HNG DN PHNG NGA S C CHO CC CNG TRNH LN CN H O KHI THI CNG MNG HOC TNG HM Li ni u

o t, lm tng c h o khi thi cng mng hoc tng ngm trong thi gian gn y gy ra nhiu s c cho cc cng trnh ln cn h o, c bit ti TP H Ch Minh, H Ni v mt s th khc. S c xy ra trong c qu trnh thi cng tng c ln trong khi o t. Cc s c ch yu xy ra l: nt gy kt cu, t ng ng, nghing ln nh, st t, tng ro, sp nh. Cc hin tng ny thng xy ra ti cc khu vc c t st yu hoc ct chy khi tng c h o khng cng hoc thiu kh nng cch nc (cc p, cc khoan nhi khng lin tc, c trm hoc mt s loi khc). Ti mt vi cng trnh s c xy ra ngay c khi t nn khng qu yu nhng tng c khng cng hoc khi tng c l tng trong t cng nhng li b khuyt tt, khng ngn c xi ngm nn nc v ct. Vic thi cng h o v nguyn tc cn m bo an ton cho c cc hng mc bn trong h o ln cc cng trnh ln cn h o. Nm 2006, sau khi xy ra mt s s c i vi cc cng trnh nm trong h o, B Xy dng ban hnh ti liu Hng dn k thut phng nga s c cng trnh khi o h mng su trong vng t yu nhm phng nga cc s c . Trc tnh hnh nhiu cng trnh ln cn h o b s c trong thi gian gn y, B Xy dng ban hnh tip ti liu ny nhm phng nga cc s c cho cc cng trnh ln cn chng. Ti liu ny ch bao gm cc ni dung hng dn k thut phng nga s c cho cc cng trnh ln cn h o. Cc ni dung hng dn khc lin quan ti cng tc qun l nh : la chn nh thu xy dng cng trnh c h o, theo di hin trng cc cng trnh ln cn v nghim thu cc bc trong qu trnh thi cng h o cn tun th theo cc quy nh hin hnh ca nh nc.

1. Phm vi p dng
Hng dn ny p dng cho vic phng nga s c ti cc cng trnh hin hu ln cn h o khi thi cng mng hoc tng hm. Cng trnh hin hu c coi l ln cn h o khi nm trn mt bng c kch thc tnh t mp h o ti v tr cng trnh gn h o nht nh sau: - bng 2 ln chiu su o i vi cng trnh xy dng trn mt t; - bng 1 ln chiu su o i vi ng ng , tuyn cp, tuy nen k thut ngm.

2. S c v nguyn nhn ca s c
2.1. Vic thi cng h o c th gy ra s c hoc h hng i vi cc cng trnh ln cn, biu hin nh sau : 2.1.1. S c: Sp cng trnh hoc mt b phn cng trnh; st nn; gy cu kin chu lc chnh, t ng ng, ng cp hoc h thng thit b cng trnh; nghing, ln cng trnh hoc nt, vng kt cu chu lc chnh qu mc cho php;

2.1.2. H hng: nt, tch nn; nt tng hoc kt cu bao che, ngn cch, h hng cc b nhng cha ti mc gin on hot ng cc ng ng, ng cp hoc h thng thit b cng trnh; nghing, ln cng trnh hoc nt, vng kt cu chu lc chnh nhng cha ti mc cho php; 2.1.3 Cc biu hin nu trn c th xut hin ngay t khi bt u thi cng kt cu chng gi thnh h o nh ng c, thi cng cc, lm tng c barrette hoc xut hin trong qu trnh o t h mng. 2.2. Nguyn nhn dn n s c, h hng trn c th do cc yu t sau: 2.2.1 Chn ng pht sinh khi thi cng Cc chn ng pht sinh khi rung h c, h ng vch khoan cc nhi c th gy ln mng ca cc cng trnh ln cn ta trn mt s loi t ri, km cht hoc gy h hng kt cu bng cc tc ng trc tip ln chng; 2.2.2. Chuyn v ca t 2.2.2.1 Cc chuyn v thng ng (ln hoc tri) v chuyn v ngang ca t xy ra khi thi cng tng c h o (thng l c vn thp, cc hoc barrette), khi o t h mng, khi ht nc ra khi h o hoc khi thu hi c vn thp. 2.2.2.2. Khi rung hoc p tng c ch to sn th b mt t c xu hng nng ln v t b y ra xa. Ngc li khi thi cng cc khoan nhi hoc barrette th b mt t xung quanh b ln xung v t dch chuyn ngang hng v v tr khoan to l. 2.2.2.3. Khi thi cng o t h mng, t nn khu vc xung quanh b ln xung v chuyn dch ngang v pha h o. Mc ln v chuyn v ngang ph thuc vo su o, c im ca t nn, kt cu chng v qui trnh o t. Chuyn dch ln thng pht sinh khi thi cng h o su trong t yu. 2.2.2.4. Khi bm ht nc thi cng h o, mc nc ngm b h thp lm tng ln ca t nn khu vc xung quanh. Mc ln ph thuc vo mc h mc nc ngm, c im ca t nn v thi gian thi cng. 2.2.2.5. Khi thu hi c vn thp, t chuyn dch vo cc khe rng do c li gy ra ln khu vc xung quanh tng c. 2.2.3. Mt n nh H o c th b mt n nh do h thng chng khng kh nng chu lc hoc do hin tng trt su. Trong trng hp ny cc cng trnh lin k h o b chuyn v ln v c th b sp ngay. 2.2.4. St t

