Chng 1: Phn tch th trng cnh tranh

Ba 1: Trong nhng nm 2005, sn xut ng M: 11,4 t pao; tiu dng 17,8 t pao;
gi c M 22 xu/pao; gi c th gii 8,5 xu/pao nhng gi c v s lng y c h s
co dn ca cu v cung l Ed = -0,2; Es = 1,54.
1. Xc nh phng trnh QS v QD v ng trn th trng M. Xc nh gi cn bng ng

trn th trng M.
Phng trnh ng cung v ng cu v ng trn th trng M c dng:
QS = a+b.P
QD = c+d.P
Trong ta c:
ES = Q/P.P/QS = b.P/QS =1,54 => b = 1,54.QS/P = 1,54.11,4/22 = 0,798.
QS = a + b.P 11,4 = a+0,798.22 => a = -6,156.
ED = Q/P.P/QD = d.P/QD = -0,2 => d =(-0,2).QD/P =(-0,2).17,8/22 = -0,162.
QD = c + d.P 17.8 = c+ (-0,162).22 => c= 21,364.
Phng trnh ng cung v ng cu ln lt l:
QS = -6,156 + 0,798.P
QD = 21,364 0,162.P
Gi cn bng trn th trng M :
Q S = QD
-6,156 + 0,798.P = 21,364 0,162.P

P = 28,67

2. m bo li ch ca ngnh ng, Chnh Ph a ra mc hn ngch nhp khu l 6,4 t

pao. Hy xc nh s thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dng, ca ngi sn xut, ca
Chnh Ph, v s thay i trong phc li x hi.
Chnh ph a ra hn ngch nhp khu l 6,4 t pao

 QD QS = 6,4
21,364 - 0,162.P (-6,156 + 0,798.P) = 6,4
P = 22
=>QS = 11,4
=>QD = 17,8

Vi gi th gii l P = 8,5 xu/ pao => QS = 0,627.

QD = 19,987.

S thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dung :

CS = - (A + B + C +D) = 1/2.(19,987 + 17,8).(22 - 8,5) = - 255,062.
S thay i trong thng d ngi sn xut :
PS = A = 1/2.(11.,4 + 0,627).13,5 = 81,182.
S thay i trong thng d ca Chnh ph :
G = 0
S thay i trong phc li thay i :
NW = - B - D = -1/2.(11,4 - 0,627).13,5 1/2.(19,987 - 17,8).13,5 = - 87,48.

3. Nu gi s Chnh ph nh thu nhp khu 13,5 xu/ pao. iu ny tc ng n li ch ca

mi thnh vin ra sao? So snh vi trng hp hn ngch, theo bn Chnh ph nn p
dng bin php g?
Chnh ph nh thu nhp khu l 13,5 xu/pao.
=>P = PW + PT = 8,5 +13,5 = 22
Cc thay i ca cc thnh vin u ging nh trn ch khc nhau ch l :
G = C =(17,8-11,4).13,5 = 86,4.
Chnh ph nn p dng bin php 2 v nu nh thu nhp khu th Chnh ph s thu c li
ch t vic thu thu. Thu nhp ny c th phn phi li trong nn kinh t.
Bi 2:
Th trng v la go Vit Nam c cho nh sau:
Trong nm 2002, sn lng sn xut c l 34 triu tn la, c bn vi gi 2.000
/kg cho c th trng trong nc v xut khu; mc tiu th trong nc l 31 triu
tn.
- Trong nm 2003, sn lng sn xut c l 35 triu tn la, c bn vi gi 2.200
/kg cho c th trng trong nc v xut khu, mc tiu th trong nc l 29 triu
tn.
Gi s ng cung v ng cu v la go ca Vit Nam l ng thng, n v tnh
trong cc phng trnh ng cung v cu c cho l Q tnh theo triu tn la; P
c tnh l 1000 ng/kg.
-

1. Hy xc nh h s co dn ca ng cung v cu tng ng vi 2 nm ni trn

P

QS

QD

2002

34

31

2003

2,2

35

29

H s co dn cung cu c tnh theo cng thc:

ES = (P/Q) x (QS/P)
ED = (P/Q) x (QD/P)

V ta xt th trng trong 2 nm lin tip nn P,Q trong cng thc tnh co dn cung cu l
P,Q bnh qun.
ES = (2,1/34,5) x [(35 34)/(2,2 2)] = 0,3
ED = (2,1/30) x [(29 31)/(2,2 2)] = 0,7
2. Xy dng phng trnh ng cung v ng cu la go ca Vit Nam.
Ta c :
QS = aP + b
QD = cP + d
Trong : a = QS/P = (35 34) / (2,2 2) = 5
b = QD/P = (29 -31) / (2,2 2) = -10
Ta c: QS = aP + b
b = QS aP = 34 5.2 = 24
v

QD = cP + d
d = QD cP = 31 +10.2 = 51

Phng trnh ng cung, ng cu la go Vit Nam c dng:

QS = 5P + 24
QD = -10P + 51
3. tr cp xut khu l 300 /kg la, xc nh s thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dng,
ca ngi sn xut, ca chnh ph v phc li x hi
Khi thc hin tr cp xut khu, th:
PD1 = PS1 0,3
Ti im cn bng: QD1 = QS1
5PS1 + 24 = -10 (PS1 0,3) + 51
PS1 = 2

PD1 = 1,7 ; QD1 = 34

4. Quota xut khu l 2 triu tn la mi nm, mc gi v sn lng tiu th v sn xut trong
nc thay i nh th no? Li ch ca mi thnh vin thay i ra sao?
Khi cha c quota , im cn bng th trng:
Q S = QD
5P + 24 = -10P + 51
15P = 27

PO = 1,8
QO = 33

Khi c quota xut khu, phng trnh ng cu thay i nh sau:

QD = QD + quota
= -10P + 51 + 2
= -10P + 53
im cn bng mi khi c quota xut khu:
QS = QD
5P + 24 = -10P +53
15P = 29

P = 1,93; Q = 5P + 24 = 33,65

Thng d:

P
S
D

P=
2,2
P=
2,09

1,
93
1,
8

A
D

H
C

2
9

D
+quot
a

33
33,65

- CS = + a + b l phn din tch hnh thang ABCD

SABCD = 1/2 x (AB + CD) x AD
Trong :
AD = 2,2 1,93 = 0,27
AB = QD(P=2,2) = -10 x 2,2 +51 = 29
CD = QD(P=1,93) = -10 x 1,93 + 51 = 31,7
SABCD = 1/2 x (29 + 31,7) x 0,27 = 8,195
CS = a + b = 8,195
- PS = -(a + b + c + d + f) l phn din tch hnh thang AEID
SAEID = 1/2 x (AE + ID) x AD
Trong :
AE = QS(P=2,2) = 5 x 2,2 + 24 = 35
ID = QS(P=1,93) = 5 x 1,93 + 24 = 33,65
SAEID = 1/2 x (35 + 33,65) x 0,27 = 9,268

 PS = -(a + b + c + d +f) = -9,268

- Ngi c quota XK:
XK = d l din tch tam gic CHI
SCHI = 1/2 x (CH x CI)
Trong :
CH =AD = 0,27
CI = DI AH = 33,65 QD(P=2,2) = 33,65 - (-10 x 2,2 +53) = 33,65 -31 =2,65
S CHI = 1/2 x (0,27 x 2,65) = 0,358
XK = d = 0,358
NW = CS + PS + XK = 8,195 9,268 + 0,358 = -0,715
5. chnh ph p dng mc thu xut khu l 5% gi xut khu, gi c trong nc thay i ra
sao? S thay i trong thng d ca mi thnh vin s nh th no?
-

Khi chnh ph p t mc thu xut khu bng 5% gi xut khu th gi ca lng xut khu s
gim: 2,2 5% x 2,2 = 2,09.
- CS = 1/2 x (29 + QD(P=2,09)) x (2,2 2,09)
= 1/2 x [29 + (-10 x 2,09 + 51)] x 0,11
= 1/2 x (29 + 30,1) x 0,11
= 3,25
- PS = - { 1/2 x (AE + QS(P=2,09)) x (2,2 2,09)
= - {1/2 x [35 + (5 x 2,09 +24)] x 0,11
= - [1/2 x (35 + 34,45) x 0,11)] = -3,82
- Chnh ph:
CP = 1/2 x (2,2 2,09) x (QS(P=2,09) QD(P=2,09))
= 1/2 x 0,11 x (34,45 30,1) = 0,239
- NW = CS + PS + CP = 3,25 -3,82 + 0,239

= -0,33
6. Gia vic nh thu xut khu v p dng quota xut khu, gii php no nn c la chn
Theo tnh ton ca cu 4,5 (quota = 2 v TXK = 5% gi xut khu) th Chnh ph nn chn gii
php nh thu xut khu. V r rng khi p dng mc thu ny phc li x hi b thit hi t
hn khi p dng quota = 2, ng thi chnh ph thu c 1 phn t vic nh thu (0,239).

