nh c nghip n n ming, thc l tri vi ngha tng bo tng ln". Vua Thnh T bn xung chiu trch c cc quan a phng phi em nhng iu hun d ban ra trc m khuyn bo dn s, v phi chuyn sc cho tng l: h thy ai bing nhc rong chi c bc ru ch, th phi cm ch i. Nhng k ho cng trong lng m th hng hch iu toa kin tng, chng cng vi quan trn, dm da k bnh dn, th phi theo php m trng tr. Cn nhng l th thn v l tang t th L B nh ra php tc, h ai khng tun theo th phi ti. Khng nhng l vua Thnh T ch lo vic dy dn m thi, ngi li thng n nhng k ngho kh, vy nn ngi truyn cho cc quan cc trn ngoi Bc Thnh c quyn ly tin kho m lp mt s dng t: h nhng k quan qu, c c, v k tn tt khng c ni nng nh, phi n , th mi ngy cp cho mi tn 20 ng tin v na bt quan ng go.

15. Vic V B. Khi vua Thnh T ln ni nghip lm vua, th trong nc c yn tr, nhng ngi vn bit vic tr nc cn phi c v b, cho nn thng thng ngi vn c d truyn bo cc quan phi luyn tp binh m phng khi hu s.
nhng ni him yu th lp n i, cc ca b v cc o th lp pho i. V li lm tu ng, tp thy qun phng gi mt b. binh. Binh ch th c b binh, thy binh, tng binh, k binh v pho th

13. Nh Dng T.

B binh th c kinh binh v c binh. Kinh binh chia ra lm doanh, v, i, hoc ng gi Kinh thnh, hoc sai i ng gi cc tnh. Mi doanh c 5 v, mi v c 10 i, mi i c 50 ngi, c sut i v i trng cai qun. Nhng binh kh ca mi v, th c hai khu sng thn cng, 200 khu iu thng v 21 ngn c. C binh l lnh ring ca tng tnh, cng chia ra lm c, lm i. C th c qun c, m i th c sut i cai qun. Tng qun chia ra thnh i, mi i l 40 con voi. S voi Kinh thnh 150 con, Bc thnh 110 con, Gia nh thnh 75 con, Qung Nam 35 con, Bnh nh 30 con, Ngh An 21 con, Qung Bnh, Qung Ngha, Thanh Ha mi ni 15 con, Qung Tr, Ph Yn, Bnh Thun, Ninh Bnh mi ni 7 con. Thy qun c 15 v, chia ra lm 3 doanh, mi doanh c quan chng v qun lnh, v c quan thng coi c 3 doanh. Vua Thnh T vn bit rng nc dc b b, thy binh l vic rt yu trng cho s phng b. Thng ngi bt quan em binh thuyn ra luyn tp. i khi vic binh c, ngi khng b tr cht no. Ngi lp ton gio dng binh, cho con cc quan v, t sut i tr ln ai mun tnh nguyn vo hc, th cho lng bng, v c quan i thn ra dy v ngh. Cn nh khi no c qun lnh i u, th nh vua t l sai my ngi y sinh i theo iu h. 181

14. Vic inh in v Thu M. Thu inh v thu in th i khi cng theo nh i vua Th T nh. Ch c nm bnh thn (1836) l nm Minh Mnh th 17, t Nam k c in xong, tnh ra c hn 630.075 mu v nh li cc th thu in th min y. Cn nh s dn inh v in th trong nc, th c theo s b tng cng li c 970.516 sut inh v 4.063.892 mu rung v t.
Nhng dn Tu sang thnh lp hng p nc Nam ta gi l Minh Hng, th c lnh mi ngi ng nin phi np hai lng bc v c tr giao dch. Nhng ngi lo hng v tn tt th phi chu mt na. Cn nhng ngi nh Thanh sang bun bn nc Nam, phm ngi no m c vt lc th ng nin phi ng 6 quan nm tin; ai khng c vt lc th phi np mt na, hn cho 3 nm, th chiu l thu c thu. Nh vua li t l nh thu mui. C mi rung mui ng nin phi np bng mui t 6 phng cho n 10 phng. Mi phng np bng tin th phi t 3 tin cho n 4 tin 30 ng. Cn cc th thu m, thu sn vt, v.v... th i khi cng theo l i vua Th T nh, ch khng thay i my i.

Tuy nh vua mun lu v vic binh lnh, nhng ngi mnh lc by gi ai cng trng vn khinh v, bnh nht khng c ai lo g n vic qun lnh kh gii. H c lm s th mi ri ln. Du rng nh vua nay c ch d ra tp binh, mai c ch d ra tp trn mc lng, cc quan ch lm cho xong vic, ri li b mc bn qun i lm th no th lm. Thnh ra qun s trong s sch th nhiu, m th lc th vn khng : y l i vua Thnh T m cn th, hung chi n nhng i sau, li cn suy nhc hn na.

CHNG III

Thnh T
(1820-1840)
(tip theo) 1. S gic gi 2. Gic Bc k 3. Phan B Vnh 4. L Duy Lng 5. Nng Vn Vn 6. Gic Nam K 7. n L Vn Duyt v L Cht 8. Gic Tim La 9. Vic Ai Lao 10. Vic Chn Lp 11. Vic giao thip vi nhng nc ngoi dng 12. S cm o 13. Vua Thnh T mt
Vua Thnh T tht l ht lng lo vic chnh tr, iu g ngi cng xem xt n, vic g ngi cng sa sang li, c mun cho nc thnh dn giu, nhng phi my nm v sau, trong nc c lm gic gi, quan qun phi chinh nam pht bc, phi nh Tim, dp Lo, thnh ra dn s khng c yn nghip m lm Xt s gic gi v i vua Thnh T l do ba l ct yu: Mt l khi nh Nguyn tht th Nam, qun h Trnh thua Bc, nh Nguyn Ty Sn cn phi lo vic trong nc, lc by gi nc Tim La nhn ly dp y m gi quyn bo h nc Chn Lp v hip th cc nc t Lo. n khi vua Th T nht thng nam bc, thanh th lng ly, nc Chn Lp li xin v thn phc nc Nam, v cc nc Ai Lao, Vn Tng, u sang triu cng nh Nguyn. T nc Tim La i vi nc Nam, b ngoi tuy khng ra mt cu ch, nhng b trong ch tm cch m sinh s cp li ci quyn bo h Chn Lp v cc nc Lo. Bi vy cho nn 182

1. S Gic Gi.

v pha ty v pha nam bao gi cng c gic Tim v gic Lo quy nhiu mi. Hai l Bc K tuy l thng thuc v nh Nguyn ri, nhng cn c ngi mong nh nh L, thnh thong li c ni ni ln, hoc mun khi phc cho nh L, hoc chng c vi quan nh Nguyn, bi th cho nn t Bc c phi lon lc lun. Ba l quan li c hay nhng nhiu, lm cho lng ngi khng c tha thun, v trong m quan trng thng hay c thi bi mc nhau tng cng tng cn. Nh vua li c tnh hp hi, khng bao dong cho nhng k cng thn, hay tm chuyn lm ut c mi ngi, m vi thn dn th nghim khc qu, cho nn mi thnh ra nhiu s ri lon. Bi nhng l y, cho nn ngoi th c gic Tim nh ph, trong th c ngy Khi dy lon pha nam. L Duy Lng v Nng vn Vn dy binh pha bc. Lc by gi cng nh c ti hin tng gii nh Trng Minh Ging, T Quang C, L Vn c, Nguyn Cng Tr v.v.... u ra cng nh dp, cho nn khng nhng l gic trong nc dp yn, m li thm c b ci rng ri hn c nhng i trc. S gic gi t Bc th t nm Minh Mnh th hai (1822) tr i, thnh thong cc trn vn c nhng gic c quy nhiu cc chu huyn. Cn nhng gic c thanh th to m quan qun phi nh dp kh nhc, th c Phan B Vnh khi Nam nh, L Duy Lng khi Ninh Bnh v Nng Vn Vn khi Tuyn Quang.

Thng ging nm inh hi (1827) l nm Minh Mnh th 8, Vnh li v nh ly ph Thin Trng v ph Kin Xng, sau li v vy quan qun ch Qun. Phm Vn L v Nguyn Cng Tr em qun n nh gii vy, Vnh thua chy v gi Tr L. Quan qun vy nh, bt c Vnh v c ng hn 765 ngi. Khi dp xong gic Vnh th trong x yn c mt , nhng cn c dng di nh L mun khi phc nghip c, bi vy n thng ba nm qu t (1833) l nm Minh Mnh th 14, Ninh Bnh c L Duy Lng, l con chu nh L ni ln, xng l i L Hong Tn, cng vi bn th ti l Quch Tt Cng, Quch tt T, inh Th c, inh Cng Trnh, em binh i nh ph cc ph huyn v chim gi c 3 chu huyn l Lc Th, Phng Ha v Yn Ha. L Duy Lng li sai qun n vy nh thnh Hng Ha nguy cp lm. Vua Thnh T sai quan tng c Ngh Tnh l T Quang C em qun ra Ninh Bnh cng vi Tng c Thanh ha l Nguyn Vn Trng i nh L Duy Lng. L Duy Lng Ninh Bnh th c lm, chng khng ni my o quan qun, ch ng c vi ba thng th b bt, ng ci gii v Kinh tr ti. Cn bn Quch Tt Cng, Quch Tt T th chng c bao lu m tan. V c chuyn L Duy Lng dy binh, cho nn nh vua truyn bt dng di nh L em y vo Qung Nam, Qung Ngha, Bnh nh, c chia cho 15 ngi mt huyn v pht cho 10 quan tin v 2 mu rung lm n. Bc cn ang dp lon L Duy Lng cha xong, th Nam L Vn Khi lm phn, chim gi thnh Gia nh. Nguyn tn Khi l ngi Bc, c h hng b con mn Tuyn Quang, Cao Bng, bi vy nh vua sai quan tm bt anh em ca tn Khi em v Kinh lm ti. By gi Tuyn Quang c ngi anh v tn Khi l Nng Vn Vn b quan bt b, bn ni ln nh ph trong ht Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn, Cao Bng v Lng Sn. Gic Nng khi t thng 7 nm qu t (1833) cho n thng 3 nm t mi (1835) dai dng trong non hai nm tri, lm cho quan qun tht l vt v. Nng Vn Vn lm Tri chu chu Bo Lc. Nhn thy quan qun tm bt h hng L Vn Khi, bn ni ln t xng l Tit Ch Thng Tng 183

4. L Duy Lng.

2. Gic Bc K.

3. Phan B Vnh. Nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826), Nam nh c V c Ct cng vi Phan B Vnh v Nguyn Hnh khi binh nh ph Tr L v Ln Hi, git quan th ng l ng nh Min v Nguyn Trung Din. Quan trn th Nam nh l L Mu Cc em qun xung nh, cng b gic git mt. Quan qun cc trn phi v tiu tr, bt c tn V c Ct. Cn tn Vnh v d ng th chy tan c. Nhng n thng chp nm y, Phan B Vnh v Nguyn Hnh li thng vi ng gic Khnh i cp ngoi b, ri li em qun v nh ph huyn Tin Minh v huyn Nghi Dng Hi Dng.
Nh vua thy th gic to lm, bn sai quan Tham bin Thanh Ha l Nguyn Cng Tr, quan Tham bin Ngh An l Nguyn c Nhun em binh thuyn Thanh, Ngh ra cng vi quan Hip trn Bc thnh l Nguyn Hu Thn i nh gic.

5. Nng Vn Vn.

Qun, v bt vin tnh phi thch ch vo mt rng: "Quan tnh hay n tin ca dn", ri ui v. Nng Vn Vn chia qun ra nh ph cc tnh, quan s ti chng khng ni, phi xin qun cu vin. Vua Thnh T c tin y, bn sai Sn Hng Tuyn Tng c l L Vn c lm Tam Tuyn Tng c Qun V, v sai Hi An th tng c l Nguyn Cng Tr lm tham tn, em qun hi vi Ninh Thi Tng c l Nguyn nh Ph i tiu tr gic Nng. Qun gic vy nh Cao Bng v Lng Sn ngt qu, nh vua li sai An Tnh tng c l T Quang C lm tng thng i thn, ln nh mn Cao Bng v Lng Sn. Nng Vn Vn nhn c ch mng mn lm ni nhiu rng, bn chia qun i tn ra mi ni, tm ch him yu m n np, h c quan qun n, nh c th tin, khng nh c th lui, c ra vo bt trc, lui ti khng nht nh. Quan qun i nh tht l kh nhc v li hao binh tn tng rt nhiu. Thng chp nm qu t (1833) o qun ca T Quang C gii c vy tnh Lng Sn v ly li c thnh Cao bng. o qun ca L Vn c v Nguyn Cng Tr vo n Vn Trung (tc l Bo Lc) l ch so huyt ca gic. Nng Vn Vn phi chy trn sang Tu. Nhng m khi quan qun rt v, th Nng Vn Vn li v r ng nh ph nh c. Nh vua li sai cc o qun tin ln phng gi cc tnh mn ngc. n thng 9 nm gip ng (1834) L Vn c v Phm Vn in i t Sn Ty ln Tuyn Quang; T Quang C, Nguyn Tin Lm, v H Hu i t Cao bng; Nguyn nh Ph v Nguyn Cng Tr i t Thi Nguyn, ba mt qun cng tin ln hi tiu. Quan qun i ng s kh khn, lng thc vn ti khng tin, nhng m qun s u c ht sc, i n u qun gic tan n y. Thng chp nm y, c ba o cng n hi Vn Trung, ri sai ngi a th sang ni vi quan nh Thanh phng gi, ng cho qun gic chy sang bn y. Qu nhin Nng Vn Vn li chy sang Tu, b qun Tu ui bt, li phi tr v Tuyn Quang. Thng 3 nm t mi (1835), Phm Vn in c tin bit ch tn Vn Vn , lin em qun i ui. Vn Vn chy n vo trong rng, Phm Vn in bn vy 4 mt, ri phng ha t rng. Vn Vn b cht chy. Quan qun chm ly u em v Kinh bo tip. 184

t Nam K l t ca nh Nguyn khai sng ra, v cng bi y m vua Th T lp nn c nghip bn triu by gi, th m li c s phn nghch l ti lm sao? C phn l ti vua Thnh T khng dong th cho nhng k cu thn, c phn l ti nhng ngi gian nnh mun chiu vua ly cng, lm c hip ngi ta, cho nn mi thnh ra s lon ln y. Nguyn my nm trc, L Vn Duyt lm tng trn Gia nh thnh, c uy quyn lm, m lng ngi ai cng knh phc. Ch v ng y l quan v, tnh kh nng ny, lm khi ch triu ng tu i khng c hp th, vua Thnh T ly lm khng bng lng, nhng ng y l bc khai quc cng thn, cho nn ngi cng lm ng i. n khi ng y mt, th vua Thnh T bi chc Tng Trn thnh Gia nh v t chc tng c, tun ph, b chnh, n st, lnh binh, nh cc tnh ngoi Bc. Tnh Phin An (tc l tnh Gia nh) c Nguyn Vn Qu lm tng c, Bch Xun Nguyn lm b chnh, Nguyn Chng t lm n st. Nhng Bch Xun Nguyn vn l ngi tham lam tn c; khi n lm b chnh Phin an, ni rng phc mt ch truy xt vic ring ca L Vn Duyt, ri i hi chng c, tr ti bn ti t ca ng Duyt ngy trc. Trong bn y c L Vn Khi. Nguyn trc tn y gi l Nguyn Hu Khi, ngi Cao Bng, nhn c khi binh lm lon, b quan qun ui nh, mi chy vo Thanh Ha, gp L Vn Duyt lm kinh lc y, n xin ra th. ng Duyt tin dng cho lm con nui, i tn h l L Vn Khi, ri em v Gia nh ct nhc cho lm n chc Ph V y. By gi L Vn Khi b bt giam, phn th tc gin, phn th s ti, bn mu vi my ngi ng ca n dy lon; Gia nh li c nhng ngi c ti Bc K em y vo, hoc cho lm n vi dn s, hoc bt lm lnh gi l hi lng; nhng lnh y u theo tn Khi c. n m ngy 18 thng nm, nm qu t (1833) l nm Minh Mnh th 14, Khi cng vi 27 ngi lnh hi lng vo dinh quan B, git c nh Bch Xun Nguyn, ri ra gp quan tng c l Nguyn Vn Qu em ngi n cu, chng cng git nt. Cn quan n v quan Lnh th chy thot c. By gi nhng qun kinh ng Phin An phn nhiu theo v L Vn Khi. L Vn Khi bn t xng lm i Nguyn Sy, phong cho ng mnh l bn Thi Cng Triu v L c Lc qun trung qun, Nguyn Vn

6. Gic Nam K.

 v Nguyn Vn Tng qun tin qun, V Vnh Tin v V Vnh Ti qun hu qun, V Vnh Lc v Nguyn Vn Bt qun hu qun, Lu Tn v Trn Vn Tha qun thy qun, Nguyn Vn Tm v Nguyn Vn Chn qun tng qun, v.v.... Li t cc quan chc nh mt triu nh ring vy. on ri L Vn Khi sai bn Thi Cng Triu em qun i ly cc tnh thnh, ch trong mt thng m 6 tnh Gia nh thuc v gic c. Triu nh c tin y, lin sai Tng Phc Lng lm Tho Nghch t tng qun v Nguyn Xun lm tham tn, sai Phan Vn Thy lm Tho nghch hu tng qun, Trng Minh Ging lm tham tn, cng vi Bnh Khu tng qun l Trn Vn Nng em thy b binh tng vo nh L Vn Khi. Khi quan qun vo n Gia nh khng bit ti c g, m trung qun ca ngy l Thi Cng Triu xin v i ti lp cng. Nguyn Thi Cng Triu l ngi Tha Thin, trc lm quan v y, coi v bin binh ng Gia nh, sau theo tn Khi lm phn. Nay li tr v vi triu nh, em qun i nh L Vn Khi ly li cc tnh. L Vn Khi bit th khng chng ni, vo thnh Phin An ng ca li, ri chia qun ra chng gi, v li sai ngi i sang Tim La cu cu. Qun Tim nhn dp y, chia lm my o sang nh nc Nam. Vic y s ni mc sau. Quan qun mt mt th nh ui qun Tim, mt mt th vy nh thnh Phin An, L Vn Khi ht sc chng gi, nhng n thng chp nm y th phi bnh cht. Tuy vy, qun ngy trong thnh c chng gi mi, non ba nm tri quan qun mi h c thnh. Thnh Phin An l thnh ca ng L Vn Duyt xy xong nm Minh Mnh th 11 (1830). Xy ton bng ong, thnh cao v rng, ho su, trong thnh li c c lng thc kh gii, cho nn quan qun nh thnh ln no cng b cht hi nhiu ngi, m khng ly c. Mi n thng 7 nm t t (1835), qun ngy trong thnh mi mt lm ri, tng qun l Nguyn Xun, v Nguyn Vn Trng mi h c thnh v vo bt git qun gic c thy n 1.831 ngi, em chn vo mt ch, nay gi l "m ngy". Cn nhng ngi th phm th ng ci em v Kinh tr ti. ng J. Silvestre chp truyn L Vn Khi khi lon Gia nh145 ni rng trong 6 ngi th phm phi ng ci gii v Hu, c mt ng linh mc
145

ngi nc Php tn l Marchand (by gi gi l c Du), mt ngi khch tn l Mch Tn Gia, v mt a con ca Khi, mi ln 7 tui. Vic ng c Marchand th nhiu ngi bn i bn li: ngi th bo ng y c mun lm nh ng B a Lc, gip L Vn Khi lp nn mt nc theo o Thin Cha Gia nh, ngi th bo ng y b L Vn Khi bt vo trong thnh. Vic y vn phn vn khng r hn ra th no. n khi v n Hu th ng Marchand v 5 ngi kia u phi ti lng tr. Thit tng du th no mc lng, em mt a con v ti v 2 ngi ngoi quc ra lm ci ti thm hnh y, th tht gm gh qu. Tc ng ta trc hay dng nhng nhc hnh nh l ti lng tr, ti nga x, ti voi dy v.v... th tht l d man v cng, ngy nay ai ngh n cng phi gh mnh. Quan qun bnh xong gic L Vn Khi ri vua Thnh T sai ph thnh Phin An i, xy li ch khc v ngi xung chiu nh truy ti L Vn Duyt v ti L Cht. C bnh tnh m xt, th chng qua l vua Thnh T vn c khng a hai ng y, ri nh thn li nhn m bi vic ra chiu ngi, cho nn thnh ra hai ci n tht l khng ng. Nay c theo trong sch "i Nam Chnh Bin Lit Truyn" m chp ra, mi ngi u c ly l cng bng m phn on. T khi tn Khi khi lon, vua Thnh T thng ban trch L Vn Duyt che ch qun ph ng, gy nn hon lon. Nm t mi (1835), St Vin c Phan B t dng s ni rng: L Vn Duyt trc Gia nh, ly bn nghch Khi, nghch Nh, lm tro nha, ly binh Bc Thun, Hi Lng146 lm tm phc. Bn y vn l qun hung c, khng phi l ngi lng thin, cho nn Duyt mt cha bao lu m bn nghch Khi, nghch Nh, em qun Hi Lng, Bc thun cng vi bn th h gi thnh lm phn; li lm phin hoc nhn tm, v ly n cc tnh Nam K, m kh nhc n i i quan qun phi tin tiu. Nm tnh nay du thu phc ri, song thnh Phin An tc ng vn cn thit c, quan qun tin tiu, lm ngi thng vong, ci v y ni sao cho xit. Nay Duyt mt ri, s trng du khng c th tng cu c, nhng c xem con nui l L Vn Hn trc y vo ra trong thnh, nhp ng vi
146

7. n L Vn Duyt v L Cht: - L Vn Duyt.

Xem tp tp ch "Revue Indochinoise" s 7-8 nm 1915 v quyn An Nam S Lc "Abrg de l'histoire d'Annam" ca ng A. Schreiner.

Bc Thun, Hi Lng l nhng ngi Bc K b ti phi y vo lm lnh Nam K.

185

nghch Khi, v em Bch Xun Nguyn lm uc t t ng, th tm tch ca Duyt tng khng phi xt cng r. Nu khng bt ti e khng lm gng c cho i sau. Vy xin truy ot quan chc ca Duyt, cn v con th giao v Hnh B tra minh nghim ngh, t php nc". Vua d Ni Cc rng: "L Vn Duyt xut tha6n t k ym hon, vn l mt a y t trong nh. Xy gp hi trung hng, rng my gp g, nh dp Ty Sn, cng d c phn cng lao. c hong kho ta ngh ti n tha nh sai khin trong cung, mi em lng tin cy, nhiu ln cho n cm quyn i tng. Khng ng bn y phn nhiu l qun bt lng, mi ngy sinh ra kiu cng, manh tm phn nghch, sinh ch lm cn, n ni hn xc. V n cn e Hong Kho ta thnh minh, cho nn du c lng gian m cha dm l. M hong kho ta n vn nin cng bit r. Nhng li ngh hn du c lng gian, song thin h yn ri, thn dn ai cn theo k th hon , th chc hn cng chng lm g c. n khi trm ln ngi, cu thn khng cn my, v li ngh n tui gi, cho nn cng tm khoan dung, hoc l hn bit ngh m cha i, cho ton vn cng danh, th cng l vic hay. Khng ng k kia lng nh rn rt, tnh ta si lang, cng ngy cng sinh kiu ngo, dm ni xu triu nh trc mt chng nhn, m khoe ci ti ring ca mnh. Nm trc cc qun t phm x Thanh, Ngh cng l nhng k hung c, hn u chiu d ra th, tu xin ghp vo trng h lm nanh vut. L Vn Khi l qun v li, th tin c n chc v y, theo di c hn, lm phc tm. Th ho nh bn Dng Vn Nh, ng Vnh ng th hn ngm ngm vi dng; nhn thch nh bn V Vnh Tin, V Vnh Lc th hn m thm lp ng. Nhng k t phm Bc K pht phi vo , hn cho trong thnh, ri tha cho lm lnh; li kn ly nhng voi khe em ra ni n tr; vt ly nhng thuyn b kh gii trong 6 tnh Nam K cha vo thnh Phin An; ri li nghe tn Trn Nht Vnh m ht ht cao huyt ca dn Nam K. p thnh Phin An, tim bng Kinh thnh, ho th o su hn. Nu bo thnh cao ho su phng gic Tim, th ng b phi phng H Tin, ng b phi phng Chn Lp, c l no b bn tnh An, H, Long, Tng khng gi, m li gi Phin An hay sao? Th l r rng phng Triu nh, ch khng phi phng ngoi hon. C suy iu , th rut gan hn, du ngi i ng cng bit, ai khng cm tc, ch gin v ai khng chu ni r cho Triu nh bit sm m thi. n ni ngy nay nh nui ci nht bc nn au, mi ngy mm v mt ln, cho nn k quyn ym du chu ti minh tru, m bn nh nht cn dm gi thnh lm phn. V d quan cai tr khng hn n nh Nguyn Vn Qu, tham tn nh Bch Xun Nguyn, th chng n c ngy lm phn ch khng sao khI c. V bn tiu h hn ton l qun hung , quen lm nhng vic bt thin. Chng n quen thy hn di cha, ln trn, u bt chc hn. Thm ch hn ni vi ngi tra rng hn vo trn Gia nh, 186

vn l phong vng gi ly t, ch khng phi nh cc tng trn tm thng khc. M ca cha hn, em hn, cng tim gi l lng; hoc dm i vi ngi ta, t xng l C, cho b h tp quen thnh thi, ch bit c L Vn Duyt m khng bit n triu nh. Thy Hu t ni rng: "Khng a phm ngi trn m a lm lon, ch c l y bao gi". Vy th a phm ngi trn v khng a lm lon, cng cha c l th bao gi. Mi v gy nn lu, l no m mun cho bn tiu h khng lm phn c? Vy nn hn cht cha bao lu, m bn L Vn Khi khi lon, chu hn cng ng tnh to phn, cho c bn b khc ca hn u theo gic c, khng mt tn no trn i, ri n kt t ng, cy c thnh cao, ho su, lng thc nh ni, kh gii tinh nhu, ng li nhiu, khng c li vng s, chy n 3 nm tri, nhiu ln m ng sng cho n, m chng n khng bit hi ti u thnh, n ni binh dn gan c ly ng, ni ra au xt n gc ngun th ti hn k tng ci tc cng khng xu. Nay hY em nhng cng vic ca hn lm, r rng tai mt ngi ta, gy nn hon lon, hiu th cho ai ny u bit. Cn nh L Vn Duyt v con chu hn nn x ti th no, th giao cho nh thn ngh x". Vi hm sau, ni cc l H Quyn, Nguyn Tri Phng, Hong Qunh tu rng: Duyt che ch cho qun ph lon, gy nn s bin, ci tai v tch li lu. Nay xt nhng giy m ca y ngy trc, r ra hnh tch bi nghch, c 6 iu: 1) Nm Minh Mnh th 4, y t tin sai ngi ring l bn Phan t gi danh i thm, i thuyn sang nc Din in. Trong th y chc c giao thng. C ly ngha "lm ti khng c php c giao thng vi nc ngoi", th tm s ca y r, y l mt ti. 2) n khi s thn nc Din in n thnh, mi tu vo Triu nh. c ch d ni vic quan h n i ngha, khng nn khinh thng, nghe li ngoi m b tnh ha hiu, gy vic cu th. Vy m y c xin dung np. May m triu nh tr cng vt cho s Din in v nc, th danh ngha nc ln ta mi t gii ra thin h. Th l y chng nhng mu vic nc khng ra g, m li c gi ly ring che iu li, y l hai ti. 3) Nm Minh Mnh th 7, tu bt phong nc Anh Ct Li u vo ca Bnh Thun, c ch sai s ti h tng, m y c xin a vo Gia nh, v ni rng: "Quan trn kim thc, khng bng thn c quyn, khin cho k kia s tng lnh v bit binh oai". Hai ch "c quyn" t xa vn ly lm rn, m y dm ngt ngng t nhn, kiu t dng no, y l ba ti. 4) Nm Minh Mnh th 4, th v l Trn Vn Tnh nhn vic cng sai Gia nh v, c tu vic Trn Nht Vnh lm ring ph ngi,

mua trm cc mn. Y nghe chuyn lm vy, nm sau vo chu, c xin bt Trn Vn Tnh giao cho y y chm, nu khng giao th y xin tr chc Tng Trn; ri y xin t chc thc. C tru qun nh vy, ti g cn to bng ti y. V y xin git mt Trn Vn Tnh, th l bt ngi ta phi kha li, khng ai dm ni na, rt l dng tm nham him, y l bn ti. 5) Trn Nht Vnh c ch b th k lc Vnh Thanh, m y c xin lu li trong thnh. L i Cng c ch tuyn triu, m y c xin lu li lm vic ph Lc Ha, u l c vi chiu. Trong tp tu ca y li ni rng: "Chun cho thn cu xin vic y, th hu c ch cho vic ngoi bin cng"; li trong tp tu xin chi bng cho bn th li, c, i, cc v, c cu rng: "Lo thn xa ngoi bin khn, ch e triu nh tin dng khng c vng bn". Trong li l y u l khng knh, y l 5 ti. 6) Nm Minh Mnh th 6, y tu xin tng th cho L Cht, c ni rng: "y l v thnh dc khi t hi sinh, tic g m khng lm". Y l chc bin khn dm kt ng t tnh nh th, rt tri vi o lm ti, y l 6 ti. V li nghe y bnh nht thng khoe chuyn vi ngi ta rng: y xin c qu th c 4 cu th: T Hn tranh tin ch Hn tng Ph Chu ninh hu thp Chu thn Tha nin ti ng Trn kiu s Nht n hong bo bc th thn Dch Nm Gip Hn h thua cng tng Hn Ph Chu no km bn ti Chu Trn kiu nu gp cn binh bin Mnh o hong bo p nhau! Gi y khng phi l ngi sn c bng bt trung, th khng khi no dm khoe bi y vi ngi ta. Bi vy bn tiu h tp quen thnh thi, cho nn thy y cha lnh m c vic ny. Vy xin giao c li tu ny cho nh thn kt n chnh ti. Vua ng cho. n khi ngh n xong, trch ra cc li ni, vic lm, bi nghch, c 7 ti nn trm: 1. Sai ngi i ring sang Din in, m kt ngoi giao. 2. Xin giao tu Anh Ct Li n thnh, t c quyn. 3. Xin git th v l Trn Vn Tnh, kha ming ngi ta. 4. Khng s xin lu quan vin b i ch khc. 5. Lp ng m xin tng th cho L Cht. 187

6. Giu cha giy ng bo. 7. M cha, tim gi l lng, i vi ngi ta, t xng l C. C 2 ti nn gio: 1. C xin dung np Din in che ch ci li ca mnh. 2. Ni chuyn vi ngi ta xin c qu th c cu th hong bo. Mt ti nn pht qun: 1. T tin sai bin binh tu to tu thuyn. S bin Phin An, y thc l u v nn chiu theo lut mu phn, khp vo ti lng tri; song y chu minh tru, vy xin truy ot co sc, b quan quch git thy, t gng rn cho ngi khc. Cn nh tng t, t ph ca y c phong tng co sc, th xin truy ot c; tin phn c tim dng tri php no th tc hy i; con, chu, v c, v l, u phn bit ngh ti; ti sn th tch bin ht. n y ln. Nhng ti nguyn ngh trm quyt i lm giam hu, con chu t 15 tui tr xung, tm hy nghim cm; tr th u cha bit g th tha khng bt; ba h phi pht n cng u tha; nguyn ngh lc th cng thi. Li sai Hnh b sao bn vn n pht cho tng c, tun ph cc tnh, cho c kin ring m tu v. H ph Lng Bnh l Trn Huy Phc xin iu php ti trm quyt. H ph Qung Yn l L Dc c xin ngi no t 16 tui tr ln u chm, cn th u y nh nh ngh. Tng c Bnh Ph l V Xun Cn, Tng c Ninh Thi l Hong Vn Trm cng u xin y nh ngh. Li ni km mt cu rng: hoc nn ly cng b ti chm chc t nhiu th t Thin n. D rng: "Xem vy th bit l Tri khng sai, m cng o lng ngi khng ai giu c. K quyn gian kia gy v, thin h ai cng cm tc lun, mun ming cng li, t ci n st nghn xa. Ti L Vn Duyt nh tng ci tc m k cng khng ht, ni ra au lng, d c b quan quch m git thy, cng l ng ti. Song ngh hn cht lu, v truy ot quan tc, xng kh trong m, khng b gia hnh. Vy cho tng c Gia nh n ch m hn, san lm t phng v khc dng bia trn vit to nhng ch "Ch ny l ni quyn ym L Vn Duyt phc php", chnh ti danh cho k cht, m t php nc v i sau, lm gng cho k quyn gian mun i.

