PWM Methods

Cc K thut iu ch rng xung (PWM)
GV: Ths. H Xun Ha - B mn Thit b in - in t

I. B nghch lu ngun p - Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
A. VSI su bc (Six-Step) - iu ch 180
o
B. VSI iu ch rng xung (Pulse-Width Modulated)
II. Cc phng php iu ch rng xung (PWM Methods)
A. Sine PWM
B. Hysteresis (Bang-bang)
C. iu ch vect khng gian (Space Vector PWM)
III. Ti liu c thm
I. B nghch lu ngun p (VSI)
A. Six-Step VSI (1)
B nghch lu ngun p ba pha iu ch sau bc
H. 1 B nghch lu ngun p ba pha.
ng c xoay chiu
A. Six-Step VSI (2)
H. 2 Dng sng cc tn hiu iu khin van, trnh t chuyn mch v cc in p pha
ca b nghch lu ngun p su bc.
Cc tn hiu iu khin van, trnh t chuyn mch v cc in p pha so vi
trung tnh mt chiu N:
A. Six-Step VSI (3)
Trong , 561 c ngh a l S
5
, S
6
v S
1
dn/m/on
H. 3 Su vect in p ca b nghch lu p su bc.
Trnh t chuyn mch:
561 (V
1
) 612 (V
2
) 123 (V
3
) 234 (V
4
) 345 (V
5
) 456 (V
6
) 561 (V
1
)
A. Six-Step VSI (4)
H. 4 Dng sng cc in p pha v in p dy ca b
nghch lu ngun p iu ch su bc.
Cc in p dy (V
ab
, V
bc
, V
ca
) v cc in p pha (V
an
, V
bn
, V
cn
)
V
ab
= V
aN
- V
bN
V
bc
= V
bN
- V
cN
V
ca
= V
cN
- V
aN
Cc in p dy
V
an
= 2/3V
aN
- 1/3V
bN
- 1/3V
cN
Cc in p pha
V
bn
= -1/3V
aN
+ 2/3V
bN
- 1/3V
cN
V
cn
= -1/3V
aN
- 1/3V
bN
+ 2/3V
cN
A. Six-Step VSI (5)
Bin in p dy (V
ab
, V
bc
, V
ca
)
Thnh phn tn s c bn - bc 1 (V
ab
)
1
Cc thnh phn tn s hi bc h (V
ab
)
h
: bin ca cc hi t l nghch vi bc ca hi
dc dc
dc
V 78 . 0 V
6
2
V 4
2
3
= =