Bi 3:
(D): P = 25- 9QD
(S): P= 4+ 3,5QS
1. Th trng cn bng khi:
Suy ra:

QS = QD =1,68
= 25D v tiu dng khi th trng cn bng:
2. ThngP d
sn9Q
xut
P = 9,88
P= 4+ 3,5QS

CS = 0,5*1,68*(25 9,88) = 12,7

PS = 0,5*1,68*(9,88-4) = 4,94
3. a. Gii php 1: Pmax= 8 ng/sp v Pnhp khu hng thiu ht=11 ng/sp

Ta c:
CS = +C-B=2,14-1,31=+0,83
PS = -C-D=-2,1432-0,5076=-2,6508
Do chnh ph phi nhp khu lng thiu ht vi gi 11ng/sn phm
G=-11*(1,89-1,14)=-8,25
Tng phc li rng x hi:
NW=CS+PS+G=-10,0708
b. Gii php 2: Ptr cp=2 ng/sn phm v chnh ph khng can thip vo gi
(D): PD = 25- 9QD
(S): PS= 4+ 3,5QS
Tr cp tiu dng lm tng PS v gim PD
PS-PD= 2
Suy ra:
QD=QS=1,84
PD=8,44
PS=10,44

CS=+C+D=+0,5*(1,68+1,84)*(9,88-8,44)=+2,5344
PS=+A+B=0,5*(1,68+1,84)*(10,44-9,88)=+0,9856
G=-A-B-C-D-E=-1,84*2=-3,68
Tng phc li rng x hi:
NW=CS+PS+G=-0,16
Kt lun:
Do gii php 2 c tng thit hi rng x hi thp hn gii php 1, thng d ngi tiu dng v
sn xut tng, phn b ra ca chnh ph t.
Vy gii php 2 ph hp hn.
4. Mi quan h gia sn phm A v sn phm B
Khi PAmax = 8
QB = 7,5 -5 = 2,5
S co gin cho ca A v B:

EBA =

QB PA
2,5 * 9,88
*
=
= 2,628
QB PA 5 * (8 9,88)

V EBA <0 nn sn phm A v B l 2 sn phm b sung.

5. Khi chnh ph nh thu nh sn xut 2 ng/sn phm:

a. Khi :
PD - PS =2

QS=QD= 1,52

PS=11,32

PD= 9,32

Vy gi v sn lng cn bng khi c thu: (1,52;11,32)

b. Gi thc t m nh sn xut nhn:
PD= 9,32
c. Thu ca nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng phi chu:
Thu nh sn xut phi chu:
9,88 -9,32 = 0,56
Thu ngi tiu dng chu:
11,32 9,88 = 1,44
d. Thng d sn xut v tiu dng:
CS= -A-B = -0,5*(11,32-9,88)*(1,68+1,52)= -2,304
PS = -C-D = -0,5*(1,52+1,68)*(9,88-9,32) = - 0,896
G = +C+A = + 3,04
Tng thit hi rng:
NW = CS + PS + G = - 0,16.

Bi 4: Sn xut khoai ty nm nay c ma. Nu th ni cho th trng n nh

theo qui lut cung cu, th gi khoai ty l 1.000 /kg. Mc gi ny theo nh gi

ca nng dn l qu thp, h i hi chnh ph phi can thip nng cao thu nhp
ca h. C hai gii php d kin a ra:
Gii php 1: Chnh ph n nh mc gi ti thiu l 1.200 /kg v cam kt
mua ht s khoai ty d tha vi mc gi .
Gii php 2: Chnh ph khng can thip vo th trng, nhng cam kt vi
ngi nng dn s b gi cho h l 200 /kg khoai ty bn c.
Bit rng ng cu khoai ty dc xung, khoai ty khng d tr v khng xut
khu.
Pkt=1000 /kg
Gp 1: Pm=1200 /kg v cam kt mua ht khoai ty tha.
Gp 2: Chnh ph khng tham gia th trng nhng cam kt tr gi 200 /kg khoai ty bn c.
Bit ng cu khoai ty dc xung, khoai khng d tr v khng xut khu.
1. hy nhn nh co gin ca cu khoai ty theo gi mc 1000 /kg.
Ti mc gi P= 1000 th trng cn bng
Ed=a.P0/Q0=1000a/Q0
Trong :
A: dc ng cu khoai ty
Q0: sn lng cn bng t do
2. hy so snh hai chnh sch v mt thu nhp ca ngi nng dn, v mt chi tiu ca
ngi tiu dng v ca chnh ph.
GP 1: Qd=Q1 v QS=Q2
Sn lng d tha Q= Q2-Q1
CS=-A-B ( phn tn tht ca NTD do mua phi mc gi 1200 thay v 1000 /kg)
PS=A+B+C (phn thng d ca NSX do bn ti sn lng Q2 v Pm)

G=Q*Pm=-C-B-D
NW=-B-D
Bo v quyn li ca NSX
P

Pm

Po

Q1

Q2

GP 2: v khoai ty khng th d tr v xut khu nn ng cung khoai ty s gy khc

ti im cn bng
CS=0 ( P khng i)
PS=200*Qo=A+B+C ( li ch ca NSX do chnh ph b gi 200 cho mi kg
khoai ty)
G=200*Qo
NW=0
Bo v quyn li ca NSX v NTD

P
P1
C

Po

Q1

Qo

3. Chnh sch no nn c vn dng thch hp

Chnh ph s u tin chn gii php 2:
Bo v c NSX v NTD
Khuyn khch NSX mc cn bng, khng sn xut ra sn phm d tha

Chng2: L THUT LA CHON CA NGI TIU DNG

Bi 1:
Cu 1:

Khi gi ban u Po = 2 USD/n v, vi chi tiu 10.000 USD/nm, th s lng thc phm tiu
dng trong nm l: Qo = 5.000 (n v TP)
Khi chnh ph nh thu, gi tng ln P = 4 (USD/n v TP)
Ed =

Q P
x = 1
P Q

P1 + Po
Q1 Qo
2
x
= 1
1' Po Q1 + Qo
2

(Q1 Qo) x (P1 + Po) = - (Q1 + Qo) x (P1 - Po)

4Q1 = 2 Qo

Q1 = 2.500 (n v TP)
Mc chi tiu cho thc phm l: 2.500 x 4 = 10.000 (USD)
Tin tit kim c: 25.000 10.000 = 15.000 (USD)

Cu 2:
Khi ngi ph n c tr cp thm 5.000 USD th thu nhp ca ngi ph n ny l: I1
= 25.000 USD + 5.000 USD = 30.000 USD.
Io = 25.000 USD
Ed =

Q I
x = 0,5
I Q

I1 + Io
Q 2 Q1
2
x
= 0,5
I 1 Io Q 2 + Q1
2

2 (Q2 Q1) x (I1 + Io) = (Q2 + Q1) x (I1 - Io)

21000 Q2 = 23.000 Q1

Q2 = 2.738 (n v TP)
Tin chi tiu cho thc phm: 2.738 x4 = 10.952 (USD)
Tin tit kim c: 30.000 10.952 = 19.048 (USD)

Cu 3:

Vi thu nhp 25000 USD, gi thc phm P0 = 2 (USD/n v), th mua c: Q0 = 5.000
(n v TP), v tit kim c 15.000 USD

Khi c thu lm gi tng ln P1 = 4 (USD/n v), th mua c: Q1 = 2.500 (n v TP),

v tit kim c 15.000 USD

Sau khi c tr cp, thu nhp tng ln l 30.000 USD, gi thc phm P1 = 4 (USD/n
v), th mua c: 2.738 (n v TP) v tit kim c 19.048 USD.