Khng nhng L Vn Duyt l ha th ti khi, m tn chu y l L Vn Hn cng giao thng vi gic, th thn thuc phi ti, trong lut c iu ni r ri. Song ngh n chng qua cung di mt lc, qua li vi gic m thi, snh vi k trc sau theo gic khng c quan qun, hi c khc nhau. V x cc hnh, cng t php nc ri. Nhng k thn thuc khc, khp ti trm giam hu, cng cho n phc ti. Li d ny chun lc tng pht cho mi tnh mt o, cho ai ny u bit Triu nh x rt cng, r rng ci cn ba thc m nghim nh ru ba nghn thu". n L Cht: n L Vn Duyt pht ra nm trc th nm sau c quan Li b t th lang l L B T truy tham nhng ti bt thn ca L Cht, c 6 ti nn cht: 1. Cht cng Duyt toan mu lm vic Y, Hoc (ph lp), b hai a ni h ra ngoi, bn git chng n buc ming, l mt ti. 2. My ln c xin thng cho hong t lm con nui, mun bt chc li c ca Dng Kin, l hai ti. 3. Mun cho con gi chnh v trong cung, khng c tha chi, ni ra nhng li on vng, l ba ti. 4. Thng ni chuyn vi L Vn Duyt rng: "Ngi ta thng ni tri, vua v cha m, ngi lm con, lm ti d c iu bt bnh, cng khng dm gin, m mt mnh ti dm gin" l bn ti. 5. Li ni rng: "Vua cy c Trnh Hoi c, Nguyn Hu Thun phc tm, ch em vi trm ngi vo chu, qut to mt ting, bn y cng phi phc xung t, ri ta mun lm g ta lm" l nm ti. 6. Li ni rng quc tnh i lm tn tht, u l bn Hoi c a dua xui gic, nn em chm trc ca miu chnh ti, l su ti. Li c 10 ti tim lon: 1. Khi y Bc thnh, u nm im binh, dm ln lu Ng mn ngi chnh gia. 2. nin thuyn ti ngoi b, y ly ca ring m ti vo thuyn cng. 3. Cng vi L Vn Duyt dng biu t chc bt b nh vua. 4. Vic sinh st d ot, hay t tin. 5. Tri php, n l, giu n nghn vn. 6. Tu s khng hp php, c ch khng cho, m c nht nh np li, c L Vn Duyt ngn i mi thi. 7. Nui nhng cung n tin triu, khng bit king n g. 8. Ni cng snh tim lm gc chung, gc trng. 9. Ti n L Duy Thanh thnh, li cn cng vi L Vn Duyt c xin ngh li. 10. iu b c binh, ph binh, xin ly chc quan vn m thi hnh. 188

Vy xin giao cho nh ngh, chnh ti danh lm gng cho k gian trm i. Vua d rng: "Cht, tnh vn si lang, nt nh ma qu, lm ti th bt trung, bt chnh, x vic th i c i gian, vic no cng cn r, ai l chng tc gin, chng nhng l 16 ti m thi u. Trc kia trm ngh hn cng vi L Vn Duyt, du mang lng bt thn, nhng ngi ta khng chu theo, th chc khng dm gy s. V hn l nht phm i thn; d c mu gian m thn dn cha co t, th khng n bt ti. K n hn li chu ti minh tru ri th li tri tng cng khng thot, cho nn cng chng k lm g na. Nay c ngi tham hch, vy th phi tri cng, c triu nh php lut. Chun cho nh thn em 16 iu ti ca hn m nh r ti danh, v con cng n lut m ngh x, duy con gi no xut gi, cng l chu trai cn nh th tha". nh thn ngh rng: Cht, bt php bt trung, i gian i c, c 6 ti nn lng tr, 8 ti nn trm, 2 ti nn gio. Nhng ti phm phn, m mu iu bt qu, th khp vo ti bn nghch m x lng tr. Song y chu ti minh tru, vy xin truy ot co sc, b o quan, lc thy, khiu th th gii. Cn co sc phong cho cha m y, cng xin truy ot; v l L Th Sai tng ng mu bn vi chng, ngh trm lp quyt. Li pht cho cc tng c, tun ph, mi ni mt o vn n, cho em ring by t tu v, cho cng lng chng. Cc a phng tu v, u xin y nh ngh. Ngi d rng: "Nh vy r l tri ti lng ngi, cng lun khng bao gi mt. K gian thn cha v, mun ming cng mt li, lm n st thin c. V L Cht cng vi L Vn Duyt, da nhau lm gian, ti c y cha, nh tng ci tc m tnh cng khng ht, gi th b o quan git thy, cng khng l qu. Song li ngh Cht ti cng nh Duyt, trc kia Duyt khng b o quan git thy, th nm xng kh ca Cht nay cng chng mng bt ti. Vy cho tng c Bnh Ph V Xun Cn san phng m ca hn, khc bia dng ln trn to my ch: "Ch ny l ni L Cht phc php" lm gng cho k gian tc mun i. Cn v hn l L Th Sai cng mt nh, d bit mu bn nghch, x vo cc hnh, cng l phi, song k n b chng cn vi vng chnh php. Vy L Th Sai cng con l L Cn, L Trng, L Thng, L K, u ci lm trm giam hu. Li tch bin gia sn, c hn 12.000 quan tin, giao tnh cha c vo kho147.
n nm T c nguyn nin (1847) quan ng cc i hc s l V Xun Cn lm s tu xin gia n cho con chu Nguyn Vn Thnh. Trong bi s c lm cu thm thit. C ch ni rng: "Nguyn Vn Thnh, L Vn Duyt v L Cht u c lng theo my i gi, xng pha ch mi tn hn n, thn lm i tng, tc n qun cng, sau hoc v con di, hoc v cy cng m lm thnh ti ..... D bn Nguyn Vn Thnh c ti, th ti tr ri, m cng th khng hi n,
147

Nc Tim La t khi mt quyn bo h Chn Lp, vn c mun sinh s vi nc Nam, nhng cn s th lc Nguyn Triu cha dm lm g, ch thnh thong sang sinh s vi nhng nc Lo. H khi no Tim v Lo nh nhau, th nh vua sai quan qun phng gi nhng ch bin thy, v sang cu vin nhng nc b ngi Tim bt nt. Nh nm inh hi (1827) l nm Minh Mnh th 8, nc Tim nh ly nc Vn Tng (Vientiane), quc trng nc y l A N chy sang cu cu, vua Thnh T sai quan thng ch l Phan Vn Thy lm kinh lc bin v i thn em binh tng sang cu A N. Thng chn nm y, bn L c Lc, Nguyn Cng Tin em binh Ngh An chia lm hai o i ng Quy Hp v ng Lc Phm qua Trn Ninh sang cu A N. i n u v nhng sng ni hnh th him tr ri gi v Kinh. A N mt nc khng ly li c, phi theo qun An Nam v Ngh An, i thu xp qun s v nh bo th. n nm mu t (1828), A N ni rng qun Lo t hp c ri, xin cho quan qun a v nc. Vua Thnh T sai Phan Vn Thy lm kinh lc i thn, Nguyn Vn Xun lm ph, Nguyn Khoa Ho lm tham tn, em 3.000 qun v 24 con voi, a A N v Trn Ninh. n Trn Ninh, A N xin em qun Lo v Vn Tng (Vientiane). Phan Vn Thy cho hai i qun Thn Sch i h tng. V n Vn Tng, A N em qun i nh qun Tim, qun s cht hi rt nhiu, ri li sai ngi sang Ngh An xin vin binh. Vua Thnh T thy A N hay sinh s nh nhau m khng c vic g, bn khng cho qun sang cu, ch xung lnh truyn cho cc ht Lo phi phng gi nhng ch bin thy. A N khng c qun cu vin, b qun Tim n nh, li phi b thnh m chy sang Trn Ninh. c t lu, Chiu Ni l th lnh Trn Ninh bt A N em np cho Tim La. Qun Tim La ph c Vn Tng ri, li xm vo n cc chu ph thuc v nc Nam, mn gn Qung Tr. Vua Thnh T sai thng ch Phm Vn in, kinh l mi vic Cam L, sai L ng Doanh lm tham tn qun v, cng vi qun cc o Lo i tiu tr.
chng ha ra em ci cng lao bch chin m n ni ci tn hn phi b v nh ma tri ngoi ng, khc no qu Mc Ngao khng ai th cng khng?" Vua Dc Tng xem bi s y ly lm cm ng bn truy phong cho bn Nguyn Vn Thnh, v cp phm hm cho cc con chu.

8. Gic Tim La.

Phm Vn in, mt mt th cho ngi em th sang trch nc Tim La sinh s, mt mt th chia qun, lm ba o tin ln nh. Tng Tim la vit th tr li mt cch khim nhng lm, ri rt qun v. T nc Tim b ngoi vn thng s i li gi s ha hiu, nhng ngm ngm c tm cch quy nhiu nc Nam. pha ty nam, ngi Tim vn dung tng nhng ngi phn nghch nc Chn Lp, m pha ty bc th vn c h hip Vn Tng v cc nc nh khc. D th mc lng, vua Thnh T khng mun gy vic binh ao, c dng li ni ngt m trang tri mi vic. n cui nm qu t (1833) nhn c ngy Khi khi lon t Gia nh v tn Khi li cho ngi sang cu cu vua Tim La bn sai qun thy b chia ra lm 5 o sang nh Vit Nam. o th nht thy qun em hn 100 chic thuyn vo nh ly H Tin; o th nh b qun sang nh Nam Vang (Phnon-penh), ri tin ln nh ly Chu c v An Giang; o th ba nh ly mt Cam L; o th t nh Cam Ct, Cam Mn, o th nm nh Trn Ninh. Tuy rng qun nghch nm o cng tin, nhng ch ch ca Tim La l ct nh Chn Lp v Nam K, cn cc o khc l phn qun lc ca nc Nam m thi. Vua Thnh T c tin bo cp, lin xung chiu sai quan qun phng ng cc ni. Pha ty nam th sai qun th Gia nh, chia qun cho Trng Minh Ging v Nguyn Xun i tin tiu mt An Giang. Pha ty bc th sai L Vn Thy gi mt Cam L, thuc Qung Tr, Phm Vn in gi mt Ngh An. Li sai Nguyn Vn Xun148 lm kinh lc i s i tiu tr qun Tim v qun Lo Trn Ninh. Trng Minh Ging v Nguyn Xun i ph qun Tim La sng C cng. Qun Tim La Chn Lp cng b ngi bn x nh ph. Ch no qun nghch cng thua to cht hi rt nhiu; ch trong mt thng m quan qun ly li H Tin v Chu c, ui qun Tim ra khi b ci, ri tin ln nh ly thnh Nam Vang v a vua Chn Lp l Nc ng Chn v nc.

148 Nguyn Xun th lm tham tn i thn theo Trng Minh Ging, Nguyn Vn Xun th lm hu qun lnh An tnh tng c i nh mt Trn Ninh.

189

Trng Minh Ging v Nguyn Xun t Nam Vang tin ln nh qun Tim, lin ph my trn, chm tng bt binh ly c sng ng kh gii khng bit ngn no m k. Tng Tim La l Phi Nh Cht Tri em bi binh chy v nc, quan qun ui nh ly thnh Ph Tc (Pursat) ri cho ngi Chn Lp li gi cc ni: ch no him yu th lm n p ly, phng ng qun gic. Nhng o qun Tim v qun Lo sang nh mt Qung Tr, Ngh An v Trn Ninh, u b tng qun l Nguyn Vn Xun, Phm Vn in v L Vn Thy nh ui, ch no quan qun cng c ton thng, gi c b ci nguyn nh ch c c. Qun Tim sang nh t thng ging nm gip ng (1834), n thng nm nm y, th quan qun bnh xong c mi ni. Vua Thnh T mng r, ban thng cho cc tng s v b co ra cho mi ni u bit. Nc Nam ta v i vua Thnh T th to rng hn c, l v qun Tim La c hay sang quy nhiu cho nn cc x Lo u xin v ni thuc nc ta. Nm inh hi (1827), ngi Nam chng (Luan Prabang) thng vi Tim La, ri c em qun xung quy nhiu t Trn Ninh. T trng l Chiu Ni xin em t Trn Ninh v ni thuc Vit Nam. Vua Thnh T phong cho Chiu Ni lm Trn Ninh phng ng s cai qun c 7 huyn, li phong cho nhng th mc lm th tri huyn v th huyn tha. Chiu Ni dng s dn inh v in th, c thy c 3.000 sut inh v 28 s rung. Li c t Tam ng v Lc Phn ( trc thucv Vn Tng) cng xin ni thuc. Triu nh chia nhng t y ra lm hai ph l Trn Tnh ph v Lc bin ph. Nm y li c x Xa h (?), Sm T (Sam teu), Mng son (?), Mang Lan (Mng Lam), Trnh C (Xing-kh), Sm na (Samneua), Mng Duy (?) v Ngc Ma c Cm ct (Kham-keut), Cam Mn v Cam Linh (?) u xin v ni thuc. Vua Thnh T chia nhng t y ra lm ba ph l Trn Bin, Trn nh v Trn Man. Ph Trn bin c bn huyn l Xa h, Sm t, Mang son, Mang lan; ph Trn nh149 c 3 huyn l Cam ct, Cam mn, v Cam linh. Hai ph y u thuc v Ngh An. Cn ph Trn Nam c 3 huyn l Trnh C, Sm na, Man Duy th thuc v Thanh Ha.

min Cam L thuc Qung Tr li c nhng mng Mang vang (?), N bi (?), Thng k (?), T bang (?), Xng thnh (?), Tm bn (?), Ba lan (?), Mang bng (?), Lang thi (?), xin v ni thuc, chia ra lm 9 chu, cho chiu l triu cng. i khi l t Sm na, t Trn Ninh, t Cam mn v t Savannakhet by gi, tha y thuc v Vit Nam ta c.

10. Vic Chn Lp. nc Chn Lp th t khi quan qun ph c gic Tim ri, Tng qun l Trng minh Ging v tham tn l L i Cng lp n An Nam gn Nam vang bo h Chn Lp.
Cui nm gip ng (1834), vua nc Chn Lp l Nc ng Chn mt, khng c con trai, quyn cai tr trong nc v c my ngi phin liu l bn Tr Long v La Kin. Nhng ngi ny u l ngi Chn Lp m li nhn quan chc Vit Nam. n nm t mi (1835), Trng Minh Ging xin lp ngi con gi ca Nc ng Chn tn l Angmey ln lm qun cha, gi l Ngc Vn cng cha, ri i nc Chn Lp ra lm Trn ty thnh, chia ra lm 32 ph v 2 huyn. t mt tng qun, mt tham tn i thn, mt c, mt hip tn, v 4 chnh ph lnh binh, coi mi vic qun dn. cc ch yu hi, li t chc tuyn ph, an ph phng ng. Nm canh t (1840), nh vua sai L Vn c lm khm sai i thn, Don Un lm ph v cng vi Trng Minh Ging kinh l mi vic Trn Ty Thnh, khm xt vic bun bn, o rung t, nh thu inh, thu thuyn b bun bn di sng. Nhng v quan li Vit Nam ta sang lm nhiu iu tri l, nhng nhiu dn s, li bt Ngc Vn cng cha em v Gia nh, bt bn Tr Long v L Kin y ra Bc K, dn Chn Lp ai cng on gin, ch no cng c gic gi ni ln nh ph. Li c em Nc ng Chn l Nc ng n khi ngha, c ngi Tim La gip , thnh ra quan qun nh mi khng c. V sau khi vua Thnh T mt ri, quan qun phi b thnh Trn Ty m rt v An Giang. y cng l v ngi mnh khng bit bnh vc k hn yu, ch em lng tham tn m c hip ngi ta, cho nn thnh ra hao tn binh lng, nhc mt tng s, m li phi s bi hoi, tht l thit hi cho nc mnh.

9. Vic Ai Lao.

11. Vic giao thip vi nhng nc ngoi dng. Vic giao thip ca nc Nam ta vi cc nc ngoi dng m ngn tr l bi c
190

149

gn a ht H tnh by gi.

hai l: mt l v s cm ging o thin cha; hai l v ngi nc mnh lc by gi khng hiu thi th, c t c mnh l vn minh hn ngi, khng chu hc tp nh ngi ta m theo ng tin b. Nc ta t i thp tht th k, v nh Hu L c ngi u-la-ba ra vo bun bn, hoc Ph Hin (Hng Yn), hoc ca Hi An (Faifo), u khng c vic g ngn tr c. Ch c s ging o Thin cha trong nc l hay b s ngn cm. Ngy trc cha Trnh v cha Nguyn c d nghim cm. n i Nguyn Ty Sn th trong nc ri lon, cn phi lo vic chin tranh, cho nn khng ni n vic cm o. V sau, khi vua Th T nht thng c nam bc, th ngi nh n bn o c cng gip rp trong lc gian trun, vn cc gio s c php i ging o mi ni. Mi n i vua Thnh T th vic nc yn, nh vua lu v s gio ha, ly Nho o lm chnh o v cho cc tn gio khc lm t o, bt dn gian phi b t theo chnh. S cm o li khi u pht ra na. M cng v s cm o, cho nn s bun bn ca nhng ngi ngoi dng nc ta, thnh ra ngn tr. Bi v Triu nh thy thnh thong c chic tu bun li, th c mt vi ngi gio s vo ging o, ngn cm th no cng khng c, tng l c do thm g chng, cho nn li cng nghi ng lm. V li v i nh Nguyn lc by gi, trong nc cng khng c ngi ngoi quc ra vo bun bn, ch c ngi Php Lan Ty trc theo gip vua Th T, ri li lm quan ti triu l Chaigneau v Vannier. Khi vua Th T hy cn, th Chaigneau c xin v nc Php ngh ba nm, n nm inh mi (1821), ng y tr sang th li nhn chc lnh s v chc khm sai ca vua Louis XVIII, em phm vt v t quc th sang iu nh vic thng thng vi nc Nam. Chaigneau sang n ni, th vua Th T mt ri, vua Thnh T tip i Chaigneau cng t t, v ngy sai quan tr li cho Php Hong rng nc Nam v nc Php khng vic g m phi lm iu c v vic thng mi. Vic vo bun bn nc Nam, th c theo lut nc Nam, khng iu g ngn tr c. Nm nhm ng (1822) c chic tu chin ca Php tn l Cloptre vo ca nng, ngi qun tu tn l Courson de La Ville Hllio nh Chaigneau xin php cho vo yt kin vua Thnh T; ngi khng cho. Thng 7 nm y, c tu Anh Ct Li vo nng xin thng thng, nh vua cng khng cho. Chaigneau thy nh vua cng ngy cng nht nho vi mnh, v cng khng lm c cng vic g c ch, bn cng vi Vannier xin t chc, 191

ri n cui nm gip thn (1824), hai ngi xung tu i qua Gia nh v Php. Thng ging nm t du (1825), li c thy qun i t nc Php l ng Bougainville em hai chic tu chin l Thtis v Esprance vo ca Nng, em phm vt v quc th, xin vo yt kin vua Thnh T. Ngi ni rng nc Php v nc Anh l hai nc cu ch, m nc ta trc khng tip s Anh Ct Li, l no nay li tip s nc Php. V lc by gi Chaigneau v Vannier v c ri, ngi bn sai quan em vt ra ban thng cho s nc Php v ni rng trong triu khng c ai bit ting Php, cho nn khng th tip c. Qua nm sau (1826) chnh ph Php li sai chu ng Chaigneau sang lm lnh s thay cho ch, nhng sang n ni, Triu nh nc ta khng nhn, n nm k su (1829) li phi tr v. T cho n 10 nm v sau nc Php tuyt giao vi nc Nam ta. M lc by gi ch tr my ngi gio s i ging o ch thn d ra, th trong nc cng khng c ngi ngoi dng no na. T khi vua Thnh T ln ngi, ngi c khng cho ngi ngoi quc vo ging o trong nc. n nm t du (1825), khi chic tu Thtis vo ca Nng, c mt ngi gio s tn l Rogerot li i ging o cc ni, vua Thnh T nhn dp y mi c d cm o, v truyn cho cc quan phi khm xt cc tu b ca ngoi quc ra vo ca b. Trong d ni rng: "o phng Ty l t o, lm m hoc lng ngi v hy hoi phong tc, cho nn phi nghim cm khin ngi ta phi theo chnh o". Ngi li sai tm bao nhiu nhng gio s trong nc em c v Hu dch nhng sch Ty ra ch Vit Nam, ch l khng phi v vic dch sch, nhng l cho khi i ging o chn hng thn. Lc by gi khng phi l mt mnh vua Thnh T ght o m thi, phn nhiu nhng quan li cng u mt c, cho nn s cm o li cng nghit thm. Nhng m du cm th no mc lng, trong nc vn c ngi i ging o, nh vua ly iu lm tri php, li c d ra ln na truyn cho dn bn gio phi b o, v ai bt c gio s em np th c thng. Nm y Hu c mt ngi gio s phi x gio, v cc ni cng ri lon v s bt o v git o.

12. S Cm o.

T tr i, trong Nam ngoi Bc, ch no cng c gic gi ni ln, nh vua ng cho dn bn o theo gip qun gic, li cng cm nghit: t nm gip ng (1834) cho n nm mu tut (1838), c nhiu gio s v o b git, nht l t khi bt c c Du (P. Marchand) Gia nh ri, s git o li d hn trc na. Nh vua mt mt th cm o, mt mt th ban nhng hun iu ra / khuyn dn gi ly o chnh. Nhng nh vua m dng uy quyn git hi bao nhiu, th dn s li kh s by nhiu, ch lng tin tng ca ngi ta khng sao ngn cm c. V li o Thin cha cng l mt o tn nghim, dy ngi ta ly lng nhn i, vic g m lm kh dn s nh th? Cc gio s by gi c mt nim liu sng cht i truyn gio cho c, c ngi phi o hm m di t hng my thng dy o. Nhng ngi c ch bn cht nh vy, th hnh pht cng v ch m thi. Nm mu tut (1838), vua Thnh T thy cm th no cng khng c nhng ngi i ging o trong nc, ngi bn sai s sang nc Php iu nh vi chnh ph Php v vic y. Song khi s thn Vit Nam sang n ni, th hi Ngoi Quc Truyn o xin Php Hong l vua Louis Philippe ng tip150. S thn ta phi tr v khng; khi v n Hu th vua Thnh T mt ri. V sau vic cm o c dai dng mi n khi nc Php sang bo h mi thi.

m t lng, ngi bit c dn c nc m khng bit thi th tin ha. Bi vy cho nn ni rng ngi l mt ng anh qun th kh qu, m ni rng ngi l ng bo qun th khng cng bng. Du th no mc lng, ngi l mt ng vua thng minh, c qu cm, ht lng lo vic nc, tng v bn triu nh Nguyn cha c ng vua no lm c nhiu cng vic hn ngi vy.

13. Vua Thnh T Mt.

Vua Thnh T mt nm canh t (1840), th c 50 tui, v tr v c 21 nm, miu hiu l Thnh T Nhn Hong .

Trong i vua Thnh T lm vua, php lut, ch , iu g cng sa sang li c, lm thnh mt nc c cng k. Nhng ch v ngi nghim khc qu, c mt mc theo c, ch khng ty thi m bin ha phong tc; li khng bit khoan dung cho s sng tn, em git hi nhng ngi theo o, v li tuyt giao vi ngoi quc lm thnh ra nc Nam ta l loi mt mnh. hay rng nhng iu lm li y l trch nhim chung c triu nh v c bn s phu nc ta lc by gi, ch khng ring chi mt mnh ngi, nhng ngi l ng vua chuyn ch mt nc, vic trong nc hay d th no, ngi cng c mt phn trch nhim rt to, khng sao chi t c. Vy c bnh tnh m xt, th chnh tr ca ngi tuy c nhiu iu hay, nhng cng c nhiu iu d; ngi bit cng m khng bit nhu, ngi c uy quyn
150

Sch Histore de la Cochinchine Francaise ca ng Cultru.

192

CHNG IV

Hin T
(1841-1847)
Nin hiu: Thiu Tr 1. 2. 3. 4. c vua Hin T Vic Chn Lp Vic Tim La Vic giao thip vi nc Php

Khi qun ca Nguyn Tin Lm v Nguyn Cng Tr dp xong gic Lm Sm Nam K, th qun Tim La li em binh thuyn sang cng vi qun gic nh ph. Vua bn sai L Vn c lm tng thng em binh tng i tiu tr. Sai Nguyn Tri Phng v Nguyn Cng Nhn gi mt Vnh T, Phm Vn in v Nguyn Vn Nhn gi mt Hu Giang. Ba mt cng tin binh ln nh, qun Tim v qun gic thua to, phi rt v gi Trn Ty. Quan qun ui c qun Tim La ra ngoi b ci ri, t qun gi cc ni him yu i ngy tin tiu. Nguyn l Nc ng n151 em qun Tim La v cu vin nh ly li nc. Nhng khi n Vit Nam rt v ri, qun Tim La tn bo, ngi Chn Lp li khng phc, c ngi sang cu cu Nam K, vua bn sai V Vn Gii sang kinh l vic Chn Lp. Thng su nm t t (1845), l nm Thiu Tr th nm, V Vn Gii vo n Gia nh, cng vi Nguyn Tri Phng, Don Un, Tn Tht Ngh, tin binh sang nh Chn Lp, ph c n Dy St, ly li thnh Nam Vang, ngi Chn Lp v hng k hn 23.000 ngi. on ri, Nguyn Tri Phng v Don Un em binh ui nh qun Tim La v qun Chn Lp, vy Nc ng n v tng Tim La l Cht Tri -ng (Oudon). Thng chn nm y, Cht Tri sai ngi sang xin ha. Qua thng mi th Nguyn Tri Phng, Don Un v Cht Tri k t ha c nh hi qun, hai nc u gii binh. Nguyn Tri Phng rt qun v ng Trn Ty, i qun Tim thi hnh nhng iu c nh. Thng chp nm bnh ng (1846), Nc ng n dng biu t ti v sai s em phm vt sang triu cng. Thng hai nm inh mi (1847) l nm Thiu Tr th by, Triu nh phong cho Nc ng n lm Cao Min Quc Vng v phong cho M Lm Qun Cha lm Cao Min Qun Cha. Li xung chiu truyn cho qun th Trn Ty rt v An Giang. vy. T nc Chn Lp li c vua, v vic pha nam mi c yn

3. Vic Tim La.

Thng ging nm tn su (1841) Hong Thi T hy l Min Tng ln ngi in Thi Ha t nin hiu l Thiu Tr. Tnh vua Hin T thun ha, khng hay by ra nhiu vic v cng khng c qu cm nh Thnh T. Trong i Ngi lm vua, hc hiu, ch , thu m, iu g cng theo nh triu vua Thnh T c. By ti lc by gi c Trng ng Qu, L Vn c, Don Un, V Vn Gii, Nguyn Tri Phng, Lm Duy Tip trong ngoi ra sc gip rp. Nhng m t Nam K c gic gi, dn Chn Lp ni lon, qun Tim La sang nh ph, nh vua phi dng binh nh dp mi mi xong.

1. c Vua Hin T.

2. Vic Chn Lp. Nguyn t cui i c Thnh T, t Nam K v t Chn Lp c gic gi, cc ng Trng Minh Ging, Nguyn Tin Lm, L Vn c, Nguyn Cng Tr c phi em qun i tiu tr mi, nh c ch ny th ch kia ni ln. Sau Nam K li c Lm Sm cng vi bn thy cha lm lon Tr Vinh; Chn Lp th nhng ngi bn x cng vi ngi Tim La nh ph. Quan qun chng khng ni. Triu nh ly vic y lm lo phin. Nm Thiu Tr nguyn nin (1841), trong Triu, ng T Quang C tu xin b t Chn Lp, rt qun v gi An Giang. Vua nghe li y, xung chiu truyn cho tng qun l Trng Minh Ging rt qun v. Trng Minh Ging v n An Giang th mt. Bi v vic kinh l t Chn Lp l tay ng c, nay v c bin lon, quan qun phi b thnh Trn Ty m, ng ngh xu h v bun bc n ni thnh bnh m cht.
193

151

Nc ng n l em Nc ng Chn, ch nng Ang-mey l Ngc Vn qun cha.

4. Vic Giao Thip vi nc Php. T khi vua Hin T ln tr v, th s cm o hi ngui i c mt t. Nhng m triu nh vn ght o, m nhng gio s ngoi quc vn cn giam c Hu. C ngi a tin y cho trung t nc Php tn l Favin Lvque coi tu Hroine. ng Favin Lvque em tu vo Nng xin cho nm ngi gio s c tha.
Qua nm t t (1845) l nm Thiu Tr th nm c mt gim mc tn Lefbvre phi n x t. By gi c ngi qun tu M Li Kin Nng xin mi khng c, mi bo tin cho hi qun thiu tng nc Php l Ccile bit. Thiu tng sai qun em chic tu Alemne vo Nng lnh gim mc ra. Nm inh mi (1847) quan nc Php c tin rng Hu khng cn gio s phi giam na, mi sai i t De Lapierre v trung t Rigault de Genouilly em hai chic chin thuyn vo Nng, xin b nhng ch d cm o v cho ngi trong nc c t do theo o mi. Lc hai bn cn ang thng ngh v vic y, th quan nc Php thy thuyn ca ta ra ng gn tu ca Php v trn b li thy c qun ta sp sa n ly, mi nghi c s phn trc g chng, bn pht sng bn m c nhng thuyn y, ri nh neo ko bum ra b. Vua Hin T thy s trng nh th, tc gin v cng, li c d ra cm ngi ngoi quc vo ging o, v tr ti nhng ngi trong nc i theo o. Vic tu nc Php vo bn nng xong c my ngy thng, th vua Hin T phi bnh mt. By gi l thng chn nm inh mi (1847), nm Thiu Tr th by. Ngi lm vua c by nm, th 37 tui, miu hiu l Hin t Chng Hong .

CHNG V

Dc Tng
(1847-1883)
Nin hiu: T c 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. c vua Dc Tng nh thn Vic ngoi giao Vic cm o Vic thu m Vic vn hc Vic binh ch

Vua Hin T mt, truyn ngi li cho hong t th hai hy l Hng Nhm. By gi hong t mi c 19 tui, nhng hc hnh thng thi. n thng 10 nm inh mi (1847), th ngi ln ngi hong in Thi Ha, t nin hiu l T c, ly nm sau l nm Mu Thn lm T c nguyn nin. Vua Dc Tng i vi vn hi nc Nam ta tht l quan h, v l n i ngi th nc Php sang bo h, i x hi mnh ra mt cnh tng khc. Bi vy cho nn ta cn phi bit r ngi l ngi th no, xt on nhng cng vic thi by gi cho khi sai lm. Quan tng c Thn Trng Hu c trng thy dung nhan ca ngi v t r chn tng ca ngi ra nh sau ny: "Ngi hnh dung nh mt ngi nho s, khng cao, khng thp, trc ngi bc trung, khng gy khng bo, c mt phn hi gy mt t. Da khng trng khng en. Mt hi di; cm hi nh, trn rng m thng, mi cao m trn, hai con mt tinh m lnh. Ngi hay cht ci khn vng m nh, v mc o vng, khi ngi c tui th hay mc qun vng i giy hng vng ca ni v ng. Ngi khng a trang sc m cng khng cho cc b ni cung eo n trang, ch ct ly s n mc sch s lm p. Tnh ngi tht l hin lnh. Nhng ngi c hu gn ngi ni chuyn rng: mt hm ngi ng triu ti in Vn Minh, ngi cm ci hoa 194

1. c vua Dc Tng.

mai152 sp ht thuc, tn thi gim ng qut hu, v qut mnh qu, la hoa mai bay vo tay ngi. Tn thi gim s xanh mt li, m ngi ch xoa tay, ch khng ni g c. Ngi th c T D rt c hiu. L thng c ngy chn th chu cung, ngy l th ng triu: trong mt thng chu cung 15 ln, ng triu 15 ln, tr khi i vng v khi se yu153. Trong 36 nm, thng vn nh th, khng sai cht no. Khi ngi chu cung th ngi tu chuyn ny chuyn kia, vic nh vic nc, vic xa vic nay. c T D thuc s sch nhiu m bit vic i cng rng. Khi c T D ban cu chi hay, th ngi bin ngay vo mt quyn giy gi l T Hun Lc. Mt hm rnh vic nc, ngi ng bn ti rng Thun Trc154 gp phi khi nt lt. Cn hai ngy na th c k c Hin T, m ngi cha ng v. c T D nng rut, sai quan i thn l Nguyn Tri Phng i rc. Nguyn Tri Phng i c na ng, va gp thuyn ng ng cho ln, m nc th chy mnh, thuyn khng i mau c. Gn ti thuyn ng mi ti bn. Khi y tri ang ma, m ngi vi vng ln kiu trn i thng sang cung, ly xin chu ti. c T D ngi xoay mt vo mn, chng ni chng rng chi c. Ngy ly mt cy roi my, dng ln trn gh trt k ri ngi nm xung xin chu n. Cch mt hi lu, c T D xoay mt ra ly tay ht ci roi m ban rng: - Thi, tha cho! i chi cho quan qun cc kh th phi ban thng cho ngi ta, ri sm mai i hu k. Ngi ly t lui v, ni m ngi ph thng cho cc quan qun i hu ng. Quan th mi ngi c mt ng tin bc, ln nh ty theo phm, cn lnh th mi tn c mt quan tin km. n sng ngi ng ra in Long An ly k. Xem cch ngi th m nh th, th t xa n nay t c. Tnh ngi sing nng, sng chng nm gi, ngi ng tnh, ngha l thc dy, chng su gi, ngi ra triu. Cho nn cc quan Kinh bui y cng phi dy sm m i chu. Thng thy cc quan thp n n cho vo triu cho sm.
Hoa mai l mt si dy lm bng ch thp la m ht thuc. Se yu l au yu. Ting se Hu ni cch tn knh, nh vua au th ni vua se mnh. 154 Cch Kinh thnh chng 15 cy s, bn b sng Li Giang, c mt ci rng cm gi l Thun Trc. Ch y nhiu chim, c Dc Tng thng ng n bn y.
153 152

Thng ngi ng triu ti in Vn Minh, bn t in cn chnh. Cc quan n sm, quan vn th ngi chc ti t vu, quan v ti hu vu. Khi ngi ng ra, th thi gim tuyn triu cc quan vo chu. Cc quan u mc o rng xanh, eo th bi i vo, quan vn bn hu, quan v bn t155. Khi cc quan theo th t ng yn ri, quan b Li hay l quan h Binh tu xin cho my ng quan mi c thng thuyn bi mng. Cc quan bi mng th phi chc ngoi, i b Li hay l b Binh tu xong mi c vo. Quan vn thuc b Li, quan v th thuc b binh. Bi mng th phi mc o i tro. Cc ng bi mng xong ri, b no c vic g tu th n ch tu s qu tu. Nh b no c tu vic g th cc quan n quan trong b y u qu ch tu s, ri ng no tu, th c bi din tu. Mt bn cc quan tu s li c mt ng quan ni cc v mt ng ng s u qu. Quan ni cc bin li ngi ban; quan ng s n hch cc quan phm php. c Dc Tng thuc vic m li chm cho nn nhiu ba ngi ban vic n chn mi gi mi ng vo ni. Ngi thng lm vic chi ng in Cn Chnh. Trong chi y lt vn nh bng. Gn ca knh c my chic chiu, trn tri mt chiu cp bng hng vng, mt ci yn vi nghin bt, mt tri da (ci gi da), ch khng by bn gh g c. Cch mt khong c mt ci u h vi th. Ngy lm vic mi th ng dy nh u h, hay l i bch b. Ngi ngi lm vic mt mnh, vi tn th n ng hu mi son, thp thuc hay l i truyn vic. L nc ta xa nay cc quan khng c vo ch ngi ng ta lm gip vic cho vua, cho nn vic ln vic nh, ngi phi xem c. Phin s c ni u gi v ni cc. Ni cc trong trp tu s, a cho gim, gim a cho n quan dng ln ngi. Ngi xem ri giao ni cc. Ni cc gi bn chnh c chu im, chu ph, lc bn ph ra cho cc b nha.

Khi ngi ng in Thi Ha hay l in Cn Chnh, hay l i hnh l in Phng Tin, th quan vn li ng bn t, quan v bn hu, duy in Vn Minh th quan v bn t, quan vn bn hu, khng bit ti lm sao?