(rms) ) (V
1 ab
ab dc
0.78
V
trong do, h 6n 1 (n 1, 2, 3,.....)
h
=
= =
h
(V ) (rms)
A. Six-Step VSI (6)
c im ca VSI iu ch su bc:
Dng sng in p pha th hin r su bc; v vy gi l iu ch su
bc.
Khng c cc hi bc ba v bi s bc ba ca in p pha v dy v tng
t vi cc dng in hi bc ba v bi bc ba.
in p ra ca b nghch lu ba ny ch c th iu khin bng cch thay
i in p mt chiu u vo DC-link (V
dc
)
Mi van trong VSI dn lin tc trong 180
o
; v vy c ng gi l iu ch 180
o
.
B. VSI iu ch rng xung PWM (1)
Mc ch p dng PWM
Nhc im khi p dng PWM
Tng tn tht chuyn mch do tn s chuyn mch PWM ln
Gim in p u ra
Pht EMI do n to ra cc hi bc cao
iu khin in p u ra b nghch lu
Gim cc hi
iu bin rng xung (PWM)
H. 5 iu bin rng xung.
in th im A (pha A)
in p u ra b nghch lu
Khi v
control
> v
tri
, V
A0
= V
dc
/2
Khi v
control
< v
tri
, V
A0
= -V
dc
/2
0 1
( )
/ 2
control A
tri dc
v peak of V
m
v V
= =
Ch s iu bin (m)
iu khin in p u ra b nghch lu
Bin ca in p ra c iu khin bng bin ca sng iu khin v
control
Tn s c bn c iu khin bng tn s ca sng iu khin v
control
Tn s PWM bng tn s ca sng mang v
tri
Trong , (V
A0
)
1
l thnh phn tn s c bn ca (VA0)
II. Cc phng php iu ch rng xung PWM
A. iu bin PWM hnh sin (Sine PWM) (1)
H. 6 B nghch lu ba pha.
B nghch lu ba pha
V
A
0
V
B
0
V
C
0
V
A
B
V
B
C
V
C
A
t
H. 7 Cc dng sng ca b nghch lu khi iu ch PWM
Cc dng sng PWM ba pha
v
tri
v
control_A
v
control_B
v
control_C
Trong , V
AB
= V
A0
V
B0
V
BC
= V
B0
V
C0
V
CA
= V
C0
V
A0
Khi v
control
> v
tri
, V
A0
= V
dc
/2
Khi v
control
< v
tri
, V
A0
= -V
dc
/2
Tn s ca v
tri
= f
s
Tn s ca v
control
= f
1
Tn s ca v
tri
v v
control
Trong , f
s
= tn s PWM
f
1
= tn s c bn
in p ra ca b nghch lu
A. Sine PWM (2)
A. Sine PWM (3)
T s iu bin bin (m
a
)
0 1
( )
/ 2
control A
a
tri dc
peak amplitude of v peak value of V
m
amplitude of v V
= =
T s iu bin tn s (m
f
)
1
s
f
f
m
f
=
m
f
nn l s nguyn l
nu m
f
khng phi l s nguyn th in p ra c th c cc hi vi tn s khng phi l bi
ca tn s c bn (subhamonics)
nu m
f
khng phi s l th thnh phn mt chiu v c th c cc hi bc chn c ng tn ti
in p u ra
m
f
nn l bi ca 3 i vi b nghch lu PWM ba pha
Hi bi l ca 3 v cc hi chn s b kh
Trong , (V
A0
)
1
l thnh phn tn s c bn ca (V
A0
)
trong , f
s
l tn s PWM v f
1
l tn s c bn
B. Hysteresis (Bang-bang) PWM (1)
B VSI ba pha p dng phng php iu khin dng kiu hysteresis
H. 8 B VSI ba pha p dng phng php iu khin dng kiu hysteresis.
B iu khin dng in kiu Hysteresis
H. 9 B iu khin dng in kiu Hysteresis cho pha a.
c im ca phng php iu khin dng kiu hysteresis
u im
Nhc im
p ng ng rt tt
Thc hin d dng v chi ph thp
nhp nh dng in trong ch n nh ln
Thay i tn s chuyn mch
Khng c s phi hp gia cc b iu khin hysterisis ca cc pha, nn khng c mt chin
lc cho vic to cc vect zero. Do , tn s chuyn mch tng ln khi iu khin vi ch s
iu bin thp.
in p ra s cha cc hi vi tn s khng phi l bi ca tn s c bn (subharmonic
components)
C. Phng php iu ch vect khng gian SVM (1)
in p ra ca b nghch lu ba pha (1)
H. 10 B nghch lu ba pha.
Trong , cc transistors nhm trn: S
1
, S
3
, S
5
cc transistors nhm di: S
4
, S
6
, S
2
cc vector bin chuyn mnh: a, b, c
,
c
b
a
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
V
V
V
V
dc
ca
bc
ab
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
c
b
a
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
V
3
1
V
V
V
dc
cn
bn
an
Cc transistor t S
1
n S
6
l cc transistor cng sut chuyn mnh to in p ra
Khi mt transistor nhm trn dn (on) (i.e., a, b or c = 1), th transistor cng
nhnh nhm di phi kha (off) (i.e., a', b' or c' = 0)
Vector in p dy [V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
]
t
Vect in p pha [V
an
V
bn
V
cn
]
t
C tm kh nng kt hp theo kiu on v off cho ba transistor nhm trn (S
1
, S
3
, S
5
)
Trong , [a b c]
t
l vect bin chuyn mch
Tm vect in p ca b nghch lu (t V
0
ti V
7
)
Tm kh nng kt hp, cc in p pha v in p dy u ra
Vect
in p
Vect chuyn mch
in p pha in p dy
(in p ra nhn tng ng vi V
dc
)
Nguyn l ca phng php iu ch vect khng gian SVM
K thut PWM thc hin xp x in p t V
ref
bng mt kt hp ca tm vect
chuyn mch (t V
0
n V
7
)
Cc vect (V
1
V
6
) chia mt phng thnh su phn - sector (mi sector: 60 )
V
ref
c to ra bng cch kt hp hai vect tch cc v hai vect zero
Chuyn i ta (t h ta t nhin abc sang h ta c nh stato ):
Mt vect in p ba pha c chuyn i thnh mt vect trong h ta c nh m cc
thnh phn ca n th hin cc thnh phn ca vect khng gian l tng ca in p ba pha
Xem in p hnh sin nh mt vect c bin khng i v quay vi tc (tn
s) khng i
Cc vect chuyn mch c s v cc gc Sector
H. 11 Cc vect c s v cc sector.
6 vect tch cc (V
1
,V
2
, V
3
, V
4
, V
5
, V
6
)
Cc trc ca hnh lc gic
in p mt chiu u vo DC link
c a ti ti
Mi sector (1 6): 60
2 vect zero (V
0
, V
7
)
gc h ta
Khng c in p c a ti ti
So snh gia phng php Sine PWM v SV PWM (SVM) (1)
Fig. 12 So snh vng tuyn tnh khi iu khin in p gia hai phng php
Sine PWM v SV PWM.
So snh gia phng php Sine PWM v SV PWM (SVM) (1)
Phng php iu ch SVM to t sng hi trong in p v dng in ra hn so vi
phng php iu ch sine PWM
SVM tn dng hiu qu hn in p mt chiu u vo so vi sine PWM:
Sine PWM:
Vng iu ch c nm pha trong ng trn c bn knh bng 1/2 V
dc
Space Vector PWM:
Vng iu ch c nm pha trong ng trn c bn knh bng 1/ 3 V
dc
Tn dng in p: SVM = 2/ 3 1,15 ln so vi Sine PWM
Cc bc thc hin phng php SVM
Bc 1. Xc nh V