Tin tit
kim

19048

1500

A
U3
U2
U1

2500 2738

Thc
phm

5000

Kt lun: im A nm trn ng tha dng U1 cao hn im B nm trn ng tha dng U2

v im C nm trn ng tha dng U3, do c th thy sau khi c tr cp th ngi ph
n ny khng t c mc tha mn cao hn ban u.
Bi 2:
U(x,y)= xy, Px=4,

Py=5,

I=100

1. tm im tiu dng ti u ca Kiu

Px

X 1 = 12,5
Y 4
MRS = P
=

X 5
Y1 = 10
y

I = P X + P Y
100 = 4 X + 5Y
U = 125
x
y
1

2. Px=5, tm im cn bng tiu dng mi ca Kiu:

Px

X 2 = 10
Y 5
MRS = P
=

X 5
Y2 = 10
y

I = P X + P Y
100 = 5 X + 5Y
U = 100
x
y
2

3.phn tch v mt nh lng v mt nh tnh tc ng thay th v tc ng thu

nhp khi Px tng t 4 ln 5.
nh tnh: Px tng t 4 ln 5 lm cho mc th nhp thc t gim, thu nhp gim
lm tiu dng hng ha X gim ( tc ng thu nhp) nhng khng lm cho tiu dng
hng ha Y tng ln ( khng c hiu ng thay th)
nh lng:
tha dng gim U=X*Y=-2.5*10=-25

Bi 3:
Cu 1:
Ta c: I0 = 5.000.000
Px = 1.000
Py = 2.000
Hm hu dng: U(x,y) = X1/3Y2/3
Ta c: tha dng cn bin ca X v Y l :

MUx =
M :

1 -2/3 2/3
2
X Y , MUy = X1/3Y-1/3
3
3

MUx Px 1
=
=
MUy Py 2

Vo ng ngn sch :
T (1)

1 -1
1
X Y=
2
2

1 / 3 X 2 / 3Y 2 / 3 1
=
2 / 3 X 1 / 3Y 1 / 3 2

I = PxX + PyY

(1)
1000X + 2000Y = 5000000

(2)

X = Y (3)

(3) Th vo (2) X = Y = 5000/3= 1667

Tin ng gp cho t thin : 1667 x 1000 = 1.666.667 (ng)
Tin dng cho tiu dng : 1667 x 2000 = 3.334.000 (ng)
U1 =

5000 2
3

5000/3

5000/3

Vy ti im ti u ngi tiu dng sn lng ng gp cho t thin .

Cu 2
Khi thu nhp b nh thu 10% Thu nhp rng l : I1 = 4.500.000 ng
Gi (X1, Y1) l s tin ng gp cho t thin v s hng ha khc c tiu dng.
Ta c :

1000X1 + 2000Y1 = 4500000

M (3)

X=Y

X1 = Y1 = 1500

S tin ng gp t thin : 1500 x 1000 = 1.500.000 (ng)

 S tin tiu dng hng ha : 1500 x 2000 = 3.000.000 (ng)

Vy khi thu nhp b nh thu 10% th :

Tin ng gp cho t thin gim : 1.666.667 1.500.000 = 166.667 (ng)

Tin tiu dng hng ha gim : 3.334.000 3.000.000 = 334.000 (ng)

Cu 3 :
Khi min thu thu nhp cho cc khan ng gp t thin, th :
5.000.000 = 1000X + 2000Y + 10% (5.000.000 1000X)

990X + 2000Y = 4.500.000 (4)

M X = Y X = Y = 1552
S tin ng gp cho t thin : 1552 x 1000 = 1.552.000 (ng)
S tin dng tiu dng hng ha : 1552 x 2000 = 3.104.000 (ng)

Vy khi CP min nh thu thu nhp cho khon tin ng gp t thin th :

S tin ng gp cho t thin tng : 1.552.000 1.500.000 = 52.000 (ng)

S tin tiu dng hng ha tng : 3.104.000 3.000.000 = 104.000 (ng)

Cu 4 :
Hm hu dng: U(x,y) = X2/3Y2/3
MUx =

2 -1/3 2/3
X Y
3

MUy =

2 2/3 -1/3
X Y
3

M :

MUx Px 1
=
=
MUy Py 2

2 / 3 X 1 / 3Y 2 / 3 1
=
2 / 3 X 2 / 3Y 1 / 3 2

1
2Y = X
2

(5)

M : 1000X + 2000Y = 4.500.000

(6)

X-1Y =

Th (5) vo (6) X = 2250, Y = 1125

 S tin ng gp cho t thin : 2250 x 1000 = 2.250.000 (ng)

S tin dng tiu dng : 1125 x 2000 = 2.250.000 (ng)

So snh kt qu cu 1 v cu 3 cho thy : s tin ng gp cho t thin ca ngi ny

tng, tin dng vo tiu dng ca ngi ny gim.

Chng 3: La chn trong iu kin ri ro

Bi 1:
a)Gi X1, X2, X3, X4 ln lt l cc bin c xy ra kt cc : 0-0; 0-P; P-0; P-P
V P1, P2, P3, P4 ln lt l xs xy ra cc bin c trn
Ta c: P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = 0.25
X1 = +20; X2 = +9; X3 = -7; X4 = -16
Gi tr k vng ca tr chi
E(X) = P1X1 + P2X2+ P3X3+ P4X4= 1.5
b)M = 16
Hm hu dng U =

M => U = 4

Gi M1, M2, M3, M4 ln lt l s tin c c sau khi chi tr chi v xy ra cc kt cc: 0-0;
0-P; P-0; P-P. Ta c:
M1 = 16+20 = 36 => U1 = 6
- M2 = 16+9 = 25=> U2 = 5
- M3 = 16-7 = 9 => U3 = 3
- M4 = 16-16 = 0=> U4 = 0
M xs xy ra cho mi trng hp l 0.25
-

Hu dng k vng l:
E(U) = 0.25(6+5+3+0) = 3.5 < U = 4
Vy A khng nn chi tr chi ny

Bi 2 : B hin c s tin l M =49 $, B quyt nh tham gia tr tung ng xu. Nu kt qu

sp B thng 15$ , nu nga B thua 13 $. Hm hu dng ca B l U =

S tin B hin c M = 49$

Kt qu ca tr chi : Sp B thng X1 = 15$
Nga B thua X2 = -13$
Hm hu dng ca B U =

Xc sut thng thua ca tr chi l P = 0,5

1. K vng ca tr chi :
E(X) = P1.X1 + P2 .X2 = 0,5.(15 13) = 1
2. Hu dng ca tng trng hp :
Sp U1 = M = 49 + 15 = 8
Nga U2 =

M =

49 13 = 6

Hu dng k vng :
E(U) = P1.U1 + P2 .U2 = 0,5.(8 + 6) = 7
Hu dng ban u ca B :
E(U0) =

49 = 7

Ta thy E(U) = E(U0) v E(X) > 0, B nn tham gia tr chi v k vng s thng c 1$
trong tr chi.
3. Trong trng hp nga, B thua 15$
U2 = M = 49 15 = 5,83
E(U) = 0,5.(8 + 5,83) = 6,92
Ta thy E(U) < E(U0), B khng nn tham gia tr chi ny.
Bi 3:
Sau khi tt nghip trng A, Mai s c mc lng
-

100 triu/nm vi xc sut P1 = 0,6

25 triu/nm vi xc sut P2 = 0,4

Sau khi tt nghip trng B, Mai s c mc lng l 69 triu/nm

Hm hu dng ca Mai i vi tin lng U =

1. Nu chn trng A th hu dng ca Mai l :

UA1 =

M = 100 = 10

UA2 =

M =

25 = 5

tha dng k vng ca Mai khi chn trung A l :

E(UA) = P1.UA1 + P2 .UA2 = 0,6.10 + 0,4.5 = 8
Nu chn trng B th hu dng ca Mai l :
UB =

M =

69 = 8,31

Ta thy E(UA) < UB

Cn c vo hm hu dng th Mai l ngi khng thch mo him, do Mai s chn
trung B.
6
5

4
3
2
1
0
0

10

20

30

th hm hu dng ca Mai

40

2. hai trng c sc hp dn nh nhau i vi Mai th :

UB = E(UA) = 8
Do , cng vic kh phi c mc lng l :
M = UB2 = 64 triu/nm

Bi 4:
Thiu ht
Khng thiu ht
Xc sut (P)
1/3
2/3
C phiu A
5 xu
10 xu
C phiu B
7 xu
4 xu
1. Xc nh k vng, sai lch chun, phng sai ca c cu u t:
i vi c phiu A:
EA= 1/3*5 + 2/3*10 = 8,3 xu
Thu nhp k vng ca 400 c phiu A: 400*8,3 = 3320 xu
=1/3*(5 8,3)2 + 2/3*(10 -8,3)2 = 5,56 xu
(y l ri ro u t trn 1 c phiu A)
=2,358
i vi c phiu B:
EB = 1/3*7 + 2/3*4 = 5xu
Thu nhp k vng ca 60 c phiu B: 60*5 = 300 xu
=1/3*(7 5)2 + 2/3*(4 -5)2 = 2 xu

= 1,4142
2. Nhn xt:
-

Nu nh u t thch ri ro th s u t vo c phiu A v A c sut sinh li cao,

nhng ri ro cao hn B.