155

195

Nay xem cc nguyn bn trong Cc, th thy c nhiu t phin ngi ph di hn ca cc quan tu. Ch tt m vn li hay, ai cng kinh ci ti ca ngi. Ngi vn l ngi hiu hc. m no ngi cng xem sch n khuya. C ba tp Ng Ch Thi Vn ca ngi in thnh bn. Ngi li lm sch ch nm dy dn cho d hiu, nh l sch Thp iu, T Hc Din Ca, Lun Ng Din Ca, v.v..." Xem ci chn tng ca vua Dc Tng nh th, th ngi khng phi l ngi to bo vm v156, m cng khng phi l ng vua tn c bo ngc nh ngi ta thng ni. Ch v ngi lm vua v mt thi i kh khn, trong nc lm vic, m nhng ngi ph t th tuy c ngi thanh lim nh ng Trng ng Qu, ng V Trng Bnh, trung lit nh ng Phan Thanh Gin, ng Nguyn Tri Phng, ng Hong Diu, v.v.... nhng m cc ng y u l ngi c, khng am hiu thi th mi. V li cc th lc lc by gi km hn qu, du c mun ci cch duy tn, cng khng kp na, cho nn mi vic u hng c. nh thn l cc quan trong Triu gip vua lo vic nc. Nhng lc by gi tnh th nguy ngp lm, v t u thp cu th k tr i, s sinh hot v hc thut ca thin h tin b nhiu m s cnh tranh ca cc nc cng kch lit hn trc. Th m nhng ngi gi ci trch nhim chnh tr nc mnh, ch chm vic vn chng, kho ngh nghin bt, bn n quc s th phi Nghiu, Thun li H, Thng, Chu, vic my nghn nm trc c em lm gng cho thi hin ti, ri c nghu nghn t xng mnh hn ngi, cho thin h l d man. y, cc nh thn lc by gi phn nhiu l nhng ngi nh th c. Tuy c mt vi ngi i ra ngoi, trng thy cnh tng thin h, v ni li, th cc c nh cho l ni by, lm hy hoi mt k cng! Thnh ra ngi khng bit th c mt nim t c, ngi bit th phi lm cm lm ic, khng th ra vi ai c, phi ngi khoanh tay m chu. Xem nh my nm v sau, nh vua thng c hi n vic ph quc cng binh, cc quan bn ht l n l kia, no chin, no th, m chng thy lm c vic g ra tr. V thi by gi, cng c ngi hiu r thi th, chu i du hc v mun thay i chnh tr. Nh nm bnh dn (1866) l
156 Ta thng trng thy c ci tranh v mt ngi to ln vm v, mt mi d tn m mc o i m khng ra li lng g c, di ci tranh c ch l vua T c. Ci tranh y chc l ca mt ngi no tng tng m v ra ch khng phi l chn dung ca ngi. V l tha trc ch tr nhng quan i thn v nhng ngi c vo hu cn, vua ta khng cho ai trng thy mt, m cng khng bao gi c hnh nh g c.

nm T c th 19, c my ngi Ngh An l Nguyn c Hu, Nguyn Trng T, Nguyn iu i du hc phng ty. Sau Nguyn Trng T v lm my bi iu trn, k ht ci tnh th nc mnh, v ci cnh tng cc nc, ri xin nh vua phi mau mau ci cch mi vic, khng th mt nc. Vua giao nhng t iu trn y cho cc quan duyt ngh. nh thn u ly lm s ni cn, khng ai chu nghe. Nm mu thn (1868) l nm T c th 21, c ngi Ninh Bnh tn l inh Vn in dng t iu trn ni nn t doanh in, khai m vng, lm tu ha, cho ngi cc nc phng ty vo bun bn, luyn tp s tt phng khi chin th, thm lng thc cho quan qun, bt su dch cho dn s, thng cho nhng ngi c cng, nui nng nhng ngi b thng, tn tt, v.v.... i l nhng iu ch quc li dn c, th m nh thn cho l khng hp vi thi th, ri b khng dng. Cc quan i s cc ni v tu by mi s, vua hi n nh thn th mi ngi u bc i, ci g cng cho l khng hp thi. Nm k mo (1879) l nm T c th 32, Nguyn Hip i s Tim La v ni rng khi ngi nc Anh Ct Li mi sang xin thng thng, th nc Ti m La lp iu c cho ngay, thnh ra ngi Anh khng c c g m sinh s ly t, ri Tim La li cho nc Php, nc Ph, nc , nc M v.v... t lnh s coi vic bun bn. Nh th mi ngi u c quyn li khng ai hip ch c mnh. Nm tn t (1881) l nm T c th 34, c L nh i s Hng Cng v, tu rng: cc nc Thi Ty m ph cng l ch ct vic binh v vic bun bn. Ly binh lnh m bnh vc vic bun bn, ly vic bun bn m nui binh lnh. Gn y Nht Bn theo cc nc Thi Ty cho ngi i bun bn khp c mi ni. Nc Tu cng bt chc cho ngi ngoi quc ra vo bun bn. Nc ta, ngi khn ngoan, li c lm sn vt, nn theo ngi ta m lm th cng c th gi c quyn c lp ca nc nh. Nm y li c quan hn lm vin tu son l Phan Lim lm s mt tu vic m s bun bn, s chung vn lp hi, v xin cho ngi i hc ngh khai m. Giao cho nh thn xt, cc quan u bn rng vic bun bn khng tin, cn vic khc th xin i hi cc tnh xem th no, ri s xt li. y cng l mt cch lm cho tri chuyn, ch khng ai mun thay i thi c cht g c. Nhn vic vua Dc Tng khuyn rng cc quan xt vic th nn cn thn v suy ngh cho chn, nhng cng nn lm th no cho tin b, ch khng tin, th tc l thoi vy.

2. nh Thn.

196

Xem li y th khng phi l vua khng mun thay i. Ch v vua trong cung in, vic i khng bit r, phi ly cc quan lm tai lm mt, m cc quan th li s ngi bit th t, s ngi khng bit th nhiu. Nhng ngi c quyn tc th lm ngi trng khng r, nghe khng thy, ch mt nim gi thi c cho tin vic mnh. Li c lm ngi t ngh rng mnh quyn c ngi cao, th tt l ti gii hn ngi, ch khng hiu rng ci ti gii khng cn phi nhiu tui, s khn ngoan khng phi lm quan to hay l quan nh. Ci phm gi con ngi ta ct t tng, hc thc, ch khng phi tin ca hay l quyn tc. n khi nc Php sang ly t Nam K, ra nh Bc K, tnh th nguy cp n ni ri, th m c kh kh gi ly thi c, h ai ni n s g hi mi mt t, th bc i. Nh th th lm th no m khng hng vic c. hay rng vua c trch nhim vua, quan c trch nhim quan, du th no vua Dc Tng cng khng trnh khi ci li vi nc nh, nhng m xt cho xc ly, th ci li ca nh thn lc by gi cng khng nh vy. Vic chnh tr i Dc Tng l nht thit khng cho ngi ngoi quc vo bun bn. Nh nm canh tut (1850) l nm T c th 3, c tu M Li Lin vo ca Nng, em th sang xin thng thng, nh vua khng tip th. T nm t mo (1855) cho n nm inh su (1877) tu Anh Ct Li ra vo my ln ca Nng, ca Th Ni (Bnh nh) v Qung Yn, xin bun bn, cng khng c. Ngi I Pha Nho v nc Php Lan Ty xin thng thng cng khng c. V sau t Gia nh mt ri, vic ngoi giao mt ngy mt kh, nh vua mi t Bnh Chun Ti coi vic bun bn, v Thng Bc Vin coi vic giao thip vi ngi ngoi dng. Tuy vy nhng cng khng thy ai l ngi hiu vic bun bn v bit cch giao thip c.

n nm tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4, li c d ra cm o. Ln ny, cm nghit hn ln trc, v c my ngi gio s ngoi quc phi git. Sc khng gi nc m li c lm iu tn c. khng cho ngi ngoi quc vo bun bn, li em lm ti nhng ngi i ging o, bi th cho nn nc Php v nc I Pha Nho mi nhn c y m nh nc ta vy. Thu m trong nc i by gi, th i khi cng nh i vua Thnh T v Hin T, duy ch t khi nc Php v nc I Pha Nho vo nh ly my tnh Nam K ri, li phi bi tin binh ph mt 4 triu nguyn, nh nc mi tm cch ly tin, bn cho ngi khch tn l Hu Li Trnh trng thu bn thuc nha phin t Qung Bnh ra n Bc K. S chp rng ng nin nh vua thu c c 302.200 quan tin thu nha phin. Nh vua li nh l cho quyn t 1.000 quan tr ln th c hm cu phm, ln n 10.000 quan th c hm lc phm, ngh l phi dng li i trc bn quan ly tin. Vua Dc Tng l mt ng vua hay ch nht i nh Nguyn, cho nn ngi trng s nho hc lm. Ngi chm v vic khoa gip, sa sang vic thi c t ra Nh S Khoa v Ct S Khoa, chn ly ngi vn hc ra lm quan. Ngi li t Tp Hin Vin v Khai Kinh Din ngi ng ra cng vi cc quan bn sch v, lm th ph hoc ni chuyn chnh tr. Li sai quan son b Khm nh Vit S , t i thng c cho n ht i nh Hu L. i vua Dc Tng lm gic gi, nh vua cn n vic v, nn ch nm tn du (1861) l nm T c th 14 mi truyn cho cc tnh chn ly nhng ngi khe mnh lm lnh v sinh. n nm t su (1865) l T c th 18 li m ra khoa thi v tin s. Tuy rng lc by gi nc mnh c lnh v sinh, c quan v tin s, nhng m thi i khc i ri, ngi ta nh nhau bng sng n np hu, bng n tri ph ch khng bng gm bng gio nh trc na. M qun lnh ca mnh mi i c 50 ngi th ch c 5 ngi cm sng iu thng c, phi chm ngi mi bn c, m li khng luyn tp, c nm 197

5. Vic Thu M.

3. Vic Ngoi Giao.

6. Vic Vn Hc.

7. Vic Binh Ch.

4. Vic Cm o. Vic cm o th t nm mu thn (1848) l nm T c nguyn nin, vua Dc Tng mi ln ngi, c d cm o. Ln y trong d ni rng nhng ngi ngoi quc vo ging o, th phi ti cht, nhng ngi o trng trong nc m khng chu b o, th phi khc ch vo mt, ri phi y i ch nc c. Cn nhng ngu dn th cc quan phi ngn cm, ng cho i theo o m b s th cng cha ng, ch ng c git hi v.v....

ch c mt ln tp bn. Mi ngi ch c bn c 6 pht n m thi, h ai bn qu s y th phi bi thng. Qun lnh nh th, binh kh nh th, m quan th li cho lnh v phng, mi i ch chng 20 tn ti ng m thi. Vy nn n khi c s, khng ly g m chng gi c.

CHNG VI

Ch v tnh th nc Vit Nam n cui i T c

1. Cch t chc chnh tr v x hi. 2. Bn hng dn 3. S sinh hot ca ngi trong nc.

1. Cch T Chc Chnh Tr v X Hi. Nc Vit Nam tuy ni l mt nc qun ch chuyn ch157, nhng theo ci tinh thn v cch t chc ca x hi th c nhiu ch rt hp vi ci tinh thn dn ch. Nguyn Nho Gio l ci hc cn bn ca nc ta khi xa, m v ng thc t, th ci hc y rt ch trng s tr nc. Tr nc th phi ly dn lm gc, ngha l phi lo cho dn c sung tc, phi dy d dn cho bit o l v m mang tr tu ca dn. Nhng vic quan trng nh th khng phi bt c ai cng lm c, tt l phi c nhng ngi c c hnh, ti nng v uy quyn mi c th m ang c. Bi vy cho nn mi cn c vua c quan.
Vua: Theo ci l thuyt ca Nho Gio, th khi c qun chng, l phi c qun. Qun l mt n v gi ci ch quyn chu ht thy cc trch nhim v s sinh hot v tnh mnh ca ton dn trong nc. Ci n v y gi l hay l vng, c gi ci ch quyn c nc. Ci ch quyn y ngi ta cn gi l ci thn kh, ngha l mt vt thing ling do tri cho, tc l dn thun mi c gi. Ni rng nhng ngi lm nhng iu gian c bo ngc m cp ly ch quyn th sao ? l s tim ot ch khng phi l chnh ngha. Ngay nhng ngi lm lm vng m lm dng ch quyn lm nhng iu tn bo, th cng ch l ngi tn tc m thi, ch khng phi l tht bc bc vng na.

157 Ta thng hiu my ch qun ch chuyn ch theo ci ngha ca cc nc u Ty ngy nay, ch khng bit my ch y theo ci hc nho gio c nhiu ch khc nhau.

198

Triu nh: S d i xa qun chng cng nhn mt ng vua gi ci ch quyn c nc, l mun cho c mi thng nht khi s tranh dnh v cuc bin lon. Song vic tr nc l vic chung c nc, cho nn c vua l phi c triu nh. Triu nh khng phi l mt nhm cn thn hu h v lm vic ring cho nh vua, chnh l mt hi ngh chung c nc, do s kn chn nhng ngi xng ng bng cch thi c m t ra. Cch thi c khng phn bit sang hn giu ngho g c, min l ai c hc, c hnh v c ti nng th c ra ng th. Ngi no ri v ra lm quan l ngi y c chn trong triu nh. L nh vua, mi thng phi my ln thit i triu, cc quan ti kinh u phi n mt v theo phm trt m ng tu by mi vic. Bi v khi c vic g quan trng, th vua h nh ngh, ngha l giao cho nh thn bn xt. Cc quan bt k ln b u c em kin ca mnh m trnh by. Vic g quyt nh, em dng ln vua chun y, ri mi thi hnh. Vua tuy c quyn ln tht, nhng khng c lm iu g tri php thng. Khi vua c lm iu g lm li, th cc quan Gim St Ng S phi tu by m can ngn vua. Tr nhng ng vua bo ngc khng k, thng l vua phi nghe li can ngn ca cc quan. H triu nh c nhng ngi ngay chnh v sng sut, th vic nc c yn tr; nu c nhng ngi gian nnh m ti, th vic nc h hng. l l chung t xa n nay nh vy. Quan t: mnh lnh ca triu nh pht ra, th quan t cc qun huyn phi theo m thi hnh. Cc quan coi cc qun huyn c nhim v dy d dn, ng dn lm nhng iu tri lun thng o l hay nhng vic phn lon. Ngoi ra quan phi cho dn c yn nghip lm n, khng nn by vic ra nhiu dn. Bi vy i xa ng quan no cai tr mt ht m dn ht y c yn tr l ng quan gii. Quyn T Tr ca dn lng: Quan ca triu nh b ra ch c n ph huyn, cn t tng tr xung thuc v quyn t tr ca dn. Dn t chn ly ngi ca mnh m c ra coi mi vic trong ht. Tng l mt khu gm c my lng hay x, c mt cai tng v mt ph tng do hi ng k dch cc lng c ra coi vic thu kha, iu v mi vic tr an trong tng. Lng hay x l phn t ct yt ca dn. Phong tc, l lut ca lng no hay lng y, triu nh khng can thip n, cho nn tc ng c cu: "Php vua thua l lng". Lng c hi ng k dch do dn c ra trng coi ht c mi vic. Hi ng y c ngi tin ch v th ch ng u, ri c l 199

trng v ph l do hi ng k dch c ra thay mt lng m giao thip vi quan t, c tun inh chuyn coi vic cnh st trong lng. Khi mt ngi no can phm vic g th quan trch c lng, cho nn ai i u hay lm vic g cng phi ly lng lm gc. Ngy xa cc lng khng c s khai sinh t v gi th, nhng tc l ca lng, c con trai n 12 tui th phi vo lng, tc l vo s inh ca lng, con gi th khng c l y. Li v s th cng t tin v s tin s, tng, v.v... cho nn nh no con ra, bt k trai hay gi, cha m phi nh cho ng gi, ngy thng v nm sinh ca a con y. Bi vy ngi no cng bit r ngy thng sinh ca con mnh. Vic gi th l vic quan h v gia tc, phi lm ng l thng, nhng i vi lng, th tc l bt ngi chng khi ci v, phi trnh lng v np cho lng mt s my quan tin, gi l np tin cheo. Nh th, thnh ra theo tc l, tuy khng c s khai sinh t gi th, m mi iu cng nh l c vy.

2. Bn Hng Dn.
nng, cng, thng.

Ngi trong nc chia ra lm bn hng l: s,

Cng: Cng l hng ngi lm th hoc lm mt cng ngh g ly li. Nhng v nc ta khi xa ch c nhng tiu cng ngh, nh quy t, dt vi, dt la, lm chi li, lm mm mui v.v.... ch khng c i cng ngh lm giu nh cc nc khc. i cng ngh khng c th nhng ngi lm th, ai chuyn tp ngh g th lp thnh phng, nh th mc, th n, th rn, th c, th gm v.v.... mi phng c th c, th ph v th, v phng no c tc l ca phng y. Nhng ngi lm th thng l ngi t hc, quanh nm ngy thng i lm thu lm mn ch c n m thi. Thng: Thng l hng ngi lm ngh bun bn. Song vic bun bn ca ta ngy xa km ci lm. Ngi thin h i bun nc ny, bn nc n, xut cng, nhp cng, kinh doanh nhng cng cuc to ln k hng c hng triu. Ngi mnh c i khng i n u, ch quanh qun trong nc, bun bn nhng hng ha lt vt, thnh ra bao nhiu mi li ln v tay ngi ngoi mt. Thnh thong c mt t ngi c mi lm chic thuyn mnh ch hng t x n n x kia, nhng vn nm by vn quan tin, th cho l hng c ph. Cng ngh nh th, bun bn nh th, bo nc mnh ph cng lm sao c? Rt cc li, ch c ngh nng v ngh s l trng yu hn c.

Nng: Nng l hng ngi chuyn ngh lm rung. Dn Vit Nam ta thng th ai cng c t ra l vi ba so rung cy cy, ngha l ngh lm rung l ngh gc ca ngi mnh. Nhng tr nhng ni rung nhiu ngi t v t li ph nhiu nh t Nam Vit, cn th t xu v li v kh hu khng iu ha, nng ma tht thng, vic cy cy gp nhiu ni kh khn. Dn nh qu, phn nhiu n nh v rung nng, h nm no ma ha gi thun, ma mng tt th nm y dn c no m, nhng nm no ma lt hay hn hn, ma mng mt ht, th dn i kh. S: S l hng ngi chuyn ngh i hc, hoc thi ra lm quan, hoc i dy hc, lm thy thuc, thy a l, thy bi, thy tng, thy s v.v.... l nhng ngh phong lu nhn h. S hc ca nc ta ngy trc c b L coi vic gio ha ca ton nc. tnh c quan c Hc, ph c quan Gio Th, huyn v chu th c quan Hun o, l nhng ngi c khoa mc, triu nh b ra coi vic gio dc cc ht, v mi ngi coi mt trng cng trong ht. Nhng s t hc cc trng t thc kh kh u c n hc tp cc trng cng ca quan c, quan Gio hay quan Hun, i n khi c khoa thi Hng, th ra ng th. Nm no c khoa thi, th cc quan hun o, gio th v c hc m cuc kho hc tr la ch nhng ngi c sc mi cho ra ng th. L nh vua c ba nm m khoa thi Hng cc a phng. Nhng ngi cao khoa thi Hng gi l c nhn, nhng ngi thp gi l T Ti. Nm sau Kinh m khoa thi Hi ti b L, nhng ngi C Nhn nm trc vo ng th, ai trng cch th c vo thi nh trong in nh vua ly cc bc Tin S, l nhng bc i khoa, ngi trong nc rt ly lm qu trng. Mi khi c khoa thi Hng, cc quan kinh ra chm thi c ci bin bn ch: Phng Ch Cu Hin, ngha l: vng ch vua ra tm ngi gii. Vy s thi c ngy trc c ci ngha khc s thi c ngy nay. l ni cch t chc vic gio ha ca triu nh. Cn ch dn gian, th s hc tp rt t do. Bt k ngi no c hc lc kha kh cng c th m trng t thc dy hc. Mi lng c vi ba trng t thc, hoc nh thy, hoc nh ngi ho ph nui thy cho con hc v cho con cc nh ln cn n hc. Ngi Vit Nam ta vn chung s hc, cho nn ngi i hc cng nhiu. 200

Nguyn s hc ngy xa c ci mc ch chn chnh l hc cho hiu o l, bit phi tri, v luyn tm tnh cho thnh ngi c tit tho v c phm cch cao qu, gp thi th ra gip nc gip dn, nu khng, th lm ngi ngay chnh trong x hi. Sau dn dn v s sanh hot i, s hc thnh ra ci hc chuyn v mt c nghip, ngha l hc ch ct ly ra lm quan. Ngi i hc t ri, t tin mnh l ti gii, ch v ly ci hoa m b ngoi le ngi, ch khng thit g n s thc hc. Tu trung cng c ngi mun thi ly cht danh phn ri v nh hc thm hay dy hc. Nhng i a s ch mong lm quan v lm quan l c a v tn qu, ngoi ra khng c g hn na. Chng trnh s hc c nghip c nhng g ? Bao nhiu cng phu ca ngi i hc ch trng vo s hc cho nh nhng sch T Th, Ng Kinh cng nhng li th ch ca tin nho trong nhng sch y v hc thm my b s nc Tu. Cn s luyn tp hng ngy, th ct tp cho tho thuc cc l li ch khoa trng l: kinh ngha, t lc, thi ph, vn sch. y l dng h vn m xt ti thc dng, em s hoa m lm mc thc o ti kinh lun. Bi vy ai hay kinh ngha ngh mnh hn ngi, ai ti thi ph tng mnh gii ngh tr nc. Vic i th ti tm m mt m li t ph v kiu cng, cho thin h nh rm rc, coi mnh nh thn thnh. S hc ca mnh h hng nh th, nhng h tc li n su vo tr no, thnh ra mt th c tt khng sao cha c. May nh ci tinh thn hc c, ngi i hc, kin thc tuy khng c ci g my, nhng thng c kh tit, bit lim s v nh c ci thanh ngh ca bn s phu rng buc, ngn nga s hnh ng b chnh. Song ch c th m thi, vn khng sinh tn trong ci thi i quyn li cnh tranh, quyn mu qu quyt, tr thut gian tr. Cho nn trong khi ngi tin th ta thoi, ngi thnh th ta suy. i khi, ci trnh ca bn s phu nc ta lc by gi l th, cho nn vn nc suy n ni m hn ngi vn m mui ch m mng mng m. Bn s phu l ngi c hc, lm tai lm mt cho mi ngi m cn km cI nh th, th bo dn gian khn ngoan lm sao c. Tnh th trong nc nh ni trn, cng ngh khng c, bun bn khng ra g, tr vic cy cy lm rung ra th ngi ngho i khng c ngh nghip g m lm n c, cho nn tha y tuy mt tin c bn bt go, m vn c ngi cht i, v rng gi go th r, nhng kim c ng tin tht l kh. Ngi i lm thu khn kho, th mi c mt ngy mt tin, khng th ch c 18 hay 30 ng tin m thi. S lm n ch thn qu vt v m li thng b nhiu s h lm, ai c ng tin trong nh th lo s mi ng: no s

3. S Sinh Hot ca ngi trong nc.

k gian phi trm cp, no s gic m gic ngy cp ph, cho nn phi chn phi giu cho kn. Nh ca phn nhiu l nh tranh nh l, t khi c nh ngi nh gch. Kiu nh lm cng phi theo kiu thng m lm, ch khng c lm nh lu v nh kiu ch cng hay kiu ch mn. Ai lm nh ca m khng theo ng php, th cho l lng hnh, phi ti. Cch n mc th ch c vi nu, ngi ngho kh ch c manh o cnh v thng th ng ci kh, c i u mi mc ci qun vi di n u gi. Ngi sung tc mi c vi ci o nu en v vi ci qun hoc nhum nu hoc trng, ch khng c mc gm vc v i giy. Nh vua cm nh th, l cng c mun cho dn khng quen thi xa hoa hoang ph, ch tr nhng ngi lm quan lm t mi c ci c n c n mc hn ngi. Cng v th cho nn ngi trong nc ai cng mong c i lm quan cho hin t ci thn hnh v cho r rng m cha, ch khng lo ngh lm vic g khc na. H ai i hc m v l g thi khng , lm quan khng c, th bc ch quay ra lm gic tm cch hin vinh, thnh ra trong nc hay c gic gi. Nc ngho, dn kh, li phi lc c nhiu tai bin, ngi ngoi vo xm lc, triu nh ng ngc khng bit xoay x ra th no, lng ngi ly tn, phn ra b n ng kia, git hi ln nhau. y l ci tnh th nc Vit Nam ta v cui i T c l th, cho nn s nguy vong mi xy ra vy.

CHNG VII

Nc Php ly t Nam K
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Nc Php nh Nng. Qun Php h thnh Gia nh. Mt tnh nh Tng. Mt tnh Bin Ha v tnh Vnh Long Ha c nm nhm tut (1862) S Vit Nam ta sang Ty Vic bo h Cao Min Nc Php ly ba tnh pha ty t Nam K

1. Qun Php nh Nng. Trong thi i kh khn nh i vua Dc Tng, m vua quan c kh kh gi ly thi c, khng bit theo thi m m nc cho ngi ta vo bun bn, khng bit nhn dp m khai ha dn tr, li v s sng tn m em git hi ngi trong nc, v em lm ti nhng ngi i ging o. Bi nhng s lm li y, cho nn nc Php mi dng binh lc bo th cho nhng ngi gio s b hi.
Nguyn t nm tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4 v sau, ngha l t khi c t d cm o ln th hai, Bc K c my ngi gio s l ng Bonard, ng Charbonnier, ng Matheron v ng gim mc I Pha Nho tn l Diaz b git. Cn nhng gio s khc th phi o hm o h m , hoc phi trn trnh trong rng trong ni ging o. Nhng tin y v n bn Ty, cc bo ch ngy ngy k nhng thm trng ca cc ngi gio s i truyn o nc ta, lng ngi no ng c ln. Chnh ph nc Php bn sai ng Leheur de Ville-sur-Arc, em chic chin thuyn "Catinat" vo ca Nng ri cho ngi em th ln trch Triu nh Vit Nam v vic git o. Sau thy quan ta li thi khng tr li, qun nc Php bn bn ph cc n ly Nng, ri b i. By gi l thng 8 nm bnh thn (1856) l nm T c th 9. c 4 thng sau th s thn nc Php l ng Montigny nc Tim La sang, iu nh mi vic. Chic tu ca ng Montigny i vo ng ca nng, ri cho ngi a th ln ni xin cho ngi nc Php 201

c t do vo thng thng, t lnh s Hu, m ca hng bun bn Nng, v cho gio s c t do i ging o. Trong by nhiu iu, triu nh nc ta khng chu iu no c. By gi bn nc Php lp li hiu, chu ng N Ph Lun nht l N Ph Lun tam ln lm vua. Triu chnh lc by gi th thun o, li c b hong hu Eugnie cng sng tn. V chng khi chic tu "Catinat" vo ca nng, c ng gim mc Pellerin trn c xung tu ri v b kin Php Hong, k r tnh cnh cc ngi ging o Vit Nam. ng P. Cultru chp trong sch Nam K S K (Histore de la Cochinchine) rng: lc by gi c nhiu ngi quyn th nh ng ch gio thnh Rouen l Mgr de Bonnechose v c l c b hong hu cng c ni gip cho ng gim mc Pellerin. Bi vy Php hong mi quyt sai quan em binh thuyn sang nh nc ta. Li nhn v nhng gio s nc I Pha Nho cng b git, cho nn chnh ph hai nc mi cng nhau tr tnh vic sang nh nc Vit Nam. y cng ti v vua quan mnh lm iu tri o, git hi nhng ngi theo o Gia T cho nn mi c tai bin nh vy. Thng 7 nm mu ng (1858) l nm T c th 11, hi qun Trung Tng nc Php l Rigault de Genouilly em tu Php v tu I Pha Nho c thy 14 chic, ch hn 3.000 qun ca hai nc vo ca nng, bn ph cc n ly, ri ln h thnh An Hi v thnh Tn Hi. Triu nh c tin y lin sai ng o Tr ra cng vi quan tng c Nam Ngha l Trn Hong tiu ng. ng o Tr ra n ni th hai ci hi thnh mt ri. Triu nh li sai quan hu qun L nh L lm tng thng em 2.000 cm binh vo n ng. ng L nh L vo nh vi qun Php mt trn x Cm L b n, v c my hm th mt. Vua Dc Tng li sai quan Kinh Lc S l ng Nguyn Tri Phng vo lm tng thng, ng Chu Phc Minh lm c cng vi ng o Tr chng gi vi qun Php v qun I Pha Nho. ng Nguyn Tri Phng lp n Lin Tr v p ly di t Hi Chu cho n Phc Ninh, ri chia qun ra phng gi. C nh sch Nam K S ca ng Cultru th quan trung tng Rigault de Genouilly nh ly Nng xong ri, ln nh Hu, nhng m n lc by gi thy quan qun phng gi cng rt, v li c ngi em tin cho trung tng bit rng c hn 10.000 qun Hu sp ko xung. Trung tng khng bit r tnh th ra 202

lm sao, m ng x li khng thuc, cho nn cng khng dm tin qun ln. Nhn v khi trc cc gio s u ni rng h qun Php sang nh, th dn bn o tc khc ni ln nh gip, n nay khng thy tin tc g, m qun lnh ca trung tng th tin ln khng c. Nng th ch n ch khng c, li phi bnh dch t cht hi mt nhiu ngi, bi vy trung tng ly lm phin lm. By gi c ng gim mc Pellerin cng i theo sang di tu Mnsis, trung tng c trch ng gim mc nh la mnh, gim mc cng tc gin b v nh tu dy o ti thnh Pnang bn M Lai. c my thng, trung tng liu th nh Hu cha c, bn nh k vo nh Gia nh l mt ni d ly, v li l mt ni tr ph ca nc Nam ta.

2. Qun Php vo nh Gia nh.

Trc c ngi bn vi trung tng Rigault de Genouilly ra nh Bc K, ni rng Bc K c hn 40 vn ngi i o, v li c ng theo nh L, c th gip cho qun Php c thnh cng. Trung tng cho i do thm bit rng t Nam K d ly hn, v li l t giu c, nhiu thc go. n thng ging nm k mi (1859) l nm T c thng 12, Trung tng giao quyn li cho i t Toyon li gi cc n ti Nng, ri cn bao nhiu binh thuyn em vo Nam K. Qun Php vo ca Cn Gi, bn ph cc pho i hai bn b sng ng Nai, ri tin ln nh thnh Gia nh. Gia nh, by gi tuy c nhiu binh kh, nhng qun lnh khng luyn tp, vic v b b tr ni, cho nn khi qun Php ca Cn Gi tin ln, quan h c l V Duy Ninh vi vng t i cc tnh ly binh v cu vin; nhng ch trong hai ngy th thnh v. V Duy Ninh t tn. Qun nc Php v nc I Pha Nho vo thnh, ly c 200 khu sng i bc, 8 vn ri kilos thuc sng v chng 18 vn pht lng (francs) c tin ln bc, cn cc binh kh v thc go th khng bit bao nhiu m k. Trung tng Rigault de Genouilly ly c thnh Gia nh ri, t c thc go v san phng thnh tr lm bnh a, ch mt ci n pha nam, sai thy qun trung t Jaurguiberry em mt o qun li chng gi vi qun ca ng Tn Tht Hp ng t Bin Ha. Trung tng li em qun tr ra Nng, ri tin ln nh mt trn n Phc Ninh. Qun ng Nguyn Tri Phng thua phi lui v gi n Ni Hin v n Lin Tr.

Trung tng mun nhn dp m nh vic ging ha, nhng m Triu nh c li thi mi, ngi th bn ha, k th bn nh, thnh ra khng xong vic g c158. M qun Php lc by gi Nng kh s lm, nhiu ngi c bnh tt; trung tng Rigault de Genouilly cng au, phi xin v ngh. Chnh ph Php sai hi qun thiu tng Page (Ba-du) sang thay cho trung tng Rigault de Genouilly v nhn th ch vic ging ha cho xong. n thng 10 nm k mi (1859) th thiu tng sang n ni, v cho ngi a th bn vic ha, ch ct xin ng cm o, cho cc gio s c t do i ging o, t lnh s coi vic bun bn cc ca b v t s thn Hu. i th cng nh nhng iu ca ng Montigny bn nm trc. Nhng chng may lc by gi trong Triu khng ai hiu chnh sch ngoi giao m ch trng vic y, ha ra lm mt ci dp hay c cho hai nc. Thiu tng thy cuc ha khng xong bn tin binh ln nh, trn y bn qun Php cht mt mt vin lc qun trung t l Dupr Droulde. Khi qun Php v qun I Pha Nho sang nh nc ta Nng v Gia nh, th qun nc Anh v qun nc Php ang nh nc Tu mn Hong Hi. n by gi qun Php cn phi tip sang bn Tu, chnh ph nc Php mi truyn cho thiu tng Page phi rt qun Nng v, v ch qun gi ly Gia nh, cn bao nhiu binh thuyn phi em sang theo hi qun trung tng Charner i nh Tu. Bi vy n thng ba nm canh thn (1860) qun Php t c dinh tri Tr Sn ri xung tu. V n Gia nh, thiu tng Page hi qun i t d'Aris li gi Gia nh, cn bao nhiu binh thuyn em ln pha bc hi vi binh thuyn ca nc Anh nh nc Tu. Triu nh Hu thy qun Php b nng i, bn sai Nguyn Tri Phng, Phm Th Hin vo Nam K, cng vi ng Tn Tht Hp sung Gia nh qun th. n thng 7 nm canh thn (1860) ng Nguyn Tri Phng khi hnh. Lc gn i, ng y c tu by my l v vic gi nc v ni rng vic nh nhau vi nc Php by gi kh gp nm gp by lc trc,
158 Ch ny sch ty c quyn chp rng khi hai bn ang bn vic ha, th vua T c sai ng Nguyn Tri Phng nh qun Php Gia nh. V xem s ta lc by gi th ng Nguyn Tri Phng ang cn Qung Nam mI n thng 5 nm canh thn (1860), ng y mi vo Nam K. Vy vic nh Gia nh l ng Tn Tht Hp, ch khng phi l ng Nguyn Tri Phng.

nhng ng y xin c ht sc n n nc, cn mt Qung Nam m c vic g, th ng Phan Thanh Gin v ng Nguyn B Nghi c th cng ng c. Qun Php v qun I Pha Nho Si gn lc by gi ch c 1.000 ngi m qun ca Vit Nam ta th c n hn mt vn ngi. Nhng m qun ta khng luyn tp, li khng c sng ng nh qun Ty. Mnh ch c my khu sng c, bn bng la, i xa 250 hay l 300 thc ty l cng; cn sng i bc th ton l sng np tin m bn mi pht khng u mt. Ly nhng qun lnh y, nhng kh gii y m i ch vi qun lp theo li mi, th nh lm sao c. Bi vy cho nn xem trn ca Vit Nam ta t u cho n cui, ch c cch o hm o h lm th th, ch khng bao gi c th cng, m ngi Ty th li c cng ln th. Tuy vy ng Nguyn Tri Phng cng vi quan tham tn i thn Phm Th Hin vo xp t Gia nh mt cch rt c quy c, p dy n K Ha (ngi Php gi l dy n Ch Ha) cng hp quy thc, chng nhau vi qun ca i t d'Aris. Hai bn tng nh nhau hai ba trn, u b thit hi c. n thng 9 nm canh thn (1860), th nh Thanh bn Tu k t ha c vi nc Anh v nc Php, hai bn bi s chin tranh. Chnh ph nc Php sai hi qun trung tng Charner em binh thuyn v ch trng vic ly Nam K. Thng ging nm tn du (1861) trung tng Charner em c thy 70 chic tu v 3.500 qun b v n Gia nh159. c 20 ngy th trung tng truyn lnh tin qun ln nh ly n K Ha. Hai bn nh nhau rt d trong hai ngy. Qun Php cht hn 300 ngi, nhng m sng Ty bn hng qu, qun ta ch khng ni, phi thu b n chy v Bin Ha. Trn y bn Ty th c lc qun thiu tng Vassoigne, i t I Pha Nho Palanca v my ngi na b thng, m bn ta th ng Nguyn Tri Phng b thng, em ngi l Nguyn Duy t trn, quan tham tn l Phm Th Hin v n Bin Ha c my hm th mt, cn qun s th cht hi rt nhiu.

3. Mt Tnh nh Tng.

Ph c n K Ha ri, trung tng Charner truyn cho qun thy b tin ln ui nh, quan qun v tan c.

S ta chp rng qun Php lc by gi c hn 1 vn ngi, m cc sch chp vic ly Nam K th ch ni c 3.500 ngi thi v trong s y li c my i lnh m An Nam na. Thit tng s 3.500 c l tht hn.