Hin tng sp cc b thnh rnh o v h khoan khi thi cng tng c v cc bng phng php ti ch c th li cc hc nh trong t. Cc hc vi qui m ln hn c hnh thnh khi t b cun tri theo dng chy ca nc vo h mng qua khe h gia cc tm c hoc qua cc khuyt tt trn kt cu c. Khi vm t pha trn cc hc ny b sp s gy ra hin tng st nn hoc s c ca cc cng trnh trn n. Hin tng ny c kh nng xy ra khi ht nc h o thi cng mng, tng hm trong nn ct bo ha nc.

3. Bin php phng nga s c

3.1. Yu cu chung 3.1.1 Thi cng h o lm tng ngm hoc mng ca cng trnh l cng vic phc tp, cn c qun l, gim st v thc thi mt cch cht ch tt c cc bc t kho st, thit k bin php thi cng, thi cng ti x l cc tnh hung pht sinh khi thi cng. 3.1.2 Cc cng trnh ng ngi, cng trnh quan trng v vn ha hoc chnh tr nm trong phm vi nh hng ca h o cn c ch ng chng , gia c t trc khi thi cng h o. 3.2. Kho st phc v thit k bin php thi cng 3.2.1. Khi lng v su kho st a k thut phc v thit k bin php thi cng h o phi ph hp vi yu cu ca cc tiu chun TCVN 4419:1987 - Kho st cho Xy dng. Nguyn tc c bn; TCVN 160:1987 - Kho st a k thut phc v cho thit k v thi cng mng cc ; TCXD 194 : 1997 Nh cao tng- Cng tc kho st a k thut ; TCXD 205:1998 Mng cc - Tiu chun thit k. Khi lp cng kho st a k thut cn tham kho cc s liu c khu vc ln cn cng trnh. Nu khng c s liu th phi b tr mt s im kho st dc theo bin ca h o vi khong cch ban u khng ln hn 30 m/im. Mt kho st cn b tr khng ln hn 20m/im khi c mt trong cc iu kin sau y: su o ln (trn 2 tng ngm hoc trn 6 m); iu kin t nn c nhiu bin ng v tnh cht v v b dy cc lp t; Trong phm vi o c cc lp ct bo ha nc v mc nc ngm cao; Cc cng trnh khu vc ln cn b ln, nt. Kt qu kho st ngoi phc v thit k mng thng thng cn cung cp thm cc s liu v: a) Nc trong t, bao gm c nc mt v s bin ng ca mc nc ngm theo cc ma trong nm; b) Cc ch tiu v tnh thm ca cc lp t, trong tnh thm ca cc lp t ri cn xc nh bng th nghim hin trng; c) Cc ch tiu c th khc (nu c) xc nh theo yu cu ca phng php tnh ton thit k bin php thi cng.

a) b) c) d)