, V

, V
ref
, v gc ( )
Bc 2. Xc nh cc khong thi gian T
1
, T
2
, T
0
Bc 3. Xc nh thi gian chuyn mch ca mi transistor (S
1
S
6
)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
cn
bn
an
V
V
V
2
3
2
3
0
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
V
V
t . f 2 t )
V
V
( tan
V V V
s s
1
2 2
ref
= = =
+ =

H. 13 Vect khng gian v cc thnh phn ca n ( , ).
cn bn an
cn bn
cn bn an
cn bn an
V
2
3
V
2
3
V
cos30 V cos30 V 0 V
V
2
1
V
2
1
V
cos60 V cos60 V V V
+ =
+ =
=
=
Bc 1. Xc nh V

, V

, V
ref
, v gc ( )
Chuyn i ta : abc
H. 14 Vect t bng tng ca hai vect lin k trong sector 1.
Bc 2. Xc nh T
1
, T
2
, T
0
(1)
Bc 2. Xc nh T
1
, T
2
, T
0
(2)
Thi gian chuyn mch Sector 1
) 60 0 (where,
) 3 / ( sin
) 3 / ( cos
V
3
2
T
0
1
V
3
2
T
) ( sin
) ( cos
V T
) V T V (T V T
V dt V dt V V
dc 2 dc 1
ref
z
2
2
1
1
ref
z
T
T T
0
T T
T1
2
T
0
T
0
1 ref
z
2 1
2 1 z 1

(
+
(
=
(

+ =
+ + =

+
+
|
|
|
|
\
|
= = + =

=
dc
ref
s
z 2 1 z 0
z 2
z 1
V
3
2
V
a and
f
1
T where, ), T T ( T T
) 3 / ( sin
) ( sin
a T T
) 3 / ( sin
) 3 / ( sin
a T T
Bc 2. Xc nh T
1
, T
2
, T
0
(3)
Thi gian chuyn mch mi Sector
|
|
\
|

=
=
|
\
|

=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

=
|
\
|

=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

=
60 0
6) Sector1 is, (that 6 1 n where,
, T T T T
3
1 n
cos sin
3
1 n
sin cos
V
ref V T 3
3
1 n
sin
V
ref V T 3
T
sin
3
n
cos cos
3
n
sin
V
ref V T 3
3
n
sin
V
ref V T 3
3
1 n
3
sin
V
ref V T 3
T
2 1 z 0
dc
z
dc
z
2
dc
z
dc
z
dc
z
1
H. 15 Mu xung chuyn mch mi sector.
(a) Sector 1. (b) Sector 2.
1
S
6
) (1)
1
S
6
) (2)
(c) Sector 3. (d) Sector 4.
1
S
6
) (3)
(e) Sector 5. (f) Sector 6.
1
S
6
) (4)
Bng 1. Bng thi gian chuyn mch mi Sector
D. Mt s phng php khc
Phng php iu bin ngu nhin Random PWM
Phng php iu bin Sin PWM + ZSS
III. Ti liu c thm
[1] N. Mohan, W. P. Robbin, and T. Undeland, Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications, and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1995.
[2] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives:Technology
and Applications. IEEE Press, 1997.
[3] H.W. van der Broeck, H.-C. Skudelny, and G.V. Stanke, Analysis and
realization of a pulsewidth modulator based on voltage space vectors,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.24, pp. 142-150, 1988.
[4] Marian P. Kazmierkowski, Mariusz Malinowski, Michael Bech, Pulse Width
modulation Techniques for Three-Phase Voltage Source Converters, in the book
Control in Power Electronics: Selected Problems, 2002.

PWM Methods

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PWM Methods

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Cc K thut iu ch rng xung (PWM)

GV: Ths. H Xun Ha - B mn Thit b in - in t

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