159

203

Tu thy ca Php ln ly Th Du Mt v Ty Ninh. Trung tng li sai ngi a th sang cho vua Cao Min l Norodom (Nc ng Ln), i lc ni rng: ch ca Php nh ly t Gia nh lm thuc a, v nay mai s nh ly M Tho (nh Tng) cho tin ng lu thng vi nc Cao Min. By gi bi qun ca Nguyn Tri Phng rt v ng Bin Ha, cn ang ri lon, cha dm lm g, qun Php bn quay v pha ty nh tnh nh Tng. Trc trung tng cho tu i d cc ngn sng xem i ng no tin, n cui thng 2 nm tn du (1861), mt mt trung tng sai trung t Bourdais em tu i ng sng, tin ln nh cc n, mt mt th sai thiu tng Page i ng b, theo ca sng M-kong vo, hai mt cng tin ln nh ly thnh M tho. Quan h c l Nguyn Cng Nhn phi b thnh chy. T khi h xong thnh M Tho ri, trung tng t n ly cc ni him yu, v c hon vic binh sa sang vic cai tr trong a ht ly c, cho nn cng khng nh cc tnh khc. Triu nh Hu c tin quan qun tht th i n K Ha, v thnh M Tho cng tht th ri, sai quan thng th H b l Nguyn B Nghi lm Khm sai i thn vo kinh l vic Nam k. Nguyn B Nghi bit th chng khng ni vi qun Php, dng s v xin ging ha. Nhng trong triu lc by gi c bn Trng ng Qu khng chu, bt phi tm k chng gi. C nh chp s trch Nguyn B Nghi rng tuy ng y mun ging ha, nhng khng chu nhng t, c ly l m ci, ch khng bit rng thi bui cnh tranh ny, h ci sc khng , th khng c ci l g l phi c. V chng qun nc Php sang nh ly my tnh Nam K, l ct lm thuc a, l no t nhin li em tr li. Bi vy s ging ha c li thi mi khng xong. M trong a ht tnh Gia nh v tnh nh Tng lc y li c my ngi nh tri huyn Toi, ph qun c Trng nh, Thin h Dng r nhng ngi ngha dng ni ln nh ph qun Php. Qun Php c nh dp mi dn tnh cng b lm iu cc kh. n thng 10 nm tn du (1861), chnh ph Php sai hi qun thiu tng Bonard sang thay cho trung tng Charner v ngh.

o, cng tin ln nh ly thnh Bin Ha, ri li tin ln mt ng nam nh ly n B Ra. Qua thng 3 nm sau l nm nhm tut (1862), thiu tng Bonard li em 11 chic tu v hn 1.000 qun i nh Vnh Long. Tnh thn y chng gi c 2 ngy th thnh ph. Tng c Trng Vn Uyn phi em qun lui v pha ty sng M-kong.

5. Ha c Nm Nhm Tut (1862). Lc by gi ngoi Bc K c tn Phng, tn Trng, nh ph mt Qung Yn v Hi Dng ngt lm, li c Nguyn Vn Thnh, tc gi l Cai Tng Vng, quy nhiu Bc Ninh, m trong Nam K th li mt thm hai tnh na. Triu nh ly lm lo s lm, bn sai Phan Thanh Gin v Lm Duy Tip vo Gia nh ging ha.
n thng 4 th s thn nc ta theo chic tu Forbin160 vo Si gn. n hm 9 thng 5 th thiu tng Bonard v s thn nc Nam ta l ng Phan Thanh Gin v ng Lm Duy Tip k t ha c. T ha c y c 12 khon, nhng ct c nhng khon sau ny l quan trng hn c: 1. Nc Nam phi cho gio s nc Php v nc I Pha Nho c t do vo ging o, v dn gian c t do theo o. 2. Nc Nam phi nhng t cho nc Php tnh Bin Ha, tnh Gia nh v tnh nh Tng, v phi cho chin thuyn ca Php c ra vo t do sng Mkong. 3. Nc Nam khng c em binh kh, thuc n i qua nhng tnh nhng cho nc Php. 4. H nc Nam c giao thip vi nc no khc th phi cho chnh ph Php bit, v khi no mun nhng t cho nc no, th phi ty nc Php c thun cho mi c. 5. Ngi nc Php v nc I Pha Nho c ra vo bun bn t do ca Nng, ca Ba Lt v ca b Qung Yn. 6. Nc Nam phi tr tin binh ph 4.000.000 nguyn, chia lm mi nm, mi nm 40 vn nguyn. 7. Nc Php tr tnh Vnh Long li cho nc Nam, nhng qun Php c ng tnh l cho n khi dp yn gic gi tnh Gia nh v tnh nh Tng th mi rt v.

4. Mt Tnh Bin Ha v Tnh Vnh Long. Thiu tng Bonard thy quan qun ta c chng gi mi, bn quyt nh ly tnh Bin Ha v tnh Vnh Long. n thng 11 nm y, th qun Php chia ra lm 3
204

Nguyn trc thiu tng Bonard c sai trung t Simon em chic tu Forbin vo ca Thun An i xem triu nh Hu c xin ha khng. Nay chic tu y em thuyn ca s thn Vit Nam ta v Gia nh.

160

S ging ha xong ri th triu nh sai ng Phan Thanh Gin lm tng c Vnh Long, ng Lm Duy Tip lm tun ph Khnh Thun, giao thip vi quan nc Php Gia nh. By gi nc I Pha Nho cng nhng quyn ly t lm thuc a cho nc Php, ch nhn tin binh ph v quyn c cho gio s i ging o thi. Thng 2 nm qu hi (1863) l nm T c th 16, thiu tng Bonard v i t nc I Pha Nho l Palanca vo Hu triu yt vua Dc Tng cng nhn s ging ha ca ba nc. on ri thiu tng Bonard v Php ngh. Hi qun thiu tng De la Grandire sang thay.

mt c nh dp mi ni, xp t cch cai tr, nh thu l v m trng dy ch Php v ch quc ng161, mt mt sai quan i kinh doanh vic bo h nc Cao Min (Chn Lp). Nguyn t nm k mi (1859), vua nc Cao Min l An Dng (tc l Nc ng Tn) mt ri, ngi con trng tn l Norodom (ng Ln) ln ni ngi. n nm tn du (1861), th ngi em Norodom l Si-Vattha ni ln tranh ngi ca anh. Norodom phi chy sang Tim La. Sang nm nhm tut (1862) vua Tim La sai qun em Norodom v nc, ri t quan ng bo h Cao Min. Lc by gi Cao Min c ng gim mc tn l Miche khuyn vua Norodom v vi nc Php th Tim La khng dm bt nt. Bn ny thiu tng De La Grandire cng sai i y Doudart de Lagre sang kinh doanh vic bo h Cao Min. ng Doudart de Lagre sang Cao Min trong mt nm tri thu xp mi vic, n nm gip t (1864) th nc Tim La phi rt qun v, nhng quyn bo h cho nc Php. bn Php lc by gi chnh ph cng cn phn vn, cha quyt hn ly hay l tr t Nam K, m Php Hong th thy ng x xa xi cng ngi, bn sai hi qun trung t Aubaret (Ha-ba-l) sang iu nh vi Triu nh Hu v vic cho chuc ba tnh Nam K. Vua Dc Tng li sai quan Li B thng th l ng Phan Thanh Gin ra sung chc ton quyn cng vi Trn Tin Thnh v Phan Huy Vnh thng ngh vi s thn nc Php. ng Aubaret a bn tho t ha c, i lc ni rng: Nc Php tr li ba tnh Gia nh, Bin Ha v nh Tng cho nc Nam, ch gi Sign, M Tho v Th Du Mt ng qun. Nhng nc Nam phi nc Php c quyn bo h c 6 tnh Nam K. Nc Nam li phi chu mi nm l 2.000.000 nguyn tin thu.

6. S Vit Nam Sang Ty. Vua Dc Tng tuy th bt c d phi nhng t ba tnh Nam K cho nc Php, nhng trong bng vn mun c ht sc chuc li, v l t Gia nh l t khai nghip ca nh Nguyn v li l t qu ngoi ca ngi, nn chi ha c k ri, m ngi v sai quan thng ngh vi quan nc Php v vic y. M ch ngi nc Php lc by gi th khng nhng l ch gi ly ba tnh m thi, li cn nh m rng thm ra na. Vy l no li em tr li cho mnh?
Vua Dc Tng thy vic bn ny bn khng xong, bn sai quan hip bin i hc s Phan Thanh Gin, quan t tham tri li b Phm Ph Th v quan n st s tnh Qung Nam l Ngy Khc n em phm vt sang s nc Php v I Pha Nho. Cn vic giao thip trong Nam K th giao li cho quan tng c tnh Vnh Long l Trng Vn Uyn. Thng 6, cc s thn xung tu "Echo" vo Gia nh, ri sang tu "Europen" cng vi quan nc Php v quan nc I Pha Nho sang Ty. n thng 8 th tu "Europen" v ti nc Php, s thn nc ta ln Paris, xin vo triu yt Php Hong N Ph Lun tam. Nhng by gi Php Hong sp i ng mt, s thn ta phi li ch n hn mt thng mi c yt kin. ng Phan Thanh Gin ty by mi l v vic xin chuc ba tnh Nam K. Php Hong ban rng vic nh ngh xem th no ri sau s tr li cho Triu nh Hu. My hm sau, bn ng Phan Thanh Gin i sang I Pha Nho, ri n cui nm th cc s thn xung tu "Japon" tr v.

8. Nc Php Ly Ba Tnh Pha Ty t Nam K.

7. Vic Bo H Cao Min. Trong khi s nc ta sang Ty lo vic chuc li my tnh Nam K, th bn ny thiu tng De La Grandire mt
205

161 Nguyn ngi nuc ta t xa tuy c ting ni ring m khng c ch vit. Hc hnh, vn chng, n t, vic g cng lm bng Hn t c. T i nh Trn v sau c ngi dng Hn T m t ra ch Nm vit ting Quc Ng. Nhng m nhng nh vn hc khng hay dng n ch nm. n cui i nh L c cc gio s B o Nha sang ging o nc ta, thy hn t kh hc v khng my ngi hiu, mi mn ch La Tinh m t ra ch quc ng, cho tin s ging dy. Ngy nay ta cng nh c ch quc ng y m lm thnh ra nc ta c mt li ch ring rt tin.

S hai nc c bn i bn li mi khng xon, m bn Php th c nhiu ngi khng mun tr li t Nam K. Cui nm gip t (1864) quan thng th Hi qun b l hu tc De Chasseloup Laubat dng s tu vi Php Hong nht nh xin khng cho nc Nam chuc ba tnh. Php Hong nghe li y bn xung ch truyn c chiu t ha c nm nhm tut (1862) m thi hnh. Nm t su (1865), quan thng th De Chasseloup Laubat mun bit r tnh th bn Vit Nam ny, bn gi thiu tng De La Grandire v hi ngh v sai hi qun thiu tng Roze sang thay. Thiu tng De la Grandire v Php c i ln v mt 7 thng, li tr sang kinh l vic Nam K. Lc by gi ba tnh ca Php thnh np ri, thiu tng De la Grandire Php sang quyt ly nt ba tnh pha ty. Li nhn t khi trc nc Php sang ly Nam K, ngi bn x thnh thong vn ni ln nh ph, qun Php dp mi khng yn. Cao Min li c tn s Pu km B xng l chu Nc ng Chn cng ni ln nh vua Norodom. Sy ph Si gn cho quan Vit Nam xui gic v gip nhng ngi lm lon, bn sa son vic ly tnh Vnh Long, tnh An Giang v tnh H Tin. Hu tuy triu nh cn c mong chuc li t ba tnh, nhng vn bit sy ph Si gn ri tt ly c ba tnh pha ty, cho nn nm bnh dn (1866), li sai ng Phan Thanh Gin vo lm kinh lc s tm k chng gi. bn Php, th t nm inh mo (1867), hi qun trung tng Rigault de Genouilly ln lm thng th hi qun b162 ra sc gip thiu tng De la Grandire cho xong vic. Bi vy sy ph Si gn ch i dp khi s. Thng 6 nm inh mo (1867) l nm T c th 20, thiu tng De la Grandire hi hn 1.000 qun M Tho, ri nh ngy ko sang ly Vnh Long, An Giang v H Tin. ng Phan Thanh Gin bit th khng chng ni, bo cc quan nh chu np thnh tr cho khi s tai hi, ri ng ung thuc c m t tn, dn li con ci phi cy rung m n, ch khng c nhn quan chc g Nam K. By gi ng gi, ngoi 74 tui, lm quan tht l thanh lim, nhng chng may gp phi khi nc c bin, bit th mnh khng lm g

c, em tm lng son st m bo n n nc cho ht bn phn ngi lm ti. T t Nam k ton cnh thnh ra t thuc a ca Php, thu m, lut l, iu g cng do sy ph Si gn quyt nh c.

162

Lc by gi Hi qun b kim c Thuc a b

206

CHNG VIII

Gic gi trong nc
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Vic ri-lon trong nc Gic Tam-ng Gic chu-chu Gic tn Phng S phn-nghch Kinh-thnh Gic Khch Bc-k

Nm Tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4, c gic khch l bn Qung ngha ng, Lc thng ng, c thng ng, v. v... tc gi l gic Tam-ng, quy nhiu mt Thi-nguyn, vua sai ng Nguyn ng Giai ra kinh lc Bc-k. ng y dng cch khn kho d c chng n v hng. Bi vy trong ht li c yn mt . Nhng n cui nm gip dn (1854) l nm T c th 7, Nguyn ng Giai mt, t Bc-k li c lon. Nm T c th 7 (1854), tnh Sn-ty c mt bn ngi em L duy C l dng di nh L ra lp ln lm minh ch khi s nh nh Nguyn. Lc by gi c Cao b Qut, ngi lng Phthy, huyn Gia-lm, tnh Bc-ninh, thi c nhn, ra lm quan, c b chc gio-th ph Quc-oai (Sn ty). Cao b Qut c ting l ngi vnhc gii Bc-k, m c b quan trn nn, cho nn bc ch, b quan v i dy hc, ri theo bn y xng l quc s dy lon vng Sn-ty v H-ni. Thng chp nm y quan ph Lnh-binh tnh Sn-ty l L Thun i nh bt c Cao b Qut em v chm ti lng. Nhn v ma thng nm y vng tnh Bc-ninh v Sn-ty c nhiu chu-chu ra ph hi mt c ma mng, ri n cui nm li c gic y, cho nn ngi thi by gi gi l gic chu-chu. Cao b Qut cht i ri, L duy C cn quy ri n my nm sau mi dp yn c. T tr i, khng nm no l nm khng c gic, nhng kit-hit hn c l c gic tn Phng v gic Khch mn Thngdu. Nm tn du (1861), qun nc Php v nc Ipha-nho sang nh Qung-nam, c my ngi Bc-k theo vo lm lnh m. Trong y c tn T vn Phng, trc theo gio-s ra ngoi-quc i hc o, sau li theo trung tng Charner v nh Qung-nam. n thng chp th tn Phng ra Bc-k, mo xng l L duy Minh dng di nh L, ri t xng l minh-ch, cng vi mt ngi o-trng tn l Trng lm mu-ch, v tn c, tn dy binh Qung-yn. ng tn Phng em qun gic Khch ngoi b vo nh ly ph Hininh, ri li thng vi gic Khch v gic ta cc tnh, lm lon Bc-K. Thng ba nm nhm-tut (1862), Bc-ninh c tn cai-tng Nguyn vn Thnh (tc gi l cai tng Vng) xng lm nguyn-sy, lp tn Un mo 207

2. Gic Tam-ng.

3. Gic chu-chu.

Vua Dc-tng vn l ng vua c lng chm-ch v vic tr dn, ngay t nm canh-tut (1850), l nm T-c th 3, ngi sai ng Nguyn Tri Phng lm Kinh-lc i-s 6 tnh Namk; ng Phan Thanh Gin lm Kinh-lc i-s Bnh-nh, Ph-yn, Khnhha v Bnh-thun; ng Nguyn ng Giai lm Kinh-lc i-s H tnh, Ngh An v Thanh-ha. Cc ng y i khm-xt cng vic cc quan-li v s lm n ca dn gian, c iu g hay d phi s tu v cho vua bit. Tuy vy mc lng, khng c i no lm gic gi bng i ngi lm vua. Ch c vi ba nm u th cn c hi yn tr, cn t nm tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4 tr i, th cng ngy cng nhiu gic. M nht l t Bc-k l c nhiu gic hn c, bi v t Bc-k l t ca nh L c, dn tnh cng c nhiu ngi tng nh n tin triu, nn ch nhng ngi mun lm lon, hoc t nhn l ging di nh L, hoc tm mt ngi no gi nhn dng di nh L, ri tn ln lm minh ch ly c m khi s. Li nhn lc by gi bn Tu c gic Thi-bnh ni ln nh nh Thanh, n khi gic y tan th d ng chy trn sang nc ta cp ph mn thng du. No gic khch, no gic ta, quan qun c phi i nh dp lun. trong nc th thnh thong li c tai bin, nh nc lt, v, v. v. Hng-yn, Vn-giang v 18 nm lin, c huyn Vn-giang thnh bi ct b hoang, dn gian i kh, ngh nghip khng c, cho nn ngi i lm gic cng ngy cng nhiu vy.

1. Vic ri-lon trong nc.

4. Gic tn Phng.

xng l con chu nh L, ln lm minh-ch, ri nhp ng vi tn Phng, em binh i nh ph Lng-giang, huyn Yn-dng, v vy thnh Bc-ninh. By gi quan b chnh H-ni l Nguyn khc Thut, quan bchnh tnh Sn-ty l L D v quan ph lnh-binh tnh Hng-yn l V To em qun ba tnh v nh gii vy cho tnh Bc. V To nh nhau vi qun gic hn 10 trn mi ph c qun gic. Pha ng th tn Phng vy thnh Hi-dng, tnh-thn dng s co-cp. Triu nh bn sai quan Thng-th b Hnh l Trng quc Dng ra lm tng-thng Hi-an163 qun-v, cng vi Phan tam Tnh, ng Hnh, L Xun, em qun Kinh v qun Than, Ngh ra tin-tiu. Li sai o Tr lm tham-tn i-thn, Nguyn b Nghi lm Sn-Hng-Tuyn164 tng-c, cng vi Trng quc Dng nh gic Bc-k. Lc y, tnh Thi Nguyn th c gic Nng v gic Khch nh ph, tnh Tuyn Quang th c bn tn Un, tn Nng hng Thc quy nhiu, tnh Cao-bng th b tn Gic Khch L hp Thng vy nh, tnh Bc-ninh th c cai tng Vng cp ph, cc quan to la ri c ln. Vua Dc-tng sai Nguyn tri Phng ra lm ty-bc-tng-thng qun-v i-thn, cng vi Phan nh Tuyn v Tn tht Tu ra nh mt Bc-ninh, Thi-nguyn v Tuyn-quang. Thng 3 nm qu-hi (1863) V To nh ly li thnh Tuyn-quang v bt c tn Un ng ci gii v tr ti. Qua thng 4, Nguyn tri Phng dp xong gic Bc-ninh, ri em binh ly li thnh Thi-nguyn, bt c tn Thanh, tn c, tn Vn v li ph c so huyt ca gic ni Ma-hin, thuc chu Bch-thng. Cn mt Hi-dng v Qung-yn, th tuy Trng quc Dng v o Tr gii c vy cho thnh hi-dng, nhng th qun gic mt b cn mnh lm. Vua Dc-tng li sai Nguyn tri Phng lm tng-thng hi-an qun-v, Trng quc Dng lm hip-thng em qun ra nh mt y. Lc by gi bn tn Phng c sai ngi vo cu vin quan thiutng Bonard trong Nam-k, c h ly c Bc-k th xin nc Php bo-h. Nhng v trong Nam-k cn lm vic, m s ging ha vi Triunh Hu sp xong, cho nn thiu-tng khng nhn. ng tn Phng vn chim gi t Qung-yn v nhng o ngoi b, lm so huyt,

ri cho binh thuyn i cp ph khp ni. Quan qun i nh, nhiu ngi b hi. Cui nm qu-hi (1863) l nm T-c th 16, qun gic hp hn 500 chic thuyn o Cc-b v ni -sn, c mun em qun vo nh t Kinh-k, nhng chng may phi bo, thuyn m mt nhiu. Quan -c l L quang Tin v quan b-ph Bi huy Phan c tin y lin em qun ra nh, b qun gic tp hu, quan qun b chy. L quang Tin v Bi huy Phan phi nhy xung bin t tn. n thng 6 nm gip-t (1864) l nm T-c th 17, quan hipthng Trng quc Dng, quan tn-l Vn c Khu, quan tn-tng Trn huy Sch v quan chng-v H Thin nh nhau vi gic t Qung-yn, b gic git c. Trn y quan qun thua to, qun-s thit hi rt nhiu. Thng 4 nm t-su (1865), qun gic em 300 chic thuyn phn ra lm 3 o vo cp mn Hi-dng. Nguyn tri Phng sai Nguyn vn V em qun ra n nh, bt v chm c rt nhiu. T quan -c Mai Thin quan tn-l ng trn Chuyn, quan c-binh ng ch Khim ph c qun gic hn 10 trn, qun gic lui v gi mt Hi-ninh. Thng 7 nm y, Nguyn tri Phng sai ng trn Chuyn, ng ch Khim em binh ra Qung-yn, c vi quan nh Thanh Khm-chu nh ly li thnh Hi-ninh. Qun gic thua to, em hn 70 chic thuyn chy ra b. Quan qun em binh thuyn ra ui nh, tn Phng, tn c th chy vo mn Qung-bnh, Qung-tr, cn nhng ng, a th phi bt, a th chy trn c. Sau tn Phng, tn c cng b bt em v tr ti Hu. Gic Phng khi t cui nm tn-du (1861) n cui nm t-su (1865) mi dp xong, k va 4 nm tri, nh nc tn hi rt nhiu. Khi gic Phng Qung-yn dp gn xong, th mn Cao-bng c gic Khch nh ly tnh-thnh. Quan kinh-lc V trng Bnh v quan tun-ph Phm chi Hng em binh ln Lng-sn ri chia qun i nh cc ni, t thng 9 nm t-su (1865) cho n thng 3 nm bnh-dn (1866), th tng gic l Trng cn Bang mi xin v hng, v mi thu phc li c thnh Cao-bng. Nguyn tri Phng v V trng Bnh v Kinh coi vic triu-chnh.

163 164

Hi Dng v Qung An Sn Ty, Hng Ha v Tuyn Quang

5. S phn-nghch Kinh-thnh. Vic ngoi Bc mi hi ngui-ngui, th Kinh- li c vic lm cho no ng lng ngi.
208

Nguyn vua Dc-tng l con th m c ni ngi, l v ngi anh ngi l Hng Bo phng ng, khng chu hc hnh cho nn khng c lp. ng y ly iu lm tc gin, bn -mu vi mt nc ngoi quc tranh ngi vua. Chng may s l ra, ng y phi b ngc, ri ung thuc c m cht. Cn con ng th c tha m phi i tn l inh o n nm bnh dn (1866) l nm T-c th 19, nh vua ang xy Vn-nin-c tc l Khim-lng by gi, qun-s phi lm lng kh s, c nhiu ngi on gin. By gi Kinh c on Trng cng vi em l on hu i, on t Trc, v bn Trng trng Ha, Phm Lng kt lm " Snng-thi-tu-h" mu vic lp inh o ln lm vua. Bn tn Trng mi chiu d nhng lnh lm lm Vn-nin-c v cng vi qua hu-qun Tn tht Cc lm ni ng, nh ngy khi s. n m hm mng 8 thng 8, bn tn Trng em qun vo ca t-dch, chc xng vo in git vua Dc-tng. May nh c quan chng-v l H Oai ng c ca in li, h qun bt c tn Trng, tn Trc v c bn ng ng. inh o phi ti gio, Tn tht Cc th t vn cht, cn cc quan c trch nhim u phi chiu ti nng nh, hoc phi cch. Lc y ngoi th c gic cp ph, trong th c nghch-thn lm lon. mt Qung-ngha li c gic mi -vch c hay xung quy nhiu dngian, may nh c quan tiu-ph Nguyn Tn ra sc nh dp mi yn c. Vic giao thip vi nc Php cng ngy cng kh. Bc-k th c gic Khch mt ngy mt mnh, n ni quan qun nh khng c, phi nh qun Tu sang dp h. Triu-nh cng bi ri khng bit tnh ra th no cho khi c s bin lon.

nm qu-hi (1863) tc l bn ta nm T-c th 16, quan nh Thanh mi bt c cc tng Thi-bnh, Hng t Ton phi ung thuc c t t, triu nh nh Thanh li thu phc c cc tnh pha nam nc Tu. Lc y c d ng ca Hng t Ton l bn Ng Cn chy trn sang nc ta, trc cn ni xin hng, ri sau em qun i cp ph cc tnh, quan qun nh mi khng c. Nm mu-thn (1868) l nm T-c th 21, Ng Cn chim gi tnh thnh Cao-bng. Triu-nh sai quan tng-c Phm chi Hng vit th sang cho quan nh Thanh xin qun Tu sang tiu-tr. Nh Thanh sai ph-tng T k Qu em qun sang cng vi quan tiu-ph ng ch Khim v quan -c Nguyn vit Thnh, nh ph qun ca Ng Cn Tht-kh. Nhng n thng 7 nm y, qun ta nh thua Lng-sn, quan tham-tn Nguyn L, quan ph -c Nguyn vit Thnh t trn, quan thng-c Phm chi Hng b bt. Triu-nh sai V trng Bnh ra lm H-ninh tng-c kim chc Tuyn-Thi-Lng qun-th khm-sai i-thn, hi vi quan -c tnh Qung-ty l Phng t Ti m nh gic Ng Cn. Qun hai nc cng ng sc nh dp, n thng 5 nm k-t (1869) th mi khi phc li c tnh-thnh Cao-bng. n cui nm canhng (1870), Ng Cn em qun vy nh tnh-thnh Bc-ninh, quan tiuph ng ch Khim nh mt trn bn cht Ng Cn v ph tan qun gic. Ng Cn tuy cht, song cn c nhng -ng l Hong sng Anh, hiu c vng, Lu vnh Phc, hiu c en, Bn vn Nh, Lng vn Li, hiu c trng, vn c quy-nhiu mn Tuyn-quang, Thi-nguyn, quan qun phi ht sc chng gi tht l vt v. Triu-nh sai quan trung-qun on Th ra lm tng-thng qun-v Bc-k. on Th va mi ra, ko qun ln ng tnh-thnh Lng-sn, bn gic Khch l T T ni ln, na m vo ly thnh, bt ng y git i, cn V trng Bnh th vt thnh chy thot c. Tin y vo n Hu, Triu-nh vi vng sai Hong k Vim165 ra lm Lng-Bnh-Ninh-Thi thng-c qun-v i thn, cng vi quan tn-tng Tn tht Thuyt i dp gic Bc-k. Qua thng t nm sau (1871), nh vua li sai quan Hnh-b thng-th l L Tun lm chc Khm-sai th-s cng vi ng Hong k Vim lo vic nh dp.

6. Gic Khch Bc-k.

Bn Tu lc by gi cng lon: ngoi th nh nhau vi nc Anh-ct-li v nc Php-lan-ty. Triu nh phi b Kinh- m chy; trong th c gic Thi-bnh ni ln nh ph, t na ngi vua nh Thanh cng nt.

Nguyn t nm o-quang th 29, l nm k-du (1849), tc l bn ta nm T-c th 2, Qung-ty c tn Hng t Ton cng vi bn Dng t Thanh, Tiu triu Qu, L t Thnh, ni ln xng l Thi-bnh thin-quc, ri chim c t Kim-lng v cc tnh pha nam sng Trng-giang. May nh c bn Tng quc Phin, T tn ng, L hng Chng, ht sc nh dp, v li c th lc ngoi quc t gip, cho n nm ng-tr th hai l 209

165

C sch chp l Hong T Vim.

Thng 11 nm tn-mi (1871), Qung-yn li c tn Hong T ni ln, thng vi gic T T v gic Tu- ngoi b, ri em binh thuyn i cp ph cc ni. Hong k Vim gi mn Sn-ty, L Tun ra cng vi tnh thn Hi-dng em qun i nh gic T. c t lu, qun th-tnh Hi-dng bn cht tn T huyn Thanh-lm, d-ng gic y u tan c. mn thng-du th ng c en l bn Lu vnh Phc v ng c vng l bn Hong sng Anh quy-nhiu t Tuyn-quang. Bao nhiu thu m mn y, chng thu c, sau hai ng y li th-khch nhau, nh ph nhau tht l tn-hi, ng c en v hng vi quan ta, nh vua bn dng Lu vnh Phc cho t Lao-kay, c thu c quyn li ch y, chng gi vi ng c vng, ng mn H-giang. t Bc-k c gic-gi mi, quan qun nh-dp tht l tn-hi m khng yn c. n thng 7 nm nhm-thn (1872), Triu-nh li sai Nguyn tri Phng lm Tuyn-st ng-sc i-thn ra thay mt vua xemxt vic nh gic Bc-k. Nhng lc by gi vic gic trong nc cha xong, th s giao-thip vi nc Php sinh ra lm ni kh khn, khin vic nc li ri thm ra na.

Chng IX

Qun Php Ly Bc K Ln Th I
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ngi Php tm ng sang Tu -ph-Ngha i-y Francis Garnier ra H-ni H thnh H-ni nm qu-du (1873) Ly my tnh Trung-chu i-y Francis Garnier cht ng Philastre ra H-ni Ha-c nm gip-tut (1874)

1. Ngi Php tm ng sang Tu. T khi nc Php ly xong t Nam-k ri, Sy-ph Si-gn sa-sang mi vic, v cho ngi i xem xt tnh th v sng ni Trung-k v Bc-k m mang s giaothng. Li c mun tm ng thng sang nc Tu, bi vy thng 5 nm bnh-dn (1866), thiu-tng De la Grandire sai trung-t Doudart de Lagre cng vi i-y Francis Garnier (Ngc-nhi) v my ngi Php na theo sng Mkong i tm ng sang Tu. n thng 3 nm mu-thn (1868), non hai nm tri, ng Doudart de Lagre mi sang n t Vn-nam. Nhng chng may ng y phi bnh au gan m cht. ng Francis Garnier em xc ng y i qua nc Tu, ri xung Tu thy v Si-gn.
n nm canh-ng (1870) l nm T-c th 23, bn Ty, nc Php nh nhau vi nc Ph; qun Php thua, Php-hong l N-ph-lun -tam b bt. Dn nc Php b -quc m lp Dn-ch cng-ha. Tuy bn Php c s chin tranh, nhng bn Vin-ng ny, qun Php vn gi vng t Nam-k. V Triu-nh Hu cn bn dp gic Khch Bc-k, cho nn cng khng sinh s li-thi g c. Thu y, c mt ngi Php tn l Jean Dupuis, ta gi l -ph-Ngha my nm trc i du lch cc tnh bn Tu, tm cch bun-bn, bit c sng Hng-h t t Vn210

2. Ph Ngha (Jean Dupuis).

nam chy qua Bc-k ra b, l mt ng tin li hn, bn nhn vi quan nh Thanh Vn-nam ch binh-kh sang bn. -ph-Ngha v cng vi mt ngi Php na tn l Millot, bunbn Thng-hi, tr-tnh vic ch binh kh sang Vn-nam, on ri v Php mua hng. Khi tr sang bn ny, -ph-Ngha vo Si-gn xin Sy-ph gip thanh-th cho i qua Bc-k. Vin thng-c Nam-k lc by gi l lc-qun thiu-tng d'Arhaud, c ha vi -ph-Ngha cho chic tu Bourayne i theo. -ph-Ngha sang Hng-cng cng vi Millot em ba chic tu con l Hng-giang, Lao-kay v Sn-ty ch binh-kh v hng-ha vo Qung-yn. Trong lc y hi-qun trung-t Sns em tu Bourayne ra Bc-k, ri ln Hi-dng, H-ni, Bc-ninh i xem cc ni. Trung-t Bc-ninh nghe tin bn -ph-Ngha n Qung-yn, lin tr ra cng bn vi quan Khm-sai L Tun v vic thng-thng sng Hng-h. ng L Tun khng c lnh Triu-nh, khng dm t-tin, ni xin i vi mi hm c mnh nh vua ra s hay. -ph-Ngha v Millot thy i lu, bn c em tu ln ng Hni, ri thu thuyn ch ln Vn-nam. By gi l cui nm nhm-thn (1872), l nm T-c th 25. Thuyn ca -ph-Ngha i qua nhng n ca quan ta, ca gic c vng v gic c en u v s c. Khi ln dn Vnnam, quan nh Thanh cho ch khong-vt xung, n thnh t nm qudu (1873), th -ph-Ngha v Millot li tr v n H-ni, em mt bn lnh c vng v theo. Millot th vo Si-gn cho Sy-ph bit tnh-th Bck, v nhn th em khong-vt sang bn Hng-cng. Cn -phNgha th li H-ni, ng ph Mi by gi, ri cng vi my ngi Khch l Bng li K, Quan t nh mua go, mua mui ch ln Vn-nam. By gi lut nc ta cm khng cho ch mui sang Tu, m vic thng-thng sng Hng-h cng cha nh r th no, nhng -phNgha t xng l c lnh quan Tu cho, th khng cn phi theo lut nc Nam, v nc Nam l mt nc phi thn-phc nc Tu. -ph-Ngha khng hiu r s giao-thip nc Tu v nc ta ngy trc. i vi Tu th b ngoi nc ta tuy xng cng-thn, nhng k thc vn l c-lp. Khi c vic g, phi c s hai nc sang thng-ngh ri mi thi hnh. M c khi s nc Tu bn sang iu g, nc ta khng thun 211

cng thi, ch khng c php t-tin m lm c. Ch tr lc no nc Tu th mnh m bt-nt, nh i nh Nguyn, nh Minh, v nh Thanh, th li c ng Trn hng o, ng L thi T v ng Nguyn quang Trung t cho ngi Tu bit rng nc Nam vn khng phi t thuc-a ca Tu. Tuy vy, quan ta phi n -ph-Ngha l ngi nc Php, s c vic g, th thnh ra bt-ha vi Sy-ph Si-gn, cho nn c dng li ni ngt can ng y ng lm iu tri vi lut nc. Nhng ng y c mt nim t mnh m lm. Quan ta nh c Gim-mc Puginier l K-s ln can cng khng c. Sau qun ta c bt my tn Khch Bnh li K v Quan t nh v s em thuyn ch mui v go ln Vn-nam, th -ph-Ngha em ngi i bt quan phng-thnh H-ni v quan huyn Th-xng, em xung thuyn giam li. Quan ta cng ng ngc khng bit ra th no. Mt bn th c tnh sinh s, mt bn th mnh nh vua ra khng c li thi iu g. By gi Triu-nh sai quan hu-tham-tri b Binh l Phan nh Bnh lm khm-phi ra giao cho ng Nguyn tri Phng phi thu-xp cho yn chuyn y. ng Nguyn tri Phng mi sai quan b-chnh l V ng nh ngy mi -ph-Ngha n hi-qun Qung-ng, hi ngh. Khi hai bn n hi-ng, quan ta ni rng s giao-thip nc Php vi nc Nam c t ha-c nm nhm-tut (1862), v s em mui v go ln bn Vnnam l tri vi t ha-c y, v li tri vi lut bn-quc. -ph-Ngha ci rng ng y c lnh quan Tu cho l , khng cn phi xin php g na, ri ng dy ra v. Triu-nh Hu thy vic li thi mi, s lu thnh ra nhiu s, mi sai ng L Tun, ng Nguyn vn Tng v ng Nguyn tng Don vo s Si-gn, thng-ngh v vic ba tnh pha ty t Nam-k v nhn th nh Sy-ph phn x vic -ph-Ngha cho xong.