Sau khi kt thc kho st, cc l khoan phi c lp li bng vt liu c kh nng chng thm. 3.2.2. Vic kho st hin trng cc cng trnh trn mt t ln cn h o cn m bo phn loi c cc cng trnh theo tm quan trng v mc nhy cm i vi chuyn v ca t nn. Phm vi kho st l cc cng trnh v tr tnh bng 2 ln su o t k t mp h o. Cc thng tin thu thp gm : a) Loi cng trnh, v tr v khong cch n h o; b) Cao v c im ca kt cu mng ; c) Qui m v c im kt cu : mt bng, s tng, loi kt cu ( khi xy, thp, b tng ct thp ), tnh trng nghing, ln cng trnh, nt kt cu ( th hin trn bn v v tr, b rng nu c ); 3.2.3. Cc ng ng, tuyn cp, tuy nen k thut ngm cn c kho st trong phm vi mt bng kch thc bng 1 ln su o t k t cc thit b k thut ny ti mp h o. Cc thng tin cn thu thp gm : c in, su, kch thc v khong cch ca chng n h o. 3.3. Thit k bin php thi cng 3.3.1 Khi thit k bin php thi cng, khng s dng kt cu chng thnh h o bng cc loi c khng c lin kt cch nc nh cc loi cc nhi, cc ng hoc cc p thng thng. u tin s dng cc barrette trong iu kin t yu, c nc ngm, c bit khi lm 2 tng hm tr ln. C th s dng c vn thp thi cng 2 tng hm trong iu kin t tt hoc 1 tng hm trong iu kin t yu, c nc ngm. 3.3.2 Tnh ton n nh ca h thng chng thnh h o cho tng ngm phi k n p lc t, ti trng ca cng trnh khu vc ln cn v cc ti trng khc c th pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng. p lc t tc dng ln tng chng gi thnh h o ly bng p lc t trng thi ngh, i vi cc lp t yu p dng h s p lc ngang K=1.0. 3.3.3. su h c phi m bo s n nh ca thnh h o, trong trng tm l n nh trt. Trng hp nn ct nm di mc nc ngm th cn h c n lp t c kh nng cch nc nm di su o ln nht. Vic to lp cch nc y h o hoc p b nc ngoi h o cn c xem xt trong thit k thi cng khi phi duy tr cao mc nc ngm bo v cc cng trnh ln cn. 3.3.4. Khi thit k bin php thi cng phi thc hin vic nh gi nh hng ca n ti cc cng trnh ln cn v ra bin php hn ch cc nh hng bt li, bao gm: a) Chn ng khu vc ln cn khi thi cng tng c ch to sn, tng c barrette hoc cc ca cng trnh (nu c). Khi h c ch to sn nn chn bin php p tnh hn ch chn ng; b) Chuyn v (ln hoc tri v chuyn v ngang) khi thi cng tng c ch to sn. Nn u tin s dng c thp gim thiu chuyn v ca t nn khi h v

rt c. Trng hp c b tr qu gn cng trnh ln cn th khng nn thu hi c sau khi kt thc thi cng phn ngm; c) Chuyn v (ln v chuyn v ngang) ca khu vc xung quanh ng vi mi giai oan thi cng o t. hn ch chuyn v c th p dng bin php tng cng cng ca h thng chng thnh h o nh: - S dng tng c c cng chng un cao, u tin s dng tng trong t; - S dng h ging v thanh chng ngang c cng; - Lin kt gia cc thanh ging v thanh chng vi tng hoc gia chng vi nhau cn c tip xc tt loi tr bin dng ban u, khng gy mt n nh cc b v m bo phn b ti ng u ; - Hn ch bin dng dc trc ca thanh chng bng cch gia ti trc. d) ln khu vc xung quanh do tc ng ca h mc nc ngm trong h mng. Bin php phng nga v hn ch nh hng do h mc nc ngm l: - Thi cng nhanh tng cng on; - To lp cch nc di y h o bng bin php khoan pht va xi mng, va xi mng/bentonite, silicat ha; - Gi n nh mc nc ngm pha ngoi h o bng bin php p b nc. 3.3.5 H s thit k cn qui nh khi lng, loi, v tr v thi gian tin hnh cc quan trc a k thut. Khi lng quan trc ph thuc vo qui m v mc phc tp ca cng trnh nhng khng t hn 3 im cho mi loi quan trc. Cc thng s thng c quan trc l: ln, chuyn v ngang ca t theo su v mc nc trong t. Vic quan trc mc nc ngm nht thit phi c thc hin khi o trong nn ct nm di mc nc ngm. Vic lp t thit b v quan trc phi c thc hin t trc khi bt u thi cng. 3.3.6 Thit k cn tnh ton cc gi tr chuyn v ng vi mi giai on thi cng, t a ra cc ngng cnh bo tng ng phc v cho vic ngn chn s c khi quan trc trong qu trnh thi cng sau ny. Khi tnh ton kim tra, c th tham kho cc s liu v chuyn v nh sau : a) ln ca t nn khi thi cng tng trong t khong 0,1%-0,15% su tng; b) Gii hn ca ln v chuyn v ngang ca cc cng trnh ln cn l: + Nu chp nhn xut hin vt nt nh trn kt cu b tng ct thp v tng chu lc ca cc cc cng trnh ln cn: ln lch tch ly gii hn ca cc cng trnh xung o quanh do thi cng tng ngm i = 1 / 500 ( 2 / oo ). + Bin dng tnh ton do ng sut ko trong kt cu cng trnh ln cn < 0.1%. 3.4. Thi cng h o