Nu nh u t khng thch mo him th s u t vo c phiu B.

Chng 4: nh gi vi quyn lc th trng

Bi1:
1. Nu cu xem chiu phim cho khch hang ngi ti xe l co gin hn i vi cc cp so

vi nhng c nhn ring l, th s ti u i vi rp chiu phim nu nh mt gi vo ca

cho li xe v mc ph b sung cho nhng ngi i cng. ng hay sai? Gii thch?
V D1 co dn hn D2 nn ng cu D1 nm bn phi ng cu D2
Gi s rp phim nh gi vo ca cho ti x mc T, cn mc b sung cho mi ngi i cng
bng mc chi ph bin MC. Khi , li nhun thu c l c phn din tch S
-

Nu dng chnh sch ny cho khch hng ring l th li nhun ca rp phim l phn din
tch gii hn bi D2 v trc tung (*)

Nu dng chnh sch ny cho khch hng cp th li nhun ca rp phim l phn din
tch gii hn bi D1 v trc tung (**)

Ta thy (*)<(**) nn chnh sch nh gi cho 1 li xe vo ca v mt mc ph b sung

cho nhng ngi i cng l hp l.

2. Khi nh gi bn bun t , cc cng ty t ca M thng nh t l phn trm ph

cng thm i vi danh mc cao cp. Ti sao?

Trn th trng, s lng ngi mua v c bn c th chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm nhng ngi
ch c nhu cu mua xe s dng v nhm nhng ngi mua xe nh mt cch thc khng nh
ng cp. Do , s hnh thnh hai nhu cu: nhm khch hng mua xe c lp rp sn theo
tiu chun cn bn, v nhm khch hng la chn thm nhng danh mc cao cp (trang tr ni
tht , mui xe)
Gia 2 nhm khch hng, th nhm khch hng c nhu cu mua xe cao cp h c nhu cu sn
lng tr cao hn, v ng cu ca h l t co gin hn so vi nhm khch hng kia. Do vy,
ti a ha li nhun, cng ty thng p dng phn bit gi tng i tng khch hng ph
hp.
3. BMW:
1. Sn lng m BMW cn bn trn th trng v mc gi tng ng? Tng li nhun l bao
nhiu?

Ta c:
=>

QE = 1800 400.PE
PE = 45 QE/400
TRE = PE.QE = (45-QE/400).QE = 45.QE QE2/400
MRE = 45 QE/200
QU = 5500 100.PU

=>

PU =55 QU/100
TRU = PU.QU = (55 QU/100).QE = 55.QU QU2/100
MRU = 55 QU/50

ti a ha li nhun ta c : MRE = MC =MRU.

MRE = MC
45 QE/200 = 15

QE = 6000

=>

PE = 30 000 USD

MRU = MC

55 QU/100 = 15

QU = 2000
PU = 35 000 USD

Tng doanh thu : TR = TRE + TRU = 30.6000 + 35.2000 = 250 (triu USD)
Tng chi ph: TC = C + V = 20 000 + (QE + QU).15
= 20 000 + (6000 + 2000).15 = 140 (triu USD)
Tng li nhun thu c:

= TR TC = 250 140 = 110 (triu USD).

2. Nu BMW b buc phi nh gi ging nhau trn tng th trng. Tnh sn lng c th bn
trn mi th trng? Gi cn bng v li nhun ca mi cng ty?
Khi nh gi ging nhau trn tng th trng th ta c: (PE = PU = P)

Q = QE + QU = 18 000 400.P + 5 500 100.P = 23 500 500.P

P = 47 Q/500
TR = P.Q = (47 Q/500).Q = 47.Q Q2/500
ti a ha li nhun : MR = MC
47 - Q/250 = 15

Q = 8000
P = 31 000 USD

Tng doanh thu: TR = P.Q = 31.8000 = 248 (triu USD)

Tng chi ph :

TC = C + V = 20 000 + 8000.15 = 140 (triu USD)

Tng li nhun:

= TR TC = 248 -140 = 108 (triu USD).

Bi 2
P1=15-Q1

MR1=15-2Q1

P2=25-2Q2

MR2=25-4Q2

TC=5+3(Q1+Q2)
Tnh gi, sn lng, li nhun doanh thu bin v khong mt khng ca hng (1) nu nh
c quyn c th phn bit gi, (2) nu php lut cm nh gi khc nhau cho 2 vng khc nhau?
1) Trng hp phn bit gi:
ti a ha li nhun: MR1=MR2=MC
* TC=5+3(Q1+Q2) MC=3
15-2Q1=25-4Q2=3

Q1=6 v P1=9
Q2=5.5 v P2=14

* TR=TR1+TR2=131
TR1=P1*Q1=9*6=54
TR2=P2*Q2=5.5*14=77

*TC=5+3(Q1+Q2)=39.5
*=TR-TC=91.5
2) Trng hp php lut cm nh gi khc nhau cho hai vng khc nhau:
Ta c: Q=Q1+Q2=(15-P)+(12.5-P/2)=27.5-1.5P

Hng ti a ho li nhun khi:

Q=3

MR = MC

Q= 1

Bi 3:

1) Ta c:
(D) Q = 500 P
TR = 500Q Q2
MR = 500 Q

TC = 3000 + 100*Q
MC = 100
ti a ha li nhun th :
MR = MC
500 Q = 100
Q = 200
P = 300
= TR TC = 10 000
2)Ta c :
TC = 41000 + 100*Q
Tng t nh trn ti a ha li nhun th :
MR = MC
Q = 200

P = 300
= TR TC = -1000

P=

MR = Q

Hng b thua l ,do trong di hn hng s dng hot ng kinh doanh

P

305
300
250

AC1
AC2

100
MR
200

3)Ta c:
ng cu nh kinh doanh
QA = 260 0.4*P
ng cu sinh vin
QB = 240 -0.6*P
Ta c
500 P ( P 400)
260 0.4* P (400 P 650)

QT

500 P ( P 400)
260 0.4* P (400 P 650)
500 Q( P 400)

P=
650 2.5* QT (400 P 650)

QT

500 2Q( P 400)

MRT= 650 5* QT (400 P 650)

MC
Q

QT = 200, PT = 300(thoa)
MAX MRT=MC
QT = 110, PT = 375(loai )

Vy EA s bn :QT=200,PT=300
nh gi cho A: MRT=MC=MRA
650-5QA=100
QA=110

PA=375
nh gi cho B:MRT=MC=MRB
400-10/3*QB=100
QB=90

PB=250
= A+ B

= TRA+TRB-TC
= 110*375+90*250-41000-100*200
=2750

65 P
0
40
0

37
5

250

10
0

MC
11
0

90 Q

Khach hang A

khach hang B

105
0

240

26
0
Khach hang A=B

Bi 4: Hng cho thu video cung cp 2 s la chn cho khch hng.

a/nh gi 2 phn :tr l ph hi vin hng nm (40usd) v sau tr 1 l ph thu theo mi ngy
cho mi ln thu phim (2usd/mi phim /ngy).Chi ph thu phim l 40 +2x
b/Tr trc tip tin thu ,khng ph tin hi vin nhng phi tr tin thu hng ngy cao hon(4
usd/phim/ngy), chi ph thu phim l 2x

Ta thy khi thu th phim t hn 20 phim 1 nm th vic lm hi vin s khng c li cho khch
hng. Khi thu nhiu hn 20 phim th lm hi vin hay vic nh gi 2 phn s c li cho khch
hng do chi ph thp hn.
Vic nh gi 2 phn ca hng th nhm chim ot thng d ca khch hng ,gip tng li
nhun ca hng ,Bn cnh th khi khch hng tr l ph hi vin th h s c xu hng s
mn nhiu hn 20 phim nhm c th cm thy tho mn hn nhng ngi khng phi l hi
vin v nu khng phi l hi vin th s tr chi ph cao hn khi mn nhiu hn 20 phim.
Hng cho khch hng 2 s la chn thay v ch c nh gi 2 phn v :trn th trng lun tn ti
nhng ngi mun mn nhiu hn v t hn 20 phim, cho khch hng 2 s la chn nhm gip
tu tng i tng m h s chn phng n tt nht cho chnh mnh ,nu ch c vic nh gi 2
phn th nhm ngi c cu v phim t hn 20 ,h s cm thy khng t c tho dng cao
nn h c th s khng mn khi hng s mt i m6t5 phn li nhun .
Bi 5.
a. Xc nh l ph thu bao v l ph s dng cho tng nhm khch hng:
Khch hng l vin nghin cu: (D1) Q=8 -P

P=2 Q=6thng d =0,5*(8-2)*6 =18

Khch hng l doanh nghip: (D2) Q=10-P

P=2Q= 8 thng d=0,5*(10-2)*8=32

Tnh 18 xu hng thng l ph thu, 2 xu l ph vo ca.