3. i-y Francis Garnier (Ngc Nhi) ra H-ni. Vin Thng-c Nam-k by gi l Hi-qun thiu-tng Dupr vn lu v vic Bc-k. Trc vit th v cho Thng-th thuc-a-b Paris ni rng: " t Bc-k l t tip-gip vi nhng tnh ty-nam nc Tu, ta nn chim gi ly th s cai-tr ca ta Vin-ng ny mi c chc chn " .
Nhng bn Php by gi mi ang nh nhau vi nc Ph va xong, khng mun gy chuyn khc, bn in sang cho thiu-tng rng: "Khng c sinh s Bc-k." n khi Millot v Si-gn k cng vic Bc-k, thiu-tng li in v Paris ni rng: " Vic -ph-Ngha Bc-k

 thnh cng ri. Cn phi ly x Bc-k v gi ly con ng thng sang Tu. Khng cn phi vin binh. Thnh cng chc lm ". Ngay hm y, thiu-tng li vit thm mt ci th v ni r mi l, v quyt rng xin chnh-ph cho thiu-tng c t tin, h c vic g th thiu-tng xin chu li166. ang lc y th Triu-nh Hu sai bn ng L Tun vo xin thiutng ra iu-nh vic -ph-Ngha Bc-k. C nh ca thiu-tng Dupr in v cho chnh-ph Php th thiu-tng ch mong c ci c-hi g em qun ra Bc-k. Nay thy Triu-nh ta vo nh Sy-ph Si-gn phn-x vic -ph-Ngha, tht l gp c ci dp mnh ang mong, thiu-tng lin gi quan hi-qun i-y Francis Garnier Thng-hi v, ri sai ra H-ni, ni rng ra phn-x vic -ph-Ngha167. i-y Francis Garnier em my chic tu con v 170 ngi lnh ra n ca Thun, ngh li my hm i quan khm-sai cng ra Bc-k. n thng 10 nm qu-du (1873), th cc quan ra n H-ni. By gi ai cng tng l i-y Francis Garnier ra chuyn ny th mi vic xong c, cho nn i n u quan ta cng tip-i rt trng-hu. Nhng xem nhng th-t ca i-y lc by gi, th ct ra c ch khc. Khi Si-gn sp i, i-y vit th v cho ngi anh bn Php ni rng: " Lnh ca Sy-ph cho, l c t tin. Vic g hi-qun thiu-tng cng y-thc cho ti c. Vy v nc Php m ti phi c sc." n khi ra n Hi-dng, i-y vo K-st, ri vit th sai ngi em cho -phNgha, bo tin cho ng y bit ci ch ch ca mnh, v li ni rng trm s i-y trng-cy vo ng y ch bo cho, bi v ng y quen bit mi vic Bc-k. -ph-Ngha tip c th, lin em chic tu Man-hao i n iy. Ln n H-ni, i-y em my ngi i thng vo thnh ra mt ng Nguyn tri Phng, v i em qun ra ng trong thnh. Qun ta ni mi, i-y mi thun ra ng Trng-thi. on ri i-y vit th mi gim-mc Puginier K-s ln H-ni, nh lm thng-ngn. i-y li lm t hiu-d, cho dn bit, ni rng: " Bn-chc ra Bc-k ct dp cho yn gic-gi, v m-mang s bun-bn.
Sch "L'Empire d'Annam" ca capitaine Ch. Gosselin. Ph Ngha (Jean Dupuis) c lm quyn sch "Le Tonkin de 1872 1886) k nhng cng vic ca ng y Bc Vit, v ni r tnh ca cc quan coi vic Sy Ph Si Gn lc by gi l th no. Ta cng nh c sch y m k cu ra c nhiu vic rt l tng tn
167 166

4. H thnh H-ni nm qu-du (1873). Quan ta thy iy khng ni g n vic -ph-Ngha, m li ni nhng vic dp-gic v m s bun-bn, th u ly lm phn-vn. Sau li thy tu v qun Sign tin ra, quan ta li cng lo lm. c my hm, i-y khng bn hi g n quan ta, t-tin lm t tuyn-b s m sng Hng-h cho ngi nc Php, nc I-pha-nho v nc Tu c ra vo bun-bn.
Quan ta lc by gi cng bi-ri qu. Vic giao-thip v vic bunbn vi nc Php th nh r trong t ha-c nm nhm-tut (1862), nay thy i-y Francis Garnier ng t lm nh th, th cng thy lm lo, cho nn cng c kim cch phng-b. M i-y cng bit trc rng th no quan ta cng khng chu, cho nn nh k nh thnh H-ni. n u thng 10, mt mt i-y vit th cho ng Nguyn tri Phng, trch quan ta lm ngn-tr vic bun-bn ca -ph-Ngha; vy v s vn-minh v ci quyn-li ca nc Php, cho nn Sy-ph Si-gn sai i-y ra m s bun-bn Bc-k. Du quan Vit-nam c thun hay khng cng mc, i-y c theo lnh ca Sy-ph m thi-hnh. Mt mt i-y bn-nh vi -ph-Ngha nh ngy nh thnh v bt ng Nguyn tri Phng gii vo Si-gn. C nh sch ca -ph-Ngha, th lc by gi c c nhng ngi mo xng l ng nh L, cng xin theo i-y vo thnh lm ni-ng. n sng hm rm thng 10 nm qu-du (1873), th qun Php pht sng bn vo thnh H-ni. ng Nguyn tri Phng cng vi con l ph-m Nguyn Lm hong-ht ln thnh gi ca ng v ca Nam. c non mt gi ng h th thnh v, ph-m Lm trng n cht, ng Nguyn tri Phng th b thng nng. Qun Php vo thnh bt c ng Nguyn tri Phng v quan khm-phi Phan nh Bnh em xung tu. ng Nguyn tri Phng ngh mnh l mt bc lo-thn th vua tri ba triu, nh nam dp bc qua my phen, nay chng may v vic nc m b thng, n ni phi b bt, ng quyt ch khng chu buc thuc v nhn n m cht. ng Nguyn tri Phng l ngi ngi Tha-thin, do li-in xut thn, lm quan t i vua Thnh-t, tri qua ba triu, m nh vn thanh-bch, ch em ch-l m lo vic nc, ch khng thit ca-ci. Nhng chng may phi khi quc-b gian-nan, ng phi em thn hin cho nc, 212

thnh ra c nh cha con, anh em u mt v vic nc. tht l mt nh trung-lit xa nay t c vy.

5. Ly my tnh Trung-chu. Thnh H-ni tht th ri, quan ta th trn-trnh i c, gic cp li nhn dp ni ln. i-y Francis Garnier li cho nhng ngi theo vi mnh i lm quan cc ni chng vi quan triu, ri li sai ngi i nh ly tnh Ninh-bnh, Nam-nh v Hi-dng.
Quan ta cc tnh u ng ngc khng bit ra th no, h thy ngi Ty n l b chy. Bi vy, ch c ngi Php tn l Hautefeuille v 7 ngi lnh ty m h c thnh Ninh-bnh, v ch trong 20 ngy m 4 tnh Trung-chu mt c. Triu-nh c tin bin Bck, vi-vng sai ng Trn nh Tc, ng Nguyn trng Hp, ng Trng gia Hi cng vi gim-mc Bnh (Mgr Bohier) v linh-mc ng ( Dangelger) ra H-ni, iu nh mi vic v sai ng Hong k Vim Sn-ty lm titch qun-v, phng gi cc ni. Li sai ng L Tun lm ton-quyn, ng Nguyn vn Tng lm ph, vo thng-thuyt vi Sy-ph Si-gn v vic i-y Francis Garnier nh Bc-k. Lc by gi ng Hong k Vim ng Sn-ty, c ng c en l bn Lu vnh Phc v gip. Vua phong cho Lu vnh Phc lm -c, cng vi quan qun chng gi qun Php. Lu vnh Phc em qun v ng mn ph Hoi-c. Khi ng Trn nh Tc v ng Nguyn trng Hp ang thng-thuyt vi i-y Francis Garnier, th qun c en v nh Hni. i-y em qun i ui nh, ln n Cu-giy th b phc qun git cht.

6. i-y Francis Garnier cht.

ni rng: " Vic nh ly thnh H-ni sy-ph bo khng phi l bn-, m qun bn-quc 4 tnh Bc-k cng khng tranh dnh g c. Vy hai bn khng c lm iu g tri nhau. Nay i-y Francis Garnier cht, hoc l b git cht, hoc l v dn ni ln lm lon, vic y ta cha r. Hung chi tr thnh li nh ha-c cho xong, y l lnh ca sy-ph; m thu ly thnh ri mi ngh-ha, y l mnh ca bn-quc. Cn nh vic H-ni git i-y Francis Garnier th cng nh i-y Francis Garnier git ng Nguyn tri Phng, vic xut ngoi, ch c phi li chng ta u. By gi chng ta ra y, mt cha trng thy vic g c, mi nghe thy tin bo m b v, th chng ha ra mnh i ung mt cng hay sao ? chi bng ta cho ngi a th ln H-ni bo em tu xung n, chng ta s ln ti ni, hoc l c theo mnh lnh m lm, hoc l xt r duyn-do ti sao m i-y Francis Garnier cht, ri s bo tin, th chng n vic lm hay sao ? " ng Philastre nghe li y, bn sai ngi a th ln cho H-ni bit. Ngay lc y c tu " Decrs " cn ng gn -sn, ng Philastre mun sang tu y cho chic tu mnh i l "D'Estres " tr v bo tin cho Si-gn bit. Nguyn vn Tng ngn i rng: "Tu ca mnh vo ca ri li tr ra, nh s-dn bit, li bt chc H-ni m lm by, th lm th no m ngn cm c; s c vic tn-hi, th ly l g m bm vi qu sy. Vy nay xin sai chic tu "Decrs" ra b, ui nh nhng gic Tu-, cn c em tu "D'Estres" vo n Hi-phng, ri ta ln Hi-dng, em tr tnh-thnh li cho bn-triu, t ci lng tin cho s-dn bit, sau ta ln Hni, tr nt c my thnh kia, v tra-hi vic i y Francis Garnier cht ra th no s bm cho qu-sy bit " . ng Philastre vn l mt ngi rt cng bng, li thy ng Nguyn vn Tng ni hp-l, bn thun nghe, v ln Hi-dng truyn tr thnh li cho quan ta, ri ln H-ni lm t giao-c tr li c 4 thnh cho quan ta coi gi. Cn nhng tu b v qun lnh ca Php cc tnh th thu c v Hni, ri inh ngy rt qun ra ng Hi-phng i n ngy k t ha-c xong th rt v. By gi l thng ging nm gip-tut (1874), l nm Tc th 27. -ph-Ngha thy ng Philastre ph mt c nhng vic ca mnh lm vi i-y Francis Garnier, bn vo Si-gn ku vi sy-ph v i tin ph-tn non mt triu nguyn

7. ng Philastre ra H-ni.

Nguyn khi thiu-tng Dupr sai i-y Francis Garnier ra Bc-k l t mnh ch chnh-ph nc Php vn khng thun, bi vy khi c tin i-y khi s nh H-ni, thiutng lin sai hi-qun i-y, khim chc thng-soi vic hnh-lut Namk, l ng Philastre (ta gi l Hoc-o-sinh) cng vi qua ph-s nc ta l ng Nguyn vn Tng ra iu-nh mi vic Bc-k.

n Ca-cm th ng Philastre v ng Nguyn vn Tng mi bit rng i-y Francis Garnier b qun c en git mt ri. S chp rng khi c tin y, ng Philastre tc gin v bn m bo ng Nguyn vn Tng rng: " Vic khng xong ri, phi tr v i lnh sy-ph mi c. " ng Nguyn vn Tng s ng Philastre gin qu m nh vic, mi ung-dung m 213

8. Ha-c nm gip-tut (1874). Mi vic H-ni xp-t xong ri, sy-ph Si-gn sai ng Rheinart (L Na) ra thay cho ng Philastre cng vi ng Nguyn vn Tng v Nam-k, nh s ha-c cho kp ngy thiu-tng Dupr v Php.

Ngy 27 thng ging nm gip-tut (1874), l nm T-c th 27, hi-qun thiu-tng Dupr v ng L Tun, ng Nguyn vn Tng k t ha-c c thy 22 khon, i-lc c nhng khon ny l quan trng hn c. Khon II. Quan thng-lnh nc Php nhn quyn c-lp ca vua nc Nam khng phi thn phc nc no na, v khi no vua nc Nam c cn n vic g nh dp gic gi, th nc Php sn lng gip m khng yu-cu iu g. Khon III. Vua nc Nam phi oan nhn y theo chnh-lc ngoi-giao ca nc Php, v chnh-lc ngoi-giao hin lc by gi th no th phi nguyn nh th, khng c i khc i Quan thng-lnh nc Php tng vua nc Nam: 1. 5 chic tu c my-mc sng-ng 2. 100 khu sng i-bc, v mi khu c 200 vin n 3. 1000 khu sng tay v 5000 vin n Khon IV. Quan thng-lnh nc Php ha cho quan sang gip vua nc Nam dy tp lnh thy, lnh b; cho nhng k-s sang dy lm mi vic, v cho nhng ngi gii vic ti chnh sang t-chc vic thu-m v vic thng-chnh v. v. Khon V. Vua nc Nam phi thun nhng t t 6 tnh Nam-k cho nc Php. Khon IX. Vua nc Nam phi cho gio-s c t-do i ging-o, v cho dn trong nc c t-do theo o. Khon XI. Vua nc Nam phi m ca Th-ni ( Qui-nhn ), ca Ninh-hi ( Hi-phng ), thnh H-ni v sng Hng-h, cho ngoi quc vo bun-bn. Khon XIII. Nc Php c quyn t lnh-s cc ca b v cc thnhth m ra cho ngoi quc vo bun-bn. Khon XV. Ngi nc Php hay l ngi ngoi quc, h c giy thng hnh ca quan lnh-s Php v c ch quan Vit-nam ph nhn th c php i xem cc ni trong nc.

Khon XVI. Ngi nc Php v ngi ngoi quc c iu g kin tng ti t Vit-nam, th do lnh-s Php phn-x. Khon XX. Khi no t ha-c ny k xong, th quan thng-lnh nc Php t s-thn Hu chiu nhng iu giao-c m thi hnh. Vua nc Nam cng c quyn t s-thn Paris v Si-gn. T ha-c y k xong, th quan chnh-s L Tun mt, ng Nguyn vn Tng v Hu. Thiu-tng Dupr giao mi vic Nam-k cho hi-qun thiu-tng Krantz quyn lnh, ri v Php. Thng 6, Triu-nh Hu li sai quan hnh-b Thng-th l Nguyn vn Tng v quan li-b th-lang l Nguyn tng Don, vo Si-gn cng vi thiu-tng Krantz nh cc l v s bun-bn nc Nam. n 20 thng 7, th t thng-c lp xong.

214

CHNG X

Tnh th nc Nam t nm Gip Tut v sau

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vn-thn ni lon Ngh-tnh Gic Bc-k S giao-thip vi Tu Tnh-th nc Tu S giao-thip vi nc Php

Lc by gi quan tng-c Ngh-an l ng Tn tht Trit li c dung-tng bn Vn-thn, cho nn h cng c th cng ph d. Triu-nh thy vy, mi truyn bt quan qun phi dp cho yn. Bn Vn-thn thy quan qun ui nh, bn cng vi bn gic Trn quang Hon, Trng quan Ph, Nguyn huy in nh ly thnh H-tnh, ri ra vy ph Din-chu. Triu-nh thy th gic cng ngy cng to, bn sai ng Nguyn vn Tng ra lm khm-sai v ng L b Thn lm tng-thng, em qun ra nh dp, t thng 2 n thng 6 mi xong. Thu y mn Thng-du t Bc-k lc no cng c gic, quan qun nh mi khng c, phi nh qun Tu sang nh gip cng khng xong. Mn Hi-dng v Qung-yn th vn c nhng ngi mo xng l con-chu nh L, c quy-ri mi. Khi Francis Garnier ra ly H-ni, nhng ngi y v xin theo i nh qun ta, nhng v sau nc Php tr li cc tnh Bc-k, h li tn i. v t khi nc ta v nc Php k ha-c ri, quan Php c em binh-thuyn i nh gip, cho nn mi dit c ng y. Cn mn Tuyn-quang, th c gic c vng nhng-nhiu lu. Quan qun phi nh dp mi khng c. n thng 8 nm t-hi (1875), l nm T-c th 28, tng c vng l Hong sng Anh em qun v ng lng Chu-thng, thuc ph Vnh-tng. By gi quan qun tn-dng qun-v tnh Sn-ty l Tn tht Thuyt v nh mt trn. Gic y t tan dn. Nm sau Tn tht Thuyt li git c tn gic Trn lng C-loa, v dp yn c mn Sn-ty. Nhng n nm mu-dn (1878), Lngsn li c tn gic Khch l L dng Ti ni ln. L dng Ti trc lm quan hip-trn Tm-chu, thuc tnh Qung-ty, sau b cch mi ni ln lm gic v em qun trn sang nh ly tnh Lng-sn. Quan ta em th sang cho quan Tu bit. Quan -c Qung-ty l Phng t Ti em qun 26 doanh sang cng vi qun ta hitiu. n thng 9 nm k-mo (1879), quan qun mi bt c L dng Ti ni Nghim-hu thuc tnh Thi-nguyn em gii sang Tu. V t Bc-k c c gic gi lun cho nn Triu-nh t ra chc Tnh-bin-s gi cc ni v ng ngc. Nm canh-thn (1880), t ra Lng-giang-o v oan-hng-o sai hai vin Tnh-bin ph-s l Trng 215

2. Gic Bc-k.

1. Vn-thn ni lon Ngh-tnh. Nh c ng Philastre v ng Nguyn vn Tng thu xp vic Bc-k va xong, th mn Ngh-tnh c lon.
Nguyn lc by gi dn trong nc ta chia ra lm hai phi: bn lng, bn gio; hai bn vn khng a nhau. n khi sy ra vic i-y Francis Garnier ly H-ni, bn s phu mn Ngh-tnh thy gio-dn c nhiu ngi theo gip ng y, th ly lm tc gin lm, bn r nhau ni ln nh ph. Thng ging nm gip-tut (1874), l nm T-c th 27, t Ngh-an c hai ngi t-ti l Trn Tn v ng nh Mai hi-tp c cc vnthn trong ht, ri lm mt bi hch gi l " Bnh Ty st t ", i lc ni rng " Triu-nh du ha vi vi Ty mc lng s-phu nc Nam vn khng chu, vy trc nht xin git ht gio-dn, ri sau nh ui ngi Ty cho ht, gi li ci vn-ha ca ta hn 1000 nm nay, v. v..." Bn Vnthn c thy non hn ba nghn ngi, ko i t ph nhng lng c o. Nc ta m khng chu khai-ha ra nh cc nc khc l cng bi bn s-phu c gi thi c, khng chu theo thi th m thay i. Nay s suy-nhc ca mnh s s ra y, th m vn c khng chu m mt ra m nhn, li v s tc gin mt lc m vic nng-ni cn-r, cho thit hi thm, nh th th ci ti trng ca bn s-phu i vi nc nh chng to lm ru!

quang n ng Lng-giang v Nguyn hu ng oan-hng, li phong cho Hong k Vim l Tnh-bin-s, kim c hai o . Nc ta t xa n nay tuy l c-lp, nhng v gi l triu-cng nc Tu, ly ci ngha rng nc nh phi tnknh nc ln. cho nn khi chin-tranh, du ta c nh c Tu i na, th ri nh no ln lm vua cng phi theo ci l y, m i no cng ly iu lm t-nhin v rng triu-cng cng khng tn hi g my, m nc vn c-lp v li khng hay c vic li-thi vi mt nc lng-ding mnh hn mnh. Bi vy h vua no ln ngi, cng chiu l sai s sang Tu cu phong, v c ba nm sai s sang cng mt ln. Cc vua i nh Nguyn cng theo l y, nhng cc i vua trc th vua phi ra H-ni m tip s Tu v th phong cho. n i vua Dctng th s Tu vo ti Hu phong vng cho ngi. Cn nhng cng phm th c theo l, m thng ch a sang giao cho quan Tng-c Lng-Qung v Kinh, ch khng my khi s ta sang n Yn-kinh. Trong i vua Dc-tng th s chp rng nm mu-thn (1868), c ng L Tun, ng Nguyn t Gin v ng Hong Tnh sang s Tu. Nm qu-du (1873), li c cc ng Phan s Thc, ng H vn Khai, v ng Nguyn Tu sang s Tu, by t vic nh gic Khch Bc-k. T nm gip-tut (1874) tr i, Triu-nh Hu k t ha-c vi Php, cng nhn nc Nam c-lp, khng thn-phc nc no na, nhng lc by gi v th bt-c-d m k t ha-c, c trong bng vua Dc-tng vn khng phc, cho nn ngi vn c theo l c m triu-cng nc Tu, c mong khi hu s, nc Tu sang gip mnh. Bi vy nm bnh-t (1876), vua Dc-tng sai ng Bi n Nin tc l ng Bi D, ng Lm Honh v ng L Ct sang s nh Thanh. Nm canh-thn (1880), li sai ng Nguyn Thut, Trn Khnh Tin, Nguyn Hoang sang Yn-kinh dng biu xng thn v cc cng-phm. Nm sau, Triu-nh nh Thanh sai ng nh Canh sang Hu bn vic bun-bn v lp cuc chiu thng, ch l thng tin cho chnh ph Tu bit mi vic bn nc ta. Mt bn ha vi nc Php, nhn theo chnh-lc ngoi-giao ca nc Php m c-lp168, mt bn c triu-cng nc Tu, c cu vin, bi th cho nn chnh ph Php ly iu m trch Triu-nh ta vy.

3. S giao-thip vi Tu.

Xa nay ta vn cng nhn nc Tu l thng-quc v vn phi l triu-cng. H khi no trong nc c vic binlon v vn trng mong nc Tu sang cu-vin. Khng ng t th-k th XIX tr i, th lc cc nc bn Ty-u mnh ln, ngi phng Ty i lc a rt nhiu, m tnh th nc Tu th rt l suy-nhc. Nm o-quang th 19 (1839) tc l nm Minh-mnh th 20 bn ta, v vic cm thuc nhaphin Qung-ng thnh ra c chin-tranh vi nc Anh-ct-li. Qun nc Anh nh ph thnh Ninh-ba, Thng-hi, v. v. Vua o Quang phi nhn nhng iu ha-c nm nhm-dn (1842) lm ti Nam-kinh, nhng o Hng-cng cho nc Anh v m nhng thnh Qung-chu, H-mn, Phc-chu, Ninh-ba v Thng-hi ra cho ngoi quc vo bun-bn. Cuc ha-c Nam-kinh nh xong, cc nc ngoi-dng vo bun-bn nc Tu v t lnh-s Qung-chu, Ninh-ba, Thng-hi, v. v. n nm Hm-phong th 8 (1858), tc l nm T-c th 11, nc Anh v nc Php k t ha-c vi nc Tu, t s-thn Bc-kinh. on nc Tu c iu tri c, gy thnh vic chin-tranh vi hai nc y. Qun nc Anh v nc Php nh ly hi-khu, ri ko ln nh ly Bc-kinh. Vua Hm-phong phi nhn nhng iu ha-c nm canh-thn (1860) lm ti Thin-tn. T nc Tu b cc nc khc sch-nhiu mi iu v b nn nhiu cch. Lc y nc Tu chng khc g ci nh ln b hm-nt sp , m ta vn khng tnh ng, c m-mng l nc y cn cng thnh, c th gip ta c trong khi nguy-him. Bi vy khi qun nc Php ly Bc-k ri, ngi mnh cn trng cy qun cu-vin ca nc Tu. Phng-ngn ta c cu rng " Cht ui v phi bt " tht l ng lm. Nu ngi Tu c th lc cu c ta, th trc ht h hy cu ly h . Nhng lc by gi t vua quan cho ch bn s-phu trong nc ta, ai l ngi hiu r ci tnh-th y ? Cho nn khng nhng l ta khng chu ci cch chnh th ca ta cho hp thi m li cn lm nhng iu ngang-ngnh cho chng hng vic. y cng l ci vn nc chng may, song nhng ngi ng l lc y cng khng so trnh c ci li ca mnh vy.

4. Tnh-th nc Tu.

5. S giao-thip vi nc Php. T khi ng Philastre ra iunh mi vic Bc-k xong ri, ng Rheinart ra thay H-ni, i cho n ngy k ha-c th chiu mi khon m thi hnh. ng Rheinart c my thng, ri v li Si-gn, giao quyn cho lc-qun thiu-t Dujardin (Lang). Thiu-t c em binh-thuyn gip quan ta i nh gic mn Hidng v Qung-yn.
216

168

T ha c nm gip tut 1874

n khi t ha-c v t thng-c k xong th Triu-nh sai ng Nguyn tng Don ra Bc-k cng thiu-t Dujardin chn t Hni v Ninh-hi (Hi-phng) lm dinh lm tri cho quan qun nc Php ng, v li sai quan thng-th b H l ng Phm ph Th ra lm Hi-an tng-c sung chc tng-l thng-chnh i-thn, cng vi ng Nguyn tng Don v ng Trn hi Tng bn nh vic thng-chnh BcK. Thng 6 nm t-hi (1875) chnh ph nc Php sai ng Rheinart sang lm khm-s Hu, ng Truc lm lnh-s Hi-phng, v ng Kergaradec (K-la-ch) lm lnh-s H-ni. Triu-nh sai ng Nguyn thnh vo lm lnh s Si-gn. ng Rheinart Hu n thng 10 nm bnh-t (1876), th co bnh xin v, ng Philastre ra thay. Triu-nh lc by gi cng hiu rng h khng theo tn-hc th khng tin-ha c, cho nn mi nh cho ngi i du hc. Nm mu-dn (1878), bn Php c m hi vn quc u-xo Paris, vua sai ng Nguyn thnh v ng Nguyn tng Don em i u-xo v cho ngi sang hc Toulon. Nhng v nm tn-t (1881), Triu-nh li sai quan L-b th-lang l Phm Bnh sang Hng-cng, em 12 a tr con i hc trng Anh-ctli, ri li sai s i sang Tim-la v sang Tu m khng cho s-thn nc Php bit, bi vy chnh-ph Php ly nhng iu m trch Triu-nh Hu khng theo ha-c nm gip-tut (1874). Khi ng Philastre cn Hu, v ng y l mt ngi cng chnh v li c hc ch Nho, cho nn Triu-nh ta trng-i v c iu g trang-tri cng cn d. T nm k-mo (1879) v sau, ng y v Php ri, s giaothip cng ngy cng kh thm: phn th v ngi mnh khng bit cch giao thip vi ngoi-quc, phn th ci quyn-li nc ta v nc Php lc by gi tng-phn vi nhau, cho nn hai bn khng c lng tin-cy nhau, thnh ra s giao-thip khng c thn-thit lm. V v sau, s cai-tr Nam-k thnh np, gic gi yn c; bn Php th th lc mnh, v c nhiu ngi bn n vic bn Vinng ny v vic bo-h Bc-k. Li nhn c nhng nc I-ta-ly. I-phanho, Anh-ct-li v Hoa-k mun sang thng-thng vi nc Nam, m c khng mun chu quan nc Php phn-x nhng vic can-thip n ngi nhng nc y. Bi vy nc Php mun lp hn cuc bo-h cho 217

khi mi s li thi, bn b l t quan hi-qun khim lnh chc thng-c Nam-k, m sai quan vn sang sung chc y tr-tnh mi vic. Thng 6 nm k-mo (1879), vin thng c mi l ng Le Myre de Vilers sang nhn chc Si-gn v ng Rheinart li sang lm khm-s Hu thay cho ng Philastre. Bc-k th ngi Php ra vo bun-bn, nhng v quan ta khng bit lo s khai ha, vic thng thng khng c tin-li, v mn thng-du th c qun c en tuy l mn ting theo lnh quan ta, nhng k thc chng n lm g cng khng ai ngn cm c. Bi vy, chnh-ph Php mi ly nhng iu m trch quan ta v sai quan em qun ra Bck, ly c ni ra m mang s bun-bn, k thc l ra kinh-doanh vic vng y.

CHNG XI

Qun Php Ly Bc K Ln Th II
1. 2. 3. 4. i t Henri Rivire ra H Ni H thnh H Ni ln th hai Vic cu cu nc Tu Qun Php ly Nam nh

Sng 5 gi ngy mng 8 thng 3 nm Nhm Ng (1882), quan tng c tip c t ti hu th ca i t hn cho n 8 gi phi gii binh, v cc quan v Vit Nam phi ra i lnh n Thy. ng 8 gi th qun Php khi s nh thnh, 11 gi th thnh . ng Hong Diu tro ln cy tht c m t tn, cn cc quan th b chy c. Lc tip c th ca i t, th ng Hong Diu c sai n st s l Tn Tht B ra thng thuyt. ng Tn Tht B trn thnh b thang tro xung va xong, th qun Php bn sng vo thnh, ng y b trn mt. n khi h c thnh ri, i t sai tm ng Tn Tht B v quyn lnh mi vic170. Vua Dc Tng c tin thnh H Ni tht th, bn xung chiu truyn cho quan kinh lc chnh ph s l l ng Nguyn Chnh v Bi n Nin em binh lui v mt M c cng vi Hong K Vim tm cch chng gi. Nhng quan khm s Rheinart sang thng thuyt rng vic nh thnh H Ni khng phi l ch ca nc Php, v xin sai quan ra gi ly thnh tr. Triu nh bn sai quan nguyn H Ninh tng c l Trn nh Tc lm Khm sai i thn, quan Tnh bin ph s l Nguyn Hu lm ph khm sai, ra H Ni cng vi i t Henri Rivire thu xp mi vic. i t tr thnh H Ni cho quan ta, nhng vn ng qun trong Hnh cung. Hai bn thng ngh mi. i t i 4 khon : 1 - nc Nam phi nhn nc Php bo h 2 - phi nhng thnh th H Ni cho nc Php 3 - t thng chnh Bc K 4 - sa li vic thng chnh cc ni, v giao quyn cho ngi Php cai qun. Bn ng Trn nh Tc nhng khon y v Kinh. Triu nh hi ngh, cc quan c nhiu ngi ni rng : nc ta trong cn c Lu Vnh Phc, ngoi cn c nc Tu, l no li b tay m chu. Bn tr li khng chu. n thng 10 th ng Trn nh Tc v Hu, ng Nguyn Hu li lm H Ninh tng c.

1. i t Henri Rivire ra H Ni. - Cui nm Tn T (1881)169,

nhn c hai ngi Php tn l Courtin v Villeroi c giy thng hnh i ln Vn Nam, nhng ln n gn Lo Kay, b qun Khch lm ngn tr, khng i c. Vin thng c Le Myre de Vilers bn gi th v Php, ni rng nc Php nn dng binh lc m cho dp cho yn t Bc K. Sang thng 2 nm Nhm Ng (1882), mt mt thng c sai hi qun i t Henri Rivire sp sa binh thuyn ra H Ni; mt mt vit th vo Hu, i lc ni rng : t Bc K lon lc, lut nh vua khng ai theo. Ngi nc Php c giy thng hnh ca qun An Nam cp cho m i n u cng b qun Khch ngn tr. Hu th quan Vit Nam tht l vi quan khm s Rheinart. Vy nn nc Php phi dng cch bnh vc quyn li ca ngi nc Php. c t lu, i t Henri Rivire em hai chic tu v my trm qun ra n Hi Phng, ri i tu nh ln H Ni, ng n Thy. Quan tng c H Ni by gi l ng Hong Diu thy binh thuyn nc Php t nhin ra Bc K, ly lm nghi k lm, tuy c sai quan tun ph Hong Hu Xng ra tip i t t, nhng trong bng vn lo, cho nn mi sai sa dn thnh tr phng b. i t Henri Rivire vo thnh thy vy c khng bng lng, bn quyt nh thnh.

2. H thnh H-ni ln th hai.

3. Vic cu-cu nc Tu. Triu nh ta by gi ngh nc Php c chim ot, v li tng rng nc Tu c th bnh vc c mnh, cho nn mi sai ng Phm Thn Dut sang Thin Tn cu cu. Chng qua
170 V sau c bi Chnh Kh Ca ni v vic quan ta gi thnh H Ni lc by gi, v ai hay ai d cng chp r rng. Bi ca y khng bit ai lm.

169 c gi hiu cho rng nhng ngy thng chp trong sch ny l theo ngy thng Vit Nam ch khng phi l theo ngy thng Ty.

218

l ngi mnh c hay c tnh li, cho nn mi i ku cu ngi ta, ch khng bit rng ngi Tu gi nc Tu khng xong cn i cu ai c. Tuy vy, khng nhng ngi Tu khng cu c mnh m li cn mun nhn dp mn ting sang ly nc mnh. Xem nh khi thnh H ni tht th, quan tng c Lng Qung l Trng Th Thanh lm mt s v tu vi vua nh Thanh, i lc ni rng : "nc Nam v nc Tu tip gip vi nhau m th lc nc Nam tht l suy hn, khng c th t ch c na, vy ta nn mn ting sang nh gic m ng gi cc tnh thng du. i khi c bin th ta chim ly nhng tnh v pha bc sng Hng H". Bi vy triu nh nh Thanh mi sai T Knh Bu, ng Cnh Tng em qun sang ng Bc Ninh v Sn Ty, sau li sai quan b chnh Qung Ty l T Din Hc em qun sang tip ng. Chnh ph Php trc cng mun thu xp dn dn cho xong vic bo h nc Nam, v cho khi s chin tranh, nhng sau thy Triu nh Hu khng chu, li thy c qun Tu sang ng cc tnh, bn mt mt sai ng Charles Thomson sang lm thng c Nam K, thay cho ng Le Myre de Vilers v Php; mt mt tip qun cho i t Henri Rivire v triu quan khm s Rheinart Hu v. Nguyn trc i t Henri Rivire H Ni ch c 400 lnh, sau li tip c 750 ngi na, i t bn i y Berthe de Villers vi 400 qun li gi H Ni, cn bao nhiu em i nh Nam nh. Ngy 28 thng 2 nm Qu Mi (1883), th qun Php khi s nh thnh. nh t sng dn tra th qun Php vo thnh; quan tng c V Trng Bnh b chy, quan c L Vn im t trn, quan n st s H B n b thng.

thng n non 100 ngi. i t Henri Rivire t trn, i y Berthe de Villers b thng nng. Si Gn c tin i t Henri Rivire cht, vin thng c Thomson lin in v cho chnh ph Php bit. Lc by gi Paris h ngh vin cn ang do d v vic nh ly Bc K. Khi tip c in bo Si Gn v, ngh vin lin thun cho chnh ph trch ra 5 triu ri pht lng chi tiu v vic binh ph, v li thun cho mt vin quan vn lm ton quyn, sang kinh l mi vic Bc K. Chnh ph Php lin in sang truyn cho lc qun thiu tng Bouet Nam K ra thng c qun v Bc K, sai Hi qun thiu tng Courbet em mt i chin thuyn sang tip ng v li c ng Harmand l s thn Php Tim La ra lm ton quyn. Ngy mng 3 thng 5, th thiu tng Bouet em 200 lnh ty, 300 lnh tp ra n Hi Phng. Lp tc thiu tng sa sang s chng gi H Ni v Nam nh, v li cho Georges Vlavianos (ng Kiu) l ngi theo Ph Ngha ngy trc, c php m lnh c vng i lm tin qun. Quan ta em qun v nh qun Php H Ni, Hi Phng v Nam nh, nhng ch no cng tht bi. Qun ta by gi khng c thng nht, ai ng ln m c nm ba trm ngi cho mang gm mang gio i nh, h phi vi ba pht n tri ph th x y nhau m chy; cn qun ca nh vua th khng c luyn tp, sng i bc ton l sng c, sng tay th t v xu. Nh th th chng lm sao c vi qun Php l qun quen nh trn v li c sng ng tinh nhu? By gi cuc ha i ra chin, sy ph Si Gn ui quan lnh s Vit Nam l ng Nguyn Thnh v Hu. Trong khi vic nc ang ri c ln nh th, th vua Dc Tng mt. Ngi mt ngy 16 thng 6 nm Qu Mi (1883), tr v c 36 nm, th 55 tui, miu hiu l Dc Tng Anh Hong .