3.4.1. Thi cng h o c thc hin theo ng bin php thi cng thit k. Nn bt u thi cng c chng gi h o t khu vc xa cc cng trnh hin hu kim tra cng ngh thi cng v nh gi nh hng ca n i vi khu vc xung quanh nh nh hng ca chn ng, chuyn v ca t, cht lng b tng, mi ni v cc tc ng khc. Cn thay i cng ngh hoc iu chnh thit k khi cng ngh khng p ng yu cu qua vic thi cng th. 3.4.2. Cc h o c chng gi bng tng trong t cn lu mt s im sau : 3.4.2.1. Khi thi cng tm tng, nu b rng rnh o b st l 5-10% th cn thay i chng loi hoc dung trng dung dch gi thnh, nng cao tng dn tng ct p cho dung dch hoc thay i cng ngh o. 3.4.2.2. Mt bng thi cng cn m bo bng phng, khng b ngp nc, nn c m cht hoc gia c n nh chu ti trng ca cc thit b thi cng. 3.4.2.3. Cn m bo nghing ca tng khng qu 1/100. Tng dn hng cn dn gu o m bo o thng c cc on tng, gi c cao dung dch mc n nh cn thit v treo c ct thp tng chnh. Tng dn hng c thi cng n su t nht bng su y mng nng cc cng trnh ln cn, hoc ht su lp t lp, thng khong 0,7-1,5m. Nu y mng cc cng trnh ln cn nng hn, hoc c kh nng b trt khi o tng dn th cn c bin php gia c mng trc khi o. 3.4.2.4 S lng ng b tng (ng tremie) cho mt on tng (panen) phi m bo khong cch t ng n cnh tm xa nht khng qu 1.0 m, ng thi m bo dng ca b tng khng nh hn 3m/gi. ng ngp su trong b tng t nht 2m. Nu d kin c s chm tr khi cung cp b tng nn dng ph gia chm ng rn. 3.4.2.5 Cht lng v ng nht ca b tng c kim tra bng phng php siu m theo tiu chun TCXDVN 358:2005 "Cc khoan nhi-Phng php kim tra ng nht ca b tng bng phng php siu m". Cc ng siu m c b tr vi khong cch khng ln hn 1.5 m v khng t hn 2 ng cho mi tm tng. Cn th nghim siu m kim tra cht lng cc tm v mi ni gia cc tm. 3.4.2.6 H chng theo phng ngang nn chn thp hnh kch thc tng mt cp so vi tnh ton thit k. Phi c thp hnh d tr tng cng ngay h chng khi c du hiu h hng hoc s c cng trnh ln cn. i vi cng trnh c trn 2 tng ngm nn u tin p dng phng php thi cng top-down. 3.4.2.7 Cn o t theo tng t, chiu su mi t khng qu 1m. Bt u o t pha cnh ngn ca h mng v t khu vc gia h ri tin dn ra xung quanh. 3.4.2.8. Cn thc hin vic quan trc trc khi bt u thi cng v trong qu trnh thi cng. C th nh sau: a) Theo di ln v nghing ca cng trnh ln cn. Mc o ln nn gn cc gc ca cng trnh v trn cc kt cu chu lc chnh. i vi cc ng ng, tuyn cp, tuynen k thut th b tr mc theo di cch nhau 15 25 m dc tuyn. Cc cng trnh b ln v bin dng gn ti ngng cnh bo nh nu mc 3.3.6, cn c quan trc lin tc. b) Theo di chuyn v ngang ca t nn. S dng thit b quan trc chuyn v ngang theo su (inclinometer) vi ng o nghing b tr pha ngoi tng