 Li nhun thu c l 18*2=36

b. Tng cu i vi 2 loi khch hng:
Q=10*(10-P) + 10*(8-P) = 180 20P
P=9 Q/20
TR= 9Q Q2/20

MR= 9- Q/10
Li nhun ti a khi MR=MC
9 Q/10 = 2
Q =70; P=5,5

c. Khi ta nh gi hai phn v cho l ph thu v l ph s dng chung hn hp gi chung l

T*, bng cch t T* bng thng d ca vin nghin cu.
Khi ta c:
T*=0,5*(8-P*)*Q=0,5*(8-P*)2
Mt khc:
Tng sn lng:
Q=10Q1(vin nghin cu)+10Q2(doanh nghip)=180-20P*
Tng doanh thu:
TR =20T* + (180-20P*).P*=10.(8 P*)2 + (180-20P*).P*
Tng chi ph:
TC=Q*MC=2(180-20P*)
Li nhun thu c:
=TR TC = 10.(8 P*)2 + (P*-2).(180-20P*)
khi:

=0

Tng sn lng ca 10 vin nghin

 Gi khng bng chi ph bin v SC c th tnh l ph thu v l ph s dng cao

hn chi ph bin.
Bi 7:
a. Tnh gi ti u v li nhun trong trng hp (i) bn ring r (ii) bn trn gi (iii) bn
hn hp.
Gi 1
Bn ring bit

Gi 2

Gi gp

Li nhun.

39,95

39,95

79,8

Bn gp thun ty

79,95

119,85

Bn gp hn hp

69,9

69,9

79,95

139,75

b. Chin lc no mang la li nhun cao nht. Ti sao?

Bn gp hn hp l tt nht bi v i vi mi loi sn phm, chi ph bin(20 la) vt
qu mc gi dnh trc cho sn phm 1 i vi nhiu ngi tiu dung A v sn phm 2
i vi ngi tiu dung C. Ngi tiu dung A c mt mc gi dnh trc l 70 la cho
sn phm 2, mch c 10 la cho sn phm 1. Bi v chi ph sn xut mt n v sn
phm 1 l 20 la, ngi tiu dung A s ch mua sn phm 2, khng mua gp. Hng p
ng bng cch bn sn phm 2 mc gi ch thp hn gi dnh trc ca ngi tiu
dung 1v bng cch tnh mt mc gi gp sao cho s chnh lch gia mc gi gp v
gi ca sn phm 2 l cao hn mc gi dnh trc i vi ngi tiu dung A(10,05
la). S la chn ca ngi tiu dung C l i xng vi s la chn ca ngi tiu dung
A. Ngi tiu dung B la chn mc gi gp bi v mc gi gp ch thp hn mc gi
thnh trc v mc giaieeng bit i vi sn phm u trn mc gi dnh trc i vi
mi loi sn phm.

Bi 9: Hy xem xt 1 hng c quyn vi ng cu:

P = 100 3Q + 4A1/2

V c hm tng chi ph:

C = 4Q2 + 10Q +A
Trong A l mc chi ph cho qung co v P,Q l gi c v sn lng.
1. Tm gi tr ca A v P,Q ti a ha li nhun ca hng
2. Tnh ch s c quyn Lerner , L = (P MC)/P cho hng ny ti mc A,P,Q m
bo ti a ha li nhun.
Bi gii
1. Tm gi tr ca A v P,Q ti a ha li nhun ca hng
P = 100 3Q + 4A1/2
C = 4Q2 + 10Q +A
Tng doanh thu :
TR = P x Q
= (100 3Q + 4A1/2 ) x Q
=100Q 3Q2 + 4QA1/2
Tng chi ph :
TC = 4Q2 + 10Q +A
Li nhun:
= TR TC
= 100Q 3Q2 + 4QA1/2 - (4Q2 + 10Q +A)
= -7Q2 + 90Q + 4QA1/2 A
Hm li nhun ca hng l 1 hm hai bin : Q & A. ti a ha li nhun, o hm ca hm
li nhun theo bin Q v A ln lt bng 0.
/Q = 0
/A = 0 (2)
-14Q +90 +4A1/2 = 0 (1)

2QA-1/2 1 = 0 (2)
T (2) => A1/2 = 2Q
Th vo (1) => -14Q + 90 +4 (2Q) = 0
=> -6Q + 90 = 0
=>

= 15

A = (2Q)2 = (2 x 15)2
= 900
P = 100 3Q + 4A1/2
= 100 3 x 15 + 4 x 9001/2
= 175
2. Tnh ch s c quyn Lerner , L = (P MC)/P cho hng ny ti mc A,P,Q m bo ti a
ha li nhun.
MC l chi ph bin l o hm bc nht ca hng tng chi ph
d. MC = (4Q2 + 10Q +A)
= 8Q +10
Ti im ti a ha li nhun Q =15 => MC = 8 x 15 + 10 = 130
Ch s c quyn Lerner : L = (P MC)/P
= (175 130)/175 = 0,257

Chng 5: L THUYT TR CHI

Hng 2

Bi 1.

a. Ta c ma trn sau :

Hng B

Hng
A

Thp
(h thng chm L)

Cao
(h thng nhanh H)

Thp
(h thng chm L)

30,30

50,35

Cao
(h thng nhanh H)

40,60

20,20

Trong chin lc ti a ti thiu, mi ngi chi xem xt cc kt qu xu nht cho mi

hnh ng ca i phng v chn kt qu tt nht trong cc kt qu xu nht.

Xt cc trng hp sau:

Vi hng A
Nu A chn L :
B chn L th A = B = 30
B chn H th A = 50; B = 35
=> kt cc xu nht l A v B u chn L, khi A = 30

Nu A chn H :
B chn L th A = 40; B = 60
B chn H th A = B = 20
=> kt cc xu nht l A v B u chn H, khi A = 20

So snh 2 trng hp trn, A s chn L

Vi hng B
Nu B chn L :
A chn H th A = 40, B = 60
A chn L th A = B = 30
=> kt cc xu nht l A v B u chn L, khi B = 30

Nu B chn H :
A chn H th A = B = 20
A chn L th A = 50, B = 35
=> kt cc xu nht l A v B u chn H, khi B = 20

So snh 2 trng hp trn, B s chn L

Vy, nu p dng chin lc cc i ti thiu, kt cc l A v B s chn h thng chm,

cht lng thp (L) v A = B = 30
b)C 2 hng u c gng ti a ha li nhun
Nu hng A bt u trc trong vic lp k hoch v c th t rng buc trc. V th y l tr
chi chin lc u th .Trong trng hp ny hng A c chin lc u th v n s chn bn h
thng chm ,cht lng thp(L) ti a ha li nhun c l 50. Khi hng B s chn
phng n tt nht da vo hnh ng ca hng A ti a ha li nhun l chn bn h
thng nhanh, cht lng cao(H) v c li nhun l 35
Cn bng s din ra ma trn: 50 ; 35
Tng t,nu hng B bt u trc trong vic lp k hoch v c th t rng buc trc.Th
hng B s chn bn h thng chm ,cht lng thp(L) ti a ha li nhun c l 60. Khi
hng A s chn phng n tt nht da vo hnh ng ca hng B ti a ha li nhun
l chn bn h thng nhanh, cht lng cao(H) v c li nhun l 40
Cn bng s din ra ma trn: 40 ; 60
c)Nu hng A c c li th ra thng bo trc th li nhun thu c s l 50, trong khi
nu khng c li th ra thng bo trc li nhun lc ny ch l 40. Vy khon chnh lch li
nhun c c t vic c li th ra thng bo trc s l: 50 40 = 10
Tng t vi hng B, khon chnh lch li nhun c c t vic c li th ra thng bo trc
s l: 60 35 = 25
So snh ta thy, nu hng B c c li th ra thng bo trc s mang li cho hng B mt
khon li nhun nhiu hn l hng A c c li th ra thng bo trc. Hng B s c th chi
cho vic ln k hoch c c li th ln ti mc ti a l 25. Trong khi i vi hng A,
mc ti a chi cho vic ln k hoch c li th ra thng bo trc ch l 10.