4. Qun Php ly Nam-nh.

5. i t Henri Rivire b cht. Quan ta thy qun Php tin binh, v li cy c qun Tu sang cu, bn quyt i th ha ra th cng. Mt mt quan tng c Bc Ninh l Trng Quang n cng vi quan ph kinh lc Bi n Nin em binh v ng Gic Gch, thuc huyn Gia Lm chc sang nh H Ni. i y Berthe de Villers em qun H Ni sang nh ui, quan qun phi lui v pha Bc Ninh. Mt mt quan tit ch Hong K Vim sai Lu Vnh Phc lm tin phong em qun v ng ph Hoi c, nh qun Php.
i t Henri Rivire ly xong Nam nh ri v H Ni thy qun ta v qun c en sp n nh, bn truyn lnh tin binh ln nh mt ph Hoi c. Sng hm 13 thng 4 th i t em 500 qun ra nh mn Cu Giy, b qun c en phc chung quanh ra nh, qun Php cht v b 219

CHNG XII

Cuc Bo H Ca Nc Php
1. S ph lp Hu : vua Hip Ha. 2. Qun Php ly ca Thun An. 3. Ha c nm Qu Mi (1883). 4. Vic Bc K. 5. Vua Hip Ha b git. 6. Vua Kin Phc. 7. S nh ly cc tnh Bc K. 8. Ly tnh Sn Ty. 9. Ly thnh Bc Ninh. 10. Ly Hng Ha. 11. Ly Tuyn Quang. 12. Ha c Fournier. 13. Ha c Patentre thng 6 nm Gip Thn. 14. Vic Triu chnh Hu. 15. Vua Hm Nghi.
Bn triu nh Nguyn truyn ngi n ht i vua Dc Tng th mt quyn t ch. Nc Nam t thuc v nc Php bo h. Ngha l ngi nh vua tuy vn cn, nhng quyn chnh tr phi theo chnh ph Bo H xp t. y cng v thi i bin i m ngi mnh khng bit bin i, cho nn nc mnh mi thnh ra suy i. V lc y ngoi Bc K th ri lon, trong Triu th quyn thn chuyn ch, bi vy cho nn li sinh ra lm vic kh khn171.

Vua Dc Tng khng c con, nui 3 ngi chu lm con nui : trng l ng Dc c172, phong Thy quc cng, th l ng Chnh Mng, phong Kin giang qun cng, ba l ng Dng Thin. Khi ngi sp mt, c di chiu ni rng : c tnh ng Dc c khng ng lm vua, m ngi mun lp ng Dng Thin, nhng v ng y cn b, m vic nc cn phi c vua ln tui, cho nn phi lp con trng. Ngi li cho Trn Tin Thnh, Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt lm ph chnh. c ba ngy th Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt i t di chiu, b ng Dc c m lp em vua Dc Tng l Lng quc cng ln lm vua. Triu thn ng ngc, khng ai dm ni g, ch c quan ng s Phan nh Phng ng dy can rng : "T qun cha c ti g m lm s ph lp nh th th sao phi l". Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt truyn em bt giam Phan nh Phng, ri cch chc ui v. Lng quc cng, hy Hng Dt ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Hip Ha. Cn ng Dc c th em giam Dc c ging ng. Vua Hip Ha va lp xong, th vin Ton quyn mi l ng Harmand n Hi Phng, ri hi hi qun thiu tng Courbet v lc qun thiu tng Bouet, bn nh mi vic. nh mt mt th thiu tng Bouet em qun ln nh ly n ph Hoi; mt mt th thiu tng Courbet em tu vo nh ly ca Thun An, bt triu nh phi nhn nc Php bo h. Ngy 12 thng 7, thiu tng Bouet ln nh qun C en mn lng Vng. Hai bn nh nhau non ba ngy tri. Sau qun C en phi li ln ng n Phng. Nhng v lc by gi nc l ln to, v nn qun Php khng tin ln c. Ngy 16, lc qun trung t Brionval Hi Phng em qun ln ly thnh Hi Dng. Qun Php tuy thng, nhng qun C en cn mnh, nn chi thiu tng Bouet phi in v Paris xin thm qun tip ng.

2. Qun Php ly ca Thun An.

1. S ph lp ti Hu: Vua Hip Ha.

171

Nhng chuyn trong Triu lc by gi, phn nhiu l ly quyn "Hnh Thc Ca", ca L Tn Nguyn Nhc th. B y l mt ngi cung phi ca vua Dc Tng sau li lm th k cho b T D, cho nn nhng vic trong triu b y bit r c r.

Dc c, Chnh Mng, Dng Thin l tn nh hc ca nhng ng Hong con nui vua Dc Tng gi l Dc c ng, Chnh Mng ng, v.v.... Lc cc ng Hong y cha c phong th ngi ta c ly tn nh hc m gi.

172

220

Trong khi lc qun thiu tng Bouet tin qun nh ti Bc K, th hi qun thiu tng Courbet cng vi vin ton quyn Harmand em tu vo nh ca Thun An, t ngy 15 n ngy 18 thng by th thnh Trn Hi v. Quan trn thnh l L S, L Chun t trn, Lm Honh, Trn Thc Nhn th nhy xung sng t t.

By gi Bc K c quan nh Thanh l Dng Cnh Tng ng Sn Ty, T Din Hc ng Bc Ninh, li c qun C en ca Lu Vnh Phc ng n Phng. Triu nh tuy c ch ra truyn cho quan ta phi rt qun v Hu, nhng quan ta cn nhiu ngi mun nc Tu m chng gi vi qun Php, cho nn khng ai phng ch. Bi vy cuc chin tranh Bc K mi khng xong c.

3. Ha c nm qu-mi (1883). Triu nh thy s nguy cp, lin sai quan ra xin ha. Vin ton quyn Harmand bt quan ta phi gii binh c mi ni, ri cng vi ng De Champeaux ln Hu ngh ha. Triu nh sai quan Hip bin hu tr l Trn nh Tc lm khm sai ton quyn, v Nguyn Trng Hp lm ph, cng vi quan Php hi ngh.
Ngy 23 thng 7 th t ha c lp xong, c ch ng Harmand, ng De Champeaux, ng Trn nh Tc v ng Nguyn Trng Hp cng k. T Ha c c 27 khon : - Khon th nht ni rng : Nc Nam chu nhn nc Php bo h, c vic g giao thip vi ngoi quc th phi do nc Php ch trng. - Khon th hai : Tnh Bnh Thun thuc v Nam K. - Khon th ba : Qun Php ng gi ni o Ngang v Thun An. - Khon th su : T tnh Khnh Ha ra n o Ngang th quyn cai tr thuc v Triu nh. Nhng khon sau ni rng vin khm s Hu c quyn t do ra vo yt kin nh vua. Cn t Bc K k t o Ngang tr ra th nc Php t cng s173 cc tnh kim sot nhng cng vic ca quan Vit Nam. Nhng ngi Php khng d vo vic cai tr trong ht. T ha c k xong, gi v Paris chnh ph duyt y, ri mi h giao, ngha l mi tuyn co cho thin h bit. ng De Champeaux li Hu lm khm s, vin ton quyn Harmand ra Bc K kinh l vic nh dp.

5. Vua Hip Ha b git. Trong Hu th vua Hip Ha cng mun nhn chnh sch bo h cho yn ngi vua, nhng cc quan c nhiu ngi khng chu, v li thy Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt chuyn ch thi qu, mun dng k m tr b i, bn i Nguyn Vn Tng sang lm Binh b Thng th, Tn Tht Thuyt lm Li b Thng th, bt binh quyn ca Tn Tht Thuyt.
Hai ngi thy vua c lng nghi, s lu thnh v, bn vo tu vi b T D Thi hu lp ng Dng Thin l con nui th ba vua Dc Tng, ri bt vua Hip Ha em ra ph ng Dc c cho ung thuc c cht. Vua Hip Ha lm vua c hn 4 thng, s gi l Ph . Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt git vua Hip Ha ri, li thy quan Ph chnh Trn Tin Thnh khng theo mnh, cng sai ngi git nt.

6. Vua Kin Phc. Ngy mng 7 thng 10 nm Qu Mi (1883), ng Dng Thin, hy l ng ng ln ngi lm vua, t nin hiu l Kin Phc. By gi ngi mi c 15 tui, vic g cng Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt quyt nh c.
Bc K th Hong K Vim cn ng ti Sn Ty, Trng Quang n cn ng ti Bc Ninh, cng vi qun Tu chng gi qun Php. Vin khm s Hu ly iu trch Triu nh. Triu nh li c d ra truyn cho Hong K Vim v Trng Quang n phi v kinh. Cc quan by gi cng c ng v, cng c ng np n tr Triu nh, ri hoc i chiu m nhng ngi ngha dng, hoc i theo quan nh Thanh, chng nhau vi qun Php. By gi c quan c Nam nh l T Hin lnh chc c ca Tu, v quan n st s Phm V Mn v quan tri ph Kin Xng Hong Vn He b chc m i; quan tn tng qun v 221

4. Vic Bc K. Triu nh Hu nhn ha c xong ri, sai quan Li b thng th Nguyn Trng Hp lm Khm sai i thn, quan Cng b Thng th Trn Vn Chun v quan Li b tham tri Hng Phi lm ph khm sai, ra Bc K cng vi vin Ton quyn Harmand hiu d nhn dn v bi qun th cc ni.
173 Rsident tc l lu tr quan, nhng lc by gi ta cha quen dng ch y, v nhn c ch consul cho nn mi dng ch cng s.

 Sn Ty l Nguyn Thin Thut b v Hi Dng, i m qun chng gi vi qun Php. Vin Ton quyn Harmand ra Bc K sa sang s cai tr, lp ra nhng i lnh tun cnh, tc gi l lnh kh xanh, phng gi cc ni, v bi lnh c vng ca thiu tng Bouet cho m c my trm, v nhng lnh y hay cp ph dn gian. Nhng v vin Ton quyn xm vo quyn quan binh, cho nn thiu tng Bouet ly lm bt bnh. Ngy mng mt thng 8, thiu tng em qun ln nh C en n Phng. Hai bn nh nhau rt d. Qun C en tuy phi lui, nhng cha thc thua. Thiu tng thy nh gic cha c v li c bt ha vi vin Ton quyn, bn xin v Php, giao binh quyn li cho i t Bichot. c t lu, c qun tip Si Gn ra, i t Bichot bn vo ly tnh Ninh Bnh.

sai lc qun trung tng Millot sang lm thng c qun v thay cho hi qun thiu tng Courbet. Ngy 16 thng ging nm Gip Thn (1884), thng tng Millot sang nhm chc, thiu tng Courbet c thng ln hi qun trung tng v li ra coi hi qun gi mt b. By gi qun Php c thy c hn 1 vn 6 nghn ngi v 10 i pho th, chia lm 2 l on. Mt l on bn hu ngn sng Hng H th ng H Ni, c thiu tng Brire de l'Isle coi; mt l on bn t ngn sng Hng H, th ng Hi Dng, c thiu tng De Ngrier coi. By gi con ng t H Ni sang Bc Ninh, ch no cng c qun Tu v qun ta ng. Thng tng Millot bn truyn lnh cho thiu tng Brire de l'Isle em qun qua sng Hng H, ri theo sng ung (tc l sng Thin c) i v pha ng. Cn ton qun ca thiu tng De Ngrier Hi Dng, i tu n Ph Li ln b, tip vo vi ton qun ca thiu tng Brire de l'Isle, ri c thy b theo sng Cu (sng Nguyt c) tin ln nh Bc Ninh. Hai bn khi s nh nhau t ngy 11 thng 2 n ngy 16, th ly c p Cu. Qun Tu thy qun Php chn mt ng ln Lng Sn, bn b Bc Ninh rt ln mn Thi Nguyn. Ti ngy 16, th qun Php vo thnh Bc Ninh. Trn y qun Php ch mt c 8 ngi v 40 b thng m thi. Thiu tng Brire de l'Isle em qun ln nh Yn Th, ri n ngy 23 th ln ly thnh Thi Nguyn. 10. Ly Hng Ha. H dc thnh Bc Ninh v thnh Thi Nguyn ri, qun Php quay v mn sng Hng H nh ly Hng Ha v Tuyn Quang. Thiu tng Brire de l'Isle em l on th nht theo con ng Sn Ty ln Hng Ha, ri dn trn bn ny sng Giang. Hai bn khi s nh nhau t sng ngy rm thng 3, n 2 gi chiu ngy hm y th qun Php sang sng ch gn a ht huyn Bt Bt. Chn gi sng ngy 16, th thiu tng De Ngrier em l on th nh tip n, c hai l on cng hp lc tin ln nh. Qun Tu v qun C en thy th khng chng c, bn t c ph x, ri b thnh Hng Ha rt ln mn ngc. Cn bn ng Hong K Vim th ko ln mn ni, ri i ng thng o rt v Kinh. Tra ngy 17 th qun Php vo thnh Hng Ha. Lp tc thiu t Coronnat em mt ton qun ln nh ph n Vng.

7. S nh ly cc tnh Bc K.

8. Ly Sn Ty. Ngy 25 thng 9, chnh ph Php in sang cho hi qun thiu tng Courbet lm thng c qun v, kim chc Ton quyn Bc K. Vin nguyn Ton Quyn Harmand xin v Php.
T vic binh nhung, vic cai tr v vic giao thip, c tay thiu tng Courbet. Trong khi thiu tng cn phi sa sang mi vic v i qun tip Php sang th quan ta em qun v nh Hi Dng, t c ph x. Quan Php nghi tnh thn thng vi vn thn, bn bt y vo Cn Ln. n khi thiu tng tip c qun bn Php sang, s qun Php Bc K by gi c hn 9000 ngi, thiu tng chia ra lm hai o, em c thy b tin ln nh thnh Sn Ty. nh t sng ngy 13 n ht ngy 16 mi h c thnh. Qun C en chng gi hng lm, nhng qun ta v qun Tu thy sng ca Php bn ln mnh qu, u b thnh rt ln mn ngc, qun C en cng phi chy theo. Trn y qun Php b 83 ngi t trn v 319 ngi b thng.

9. Ly thnh Bc Ninh.

Qun Php tuy ly dc Sn Ty, nhng qun Tu cng ngy cng sang ng, thiu tng phi ch c qun tip thm mi i nh ch khc. Bn Php li sai mt l on174 sang Bc K v

174 Mi mt l on (brigade) c hai v qun, chng by tm nghn ngi, c chc thiu tng coi. Hai l on l mt s on (division), c chc trung tng coi.

222

Ly xong Hng Ha ri, ch cn c thnh Tuyn Quang l ch qun C en cn ng gi. Thng tng Millot bn sai qun em tu i d xem sng L Giang tu thy ln c n u. on ri sai trung t Duchesne em o qun Hng Ha v mt i nm chic tu binh ln nh Tuyn Quang. Qun ca trung t Duchesne ng Vit Tr khi hnh t hm mng 3 thng 5 n ngy mng 8 th n Tuyn Quang. Ch nh mt gi ng h th qun C en b thnh chy. By gi tuy cc tnh mn trung chu t Bc K u thuc v quan Php cai qun c, nhng qun Tu cn ng Lng Sn, Cao Bng v mn Lo Kay. Bi vy chnh ph Php mun dng cch giao thip m trang tri vi nc Tu, chnh ph Tu nhn cuc bo h ca nc Php nc Nam cho xong. Li nhn by gi c hi qun trung t Php tn l Fournier quen mt ngi nc c tn l Dtring lm quan bn Tu coi vic thng chnh Qung ng. Dtring vn thn vi quan tng c Trc l l L Hng Chng. Mt hm Dtring gp trung t Fournier ni chuyn vic ha vi nc Tu. Dtring in v cho L Hng Chng bit. Hai bn u c mun ha cho m chuyn. Chnh ph Php bn sai trung t Fournier ln Thin Tn cng vi L Hng Chng ngh ha. n ngy 18 thng 4 nm Gip Thn (1884), th lp xong t ha c. i lc ni rng nc Tu thun rt qun ng Bc K v, v t y v sau chnh ph Tu thun nhn t giao c ca nc Php lp vi nc Nam. Ngha l nc Tu cho nc Php c t do xp t mi vic t Vit Nam.

11. Ly Tuyn Quang.

khon ni v tnh Bnh Thun v 3 tnh ngoi o Ngang l H Tnh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha vn thuc v Trung k. T ha c k xong, ng Rheinart li lm Khm s Hu, v ng Patentre hi c cc quan, bt em ci n ca Tu phong cho vua Vit Nam tht, b nu ln m hy i, ngha l t nc Nam thuc v nc Php bo h, ch khng thn phc nc Tu na. Ha c k nm Gip Thn l nm 1884, l ha c ca Triu nh Hu k vi nc Php cng nhn cuc bo h ca Php v chia nc ra lm hai khu vc l Trung K v Bc K. Tuy hai k cng thuc v quyn bo h ca nc Php, nhng mi k c mt cch cai tr khc. V sau dn dn ha c nm 1884 cng mt c ngha, v thc quyn v chnh ph bo h ht c. Triu nh Hu ch gi ci h v m thi. Nc Vit Nam trc kia, t Nam ch Bc l mt, c ci tnh cch duy nht hn c cc nc khc. Vn ha, lch s, phong tc, ngn ng u l mt c, m nay thnh ra ba x : Nam K, Trung K v Bc K; mi k c mt chnh sch ring, lut l ring nh ba nc vy. Thm ch lc u ngi k ny i sang k kia phi xin giy thng hnh mi i c. K ngha l x, l khu trong mt nc, ch khng c ngha l nc. Mt nc m tam phn ng lit ra nh th, tht l mt mi au lng cho ngi Vit Nam l dn mt nc c mt lch s v vang hng my nghn nm. Triu nh lc by gi vic g cng do hai quan ph chnh l Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt nh ot. Tn Tht Thuyt l ngi tnh nng ny, d di, ai cng khip s. Nhng ti nng th km, m li nht gan, cho nn a nghi v hay chm git. Nguyn Vn Tng l ngi Qung Tr, thi c nhn nm T c th 5, tht l mt ngi c ti tr, gii ngh giao thip, nhng ch c tnh tham lam v li tn nhn. Hai ng y chuyn gi triu chnh. Quan li th tay ng Tng, binh quyn th tay ng Thuyt. Nhng m thng vic g cng do ng Thuyt xui khin c. Trong Triu t hong thn quc thch cho n cc quan, ai c iu g tri hai ng y l b giam chp hay l chm git c. ng Thuyt th m quan phn ngha gi mnh, v thng hay tim dng nghi v ca vua; ng Tng th chu tin hi l ca nhng ngi 223

12. Ha c Fournier.

13. Ha c Patentre thng 5 Gip Thn (1884).

T giao c k xong th trung t Fournier in cho thng tng Millot Bc K bit s ha c xong, m qun Tu Bc K phi rt v. Lc by gi cng s nc Php Bc Kinh l ng Patentre bn Php sang, i qua n Si Gn, chnh ph Paris in sang sai ng y ra Hu sa li t ha c ca ng Harmand k ngy 23 thng 7 nm Qu Mi (1883).

14. Vic Triu Chnh Hu.

ng Patentre v ng Rheinart ra Hu cng vi Triu nh thng ngh my ngy, ri n ngy 13 thng 5 nm Gip Thn l ngy mng 6 thng su nm 1884, ng Patentre cng vi ng Nguyn Vn Tng, ng Phm Thun Dut v ng Tn Tht Phan k t ha c mi. C thy c 19 khon, i th cng nh t ha c ca ng Harmand, ch i c my

Khch, cho chng n em tin snh, l mt th tin nin hiu T c, mng v xu, c bn Tu em sang, bt dn phi tiu. Ai khng tiu th phi ti. V lc y vua hy cn tr tui cha bit g, cho nn hai ng y li cng chuyn ch lm na. Vua Kin Phc ln ngi va c hn 6 thng, n ngy mng 6 thng 4 nm Gip Thn (1884) th phi bnh mt175, miu hiu l Gin Tng Ngh Hong .

CHNG XIII

Chin Tranh Vi Nc Tu
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Trn Bc L. nh Phc Chu v vy i Loan. Trn n Ch v n Kp. Trn Yn Bc. Ly thnh Lng Sn. Thnh Tuyn Quang b vy. Mt thnh Lng Sn. Ha c Thin Tn.

15. Vua Hm Nghi. Vua Kin Phc mt, ng l ra con nui th hai ca vua Dc Tng l ng Chnh Mng ln ni ngi th phi. Nhng Tng v Thuyt khng mun lp ngi ln tui, s mnh mt quyn, bn chn ngi con ng Chnh Mng l ng ng Lch, mi 12 tui, lp ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Hm Nghi.
Vin Khm s Rheinart trc t giy sang cho Triu nh Hu rng : Nam triu c lp ai lm vua, th phi xin php nc Php mi c. Nhng Tng v Thuyt c t tin lp vua, khng cho vin Khm s bit. Vin Khm s thy vy, vit th ra H Ni. Thng tng Millot bn sai chc tham mu l i t Guerrier em 600 qun v mt i pho binh vo Hu, bt Triu nh phi xin php lp ng ng Lch ln lm vua. Tng v Thuyt lm t xin php bng ch nm gi sang bn Khm s. Vin Khm s khng nghe, bt phi lm bng ch nho. n ngy 27 thng 6, i t v vin Khm s i ca chnh vo in lm l phong vng cho vua Hm Nghi. Xong ri quan Php li tr ra H Ni.

Ti Bc K th qun Php tng l vic ha c vi nc Tu xong, ch cn i ngy qun Tu rt v, th ln thu nhn ly thnh Lng Sn, Cao Bng v Lo Kay. C theo t ha c ca trung t Fournier k Thin Tn, th vo chng rm thng 5 qun Tu Lng Sn, Tht Kh v Cao Bng phi rt v. Vy n cui thng 5, th thng tng Millot sai trung t Dugenne em 1000 qun ln thu li cc thnh y. Ngy mng mt thng 5 nhun th qun Php ln n n Bc L. Khi qun Php sang sng Thng, th qun Tu bn vo qun Php, phi 3 ngi b thng. c mt chc bn qun Tu sai ngi a th ni rng bit c ha c, nhng cha c lnh rt qun v, vy xin hon li 6 ngy i lnh Bc Kinh. Trung t Dugenne khng chu; n qu tra, trung t cho ngi a th sang bo qun Tu rng : trong mt gi na m qun Tu khng rt v th qun Php c vic tin ln. on ri trung t truyn lnh tin binh; i c mt lc, th qun Tu phc hai bn ng bn ra. Qun Php dn trn nh nhau n ti. Sng ngy hm sau, qun Php thy qun Tu sp vy c bn mt, bn rt qun v bn ny sng Thng, i qun cu vin H Ni ln. Trn y qun Php b 28 ngi t trn, 46 ngi b thng, cn nhng phu phen cht khng bit bao nhiu m k. Thng tng Millot tip c tin qun Php thua Bc L, lin sai thiu tng De Ngrier em 2 i i qun b, 2 i pho binh v mt ton cng binh i ng Ph Lng Thng qua lng Kp, ln tip ng cho trung t Dugenne. Khi tip c qun ca trung t ri, thiu tng Millot triu thiu tng De Ngrier v H Ni, ch lnh v qun bn Php sang.

1. Trn Bc L.

175 C chuyn ni rng: Khi vua Kin Phc se mnh, nm trong in, m thy Nguyn Vn Tng vo trong cung, ngi c qu mng. n ngy hm sau, th ngi ng thuc m mt.

224

2. nh Phc Chu v vy i Loan. Chnh ph bn Php tip c s khai chin Bc K, lin in truyn cho hi qun trung tng Courbet em tu sang ng gn thnh Phc chu l tnh l Phc Kin, v li cho ng Patentre l cng s Php Bc Kinh i nc Tu phi tr 250 triu tin binh ph v vic chin tranh Bc K. Chnh ph 2 nc thng thuyt mi, n ngy 29 thng 6, th chnh ph Php gi t ti hu th i nc Tu 80 triu pht lng tin binh ph, hn cho tr lm 10 nm. n ngy mng ba thng 7 nm Gip Thn (1884), th hi qun trung tng c lnh khi s nh Phc chu.
Trung tng truyn lnh cho cc chin thuyn bn ln cc pho i v ph cc xng lm binh kh Phc Chu, v li nh c chin thuyn ca Tu ng trong sng Mn Giang. Trung tng bn ph Phc Chu ri em binh thuyn ra vy nh o i Loan. Hi qun ca Php vy i Loan v cc ca b mi n thng 6 nm t Du (1885), nc Tu k ha c ri, mi thi.

4. Trn Yn Bc. Qun Tu tuy thua n Ch v n Kp, nhng vn cn ng a ht Lng Sn v Qung Yn. n trung tun thng 11, qun Tu li v ng An Chu, thiu tng De Ngrier em qun b v qun pho binh i theo t ngn sng Lc Nam ln nh qun Tu ni Bp. Qun Tu cht n hn 600 ngi, qun Php thit hi mt 19 ngi t trn v 65 ngi b thng.
u nm 1885 l qung thng 11 nm Gip Thn, thiu tng Brire de l'Isle c thng chc trung tng v li tip tc c hn 1 000 qun bn Php sang. Qua thng chp ta, trung tng m non 7 000 phu ti v em 7 500 qun, chia ra lm 2 o nh Lng Sn. o th nht th thuc quyn thiu tng De Ngrier, o th nh th thuc quyn i t Giovanninelle. Con ng i t Kp n Lng Sn l ng hm trong ni, m ch no cng c qun Tu ng, cho nn qun Php mi dng k nh ngang t n Ch nh li, ly n Tun Mui176. Thiu tng De Ngrier trc ln n Kp, dng thanh th tin binh, ri ln v n Ch em qun qua o Vn, ly n ng Sn tc l n Sung, ri sang ly n Tun Mui. Qun Tu ang gi mn Bc L, thy qun Php chn mt ng v, lin rt qun chy. Thiu tng De Ngrier em qun nh trn ln n Lng Sn, tra hm 29 thng chp th ly c thnh. nh t ngy 25 n 29 thng chp, qun Php thit mt 40 ngi t trn v 22 ngi b thng. Ly xong thnh Lng Sn, qun Php ngh ngi my ngy, ri li tin ln nh ng ng. Qun Tu chy phn lm hai ng : mt ng chy ln Tht kh, mt ng chy ln i Nam Quan v Tu. n ngy mng 8 thng ging nm t Du (1885), th thiu tng De Ngrier ln n ca Nam Quan, truyn ph i quan, ri tr v gi Lng Sn.

5. Ly thnh Lng Sn.

3. Trn n Ch v n Kp. Trong khi hi qun ca Php nh ph mt b, qun Tu qung ng, Qung Ty ko sang Bc K cng ngy cng nhiu, m qun tip ng ca Php mi khng thy sang, n trung tun thng 7, thng tng Millot bn co bnh xin v, giao quyn li cho thiu tng Brire de l'Isle.
c t lu, thiu tng Brire de l'Isle tip c 6 nghn qun Php sang, s qun by gi c thy c non 2 vn ngi, thiu tng bn chia ra lm 4 o i nh qun Tu v qun ta; thiu t Servire em mt o qun ln mn ng Triu; trung t Donnier em mt o qun theo sng Lc Nam n nh n Ch v n m; trung t Defoy em mt o qun ln mn sng Thng; thiu t Mibielle v thiu tng De Ngrier th ng i n Lng Thng. Ngy 20 thng 8, qun Php tin ln ng n Ch, n Bo Lc v n Kp. Qun Tu chng li c mt ngy, m qun hai bn nh nhau n Kp hng hn c. Qun Tu cht c n 2 000 ngi; cn bn qun Php th thiu tng De Ngrier b thng chn, 27 ngi t trn v 100 ngi b thng. Qun Tu cht hi mt nhiu ngi, phi b n Kp, n Bo Lc v n Ch chy lui tr v. Mn ng bc, qun Tu lui, thiu tng Brire de l'Isle bn sai i t Duchesne em 700 qun ln nh qun C en ca Lu Vnh Phc mn Tuyn Quang v li sai trung t Berger em qun ln gi Thi Nguyn. 225

6. Thnh Tuyn Quang b vy. Khi qun Php i nh mt Lng Sn, th qun Tu v qun C en mn sng Hng H v sng L Giang li ko v nh Tuyn Quang. By gi qun Php trong thnh c thy hn 600 ngi, thuc quyn thiu t Domin. T u thng mi nm Gip Thn (1884), qun C en ca Lu Vnh Phc ko v ng gn ph Yn Bnh v ph oan Hng. n thng 11 th qun Tu gi cc ch him yu, chn ng khng cho qun Php trung chu ln tip ng, ri Lu Vnh Phc em qun ln nh thnh Tuyn Quang; nh mi n 15 thng
176

Tc l i Chi Lng ngy trc.

chp mi vy c thnh. Qun C en dng k d ph thnh, m qun Php trong thnh cng c ht sc chng gi. Lc y qun Php ly c thnh Lng Sn ri, trung tng Brire de l'Isle lin thiu tng De Ngrier li gi thnh, n ngy mng 2 tt em qun i ng n Ch v H Ni, ri lp tc ln cu Tuyn Quang. Ngy 13 thng ging nm t Du th ln n oan Hng ri sang sng Chy. Qun Tu v qun Php giao chin t cho n ngy 16, mi gii c vy. Trn y qun hai bn thit hi cng nhiu, nhng qun Tu khng ch c qun Php, phi vi vng gii vy m rt ln mn ngc.

ng Bc K v sai trung tng Roussel de Courcy lm Thng c qun dn s v, trung tng Warnel lm tham mu tng trng, cng vi thiu tng Jamont v thiu tng Prudhomme em hai s on sang Bc K. Chnh ph Tu thy chin tranh khng c li, bn thun k t ha c, v lp tc sai quan sang H Ni truyn lnh cho qun Tu phi rt v. Ngy 27 thng 4 nm t Du (1883) l nm Quang T th 11, ng Patentre v ng L Hng Chng k t ha c, i lc ni rng nc Tu nhn cuc bo h ca nc Php nc Vit Nam, v li ha thun bun bn nh c. Nc Php th tr li cc ch m hi qun chim gi mt b, v thun b ci khon tin binh ph khng i na. Ngy hm quan hai nc k t ha c Thin Tn, th hi qun trung tng Courbet phi bnh mt gn o i Loan. Hi qun ca Php cng chiu theo iu c m rt qun v.

7. Mt thnh Lng Sn. Thnh Tuyn Quang va gii vy xong, th Lng Sn li khi s giao chin. Qun Tu tuy thua phi b thnh Lng Sn, nhng quan c Qung Ty l Phng T Ti vn ng i n Long Chu, chc sang nh ly li Lng Sn.
Ngy mng 6 thng 2 nm t Du (1885), qun Tu sang nh ng ng, thiu tng De Ngrier em qun ln cu, ri chc nh sang Long Chu. Qun Php nh trong 2 ngy, cht hi mt non 200 ngi. n mng 8, thiu tng rt qun v Lng Sn, cn nhng ngi b thng th em v n Ch. Qun Php ng Lng Sn by gi c 35 000 ngi. Ngy 13 th qun Tu trn sang nh K La, thiu tng De Ngrier b thng nng, phi giao quyn li cho trung t Herbinger chng vi qun ch. Nhng by gi qun Tu sang ng qu, trung t phi b thnh Lng Sn rt v Tun Mui, ri v n Ch v n Kp. Trung tng Brire de l'Isle tip c tin bi trn Lng Sn, lin in cho chnh ph Php xin tip qun sang cu vin, v lp tc i tu ln n Ch phng s chng gi. Qun Tu ly c Lng Sn ri chia qun gi cc ch him yu, ch khng dm ui xa. Cn mn sng Hng H, th qun C en v qun ca cc quan cu thn th v nh ph mn gn Hng Ha v Lm Thao. Bn Php tip c in tn ca trung tng Brire de l'Isle nh v ni qun Php phi b thnh Lng Sn, th lng ngi no ng c ln. Th tng Jules Ferry phi t chc. Chnh ph Php thy s chin tranh khng li bn k t giao c nh chin vi nc Tu. Ri mt mt th truyn lnh cho s thn nc Php Bc Kinh l ng Patentre lp t ha c vi chnh ph Tu; mt mt th cho qun sang tip 226

8. Ha c Thin Tn.

CHNG IV

Lon Trung K
1. Thng tng De Courcy vo Hu. 2. Triu nh chy ra Qung Tr. 3. Nguyn Vn Tng ra th. 4. Xa gi cc b Thi hu v Khim Lng. 5. Qun Cn vng. 6. Vua ng Khnh. 7. Thng tng De Courcy phi trit v. 8. Vua Hm Nghi Qung Bnh. 9. ng Paul Bert. 10. Lp Tng c Ton Quyn.
Vic nh nhau vi Tu xong, th tc l cuc bo h nc Nam thnh. Nhng cc ni, nhng quan c ta cn chng nhau vi qun Php, m Hu th Nguyn Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt chuyn ch mi ng. Thng 9 nm Gip Thn (1885), hai ng y em ng Dc c giam vo nh ti, khng cho n ung cht i, ti cho l thng mu vi gic. Hai ng y li m qun tp lnh v lp n Tn S gn Cam L thuc tnh Qung Tr, em bu ngc vng bc ra y, phng khi c vic g th em qun ra chng nhau vi qun Php. Cng v cc ng y c mun khng c, cho nn qun Php chim gi Mang C thnh Hu v li bt b sng i bc trn thnh i. Ngy 18 thng 4 nm t Du (1885), thng tng De Courcy sang ti Bc k. By gi s ha c vi Tu xong, bi vy thng tng mi nh vo Hu bt Triu nh ta phi chu quyn bo h. Thng tng n H Ni ni chuyn vi cc ngi Php v nhng ngi Nam ra lm quan vi Php, bit tnh hnh trong Hu l th no. n ngy 19 thng 5 th thng tng em non 500 qun i tu vo Hu. Triu nh c hai quan i thn theo vin Khm s Php l ng De Champeaux ra n thng tng ca Thun An. Sng hm sau, thng tng cho i hai quan ph chnh sang bn Khm s nh vic vo yt kin vua Hm Nghi. 227

Hai ng y lc by gi cn ang lng ly, vic Triu chnh trong tay mnh c, m thy thng tng lm s ng t nh th, cng tc gin lm, li c nh li my ng quan cu thn ni chuyn, th ng Thuyt l quan vn lm tng v, nhng hnh dng th khng c thanh t : u th trc, ngi th bo m en, cch i ng th khng c chng chc, s giao thip v i p th khng snh. Xa nay th ch ly quyn th m nn ngi ta, hi mt t th ly s chm git lm oai. n khi phi ra theo l bang giao m i vi mt ngi tng ngoi quc nh ng De Courcy th trong bng khip s khng bit ra th no. ng Tng th l mt tay giao thip gii, li c nhiu mu c v ti ngh ng bin, cho nn lc y ch c mt mnh ng Tng sang ra mt quan thng tng De Courcy m thi, cn ng Thuyt th co bnh khng sang. Thng tng thy vy, bo au cng phi khing sang. Tn Tht Thuyt thy quan Php ra oai nh th, phn th tc gin, phn th s, li nhn lc by gi mi c im ng t, mi ngh bng rng y l im tri xui khin bn quyt sa son nh nhau. Thng tng De Courcy nh n hm vo in yt kin vua Hm Nghi, th phi m ca chnh, khng nhng ch quan nc Php i m thi, nhng li phi c qun lnh cng i vo ca y. Triu nh thy iu y tri vi quc l, xin thng tng i ca gia, theo nh s Tu ngy trc, cn qun lnh th xin i ca hai bn, thng tng nht nh khng chu.