c. u tin b tr im quan trc pha cc cng trnh d bo c th b ln v bin dng ti ti ngng cnh bo nh nu mc 3.3.6 v ti khong gia cc cnh ca h o. su y ng quan trc phi ngm trong t cng t nht 2 m hoc su hn mi c 3 m, ly gi tr ln hn trong 2 gi tr trn. c) Quan trc mc nc ngm. Cn thc hin quan trc mc nc ngm trong cc lp t khng dnh (ct, ct pha) nm bn trn v nm ngay pha di su o. Cc im quan trc c b tr pha ngoi tng c, cch nhau khng qu 25 m theo chu vi ca tng v khng t hn 1 im ti mi cnh h o. Nn b sung im quan trc pha cc cng trnh d bo c th b ln v bin dng ti ngng cnh bo nh nu mc 3.3.6 d) Quan trc lc dc trc thanh chng hoc neo. Quan trc c thc hin bng u o bin dng (strain gauge) hoc bng hp o lc (load cell). Thit b o nn b tr tt c cc mc c thanh chng hoc neo v c gn trn khng t hn 15% tng s lng thanh. 3.4.2.9 Kt qu quan trc c cp cho ch u t v t vn gim st ngay sau mi ln quan trc hin trng. Khi gi tr quan trc ti hin trng t 70% gi tr tnh ton trong thit k (mc 3.3.6) th cn tng cng quan trc v chun b thc hin cc bin php phng nga s c. 3.4.2.10 Phi dng thi cng h o nh gi mc nguy him ca cc cng trnh ln cn khi gi tr quan trc t mt trong gii hn sau: - Khi gi tr quan trc ti hin trng t 100% gi tr tnh ton trong thit k; - Khi gi tr quan trc cha t ti ngng 70% gi tr tnh ton trong thit k nhng pht hin cng trnh ln cn c du hiu nguy him. 3.4.2.11 Vic nh gi mc nguy him ca cng trnh ln cn c thc hin theo TCXDVN 373 : 2006 Ch dn nh gi mc nguy him ca kt cu nh. 3.4.2.12 Khi quan trc mc nc ngm, nu pht hin mc nc ngm h thp cc b ti mt vi im quan trc th cn kim tra li thit b o, cc kt qu kho st a k thut thc hin, su h c, cht lng tng c c bin php x l cn thit.

4. X l h hng v s c
4.1 X l h hng Khi thi cng mng, tng ngm ng bin php lp m cng trnh ln cn vn b cc h hng nh nu mc 2 ti liu ny th cn tm dng thi cng, tm nguyn nhn v c cc x l thch hp. 4.2.1 Trong qu trnh h c, nu nguyn nhn h hng c xc nh l do cng ngh h c khng thch hp th ty theo iu kin c th, c th p dng mt trong s bin php sau: - S dng cng ngh thi cng t gy chn ng; - p dng bin php ph tr h c (khoan dn, xi nc);

- Thay i loi c (chuyn i sang loi c t gy dch chuyn t). 4.2.2 Trong qu trnh o t, nu nguyn nhn h hng c xc nh l do ln v chuyn v ngang vt gi tr d kin trong thit k (xem 3.4.6) th cn tng cng chng thnh h o hoc lp li t mt phn hay ton b h o. 4.2.3 Trong qu trnh o t, nu nguyn nhn nt nn hoc h hng kt cu c xc nh l do t b xi ngm th phi ngng thi cng v p dng mt trong cc bin php : - To tng lc ngc bng vt liu c cp phi ph hp hoc s dng vi a k thut; - Bm nc vo h mng n cao mc nc ngm ban u - Kho st tng c, xc nh khuyt tt (nu c), to cc bn sn khuyt tt hoc dng bin php thch hp m bo nc khng tip tc xi ct qua v tr khuyt tt. 4.2. X l s c Khi thi cng mng, tng ngm ng bin php lp m cng trnh ln cn vn b cc s c nh nu mc 2 ti liu ny th cn dng thi cng v khn trng p dng ng thi cc bin php x l sau: Chng ngay cc cng trnh ln cn c nguy c sp ; Gia c phn chng h o b h hi cc b; Lp t ton b h o nu nguyn nhn s c do trt hoc do chuyn v ln qu mc tnh ton d kin ; Bm nc y hoc lp t h o nu nguyn nhn do xi ngm. Vic thi cng tip tc ch thc hin sau khi xc nh c nguyn nhn gy ra s c v thit k li bin php thi cng.