Nu c hai hng u khng bit hng kia s chi bao nhiu c c quyn ra thng bo
trc th c hai hng u phi chi bt u ln k hoch ca mnh.
Nhng trong trng hp ny, khi hng B bit c rng ti a ha li nhun hng mnh
m hng A ch c th ti a l 10 cho vic xc tin k hoch t c li th ra thng bo
trc; hng B ch cn chi ra mt khon ln hn 10 lm nn lng hng A v c c li th ra
thng bo trc. V nu hng A cng bit c thng tin ca hng B, th ti a ha li nhun
ca mnh hng A s khng chi g bt u cho k hoch ca mnh c. V lng tin ti a m
hng B c th b ra (25) ln hn kh nhiu so vi s tin m hng A sn sng chi tr (10).
Do , trong trng hp ny hng A chi ht 10 cng khng m bo c th tr thnh ngi
c li th ra thng bo trc. Mt khc, nu bit hng A s chi 10 v hng B s chi nhiu hn
na tr thnh ngi c li th ra thng bo trc. V trong trng hp ny, li nhun ca
hng A s khng cn l 40 na m l 30, v chi trc 10 tr thnh ngi c li th ra
thng bo trc nhng khng thnh. Do , i vi hng A, chin lc khn ngoan nht l
khng chi g c tr thnh ngi i sau.
Hng 2

Bi 2:
Thp

Cao

Hng 1

a. Nu hng 1 chn

Cao

100, 800

50,50

sn xut hng ha
cht lng cao th
hng 2 s chn sn
Thp
-20, -30
900, 600
xt hng ha cht
lng thp ti
a ha li nhun l 800 thay v 50 nu sn xut hng cht lng cao v nu hng 1 chn
sn xut hng ha cht lng thp th hng 2 s chn sn xt hng ha cht lng cao
ti a ha li nhun l 600 thay v -30 nu sn xut hng cht lng thp.
Tng t, nu hng 2 chn sn xut hng ha cht lng cao th hng 1 s chn sn xt
hng ha cht lng thp ti a ha li nhun l 900 thay v 50 nu sn xut hng cht
lng cao v nu hng 2 chn sn xut hng ha cht lng thp th hng 1 s chn sn
xt hng ha cht lng cao ti a ha li nhun l 100 thay v -30 nu sn xut hng
cht lng thp.
y l chin lc cn bng Nash

b. Hng 1: max(-20;50)=50

Hng 2: max((-30;50)=50
Nu c hai hng cng ra quyt nh cng mt lc v theo chin lc t ri ro th kt cc c hai
hng u chn k hoch l thp v li nhun mi hng l 50.
c. Chin lc hp tc l hng 1 sn xut hng ha cht lng thp cn hng 2 sn xut hng cht
lng cao tng li nhun l cc i.
d. Hng 1 s c li nhiu nht t kt qu hp tc l 900 so vi hng 2 ch c 600.
thuyt phc hng 2 tham gia chin luc hp tc hng fi tr 1 khang 0<T<150

Bi 3 :
K

Trc

Sau

nh 2
Knh 1
Trc
18,18
23,20
sau
4,23
16,16
Bng trn miu t s im m khch hng cho mi knh i vi s sp xp chng trnh ln ca
mi knh .
a/Khi 2 hng ra quyt nh cng 1 lc ,cn bng Nash ?
D knh 2 c hnh ng g th knh 1 lun c li khi trnh din trc , Ta thy chin lc trnh
din chng trnh ln Trc ca knh1 l chin lc tri nn knh lun mun pht Trc
.Nn 2 knh chn chiu Sau c th mang li cho hng 2 s im l 20. Khi cn bngNash
l :18,18;23,20.
b/Nu mi knh chn chin lc Maxximin th cn bng u ?
Knh 1 khi cho trnh din Trc th s thng pht t hi nht i vi n s xy ra khi hng
2cng chn pht Trc v knh 1 c 18, khi Knh 1 khi cho trnh din Sau th s thng pht
t hi nht i vi n s xy ra khi hng 2 cng chn pht Trc v knh 1 c 4.Vi ti a
ti thiu bo tn s thng pht th knh 1 chn pht Trc .
Tng t Knh 2 khi cho trnh din Trc th s thng pht t hi nht i vi n s xy ra khi
hng 1cng chn pht Trc v knh 2 c 18,khi Knh 2 khi cho trnh din Sau th s thng

pht t hi nht i vi n s xy ra khi hng 1 chn pht Sau v knh 2 c 16.Vi ti a ti

thiu bo tn s thng pht th knh 2 chn pht Trc .
Vi chin lc Maximin th cui cng cn bng s xy ra khi 2 knh cng pht Trc .V cn
bng l 18,18
c/Nu knh 1 chn trc th n s chon pht Trc v y l chin lc tri ca n .Khi knh 1
chn pht Trc th knh 2 s chn pht Sau c th t im l 20 thay v l 18 khi chn pht
Trc .Vy cn bng s l 23,20
Nu knh 2 chn trc th n s chon pht Trc v y l chin lc Maximin ca knh 2 ,v
khi hng 2 chn Trc th v mun t im ln Hng 1 s chn pht Trc khi cn bng xy
ra 18,18.
d/ Do pht Trc l chin lc tri ca knh 1 nn li ha pht Trc ca knh 1 l ng tin cy
.Khi v li ch c nhn knh 2 s chn pht Sau nhm t c 20 thay v 18. Khi cn
bng xy ra 23,20.
Bi 4:
a. Nu Nht m th M s lm ci tt nht l chn m
Nu Nht chn ng th M s lm ci tt nht l chn m.
Do , M phi chn m, khng tnh n Nht lm g
Nu M chn m th Nht lm ci tt nht l chn m.
Nu M chn ng th Nht lm ci tt nht l chn m
Do , c hai nc phi chn m khng tnh n nc kia lm g. Th cn bng ny s l
kt qu nu nh c hai nc hnh ng v li ch ca chnh bn than h.
b. M l chin lc c nh huwowngrchi phi ca ngi Nht. Nu M chn ng, ngi
b mt mt ln nht l M. Nh th, ch c nhng chnh tr gia ca M thay ddooirmootj
cch khng hp l th cn bng t (m, m) sang (ng, m).

Bi 5.
Theo bi:

MC = MC1=MC2=0

(D): P=30 Q

1. Do tr chi ch din ra 1 ln nn ngi chi tm cch ti a ha li nhun ca

mnh.
Cng ty ti a ha li nhun:

TR1= 30Q1-

-Q1Q2

MR1=30 -2Q1-Q2
khi MR1=MC1=0
(1)

Hng i th:
TR2= 30Q2-

- Q 1 Q2

MR2= 30 Q1 2Q2
khi MR2=MC2=0

(2)

Do y l tr chi mt ln nn 2 cng ty s khng hp tc vi nhau. Khi ta c:

Q1=Q2=10

P=10

Hai cng ty chn mc sn lng 10, v y l mc sn lng an ton cho 2 bn

i th khng t c mc li nhun cao hn. S la chn ny lm cho mi hng
khng c ng c thay i u ra ca mnh.
3. Khi cng ty thng bo trc i th th khi ti a li nhun cng ty i th s hnh

ng da vo Q1 ca cng ty 1.
Sn lng ca cng ty i th:
Q2 = 15 0,5Q1
Mc khc, ti a ha li nhun ca mnh cng ty s sn xut ti:
MR1=MC1=0

Thay Q2 vo ta c:
Q1= 15
Q2= 7,5
Khi cng ty thng bo sau:
Q1=15 0,5Q2
khi MR2=MC2=0
30 Q1 2Q2=0
Thay Q1 vo phng trnh trn:
Q2=15;
Q1= 7,5

T kt qu trn ta thy nu cng ty thng bo trc th s c li hn 112,5-56,25=56,25.

4. Lp bng ma trn thng pht v li nhun theo mc sn lng ca 2 cng ty ta c bng
ma trn sau:
Cng ty 2 (i th)
Cng ty 1

7,5

10

15

7,5

112,5;112,5

93,75;125

56,25;112,5

10

125;93,75

100;100

50;75

15

112,5;56,25

75;50

0;0

Da vo bng ma trn thng pht ta thy li nhun cc i ca 2 cng ty u c phn

b mc sn lng 10. Do t c li nhun tt nht v khng cng ty no c
li hi.
Hai cng ty s chn mc sn lng 10 trong tt c vng lp.
Khi li nhun mi hng l 100.
5. Do cng ty i th thng bo trc nn h s la mc sn lng 15 nhm mc ch gim
thiu mc li nhun ca ca cng ty 1.
Nu cng ty 1 chp nhn v khng tr a th li nhun cng ty 1 l 56,25; cng ty 2 l
112,5.
Bi 6:

Defendo
CA(q) = 10 + 8q

MCA = 8

CB(q) = 60 + 2q

MCB = 2

P = 20 Q

MR = 20 2Q

1/ Defendo duy tr c v th c quyn trong vng khong nm nm v khng c e do gia

nhp:
Vi CN A: MCA = MR
8 = 20 - 2QA

QA = 6
PA = 14
A

Li nhun:
Vi CN B:

= PA.QA- CA = 14.6 (10+8.6) = 26

MCB = MR
2 = 20 2QB

QB = 9
PB = 11
B

Ta thy

= 9.11 (60 + 2.9) = 21

= 26 >

= 21

Vy Defendo nn p dng cng ngh A.