1. Thng Tng De Courcy vo Hu.

2. Triu nh chy ra Qung Tr.

Tra hm 22 cc quan C Mt Vin sang Khm s xin vo bn nh cho xong vic i ca chnh, ca bn, nhng thng tng De Courcy khng tip. B T D Thi Hu sai quan em l vt sang tng thng tng, thng tng cng khc i khng nhn.

Cc quan thy thng tng lm d di nh vy, u ng ngc khng hiu ra t g m khinh mn Triu nh n nh th. Tn Tht Thuyt cng thy th cng ly lm tc gin, thi th sng cht cng liu mt trn, ha may tri c gip k yu hn g chng? y l lc tng s lc by gi ai cng tng nh th, cho n mi nh n na m khi s pht sng bn sang Khm s v nh tri lnh ca Php Mang C. Chiu hm y thng tng lm tic i cc quan Php. Tic va tan xong, th sng trong thnh n ra ng ng, ri nhng nh chung quanh

dinh Khm s chy, la rc tri. Qun Php thy bt thnh lnh na m qun ta nh ph nh vy, cha bit ra th no, ch yn lng m chng gi. n sng ngy 23 mi tin ln nh, th qun ta thua chy177. Nguyn Vn Tng cho ngi vo in tu xin rc vua v cc b Thi Hu tm lnh ln Khim Lng178. Khi xa gi ra gn n ca hu th gp Nguyn Vn Tng chc sn i h gi, nhng lnh truyn cho Nguyn Vn Tng li thu xp mi vic. Nguyn Vn Tng vng lnh tr li. Xa gi i qua lng Kim Long, ln n cha Thin M, th Tn Tht Thuyt em qun chy n truyn rc xa gi quay tr v Trng Thi179. Lc by gi vng tn cng t, ngi i nga, k i chn, dn gian th tr cng gi, n b dt tr con, ai ny chy ht hong tm ng trnh cho khi ch binh ao. Xa gi n Trng Thi vo ngh c mt lt, th Tn Tht Thuyt li gic ln ng, ni rng qun Php sp ui ti. Ti ngy 23, xa gi vo ngh nh mt ngi b h, sng ngy 24 ra i, n ti mi ti thnh Qung Tr. Quan tun ph Trng Quang n180 ra rc xa gi vo Hnh cung v t qun lnh phng gi. Trn nh nhau Hu, qun Php mt 16 ngi v 80 ngi b thng. Sch ty chp rng qun ta cht n vi nghn ngi, cn bao nhiu kh gii lng thc v hn mt triu tin ca u mt c. Ti Hu, c bui sng hm 23, qun Php chim ly thnh tr v gi gn cc ni. Cn quan ta, ngi th i theo xa gi, ngi th n np mt ni, cha bit th no, cha ai dm ra. n tra hm y, Nguyn Vn Tng vo n cm nh ng gim mc Caspard, ri nh ng y a ra th vi thng tng De Courcy. Thng tng cho Nguyn Vn Tng ra Thng bc vin, giao cho i y Schmitz v mt ton lnh Php phi coi gi, v hn cho trong hai thng phi lm th no cho yn mi vic.

ngi. Nhng lc y vua Hm Nghi v tam cung l b T D Thi hong thi hu, m c Dc Tng, b Hong thi hu l v c Dc Tng v m nui vua Dc c, b Hong thi phi l v th c Dc Tng v m nui vua Kin Phc, b Tn Tht Thuyt gn gi, s ca Nguyn Vn Tng gi ra vn an, ng y em giu i khng cho vua bit. Ai cng mun xin rc xa gi ln Tn S, lo liu s khi phc. c T D v hai b Thi hu nht nh khng chu i. Ngy 27, Tn Tht Thuyt nghe tin c tu Php sp n, bn xin tam cung li Qung Tr v xin rc vua ln Tn S. Khi sp i, vua Hm Nghi vo ly ba b Thi hu : tnh ly bit, ni su thm, k sao cho xit ! Vua i khi mt gi ng h, th bn ni gim u tr li ni rng Tn Tht Thuyt khng cho i. n ngy 28, th tam cung mi tip c tin ca Nguyn Vn Tng ra ni xin rc xa gi tr v Hu, mi vic thu xp xong ri. B T D cho ngi i rc vua tr li cng v Hu, nhng tm mi khng bit vua u, ch tip c th ca Tn Tht Thuyt gi v ni Nguyn Vn Tng phn trc n kia, xin ng c nghe. Ngui bn i, k bn li, ai ny phn vn cha bit ra th no. Ngy 30 li tip c s ca Nguyn Vn Tng ra gic xa gi tr v. c T D mi quyt v Kinh, nh ngy mng 4 th ln ng, sai quan tun ph Trng Quang n em qun i h gi. n chiu ti ngy mng 5, xa gi cc b Thi hu v n Khim cung. Nguyn Vn Tng dng s ln thnh an v k tnh mi vic. Trong khi vua cn i vng, thng tng De Courcy t ng Th Xun ln lm gim quc, giao quyn binh b thng th cho vin Khm s De Champeaux, bi vic binh lnh ca ta i, v gi quan kinh lc Bc k l Nguyn Hu v quan Tng c Nam nh l Phan nh Bnh v cng vi Nguyn Vn Tng coi vic c mt. V hai ng y Bc K hiu mi vic v bit theo chnh sch ca bo h, cho nn thng tng em v thu xp mi vic cho chng xong. Nguyn Vn Tng v Nguyn Hu khng hp nhau, Nguyn Hu li tr ra Bc K.

3. Nguyn Vn Tng ra th.

4. Xa gi cc b thi hu v Khim Lng.

Nguyn Vn Tng vit s ra Qung Tr xin rc xa gi tr v Kinh cho yn lng

177 Vic Tn Tht Thuyt nh qun Php Hu, s ta khng ni r s qun ta l bao nhiu. M sch Ty c ni chp l 2 vn, c ni chp l 3 vn. Nhng c nhng ngi bit vic Hu lc by gi, th qun ta c thy chng non 2 vn tr li, ch khng hn. 178 Khim Lng l lng ca vua Dc Tng, c khi gi l Khim Cung cng l y. 179 Trng Thi tha y by gi lng a Ch cch Kinh thnh 10 cy s. 180 Trng Quang n trc lm tng c Bc Ninh, chng nhau vi qun Php, sau v Kinh phi ging xung tun ph ra gi thnh Qung Tr.

5. Qun Cn Vng. Tn Tht Thuyt Qung Bnh lm hch cn vng truyn i cc ni, bi vy ch tr nhng ch chung quanh Kinh thnh ra, cn t Bnh Thun tr ra cho n Ngh An, Thanh Ha, ch no s dn cng ni ln, cho dn bn o gy thnh mi lon, ri n t ph nhng lng c o. Sch ty chp rng t u thng 6 cho n cui thng 8, dn bn o phi 8 ng c v hn 2 vn ngi b git.
Thng tng De Courcy thy ch no cng c lon c, bn tr ra Bc K, hi cc tng li bn s nh dp. Thng tng nh sai i t Pernot em 1 500 qun Hu ra ui Tn Tht Thuyt, li sai thiu tng 228

De Ngrier em mt o qun i t Thanh Ha dnh vo. Nhng chnh ph Paris in sang khng cho thng tng khi s dng i binh, v li nhn lc by gi Bc K v Trung K c bnh dch t, qun Php cht hi n ba bn nghn ngi, bi vy cho nn vic dng binh phi nh li. Ti Hu th mi khng ai bit vua Hm Nghi u. Triu nh th mi ngy mt ri, vic lp vua mi th tuy rng nh ri, nhng cn li thi cha xong. n ngy 27 thng 7, va ht hn 2 thng ca thng tng De Courcy hn cho Nguyn Vn Tng, v by gi Bc K li c nhiu ngi ght Nguyn Vn Tng xin thng tng em tr ti. Bi vy sang ngy 28 thng tng bt quan nguyn Ph chnh Nguyn Vn Tng, quan H b thng th Phm Thn Dut v Tn Tht nh l thn sinh ra Tn Tht Thuyt, em y ra Cn Ln. Phm Thn Dut ang i tu th mt, phi nm xung b. Nguyn Vn Tng th sau li phi y ra hi o Tahiti Thi Bnh Dng, c t lu cng mt, cho em xc v chn qu nh. Thng tng De Courcy y bn Nguyn Vn Tng i ri, em Nguyn Hu v cng vi Phan nh Bnh coi vic triu chnh, sai Nguyn Trng Hp ra quyn kinh lc Bc K. Thng tng li sai ng De Champeaux ln Khim cung yt kin c T D xin lp ng Chnh Mng l Kin giang qun cng ln lm vua. Ngy mng 6 thng 8, ng Chnh Mng phi thn hnh sang bn Khm s lm l th phong, ri lm l tn tn, t nin hiu l ng Khnh. Vua ng Khnh tnh hin lnh, hay trang sc v cng mun duy tn, rt c lng ngi Php; nh thn th nhiu ngi bit theo chnh sch ca bo h cho nn mi vic trong Triu u c yn n. Nhng vua Hm Nghi cn mn Qung Bnh, ko c ngha chng nhau vi qun Php, truyn hch cn vng mong ng khi phc. Lc by gi, lng ngi cn tng nh cha c, cho nn t tnh Bnh Thun tr ra, ch no cng c ngi ni ln nh ph toan b khi phc. Ti Qung Nam th bn thn ho lp ra Ngha hi c quan sn phng s l Trn Vn D lm ch, ri nhng tnh Ph Yn, Bnh nh, Bnh Thun u noi theo m ni ln. Ti Qung Tr c cc ng Trng nh Hi, Nguyn T Nh, Qung Bnh c quan nguyn tri ph l Nguyn Phm Tun, H Tnh c cu m L Ninh181; Ngh An c ng ngh Nguyn Xun n v
181

quan sn phng s L Don Nh; Thanh Ha c H Vn Mao, v.v.. Nhng ngi y u xng ln vic cn vng. em qun i hoc chim gi tnh thnh, hoc nh ly cc ph huyn, v t ph nhng lng c o. Ti ngoi Bc th cc quan cu thn l quan c T hin, quan tn tng Nguyn Thin Thut t hp Bi Sy, ri i nh ph mn trung chu, cn mn thng du, th ch no cng c qun gic Tu quy nhiu. Bi vy qun Php phi chia binh ra chng gi cc ni. Thng tng De Courcy thy ngoi Bc c lm vic, bn thiu tng Prudhomme li Hu, ri ra H Ni kinh l mi vic. Nhng v thng tng tnh khc kh v a nghi, cho nn cng vic cng ngy cng kh thm. Ti Php th c nhiu ngi khng mun gi t Bc K, c mun bi binh. Bi vy n cui nm 1885 l nm t Du, th tng nc Php l ng Brisson xin ngh vin thun cho ly ra 75 triu pht lng chi tiu v vic Bc K. Ngh vin t hi ng xt vic y. Hi ng nh rt qun v v ch cho 18 triu pht lng m thi. n khi u phiu th ng theo chnh ph c 274 phiu, v ng phn i vi chnh ph c 270, ngha l ng mun gi t Bc K ch hn c 4 phiu. Th tng Brisson thy trong ngh vin c nhiu ngi khng hp mnh bn xin t chc. ng Freycinet ln lm th tng, thy thng tng De Courcy bn nc Nam lm lm vic li thi, bn in sang trit v Php, giao binh quyn li cho trung tng Warnel, v sai ng Paul Bert l quan vn sang sung chc thng c, kinh l mi vic nc Nam.

7. Thng tng De Cource phi trit v.

6. Vua ng Khnh.

8. Vua Hm Nghi Qung Bnh. By gi tuy Hu lp vua ng Khnh ri, nhng ng cu thn cn c nhiu ngi theo ph vua Hm Nghi, quyt ch chng li vi qun Php. Quan Php bn sai i t Chaumont em qun ra ng thnh Qung Bnh, chn ng khng cho ng Tn Tht Thuyt thng vi Bc K. Nhng mn Thanh Ha, Ngh An, bn vn thn nh ph rt d. i t Chaumont bn i t Grgoire li gi thnh Qung Bnh, ri tr v Nng ly thm binh v tu chin em ra ng thnh Ngh An, chia qun i tun tiu cc ni.
Tn Tht Thuyt thy th khng chng ni qun Php bn b vua Hm Nghi li n V, thuc huyn Tuyn Ha (tn c l Qui Hp Chu) tnh Qung Bnh, ri cng vi c Trn Xun Son i ng thng o, ni rng sang cu cu bn Tu182.
182 Tn Tht Thuyt i ng thng o ra vng Hng Ha ri theo thng lu sng ln Lai Chu nng ta vo h iu. n lc nghe ting qun Php ln nh, lin b h iu m

Ngi La Sn, tnh H Tnh, con quan nguyn b chnh L Kin.

229

Vua Hm Nghi by gi phi n np vng huyn Tuyn Ha c cc con Tn Tht Thuyt l Tn Tht m v Tn Tht Thip cng vi c L Trc v Nguyn Phm Tun183, ht sc gi gn v em qun i nh ph mn Qung Bnh v H Tnh. Thng ging nm Bnh Tut (1886), trung t Mignot em qun Bc k vo Ngh An, ri chia lm hai o : mt o th thiu t Pelletier em lnh tp theo sng Ngn su vo mn Tuyn Ha; mt o th trung t Mignot t em qun i ng quan l vo gi thnh H Tnh, ri vo ng sng Gianh. Ti Hu li sai trung t Metzniger em mt ton qun ra tip ng cc o. Qun Php ng ch n v Minh Cm, ri trung t Metzniger em ng c Tortuyaux i lm hng o ln ly n V. Th qun Php tin ln mnh lm, qun vn thn chng li khng ni, phi tan c. Nhng qua sang thng hai, ngoi Bc K c vic, v li vin thng dc Paul Bert sang n ni, chnh sch i li c, cho nn mi trit cc o qun v, ch ng gi Qung Kh, Roon v ch n m thi. Qun vn thn thy qun Php rt v, li tr v ng cc n c. Ngy mng 5 thng 3 nm Bnh Tut (1886), vin thng c Paul Bert sang n H Ni. Lp tc t ph Thng s Bc k v s kim sot v vic ti chnh. n cui thng 3 th thng c vo yt kin vua ng Khnh Hu, v xin lp nha Kinh lc Bc K, cho quan Kinh lc i s c quyn cng vi ph Thng s t tin lm mi vic. V rng ngoi Bc vo n Hu ng x xa xi, c vic g phi tu bm vo B mt nhiu ngy gi lm, bi vy xin cho c t tin lm vic, ri trong mt nm vi k em cc vic tu v vua bit. Thng c Paul Bert Hu n cui trung tun thng 4 li ra H Ni, ri mt mt th lo nh dp, mt mt th m Php Vit hc ng, lp Thng nghip cc, t l n in. Ch ca thng dc l mun khai ha t Bc K cho chng c thnh li. Nhng cng v thng c phi lo ngh
trn sang Tu. Con chu h iu ni chuyn li rng: Khi Tn Tht Thuyt ln n Lai Chu cn c my chc ngi i theo. Ln y mt , chm git gn ht. Xem nh th ng Thuyt l mt ngi cung di m li nht gan. Mt ngi nh th m lm i tng gi nc, th ti g m nc khng nguy c V sau cht gi Thiu Chu, thuc tnh Qung ng. 183 Sch ng Gosselin chp l Phm Thun. Nhng xt trong s nc th khng c ai lm Phm Thun, ch c Nguyn Phm Tun trc lm tri ph, sau theo vua Hm Nghi chng c vi qun Ph, ri b ng phi bt. Vy Phm Thun tc l Nguyn Phm Tun.

nhiu vic, v li nay i kinh lc ch ny, mai i kinh lc ch n, thnh ra kh lc suy nhc i, cho nn mi cm bnh nng, n ngy rm thng 10 nm Bnh Tut (11 thng 11 nm 1886) th mt. Nh nc em linh cu v Php mai tng. Chnh ph Php sai ng Bihourd sang lnh chc thng dc Php thay ng Paul Bert.

10. Lp Tng c Ton Quyn Ph. Nc Php ly t Nam K, lp bo h nc Cao Min, ri lp bo h t Bc K v Trung K, m ra mt cuc thuc a ln Vin ng ny; nhng bui u th mi x c mt chc th hin coi ring vic chnh tr. n nm inh Hi (1887), chnh ph nc Php mi t ph Tng c ton quyn iu khin vic chnh tr c my x nc ta v nc Cao Min. Thng 10 nm inh Hi (15 thng 11 - 1887), th vin Tng c ton quyn mi, tc l vin Tng c ton quyn trc nht, l ng Constant sang nhn chc Si Gn.
T cc ni nh Nam K th c vin Thng c, Trung K v Cao Min th mi ni c vin Khm s, Bc k v Lo th mi ni c vin Thng s ng u coi vic cai tr trong ht; nhng vic g quan h n chnh sch c ton cnh th phi theo lnh vin Tng c ton quyn m thi hnh.

9. ng Paul Bert.

230

CHNG XV

Vic nh Dp Trung K v Bc K
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Vic nh dp cc ni Vua ng-khnh ra Qung-Bnh Hong k Vim ra qun th mn Qung-Bnh Lp n Minh-cm Vua Hm-nghi b bt Vua Thnh-thi S nh dp Bc-k Vic Phan nh Phng Lng yu nc ca ngi Vit-nam

Vua ng-khnh v Hu c v s. n thng 9 vua khai phc nguyn hm cho Hong k Vim v phong cho lm Hu-trc-k An-ph kinh-lc i-s, c quyn tin-nghi hnh-s, ra Qung-bnh d vua Hm-nghi v cc quan cu thn v. Trong t d ca vua ng-khnh ban cho Hong k Vim i-lc ni rng: Nu vua Hm nghi m thun v, th s phong cho lm lm Tng-trn ba tnh Thanh-ha, Ngh-an v H-tnh, v li cp cho bng lc theo tc vng. Cc quan cu-thn nh cc ng Trng vn Ban, Nguyn Trc, Nguyn Ch, L m Khi, Nguyn nguyn Thnh, Phm trng Mu, Nguyn xun n, L don Nha, Ng xun Qunh, ai v th th c phc nguyn chc, cho vo lm quan cc tnh t Qung-tr tr vo. Cn nh cc ng Trn xun Son, Nguyn phm Tun, Phan nh Phng m c chu v th s tha nhng iu li trc, v s phong cho lm chc hm khc. Nhng iu y bn vi vin Thng-c Paul Bert, hai bn thun cho nh th, quyt khng sai li. By gi qun ca quan -c L Trc ng mn Thanh-thy , thuc huyn Tuyn-chnh; qun ca Tn-tht m l con Tn-tht Thuyt th ng ngn H-tnh, v ht K-anh v Cm-xuyn. Cn Tn-tht Thip v Nguyn phm Tun th ph vua Hm-nghi mn huyn Thanh-ha. ng Hong k Vim ra Qung-bnh, sai ngi i d ng L Trc v. Nhng cc ng y c nht thit khng chu , ch c bn th-h lc c vi ngi ra th m thi. Bi vy, vic Hong k Vim ra kinh-lc cng khng thnh cng, cho nn n thng 5 nm inh-hi (1887), li phi trit v.

3. Hong K Vim Ra Qun Th Mn Qung Bnh.

Trong khi thng-c Paul Bert xpt mi vic Bc-k, th Trung-k qun Cn-vng cc tnh vn nh ph. Qun Php phi tm cch m nh-dp cho yn. mn Bnh-thun, Ph-yn th thiu-t De Lorme v vin Cng-s Aymonier cng vi Trn b Lc em lnh ty v lnh Nam-k ra nh-dp. Trn b Lc dng cch ddi, chm git rt nhiu, bi vy t Bnh-thun khng bao lu m yn; ri em qun ra dp ng vn-thn Ph-yn v Bnh-nh, bt c c-nhn Mai xun Thng, Bi in, Nguyn c Nhun em chm. T thng 6 nm bnh-tut (1886) n thng 6 nm inh-hi (1887), th nhng tnh pha nam t Kinh-k dp yn.

1. Vic nh dp cc ni.

4. Lp n Minh Cm.

Triu-nh Hu thy dng cch ph-d khng c, bn ly quyn cho ngi Php tm k nh-dp.

2. Vua ng Khnh ra Qung Bnh. t Trung-k t Qung-tr tr ra cha c yn. Vua ng-khnh bn nh ra tun th mt bc, d vua Hm-nghi v nhng quan i thn v cho yn vic nh-dp. Qun Php sai i-y Henry Billet i h-gi.
Ngy 16 thng 5 nm bnh-tut (1886), xa-ga Kinh i ra, mi n cui thng 7 mi ti Qung-bnh. Xa-ga i n u th ng cu thn vn khng phc, c em qun n chng-c, cho n vic vua i tun-th ln y, khng c kt-qa g c. Ra n Qung-bnh th vua ng-khnh yu, c vi mi ngy ri phi xung tu i ng hi o tr v Hu. 231

Ngi Php cng bit l th-lc ca ng vua Hm-nghi chng c bao nhiu, ct tm ng m chim dn a-th v mua chuc nhng a lm tay trong, th tt th no ri cng tr ht c, bi vy cho nn khng dng n i binh. Trc i-y Mouteaux Qung-bnh cng vi ng c Tortuyaux em qun i nh ly n ca L Trc Thanh-thy, nhng qun ca ng y vn khng tan, c nh ph mi. n thng ging nm inh-hi (1887), i-y Mouteaux em qun ln lp n Minh-cm ng m trn Thanhthy. i-y vn bit ng L Trc l ngi c ngha-kh, v trong khi hai bn chng c vi nhau khng bao gi ng y lm iu tn-c, cho nn i-

y vn c trng lm. Trc cho ngi a th ln d ng y v th. ng y phc th li rng: "Ti v vua, v nc, cht sng cng mt lng lm cho ht vic bn-phn, ch khng dm tham s sng m qun vic ngha". T khi qun Php ng n Minh-cm, cc ng L Trc v Nguyn phm Tun phi lui ln m trn. ng L Trc th ra mn H-tnh, ng Nguyn phm Tun th ln ng lng Yn-lc v pha sng Gianh. Qua thng 3, nh c do thm, bit ch ng Nguyn phm Tun ng, i-y Mouteaux bn em qun ln vy lng Yn-lc, bn ng Nguyn phm Tun, trong khi bt , u b bt c. ng Nguyn phm Tun phi n bn cnh sn, sng c my ngy th mt. Qun Php tuy tr c ng Nguyn phm Tun nhng ng L Trc hy cn, v vn cha bit r vua Hm-nghi ch no, sau c nhng ngi ra th, mch rng mun bt vua Hm-nghi th mu vi tn Trng quang Ngc. Tn y l ngi bn-x y v t khi vua ra vng y n c vo hu cn, v li l mt a kh- tiu-nhn, th chc c l mua chuc n c. i-y nh tm cch thng vi tn Ngc, cho ngi i do-thm, bit c tn Ngc hin ng lng Ch-mc, bn em qun ln vy lng y. Nhng khi ln n ni, tn Ngc thy ng, chy thot c. i-y sai tm trong lng ch thy c mt b lo, i-y bn a ci th vit cho tn Ngc, nh b lo y a cho n, ri rt qun v n Minh-cm. c my hm k-dch nhng lng m trn v th n Minh-cm, i-y a cho chnh-tng nhng dn y my lng thuc phin v my b go trng gi cho tn Ngc v nh bo n d vua Hm-nghi v. Tn Ngc nhn nhng y v tr li xin ht lng gip ngi Php, nhng cn phi thong th, s vic tit-l ra th khng thnh. T vic bt vua Hm-nghi ch trng-cy vo tn Ngc. Nhng by gi c ngi con th Tn-tht Thuyt l Tn-tht Thip gi-gn vua Hmnghi mt cch nghim-mt qa. Tn-tht Thip th sng cht khng cho qun Php bt vua c. Bi vy, h ai ni n s v th th bt chm ngay, cho nn bn tn Ngc tuy nh tm, nhng cha dm h th. m ngoi, th cc ng L Trc v Tn-tht m, nay nh ch ny mai ph ch kia m khng sao bt c. i-y Mouteaux nh ui lu ngy nhc-mt, bn xin v Php ngh.

tm vua Hm-nghi v ui bt ng L Trc v ng Tn-tht m. n thng 9 nm y, qun lnh mi-mt m khng thnh cng c. Qun Php toan rt v gi nhng n gn mn b, bng dng c tn sut-i Nguyn nh Tinh hu cn vua Hm-nghi ra th n Mang-c, pha trn n Minhcm, v khai r tnh-cnh cng ch vua ng. Ngi Php bn sai tn Tinh em th ln d tn Ngc v. c my hm tn Ngc v tn Tinh v tnhnguyn xin i bt vua Hm-nghi. Ngi Php truyn cho bn tn Ngc phi lm th no bt sng c vua Hm-nghi, cn nhng ngi khc h ai chng c, th c git i. Ngy 26 thng 9, tn Ngc v tn Tinh em hn 20 a th h, ngi lng Thanh-lang v Thanh-cuc ln vy lng T-bo184 l ch vua Hm-nghi ng. n na m, khi chng n sng vo, th Tn-tht Thip cn ang ng, hong ht cm gm nhy ra, th chng m cht. Vua Hm-nghi trng thy tn Ngc lm phn nh vy, cm thanh gm a cho n v bo rng: "My git tao i, cn hn a tao v np cho Ty". Ngi va ni dt li, th bn chng n c mt a ln ra sau lng m qung ly ngi ri dt thanh gm ra. T khi ngi b bt ri, ngi khng ni nng g na. Sng ngy hm sau, bn tn Ngc vng ngi ra n bn Ng-hai, ri em xung ci b, i mt hai ngy mi v n n Thanh-lang, np cho vin i-y coi n y l ng Boulangier. i-y lp tc em ngi v n Thunbi ng t-ngn sng Gianh, gn ch n. Vua Hm-nghi by gi 18 tui, quan Php ly vng- l m tipi. Tuy vy ai hi g, ngi cng khng ni, ch nht-thit chi rng mnh khng phi l vua. Nhng n lc vo trong bung ngi mt mnh, th hai hng nc mt cha-chan, bun v ni nc nh tan, thn mnh phi nhiu ni giantrun. Ngi Php em vua Hm-nghi xung tu v Thun-an, ri em sang bn x Algrie, l x thuc-a ca nc Php, pha bc chu Aphi-ly-gia, mi nm cp cho 2 vn ri pht-lng185.
184 Nhng chuyn ni v vic bt vua Hm Nghi l phn nhiu ly trong sch "Empire d'Annam" ca i y Gosselin, cho nn nhng tn lng tn t ni on ny vit khng c ng du. Nhng i l nhng lng mng vng sng Giai, thuc huyn Tuyn Ha, tnh Qung Bnh. 185 Hin nay vua Hm Nghi cn Algrie, v ly mt ngi nc Php, c my a con.

5. Vua Hm Nghi B Bt. Qua thng ging nm mu-t (1888), vin i-t coi o qun Hu ra Qung-bnh, ri chia qun i tun-tiu,
232

Tn Trng quang Ngc c hng hm lnh-binh, tn Nguyn nh Tinh cng c thng hm quan v. Cn bn th-h, a th c thng hm sut-i, a th c thng my ng bc. Tn-tht m ngn H-tnh, nghe tin vua Hm-nghi b bt, bn hi c bn tng s li, truyn cho ra th v lm n, ri vit hai bc th: mt bc dng vua Hm-nghi, xin tha li cho mnh lm ti khng cu c vua, v mt bc gi cho thiu-t Dabat, ng n Thun-bi xin cho bn th-h ra th. Vit xong th ri, Tn-tht m ni rng: "By gi ngi Php c mun bt ta th vo tm thy m ta trong rng!". on ri tht c m t-tn186. ng Tn-tht Thuyt lm i-tng m c-x ra mt cch rt hnnht khng ng lm ngi trng-phu cht no. Nhng hai ngi con th tht l bc thiu-nin anh-hng, c th che c ci xu cho cha vy. Quan -c L Trc cng em hn 100 qun ra th n Thunbi. Triu-nh Hu xem ci t xin ra th, thy li-l ca quan -c c ni khng-khi, khng c khim-tn, c bt ti, nhng ngi Php thy l mt ngi trung-ngha, c lng qi-trng, tha cho v yn nghip nh. ng Tn-tht m v ng L Trc l ngi phn-i vi nc Php lc by gi, nhng cc ng y v vic nc m ht lng lm vic bn-phn cho nn ngi Php cng bit lng tnh m thng-tic. Sau ng L Trc v lng Thanh-thy, thuc huyn tuyn-ha, tnh Qung-bnh, ngi Php thng vn i li thm-nom v c knh-trng lm. Ngi bn-quc thy vy, ai cng ly lm cm phc.

ng Bu Ln by gi mi ln mi tui, ang cng vi m phi giam trong ngc. Triu-nh vo rc ra, tn ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Thnh-thi, c ng Nguyn trng Hp v ng Trng quang n lm Phchnh. Khi nh Thanh bn Tu k ha-c vi nc Php Thin-tn ri, qun Tu nc ta rt v. Nhng cc cuthn nh quan Tn-tng qun-v l Nguyn thin Thut v quan -c T Hin cn gi vng Bi-sy thuc Hi-dng cng vi cc th-ho nh c Tt vng ng-triu; Kiu vng Hng-ha; Cai Kinh, c Ng vng Ph-lng-thng v Yn-th; Lng tam K, d ng c en, vng ch Chui u ni ln tng ng vi nhau m nh ph. Lc y quan quyn kinh-lc-s l ng Nguyn trng Hp c quan quyn Tng-c Hi-dng l Hong cao Khi lm chc Tiu-ph-s i nh-dp vng Bi-sy. Hong cao Khi em qun i nh rit my mt. Bn vn-thn ngi th t trn, ngi th b bt. Nguyn thin Thut chy sang Tu, sau mt Nam-ninh, thuc qung-ty. c Tt ra hng, phi y sang thnh Alger, bn Algrie. Kiu v Lng tam K ra th c yn. Cai Kinh b bt, c Ng ra th, Hong hoa Thm Yn-th cng ra th, c gi vng y, mi n nm 1909 mi b nh ui, n nm 1912 mi b git. Hong cao Khi i nh-dp c cng, v c chnh-ph bo-h cho lnh chc Bc-k Kinh-lc-s.

7. S nh dp Bc K.

6. Vua Thnh Thi. Ngy 27 thng chp nm mu-t l ngy 28 thng ging nm 1888, vua ng-khnh phi bnh mt, th 25 tui, lm vua c 3 nm, miu hiu l Cnh-tng Thun-hong-.
By gi ng Rheinard li sang lm Khm-x Hu, thy con vua ng-khnh cn nh, v li nh ng Dc-c ngy trc, khi vua Dc-tng hy cn, thng hay i li vi ngi Php, bi vy vim Khm-x ngh n tnh c m truyn lp ng Bu Ln l con ng Dc-dc ln lm vua.

8. Vic Phan nh Phng. T nm k-su (1889) l nm Thnhthi nguyn-nin cho n nm qy-t (1893) l nm Thnh-thi ng-nin, t Trung-k khng c vic g quan-h lm. Cc quan cu-thn, ngi th v th, ngi th n-np ch sn-lm. Ring ng Phan nh Phng th v n in V-quang v pha bc huyn Hng-kh, thuc tnh Ngh-tnh, ri cho ngi i sang Tu, sang Tim, hc c sng c n, i ngy khi s.
ng Phan nh Phng ngi tnh H-tnh, thi nh-nguyn v i vua Dc-tng, quan lm n chc ng-s b bn quyn-thn l Nguyn vn Tng v Tn-tht Thuyt cch chc ui v. Sau ng y ng u ng vn-thn chng c vi qun Php. ng khng nhng l mt ngi c ti vn-chng m thi, m li l mt nh c thao-lc, sa-sang qun-lnh c c-ng, luyn-tp tng-s c k-lut, cho nn i-y Gosselin lm quyn sch "Empire d Annam" c khen rng: "Quan nh-nguyn Phan nh Phng c ti kinh-doanh vic qun-binh, bit luyn-tp s-tt theo php Thi-ty, 233

186 Hai bc th y dch ra ch Php in trong sch "Empire d'Annam" ca i y Gosselin. Li l th tht l cng ngh ng bc thiu nin anh hng. Nhng v th dch ra ch Php nu nay li theo ch Php m dch ra ch ta th s khng ng vi bn chnh, cho nn khng em vo y.

o-qun mc mt li, v eo sng kiu 1874, nhng sng y l sng ca ngi quan nh-nguyn c ra tht nhiu m my-mc cng ht nh sng Php ch v lng sng khng x rnh, cho nn n khng i xa c". n cui trung-tun thng 11 nm qi-t (1893), ng sai ngi n vy nh tn Trng quang Ngc lng Thanh-lang, huyn Tuyn-ha, bt tn Ngc chm ly u bo-th v vic tn y lm s phn-c. T qun ca quan nh-nguyn vy-vng mn Hng-kh, ng vn-thn c li v t hp y. By gi ngi Php khng mun dng i binh s no-ng lng ngi bn Php, cho nn ch sai quan em lnh tp i nh. nh t cui nm qi-t (1893) cho n cui nm t-mi (1895) ngt 2 nm tri m khng dp yn c, qun-lnh cht hi cng nhiu. Bn Bo-h cng tm mi cch, nh bo Hong cao Khi vit th d Phan nh Phng v hng cho xong cng khng c. Sau cng Triu-nh Hu thy vic daidng mi khng yn, mi xin chnh-ph Bo-h sai quan Tng-c Bnhnh l Nguyn Thn lm Khm-mng tit-ch qun-v em qun ra tiutr. ng Phan nh Phng lc by gi tui gi, m th-lc mi ngy mt km, li phi nay n ch ny, mai chy ch kia, tht l lao-kh v cng, bi vy khi Nguyn Thn em qun ra n H-tnh, th ng phi bnh mt ri. Nguyn Thn sai ngi ui nh tm thy m, o ly xc em v xin ngi Php cho em t ly tro trn vi thuc sng m bn i. C ngi ni rng vic y tuy Nguyn Thn trc nh th, nhng sau li cho em chn, v mun lm ci tang-chng cho ng phn-i vi chnh-ph Bo-h l quan nh Nguyn mt ri. T ng vn-thn tan-v; ai trn i mt th thi, ai ra th th phi v Kinh chu ti. Nguyn Thn v Kinh c thng lm Ph-chnh thay ng Nguyn trng Hp v hu. Ngi Vit-nam v hon-cnh, v tnh th bt-buc phi im hi lng ting, nhng lng i quc mi ngy mt nng-nn, s ut-c au-kh mi ngy mt tng thm. Cho nn c cch nm by nm li c mt cuc phin-ng, nh sau vic Phan nh Phng ri, c vic K-ng v vic Thin-binh vo khong 1897-1898 vng Thi-bnh, Hi-dng, Bc-ninh v.v... Vo qung nm 1907 H-ni c vic ng-kinh ngha-thc. Lc y c nhng ngi ch s nh Phan bi Chu, Phan chu Trinh, ngi th khng s t ti, ng ln t-co s thamnhng ca bn quan-li, ngi th ra ngoi-quc bn-ba khp ni tm cch gii-phng cho nc. Nm 1908, Trung-Vit vng Ngh-Tnh v Nam234

Ngha c vic dn ni ln ku su. H-ni th c vic u-c lnh Php, ri Thi-nguyn, Hong hoa Thm li ni ln nh ph . Khi bn u-chu c cuc i-chin th bn ta li c vic nh-ph Sn-la v Sm-na v vic vua Duy-tn mu s c-lp, b bt y sang o Runion. Th l nc Vit-nam by gi c ba ng vua b y: vua Hmnghi y sang x Algrie, vua Thnh-thi v vua Duy-tn y sang o Runion. Sau cuc chin ln th nht, c ton lnh kh xanh ni ln nh Thi-nguyn do i Cn v ng Lng ngc Quyn lm u. Nm 1927, vng Ngh-tnh c cuc phin-ng gy ra bi ng Cng-sn do Nguyn i Quc cm u. n nm 1930, Bc Vit c cuc cch-mnh ca Qucdn-dng, c Nguyn thi Hc iu-khin Yn-bi v cc ni. Nm 1940, Nam-Vit c cuc phin-ng vng Gia-nh, Hc-mn v.v... T khi c cuc i-chin ln th hai, nc Php bi trn, b nc c chim c, qun Nht-bn bn Tu sang nh Lng-sn ri k hip-c vi ngi Php cho ngi Nht c ng qun ng-php. n ngy mng 9 thng 3 nm 1945, qun Nht nh qun Php v giao quyn ni-tr li cho vua Bo-i. c my thng th qun ng-minh thng trn, Nht-bn u hng. ng Vit-minh187 di quyn lnh o ca Nguyn i Quc-i tn l H ch Minh tha c ni ln cp quyn, vua Bo-i phi thoi-v v nhng quyn cho ng Vit-minh. y ch mi ni qua ci i-lc mt on lch-s ca nc Vitnam, dnh v sau nh lm s s tm ti-liu m chp cho r-rng v ph-bnh cho chnh-ng.

9. Lng yu nc ca ngi Vit Nam.

Vit Minh l tn gi tt mt ng cch mnh gi l Vit Nam c Lp ng Minh do ng Cng sn lp ra khi cn bn Qung Ty, bn Tu, trnh hai ch Cng sn cho ngi ta khi ng

187

CHNG XVI

Cng Vic Ca Ngi Php Ti Vit Nam

1. -nng, H-ni, Hi-phng thnh t nhng-a 2. Vic kinh-doanh cc x bo-h
T khi s nh-dp cc ni yn ri, cc vin Tng-c ton-quyn ln lt sang kinh-doanh vic ng-php v lo m mang v ng chnh-tr, kinh-t v x-hi theo chnh-sch ca nc Php. Thng 3 nm mu-t (1888) tc l nm Thnh-thi nguyn-nin, ng Richaud sang lm Tng-c ton-quyn. Thng tm nm y, Triu-nh Hu k giy nhng hi-cng -nng, thnh-th H-ni v Hi-phng cho nc Php lm t nhng a ngha t l vic cai-tr v php-lut ba thnh-th y thuc v nc Php, ch khng thuc v nc Nam na. Tr ba thnh-th y ra, th vic cai-tr cc tnh trong ton ht Bo-h vn quan-li lm vic nh c, nhng phi do ngi Php iu-khin v kimduyt. Cuc Bo-h lp xong, ngi Vit-nam v th bt-c-d phi chu, nhng phn nhiu ngi trong lng cn mong khi-phc nc nh, cho nn chnh-ph Bo-h mt mt th lo vic phng gi, mt mt lo m-mang cc cng-cuc kin-thit gy thm mi li. V ng phng-gi, th chnh-ph lp ra nhng i binh bo-an, ly ngi bn-s lm lnh. Nhng lnh y i mt th nn dt c gii xanh v mi tht lng xanh, cho nn tc gi l lnh kh-xanh. Lnh y do ngi Php cai-qun di quyn quan cai-tr ngi Php, cho i canh gi cc dinh-th, cc cng-s, v cho i ng n cc ni trong vng thn-qu, phng-gi trm cp. nhng ni him-yu th c lnh Php v lnh kh ng. Lnh kh l mt th b binh ngi bn-x, cch nmc cng nh lnh kh xanh, ch khc l quai nn m mi tht lng . Nhng lnh y c c, c i do s-quan Php cai-qun di quyn nh binh Php. Khi c vic g quan-h th em lnh Php v lnh y ra nh-dp. 235

V vic hnh binh v vic thng-mi, th chnh-ph Bo-h trc ht phi lo sa-sang v m-mang thm ng-s cho tin s giao-thng. V rng c ng th khi hu s, vic nh-dp mi tin-li v vic bun-bn cng nhn m c d-dng. Bi vy thot u tin chnh-ph m thng-cc, lp xng lm tu thy ch hng-ha v hnh-khch i trong cc sng trong x. Nm tn-mo (1891), ng De Lanessan sang lm Tng-c tonquyn, m ng xe la t Ph-lng-thng ln n Lng-sn, n nm gip-ngo (1894), con ng y mi xong. Ch-ch l cho tin s phnggi ch bin-thy. Chnh-ph Bo-h li lo m-mang thm b-ci v pha Lo. Nguyn t Lo ngy trc vn thn-phc nc Nam. Nhng ni nh Trn-ninh, Cam-mn, Cam-ct, v.v. v i vua Minh-mnh lp thnh ph huyn v t quan cai-tr c. Nhng v sau nc ta suy-nhc li c vic chin-tranh vi nc Php, cho nn nc Tim-la mi nhn dp m sang chin-gi ly. Sau c ngi Php tn l Pavie sang d nc Lo nhn s bo-h ca nc Php, ri n u nm qu-t (1893), qun Php sang ly li nhng t c thuc v nc Nam ta trc. By gi qun Tim-la mn Cam-mn git mt mt ngi quan binh Php, ngi Php bn sai hi-qun em hai chic tu chin vo sng M-nam, ln u gn thnh Bng-cc (Bangkok). Ngy 24 thng 8 nm y, nc Tim-la phi k, ha-c, nhng nhng t Lo cho nc Php bo-h, hn trong mt thng phi rt qun ng bn t-ngn sng Mkong v, li phi bi thng 2 triu pht-lng, v phi tr ti nhng ngi dm chng-c vi ngi Php. Lo. Ngi Php lp ph Thng-s Vientiane cai-tr cc a ht bn

1. -nng, H-ni, Hi-phng thnh t nhng-a.

2. Vic kinh doanh cc x bo h.

Nm t-mi (1895), vin Tng-c ton-quyn Rousseau sang thay ng De Lanessan, thy cn nhiu ni cha yn bn vay nc Php cho Bck 80 triu php-lng , chi-tiu v vic nh-dp v m-mang. Nm inh-du (1897), ng Daumer sang lm Tng-c ton-quyn, chnh-n li vic ti-chnh v vic chnh-tr. Lp ra s chi-thu chung c ton cnh ng-php, nh cc th thu: thu inh, thu in, thu th, thu xut-cng, nhp-cng, v.v., v cho ngi c c-quyn lnh trng thu ru, thu mui, thu nha-phin. B nha Kinh-lc Bc-k, giao

quyn li cho vin Thng-s (thng 6 nm inh-du 1897)188, vay nc Php 200 triu php-lng, m ng ha-xa trong x ng-php v m-mang thm vic canh-nng v vic cng-ngh. Nm nhm-dn (1902) ng Doumer v Php, ng Beau sang lm Tng-c ton-quyn. ng Beau ch vic khai-ha dn-tr, lo m-mang s hc-hnh v t ra Y-t-cc, lm nh bnh-vin, cu-gip nhng k yuau ngho-kh. y l nhng cng-vic lm ca chnh-ph bo-h vy.

TNG KT
Sch Vit Nam S-Lc ny chp n y hy tm ngng, sau c ti-liu y- v cc vic bin-i nc Vit-Nam ny c r-rt hn, s lm tip thm189. Vic chp lch-s cng nh vic dt vi dt la, dt xong tm no mi bit tm y tt hay xu, cn tm ang dt, cha bit th no m ni c. Ta ch bit rng cc dy si dt tm Nam-s ny cn di, ngi dt tuy phi lc au yu, b ngng cng-vic, nhng cn mong c ngy khemnh li dt thm, c l li dt c tt p hn, cng cha bit chng. Mc d nc Vit-nam hin nay c hon ton c-lp nhng s hay-d tng-lai cha bit ra th no? Song ngi bn-quc phi bit rng phm s sinh-tn tin-ha ca mt nc, l ci ch-nguyn, s nhn-ni v s c-gng ca ngi trong nc. Vy ta phi ht sc m hc-tp, m gi ci tm-tr cho bn-vng th chc tng-lai cn nhiu hi-vng. Nc Vit-nam ta c ci vn-ha chng thua-km g ai, v li c mt lch-s vvang, nu ta bit li-dng ci tim-lc c hu v ci tnh thng-minh hiu hc ca ta theo thi m tin-ha, th sao ta li khng c ngy ni c ci ch ca ng cha m dt thm mt on lch-s m-l hn trc? C mt iu thit-tng nn nhc li l ta nn gi ly nhng iu hay ca ta c, b nhng iu h-bi i, v bt-chc ly nhng iu hay ca ngi, gy ly ci nhn-cch t-bit ca dn-tc ta v cng tin vi ngi m khng ln vi ngi. Mun c nh th, ta phi bit phn-bit ci hay ci d, khng ham mun nhng ci huyn-ho b ngoi, ri ng tn hip lc vi nhau m lm mi vic cho thnh ci hiu-qa m-mn. Nc no cng c lc b lc thi, l ci cng-l tun-hon ca to-ha trong th-gian. T xa cha thy c nc no c thnh mi hay c suy mi. Khi lm vo cnh b m ngi trong nc c vng lng gi c ci nghi-lc sinh-tn v tin-ha, th ri th no cng c ngy chn-khi ln c. Vy chng ta y u l mt dng-di nh Hng-Lc, nu ta bit kin tm bn ch, th h li khng c mt ngy ta c ci a-v v-vang vi

C mt iu rt k, l vin thng s Bc K l ngi i biu chnh ph Bo h m li kim chc Kinh Lc S l mt chc quan ca Triu nh Hu.

188

Trc ti d b vit mt quyn sch ni theo sch ny. Ti thu nht c rt nhiu ti liu. Chng may n cui nm bnh tut (1946) c cuc chin tranh H Ni, nh ti b t chy, sch v mt sch, thnh ra nh phi b quyn s y m khng lm c na.

189

236

thin-h hay sao? S c-ao mong-mi nh th l ci ngha v chung c chng-loi Vit-nam ta vy.

Nhng Sch Son Gi Dng K Cu A. Sch Ch Nho V Ch Quc Ng:

1. i-Vit s-k, ca Ng S-Lin 2. Khm-nh Vit-s Thng-gim cng-mc 3. Trn-triu th-ph hnh trng 4. Bnh Nguyn cng-thn thc lc 5. Hong L nht thng ch 6. Lch-triu hin-chng, ca Phan huy Ch 7. i Nam thc lc tin bin 8. i Nam thc lc chnh bin 9. i Nam thng ch 10. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn 11. i Nam in l tot-yu, ca vn Tm 12. Minh-mnh chnh yu 13. Quc-triu s tot-yu, ca Cao xun Dc 14. Thanh-triu s-k 15. Trung-quc lch-s 16. Hnh-Thc ca, ca b Nguyn nhc Th

B. Sch Ch Php :
1. Cours d'Histoire Annamite, par Trng vnh K 2. Notion d'Histoire d'Annam, par Maybon et Ruissier 3. Pays d'Annam, par E. Luro 4. L'Empire d'Annam, par Gosselin 5. Abrg de l'Histoire d'Annam, par Shreiner 6. Histoire de la Cochinchine, par P.Cultru 7. Les Origines du Tonkin, par J. Dupuis 8. Le Tonkin de 1872 1886, par J. Dupuis 9. La Vie de Monseigneur Puginier, par E. Louvet 10. L'insurrection de Gia-nh, par J. Silvestre (Revue Indochinoise - Juillet-Aout 1915)

237

22 40 37 72 76 68 47 64 75 65 28 51 7 21 29 23 44 69 6

14

39 26 62 25 32 67 43

Vit Nam
Bn Hnh Chnh
1. An Giang 2. An Xuyn 3. Ba Xuyn 4. Bc Liu 5. Bc Giang 6. Bc Kn 7. Bc Ninh 8. Bin Ha 9. Bnh Dng 10. Bnh nh 11. Bnh Long 12. Bnh Thun 13. Bnh Tuy 14. Cao Bng 15. Chu c 16. Chng Thin 17. c Lc 18. nh Tng 19. Gia nh 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. G Cng H ng H Giang H Nam H Tnh Hi Dng Hi Ninh Hu Ngha Ha Bnh Hng Yn Khnh Ha Kin Giang Kin An Kin Ha Kin Phong Kin Tng Kontum Lai Chu Lm ng 39. Lng Sn 40. Lo Kay 41. Long An 42. Long Khnh 43. Nam nh 44. Ninh Bnh 45. Ninh Thun 46. Ngh An 47. Phong Dinh 48. Ph Bn 49. Ph Th 50. Ph Yn 51. Phc Yn 52. Phc Thnh 53. Phc Tuy 54. Phc Long 55. Pleiku 56. Qung Bnh 57. Qung c 58. Qung Nam 59. Qung Ngi 60. Qung Tn 61. Qung Tr 62. Qung Yn 63. Sa c 64. Sn La 65. Sn Ty 66. Ty Ninh 67. Thi Bnh 68. Thi Nguyn 69. Thanh Ha 70. Tha Thin 71. Tuyn c 72. Tuyn Quang 73. Vnh Bnh 74. Vnh Long 75. Vnh Yn 76. Yn By

46

24

56

61 70

58 60

59 36

10 55

48 50 17 30 57 71 11 66 9 27 15 1 31 16 4 2 34 63 74 47 3 73 33 35 41 18 19 20 53 52 12 42 8 13 54 38 45

T
L H D h T D D

Th
Th h T

h H T

Bn LNH NAM
(Th k th I Ty Lch)

L
Ph

H h
L

h h t

T
884 L 8

000

Th

400

T d 8 884

00 8 00 00 0

l D

th d th

Ph p

t h d t

T t

Vit Nam Nin Biu

Nm Quc Hiu Triu i & <Nin Hiu> Tr V Bin C Trung Hoa Phc Hi (-4480-4365) Thn Nng (-3220-3080) Hong (-2700-2600) Quc T -3200 quc Ai Cp -2800 Xy Kim T Thp Ai Cp -2500 Sa mc Sahara bt u hnh thnh Bc Phi Nghiu (-3259-2259) Thun (-2256-2208) H (-2205-1766) -1750 quc Babylon Trung ng -u thi i ng Thng (-1776-1122)

-2879

Xch Qu Vn Lang H Hng Bng

Kinh Dng Vng Lc Long Qun 1. Hng Vng 2. Hng Hin Vng 3. Hng Quc Vng 4. Hng Vit Vng 5. Hng Hi Vng 6. Hng Huy Vng 7. Hng Chiu Vng 8. Hng V Vng 9. Hng nh Vng 10. Hng Uy Vng 11. Hng Trinh Vng 12. Hng V Vng 13. Hng Anh Vng 14. Hng Triu Vng 15. Hng To Vng

-Lc Tc ly Long N -Sng Lm ly u C -Kinh Phong Chu (Vnh Yn) -Tch Tru Cau Tch Ph ng Thin Vng Tch bnh dy bnh chng -Nn vn ha Phng Nguyn Vnh Ph (-1800-1400) -Tch qu da

Chu (-1122-256) -Nn vn ha ng Sn ng bng sng Hng (-850-300) Thi Xun Thu (-722-481) (Tn, S, T, Tn, Tng) Lo T (-604-523) Khng T (-551-479) Thi Chin Quc (-403256). (Tn, S, T, Yn, Triu, Ngy v Hn) -Mnh T (-372-289) -Tn (-221-206) 214 Vn L Trng Thnh -Ty Hn (-202 - 8)

16. Hng Nghi Vng 17. Hng Du Vng 18. Hng Tun Vng

-1100 Ngi Phoenician chim u th vng a Trung Hi -776 Olympic t chc ln u tin -753 Thnh ph La M thnh lp -721 quc Assyrian Trung ng -Pht Thch Ca (-624-544) -Cui thi i ng -500 quc Ba T Trung ng -400 quc Hy Lp -330 Alexander i

-Tch Sn Tinh, Thy Tinh -L ng Trng -Xy thnh C Loa l kinh Phong Kh (Phc Yn) -Tch Trng Thy-M Chu -Kinh Phin Ngung (Qung Chu) - T tng L Gia

-257 -207 -137 -125 -113 -112 -111 2

u Lc Nam Vit

Nh Thc Nh Triu

An Dng Vng (Thc Phn) Triu V Vng (Triu ) Triu Vn Vng Triu Minh Vng Triu Ai Vng Triu Dng Vng Tch Quang

Giao Ch

Bc Thuc ln th I Vng Mn (9 - 23)

-"Con ng La" chuyn ch hng ha t Trung Hoa sang u Chu -27 quc La M u Chu -Jesus Christ (0-33)

Nm 30 34 40 43 187 203 248

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

Tr V Nhm Din T nh Trng N Vng

Bin C

Trung Hoa

Quc T - Ai cp tr thnh qun l ca La M

Giao Ch Giao Chu

Bc Thuc ln th II S Nhip (187 - 226) Triu Th Chinh

-Trng Trc v Trng Nh ni ln v ng M Linh (Phc Yn) -M Vin sang chim li - v anh l Triu Quc t ni ln Cu Chn -Gic Lm p (399-413)

ng Hn (25 - 220) -70 La M tiu hy thnh Jesusalem, dn Do Thi bt u lu lc khp ni Thi Tam Quc (222-265) (Ng, Ngy, Thc) Nh Tn (265-420) Nam/Bc Tng (420-447) Nh T (479-501) Nh Lng (502-556) Nh Ngy (534-557) Nh Bc Chu (557-581) Nh Trn (557-587) Nh Ty (589-617) Nh ng (618-907) -300 quc Mayan Trung M -330 Thnh ph Constantinople lp ra v c quc La M di n -360-390 Nht xm lng i Hn -370 Qun Hung N t Chu xm lng u Chu -476 quc La M tn -527 quc Byzantine Trung u -Mohammad (Hi Gio) - quc Arab Trung ng -711 Qun Th xm chim Ty Ban Nha -740 quc Mayan Trung M tn -771 Charlemagne lp quc Frankish u Chu -793 Dn Viking nh Anh v Php -802 Vng quc Angkor Campuchea -900 quc Toltecs Trung M

504 549 571 602 679 722 791 864 906 908 918 931 938 939 945 950 965

Vn Xun

Nh Tin L <Thin c> Bc Thuc ln th III

Tin L Nam (L Bn Triu Vit Vng Hu L Nam

-Kinh Long Bin (H Ni)

Giao Chu An Nam

i Vit

Nh Ng

Mai Hc B Ci i Vng (Phng Hng) Cao Bin (864-875) Khc Tha D Khc Ho Khc Tha M (918-923) Dng Din Ngh Kiu Cng Tin Tin Ng Vng (Ng Quyn) Dng Tam Kha Hu Ng Vng (Ng Xng Ngp & Vn) Ng Xng X inh Tin Hong inh Ph L i Hnh

-Ng Quyn i ph qun Nam Hn sng Bch ng Kinh C Loa (Phc Yn)

Ng Qu Thi i 907-959 (Hu Lng 923-936 Hu ng 923-936 Hu Tn 936-947 Hu (Nam) Hn 947-950 Hu Chu 950-959 ) Nh Tng (960-1279)

i C Vit 968 979 i C Vit 980 989 993

Nh inh <Thi Bnh> Nh Tin L <Thin Phc> <Hng Thng> <ng Thin>

-Kinh Hoa L (Ninh Bnh) - L Hon ph Tng - 982 nh v tiu hy kinh Chim Thnh

-971 i hc u tin ca th gii c thnh lp ti Cairo, Ai Cp

Nm 1005 1005 1008 1010 1028 1034 1039 1042 1044 1049 1054 1059 1066 1068 1069 1072 1075 1076 1085 1092 1101 1110 1120 1127 1128 1133 1138 1140 1163 1174 1176 1186 1202 1205 1211 1224 1225 1238 1251 1257 1258

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

Tr V L Trung Tng L Long nh L Thi T L Thi Tng

Bin C

Trung Hoa

Quc T -1003 Dn Viking khm ph New Foundland v thm him M chu

i C Vit

i Vit

<Cnh Thy> Nh L <Thun Thin> <Thin Thnh> <Thng Thy> <Cn Ph Hu o> <Minh o> <Thin Cm Thnh V> <Sng Hng i Bo> <Long Thy Thi Bnh> <Chng Khnh Gia Khnh> <Long Chng Thin T> <Thin Hung Bo Tng> <Thn V> <Thi Ninh> <Anh V Chiu Thng> <Quang Hu> <Hi Phong> <Long Ph> <Hi Tng i Khnh> <Thin Ph Du V> <Thin Ph Khnh Th> <Thin Thun> <Thin Chng Bo T> <Thiu Minh> <i nh> <Chnh Long Bo ng> <Thin Cm Ch Bo> <Trinh Ph> <Thin T Gia Thy> <Thin Gia Bo Hu> <Tr Bnh Long ng> <Kin Gia> <Thin Chng Hu o> Nh Trn <Kin Trung> <Thin ng Chnh Bnh> <Nguyn Phong> <Thiu Long>

- Di ra Thng Long (H Ni)

L Thnh Tng -1066 Ngi Normans xm chim Anh L Nhn Tng -Ly t Chim Thnh m ra Qung Bnh & Qung Tr -L Thng Kit ph Tng -M khoa thi tam trng u tin tuyn nhn ti v lp Quc T Gim

-1096-1099 Cuc thp t chinh u tin chim li thnh Jerusalem

L Thn Tng

L Cao Tng -1187 Thp t qun ly li c thnh Jesusalem -1206 Gengis Khan ln ngi i Hn Mng C - quc Aztecs thit lp Mexico -1237 quc Mng C xm chim Nga, Hungary, v Ba Lan -1258 quc Mng C xm lng Trung ng

L Hu Tng L Chiu Hong Trn Thi Tng -Qun Mng C xm phm i Vit (Ln th I)

-1211 quc Mng C xm chim Trung Hoa

i Vit

Trn Thnh Tng

-1271 Marco Polo n

Nm 1273 1279 1284 1285 1287 1293 1306 1314 1324 1329 1341 1358 1369 1370 1372 1377 1383 1388 1396 1398 1400 1401 1403

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu> <Bo Ph> <Thiu Bo> <Trng Hng> <Hng Long> <i Khnh> <Khai Thi> <Khai Hu> <Thiu Phong> <i Tr> <i nh> <Thiu Khnh> <Long Khnh> <Xng Ph> <Quang Thi>

Tr V Trn Nhn Tng

Bin C

Trung Hoa Trung Hoa Nh Nguyn (1280-1341)

Quc T

Trn Anh Tng Trn Minh Tng Trn Hin Tng Trn D Tng Dng Nht L Trn Ngh Tng Trn Du Tng Trn Ph Trn Thun Tng Trn Thiu H Qu Ly H Hn Thng Gin nh Trn Qu Khoch (-1413)

- Qun Nguyn nh iVit (Ln th II) - Qun Nguyn nh iVit (Ln th III) - Chim Thnh dng t Tha Thin -1333 5 triu ngi cht Trung Hoa v hn hn, lt li i km v dch Nh Minh (1368-1628)

-1291 Chm dt Thp T Chinh

-1377-1451 Chin tranh Mt Trm Nm gia Anh v Php -1347-1353 Bnh Dch en tn ph u Chu. 1/3 dn s b cht

i Ngu

i Vit 1407 1409 1413 1418 1427 1428 1434 1440 1443 1454 1459 1460 1470 1497 1505 1505 1510 1516 1522 An Nam i Vit

<Kin Tn> Nh H <Thnh Nguyn> <Thiu Thnh> <Khai i> Nh Hu Trn <Hng Khnh> <Trng Quang> Minh Thuc Nh Hu L <Thun Thin> <Thiu Bnh> <i Bo> <Thi Ha <Din Ninh> <Thin Hng> <Quang Thun> <Hng c> <Cnh Thng> <Thi Trinh <oan Khnh> <Hng Thun> <Quang Thiu> <Thng Nguyn>

-Chim Thnh (Ch Bng Nga) nh Thng Long -H Qu Ly di vo Ty (Thanh Ha) -Ly t Chim Thnh m ra Qung Nam, Qung Ngha

L Thi T (L Li) L Thi Tng L Nhn Tng L Nghi Dn L Thnh Tng L L L L L L Hin Tng Tc Tng Uy Mc Tng Dc Chiu Tng Cung Hong

-L Li khi binh Lam Sn -Kinh Thng Long (H Ni)

-1421 Bc Kinh tr thnh kinh ca Trung Hoa

-1438 quc Inca Peru -1453 quc Th chim Constantinople, chm dt quc Byzantine -1454 Gutenberg - ch ra my in -1455-1485 Chin Tranh Hoa Hng Anh -1492 Columbus tm ra M chu -1498 Vasco Gama vt mi Ho Vng -1510 N l c bn qua M chu -1517 Th chim Syria, Ai Cp v Arabia -1517 Thi k Phc Hng

-nh Chim Thnh ly Bnh nh

Nm 1527 1530 1532 1540 1543 1545 1546 1548 1556 1558 1562 1570 1573 1592 1593 1599 1600 1611 1613 1619 1623 1627 1635 1638 1644 1648 1649 1663 1672 1676 1679 1682 1687 1691

Nh Mc (H: Mc ...) ng Dung ng Doanh Phc Hi

Hu L Trung Hng (H: L Duy ...)

Cha Trnh (H: Trnh ...)

Cha Nguyn (H: Nguyn Phc ...)

Nh Ty Sn (H: Nguyn ...)

Bin C (Vit Nam, Trung Hoa, Quc T) *1526 quc Mongul n - Nguyn Kim lp vua L Ai-lao -Nguyn Kim khi phc t Ngh An v Thanh Ha cho nh L -Trnh Kim gi binh quyn

Trang Tng (Ninh)

Phc Nguyn Trung Tng (Huyn) Anh Tng (Bang) Mu Hp Th Tng (m) Knh Ch Knh Cung Knh Tng (Tn) Tin Vng (Nguyn Hong) Si Vng (Nguyn) Thanh Vng (Trng) Thng Vng (Lan) Knh Hon Chn Tng (Hu) Hin Vng (Tn) Thn Tng Thng Hong Huyn Tng (V) Gia Tng (Hi) Hi Tng (Hp) nh Vng (Cn) Ngha Vng (Trn) Minh Vng (Chu) *1649 Nga bnh trng ti Pacific *1690 Nga bnh trng ti Hc Hi -Cha Trnh v Nguyn nh nhau 45 nm t Qung Bnh, H Tnh *1630 Nht b quan ta cng *1642-46 Ni chin Anh * Nh Thanh (Vua Thun Tr) ln ngi Trung Hoa (1644-1661) * Khang Hi (nh Thanh) ln ngi Trung Hoa (1661-1722) Bnh An Vng (Tng) -Trnh Tng ui nh Mc ln Cao Bng v v ly li Thng Long -1592 Nht nh i Hn nhng b Trung Hoa nh bi -Nguyn Hong nh Chim Thnh ly t Ph Yn - Nh Nguyn ng Ph Xun *1618-1648 Chin tranh 30 nm u Chu -Nguyn Hong i trn t Thun Ha 1562-98 Chin tranh tn gio Php

Thn Tng (K) Knh Khoan

Nm 1692 1698 1706 1709 1725 1729 1732 1735 1738 1740 1765 1767 1771 1775 1776 1777 1778 1782 1783 1786 1788 1789 1792 1801

Nh Mc (H: Mc ...)

Hu L Trung Hng (H: L Duy ...)

Cha Trnh (H: Trnh ...)

Cha Nguyn (H: Nguyn Phc ...)

Nh Ty Sn (H: Nguyn ...)

Bin C (Vit Nam, Trung Hoa, Quc T) -Cha Nguyn ly ht t Chim Thnh vo n Bnh Thun - Cha Nguyn dng chin thut "tm thc" di 60 nm ly t Cao Min lp ra 6 tnh min Nam * Ung Chnh (nh Thanh) ln ngi Trung hoa (1723-1735) * Cn Long (nh Thanh) ln ngi Trung Hoa (1736-1795) *1760 Cnh mng k ngh ti Anh *1760 Th chim ht vng Cn ng *1765 Anh kim sot n -Nguyn Nhc khi ln Quy Nhn -Hong Ng Phc (Trnh) ly thnh Ph Xun v Qung Nam. Cha Nguyn chy vo Gia nh *1776 Cch mng ti Hoa K *1783 Hp chng quc Hoa K -Lon kiu binh Thng Long -Hong T Cnh sang Php -1784 Quang Trung ph qun Xim v ra Bc dt nh Trnh 1786 -Quang Trung i ph qun Thanh -Nguyn nh Xim La v Gia nh * Cch mng Php 1789 * Gia Khnh (nh Thanh) ln ngi Trung Hoa (1796-1821) -Nguyn nh ly li Qui Nhn 1799 v Ph Xun 1801

D Tng (ng) An Vng (Cng) Ninh Vng (Tr) L (Phng) Thun Tng (Tng) Tng (Thn) Hin Tng (Diu) Uy Nam Vng (Giang) V Vng (Khot) Minh Vng (Doanh) Tnh Vng (Sm) nh Vng (Thun)

Tn Chnh Vng (Dng) Nguyn Vng (nh) Tn Vng (Cn) oan Nam Vng (Khi) n Vng (Bng) Thi c (Nhc)

Mn (K)

Quang Trung (Hu) Cnh Thnh (Ton)

Nm 1802 1820 1826 1833

Quc Hiu Vit Nam

Triu i & <Nin Hiu> Nh Nguyn <Gia Long> <Minh Mng>

Tr V Nguyn Th T Nguyn Thnh T

Bin C -Kinh Hu (Tha Thin - Ra nh Bc H - Gic Phan B Vnh ni ln Nam nh L Duy Lng khi binh Nam nh. L Vn Khi Gia nh. Nng Vn Vn Bc Vit - Gic Xim La -Chim Cao-min lp ra Trn Ty Thnh -Lp li nc Cao-min -Chin thuyn Php v Ipha-nho nh Nng -Php nh ly Gia-nh -n K-ho tht th -Ha c nhng 3 tnh min ng Nam-Vit -Cao Min nhn cuc bo h -Php chim 3 tnh min Ty, Phan Thanh Gin t tn -Francis Garnier h thnh H Ni. Nguyn Tri Phng t tit. -Ho c tr li Bc Vit -Php h thnh H Ni. Hong Diu t tit. -Ha c nhn cuc bo h -Ho c Patentre - Phong tro Cn Vng -Vua Hm Nghi b bt -Phan nh Phng khi binh H Tnh -1904 Phan Bi Chu lp Duy Tn Hi & phong tro ng Du (ng Kinh Ngha Thc) -1912 Phan Bi Chu lp Vit Nam Quang Phc Hi

Trung Hoa

o Quang (1820-1851)

Quc T *1799 Napoleon ln lm tng ti Php nhng b nh bi Waterloo nm 1885 Ch Qun ch c ti lp ti Php -1820 Anh kim sot ton vng vnh Ba t -1830 Php thit lp thuc a Bc Phi

1834 1835 1838 1841 1848 1858 1859 1861 1862 1864 1867 1873 1874 1882 1883 1884 1885 1888 1893 1907 1911

i Nam <Thiu Tr> <T c> Nguyn Hin T Nguyn Dc Tng

-1839 Chin tranh mu dch gia Tu v Anh Hm Phong (1851-1862) Lon Hng T Ton

-1840 Tn Ty Lan tr thnh thuc a ca Anh -1848 Cch mng ni ln khp ni ton u chu -1854 Hoa K bt Nht phi m ca giao thng -1861-65 Ni chin Nam Bc ti Hoa K -1867 Canada c lp -1868 Hin i ha ti Nht -1869 Kinh o Suez c m -1870 Php tr thnh nc Cng Ha

<Dc c> <Hip Ho> <Kin Phc> <Hm Nghi> <ng Khnh> <Thnh Thi> <Duy Tn>

Nguyn Cung Tng Hip Ho Nguyn Gin Tng Hm Nghi ng Khnh Thnh Thi Duy Tn

-1901 c c lp -1904-1905 Chin tranh Nga-Nht. Nht kim sot i Hn -1907 Tn Ty Lan c lp - I th chin 1914-18 - quc Th sp

* Cch mng 1911 Trung Hoa. Nm Dn Quc th I

Nm 1916 1926 1927 1939 1940 1944 1945 1946 1954

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu> <Khi nh> <Bo i>

Tr V Khi nh Bo i

Bin C -Vit Nam Thanh Nin Cch Mnh ng Ch Hi (1926) -Vit Nam Quc Dn ng -Khi ngha Yn Bi 1931 -Vit Nam Phc Quc Qun nh chim Lng Sn -2 triu ngi cht i Bc -Nht tuyn b VN c lp Vit Minh cp chnh quyn -Vit minh k hip nh cho Php tr li Vit Nam -Php rt khi VN sau khi thua trn in Bin Ph -20/7/54 Hi ngh Geneva chia ct t nc. Hn triu ngi di c vo Nam (B)-Ci cch rung t (N)- I Cng Ha (N)-o chnh min Nam (N)-Tng lnh cm quyn (N)-M can thip vo VN (N)- II Cng Ha (N)-Bin c Mu Thn -Hip nh Paris. M rt qun khi min Nam CS Bc Vit chim min nam -Hng trm ngn qun cn chnh min Nam b giam vo tri tp trung. -Thng nht hai min -Tch bin ti sn ca gii t sn & thi hnh quc hu ha -VN xm chim Campuchea -Trung Hoa nh Vit Nam -Hn triu ngi bt u vt bin, di c khp th gii trnh ch CS -Pht ng "i mi" v "Kinh t th trng" - M bnh thng ngoi giao

Trung Hoa

-1927 Ni chin ti Trung Hoa

Quc T * 1917 Cch mng cng sn ti Nga * 1919 Hi ngh Versaille phn b li cc nc ng u -1936-39 Ni chin Ty Ban Nha - II th chin 1939-45 -M tham gia vo II th chin sau khi b tn cng ti Trn Chu Cng -M th bom nguyn t ti Nht, kt thc II th chin -1945 Thnh lp Lin Hp Quc -1948 Nc Do Thi thnh lp -1949 Khi Nato v Warsaw thnh lp -1950-53 Chin tranh Quc-cng ti i Hn

Vit Nam

<Quc gia Vit Nam> <Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha

Chnh ph Trn T. Kim H Ch Minh

-1949 Cng sn chim ton th lc a thnh lp chnh quyn cng sn Quc dn ng ra i Loan thnh lp chnh quyn quc gia

1955 1963 1964 1965 1968 1973 1975

Vit Nam

Bc: VN Dn Ch Cng Ha Nam: Vit Nam Cng Ha

(B) H Ch Minh (N) Ng nh Dim

-1963 Tng thng Hoa K Kennedy b m st -1966 Cch mng vn ha pht ng ti Tu -1967 Chin tranh 6 ngy Do thi- rp -1968 Nga xm lng Tip Khc -1969 Phi hnh gia M t chn ln mt trng -1975 Nhiu nc thuc th gii th ba lt vo qu o cng sn

(N) Nguyn V. Thiu (B) Tn c Thng

Vit Nam

Nam: Cng ha min nam VN

1976 1978 1979

Vit Nam

Cng ha x hi ch ngha VN

-1980 ng Tiu Bnh pht ng hin i ha Trung Hoa -1989 Vn ng Dn Ch ti Trung Hoa b n p vi Vit Nam

-1979 Hip c Ha Bnh gia Do thi v Ai cp -1985 Gorbachev pht ng Glasnost v Perestroika Nga -1989 ng u thot ch cng sn - 1992 Lin Bang Nga tan r

1986 1995