Chng 7: HIU QU KINH T V CN BNG TNG QUT

Bi 1:
ung = X = 10 (lt)
Bnh xng uch = Y = 6 (bnh)
Ta c:
T l thay th bin ca Jane:
MRSJ = 1/3 => 1Y = 3X
T l thay th bin ca Bob :
MRSB = 1 => 1Y = 1X
Nhng cch trao i lm c 2 bn khm kh hn
MRSJ = Y1/X1 =1/3 > Jane: +1Y, -3X
MRSB = Y2/X2 = 1 > Bob: -1Y, +1X
S phn b ti sn ny cha c hiu qu v ti im ny MRS cha bng nhau.
Hai bn u khm kh hn v c hiu qu khi :
MRSJ = MRSB = PX/PY.
Y1./X1 = Y2/X2
Y1/Y2 = X1/X2
Jane phi gim dng ung, tng bnh.
Bob phi tng dng ung, gim bnh.
C nhn

Phn phi
ban u

Jane

8X , 2Y

-3X , +1Y

5X , 3Y

-1X, +1Y

7X , 3Y

Bob

2X , 4Y

+1X , -1Y

3X , 3Y

+1X, -1Y

3X , 3Y

10X, 6Y
Bi 2:

MRS = 1

8X , 6Y

10X, 6Y

Qg = 50

Qs = 200

Pg = 850 - Qg + 0,5Ps v
1/ Ps = ?

Ps = 540 - Qs + 0,2Pg

Pg = ?

Gi cn bng ca vng v bc:

Pg = 850 - 50 + 0,5Ps
Ps = 540 - 200 + 0,2Pg
Pg - 0,5Ps = 800

-0,2Pg + Ps = 340

Pg

1077,78

Ps

555,56

2/ Qg = 85
Qs = 200

Pg1 = 850 - 85 + 0,5.555,56 = 1042,78

Ps1 = 540 - 200 + 0,2.1042,78 = 548,56

Pg2 = 850 85 + 0,5.548,56 = 1039,28

Ps2 = 540 200 + 0,2.1039,28 = 547,86

Pg3 = 850 85 + 0,5.547,86 = 1038,93

Ps3 = 540 200 + 0,2.1038,93 = 547,79
.

Pg = 850 85 + 0,5Ps

Ps = 540 200 + 0,2Pg

Pg 0,5Ps = 765
-0,2Pg + Ps = 340

Pg

P g

1038,89

P s

547,78

Ps

Sg Sg

Ss

1077,78

1042,78
1039,28
1038,93
1038,89
555,56

50 85

Qg

Bi 3:
X = X 1 + X 2 = 60
Y = Y1 + Y2 = 120

Xc nh ng cu sn phm X
(X,Y)

548,56
547,86
547,79
547,78

200

Qs

MRS

DX =

Y
= =
X

PX
P

PX +=
X PY Y I
A=

XA
YA

YA PX
MR
=
S A= =
X
X A PY

IA =
PXX+
PY YA
A
IB =
PXX+
PY YB
B

I
A: X A = A
2PX

YA =

IA
2PY

Y = Y A + YB = 120
I
B : XB = B
2PX

I
YB = B
2 PY

X = XA + XB 60
=

Y = Y A + YB = 120A

MRS

=MRS B=

Ti im phn b hng :

YA
Y
P
= B = X = 2 PX = 2
X A X B PY

I A = 2(10)+ 1(100)= 120

X A = 30,YA = 60
I B= 2(50)
+ 1(20)
= 120
X B = 30,Y = 60

PX
PY

IA
PX

Bi 5
Phn b ngun lc ban u l A:X1=30,Y1=120,B:X2=180,Y2=90
Hm li ch ca h tng ng l U1 =X1*Y1=3600,U2 =X2*Y2=16800.
1/hnh hp Edgeworth

2/Phng trnh ng bng quan i qua im phn b ngun lc ban u

Ca A l :Y1=3600/X1
Ca B l Y2=16800/X2
3/Vng ci thin Pareto
4/ng hp ng cho nn kinh t
Ti cc im trn ng bng quan th MRS1=MRS2
Trong :MRS1=MUx1/MUy1=Y1/X1,MRS2=Y2/X2

Nn Y1/X1 =Y2/X2=(X1+X2)/(Y1+Y2)=1
Suy ra :X1=Y1,X2=Y2 .Vy phng trnh ng bng quan l X=Y
5/To giao im ca ng hp ng vi cc ng bng quan i qua im phn b ngun
lc ban u ca A v B .
i vi A ,X1 v Y1 l nghim ca h :Y1=3600/X1,X1=Y1 ta c X1=Y1=60
i vi B ,X2 v Y2 l nghim ca h :Y2=16200/X2,X2=Y2 ta c X2=Y2=127,279
6/Gi s A v B c th trao i sn phm .Khi Px=1,Py=2
a/ S n v X,Y m A v B c th mua .
A v B c th t hiu qu trong tiu dng th MUx/Px=MUy/Py
i vi A ta c h Y1=X1/2 v ng ngn sch ca A
:Px*X1+Py*Y1=X1+2Y1=30*1+120*2 =270
Ta c X1=135,Y1=67,5
i vi B th ta gii tng t ta c :X2=180,Y2=90
Lc :X=X1+X2=135+180=315>210 .Do s phn bX ny khng p ng c nhu cu
x hi do thiu X ,lm cho X c xu hng tng gi .
Y=Y1+Y2=67,5+90=157,5<210.Do s phn b ny khng tn dng ht Y ,do Y s c xu
hng gim gi
b/Khi Px=3/2,Py=3/2 ,do thu nhp khng i nn t hiu qu trong tiu dng th
MUx/Px=MUy=Py
Gii tng t nh trn ta c A :X1=Y1=90,B:X2=Y2=120
Khi X=X1+X2 =210,Y=Y1+Y2=210
y l im phn b ngun lc c hiu qu .
c/Tng hu dng ca 2 ngi lc u l :120*30+90*180=19800
Tng hu dng ca 2 ngi lc sau l 90*90+120*120=22500
Phc li x hi tng ln 2700>0
Nn y l ci thin Pareto .

Chng 8: TH TRNG VI THNG TIN BT CN XNG

Bi 9 khi khng bit thng tin th gi bn ca mi xe l 8500
Hng

Chi
ph

Gi bn
khi bit
thng
tin

Chi
ph
bo
him

Li nhun ca hng khi khch

hng thiu thng tin

Li nhun khi c
thng tin

0nm 1nm

2nm

3nm

2nm

3nm

Lew

5000

7000

2000

3000

1000

-1000

-3000

-2000

-4000

Harry

8000

10000

500

500

-500

-1000

1000

500

a/ Khi hng Harry bo hnh 1 nm cho tt c cc xe bn ra .Vic ny to ra 1 tn hiu ng tn

cy khch hng c th tin cht lng sn phm .v hng Lew cng c th lm c vic ny
nu khch hng khng bit thng tin th hng Lew vn cn li nhun .Nu da vo dch v bo
hnh ,th khng c s khch hng nh gi trung bnh l 10000 usd cho mi chic xe ca
hng Harry.
b/Nu hng Harry bo hnh 2 nm cho nhng chic xe m mnh bn ra .Vic ny lm cho
khch hng cng tin tung vo cht lng xe ca Harry .Nu Harry bo hnh 3 nm th vic
ny c th cho khch hng tin tng xe Harry ng gi 10000.
c/Nu c lm ngi khuyn th s khuyn hng Harry th s khuyn hng nn bo hnh thi
gian hn 2 nm .Vic lm ny th nht l khng nh cht tt ca Harry ,th 2 vi vic bo hnh
ny s hng Lew kh m c th lm theo .

Chng 9: NGOI TC V HNG HA CNG

Bi 1:
1. Lng nh bt tm hin ti.
ti a ha li sn xut (li nhun nh bt) th :
P = MC

 0,401 0,0064Q = -0,357 + 0,0573.Q

Q = 11,9 (triu pao)
2. Lng nh bt c hiu qu v mt x hi

ti a ha sn xut c hiu qu cho x hi th

P = MSC
0,401 0,0064.Q = -5,645 + 0,6509.Q
Q = 9,2 (triu pao)
3. Thit hi x hi do nh bt qu mc.
Vi sn lng l Q = 11,9 triu pao th t nhn c:
MSC = -5,645 + 0,6509.11,9 = 2,1
MC = -0,357 + 0,0573.11,9 = 0,32
Thit hi x hi l:
A = 1/2. (2,1 0,32).(11,9 9,2) = 2,403 (triu pao)

4. Gi s cu v tm tip tc tng v ng cu l: P = 0,5 0,0064.Q. S thay i ny tc

ng th no n lng nh bt tm hin nay, lng nh bt c hiu qu v thit hi
x hi do nh bt qu mc? (Gi s cc chi ph khng thay i).
ti a ha sn xut t nhn:
P = MC 0,5 0,0064.Q = -0,357 + 0,0573.Q
Q = 13,5
=> MC = 0,42
ti a ha sn xut c hiu qu cho x hi th :
P = MSC 0,5 0,0064 = -5,645 + 0,6509.Q
Q = 9,35
=> MSC = 0,44
Tc ng: + Lng bt c tng ln n 13,5 triu pao.
+ Lng chi ph x hi t nhn xng tng ln.
Thit hi x hi o nh bt qu mc:
Vi sn lng Q = 13,5 th ta c:
MC = 0,42
MSC = -5,645 + 0,6509.13,5 = 3,14
Thit hi : B = 1/2.(13,5 9,35).(3,14 0,44) = 5,6025 (triu pao).
Bi 2:
TC1 = Q21 /100

TC2 = Q22/100 Q1

MC2 = Q2/50 Q1

P1 = 2
P2 = 3

MC1 = Q1/50

1/ Cc hng sn xut hnh ng c lp vi nhau:

ti a ho sn xut:
MC1 = MR1

MC1 = P1

MC2 = MR2

MC2 = P2

Q1/50 = 2

Q1 = 100

Q2/50 = 3

Q2 = 150

2/ Ngi nui ong v ngi trng to lin kt vi nhau:

Q1/50 = 2
Q2/50 Q1 = 3

Q1 = 100

Q2 = 50.(3 + 100) = 5150

3/ Sn lng mt c hiu qu v mt x hi l:
Q* = Q2 Q2 = 5150- 150 = 5000
Nu cc hng ny hot ng c lp vi nhau th cn tr cp cho ngi sn xut mt h c
th sn xut sn lng mt c hiu qu v mt x hi l:
= 5000.3 = 15000 (vtt)
Bi 3:
Tng chi ph nui th :TC1 = 0.1*Q21 + 5*Q1 -0.1*Q22
MC1 = 0.2*Q1 + 5
Tng chi ph trng bp:TC2 = 0.2*Q22 +7*Q2 + 0.025*Q21
MC2 = 0.4*Q2 +7
V:

P1=P2=15

1)Tnh li nhun mi trang tri nu chng hot ng c lp:

Trong th trng cnh tranh hon ho ti a ha li nhun th:

Ta c :
MC1=P1
0.2*Q1 + 5=15
Q1=50
MC2=P2
0.4*Q2 +7 =15
Q2=20
Li nhun ca trang tri nui th:
=TR1-TC1

= P1* Q1- 0.1*Q21 + 5*Q1 -0.1*Q22

= 15*50-(0.1*502 +5*50-0.1*202)
= 290
Li nhun ca trang tri trng bp:
=TR2-TC2

= P2* Q2- 0.2*Q22 +7*Q2 + 0.025*Q21

= 15*20-(0.2*202 +7*20-0.025*502)
= 17.5
2)Thu v tr cp u tin cho mi n v sn phm:
Tng chi ph x hi:
TSC= TC1 +TC2
= 0.125*Q21 +0.1*Q22+ 5*Q1+7*Q2
Khi im hiu qu ca x hi i vi
Nui th:
P1=MSC1

15= 0.25*Q1 + 5
Q1=40
Trng bp:
P2=MSC2
15=0.2*Q2 +7
Q2=40
Mc gi ca mi n v sn phm khi t hiu qu x hi:
Nui th:
P1 =MC1=0.2*40+5=13
Nh nc s nh thu i vi ngi nui th l:
t1= P1- P1=15-13=2
Trng bp:
P2 =MC2=0.4*40+7=23
Nh nc s tr cp i vi ngi trng bp l:
T2= P2 - P2- =23-15=8

MC2

MSC
1

MSC
2

23
MC1
15
13

20

40 50

Q1,Q
2

3)Sn lng ti u v li nhun khi 2 trang trai ny hp nht vi nhau:

Sn lng ti u l:Q1=Q2=40
Li nhun ca 2 trang tri khi hp nht l:
=TR-TSC

= P*(Q1+Q2)- (0.125*Q21 +0.1*Q22+ 5*Q1+7*Q2)

= 15*(40+40)- (0.125*402 +0.1*402+ 5*40+7*40)
= 360
So snh vi trng hp 2 trang tri hot ng c lp th
Li nhun tng: 360-290-17.5 = 52.5

Bi 4.
Hng 1:

MC1= 4Q1 2Q2+20

Hng 2:

MC2 = 6Q2+60
1. Sn lng ti a ha li nhun ca mi hng:
Hng 1:
P = MC1
240 =4Q1 2Q2+20
Suy ra:
Hng 2:
P = MC2
240 =6Q2+60
Suy ra: Q2= 30
Q1 = 70
2. Sn lng ti u v mt x hi:
Tng chi ph:
TCS = TC1 + TC2=
Sn lng ti u ca mi hng:

Hay:

-2

+20

Q1= 84
Q2 = 58

6. Khon tr cp c kh nng iu chnh cc ngoi tc:

 Hng 1:
Vi Q1= 84; Q2 = 58
P1= 4Q1 2Q2+20 = 240

V vi sn lng trn th gi ca hng 1 bng vi gi th trng ca x

hi.

Hng 2:

Vi Q1= 84; Q2 = 58
P2 =6Q2+60 = 408
V vi mc sn lng 58 th hng 2 c gi vt mc gi th trng.
Khon tr cp cho hng 2:
408 240 = 168.
Bi 5:
1) Th trng cnh tranh hon ho : P = MC

i vi mi nh my : P = 20+40Q
Q = 0,05 P- 0,5
Cung i vi ton th trng gm 1000 nh my : Q* = N*Q = 25P-500
Th trng cn bng khi cung bng cu :
Q*=Qd 25P-500 = 3500-15P
40P

= 4000

= 100

=> Q*= 2000

2) p dng nhng phng php gim nhim, lm chi ph sn xut tng ln 25%
=> MC = 1,25 MC
= 25 + 50Q
i vi mi doanh nghip : P=MC P = 25+50Q

 Q = 0,02P- 0,5

i vi ton ngnh cng nghip : Q*=N*Q= 20P- 500

Th trng cn bng khi cung bng cu :

Q*=Qd 20P- 500 = 3500-15P

35P = 4000
P = 114,29
Q* = 1785,71
Bi 6
thc y cnh tranh v li ch tiu dng, y ban nu cc hng khng trung thc?
Gi A l cc doanh nghip qung co trung thc
B l cc doanh nghip qung co khng trung thc
Khch hng th lun mun mua c hng ha cht lng tt nhng do qung co khng
trung thc ca B lm cho h chn hng c phm cht xu ca B thay v ca A (la chn ngc),
vic pht tn hiu khng ng tin cy ca B (ri ro o c) ban u lm cho ngi tiu dng s
dng hng ha ca h nhng sau h nhn ra hng c phm cht xu v gim tiu dng loi
sn phm ny, iu v tnh lm gim lng cu ca ngi tiu dng, nh hng trc tip n
nhng doanh nghip qung co trung thc.
Ngi tiu dng nh gi cc sn phm ny khng ng vi gi tin , iu buc cc
hng B phi h gi sn phm cho n khi v st vi gi tr thc ca n nhng vi A th h kh
lng s gim xung c, lng tiu th sn phm ca A s gim dn, cho n khi h khng
kh nng hot ng v buc phi ri khi th trng
=> Th trng s km cnh tranh nu cc hng khng trung thc

Bi 7

ng cu ca 3 nhm ngi v s gi chng trnh v tuyn truyn hnh cng cng trong mt
gi
MU1=150-T;MU2= 200-2T;MU3=250-T
1/s gi pht sng hiu qu l :Do v tuyn truyn hnh l hng ho cng cng thun tu nn
:P= MU1 +MU2+MU3 v P=MC
MU1 +MU2+MU3=MC
Hay 600-4T=200
Vy T=100