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.
Chapter - 1
Fundamental Of Transmission Line

).(Transmission

) (Multiplexed
) (FDM .
-:
( .
( .

Folded-Dipole Antenna
.UHF
wave .

Transmission lines
. Feeder lines
:
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
-:
Parallel-two wire line (
Two-wire ribbon type line (
Shielded pair (
Twisted pair (
.
Air coaxial-flexible (
Wave guide (
Fiber optics (
-:
-:
1/4 inch 6
-:

-:

Polyethylene .
-:

.
.
. . , )gauge
, ( ).( gauge

) (gauge
)( .
) (19 guage ,
. kHz
) (crosstalk

).(TRUNK
-:

.
-:
-:
- -:
- -:
Rigid Co-axial Dielectric

Flexible Air Dielectric
Bell .
. / .

Polystyrene
.
-:
( .
( .
Characteristic impedance
.Input Impedance
-:
.
ZO

.Surge Impedance

. = Zin
Zout
Inductor
.Capacitor
line Constant
R G L C
/ m L henries/ m G
SEMENS/ m C .farad/ m
.
* R .
* L *
C G
.
" "
.
)(
Zo = (Z/Y)
Z = Series impedance per-section
= (R+jwL) (/m)
Y = Shunt admittance per-section
= (G+jwC)(s/m)
Zo = (R+jwL)/(G+jwC)
Zo = (jwL/jwC)
Zo = L/C
Where
L: Inductance
-:
From 40 to 150 for coaxial cable

From 150 to 600 for two wire line
C: Capacitance
2 D
Ln
C
2 D
Ln
d
L
Zo
Zo
H / m
F / m
2 D
Ln
d
120
2 D
=
ln
d
r
=
Zo= 276 log 10 2D/d
L
C
Ln
2
D
Ln
d
Zo
Zo
1
2
Ln
60
D
ln
r
d
/ m
/ m
Zo = 138/ log10 D/d

is dielectric constant
138 is equal 120/e
Where 120 is impedance of free space = 377
And e is the base of natural logarithm
276 is 138 * 2
=4 *10 7
H/m
=8.854*10-12
F/m
D
D
Parallel Line
Coaxial Cable
Velocity Of Propagation
C1
Q = Ce
Q = Ce
Q = iT
Ce = iT
C1 C2 zero
C1 C2 , L2
i
t
e= L
) (e
et = Li
Ce = iT
Ce
t
= i
Ce
et
=
t
L
= LC
LC
D
LC
&
et
L
= i
= t
= Vp
Vp = Velocity Of Propagation

D
LC
.
=
Vp
Where D = distance
time = LC

Delay Line
3 * 108 m/s

L , C

Delay Line
t = LC

Propagation Coefficient
Vc . Ic
:
)y =(R + jwL)(G + jwC

y = +j
: Attenuation coefficient
: Phase shift coefficient

" "
= 2 /

I = Ise-(+j)x

_ x
Ise
x
neber

| I | = Ise-x
)N = -ln ( |I| /Is

-x
) = -ln(e
= x nebers
=N/x

Neber
.dB Decibel
neber Decibel D = 8.686 N

N = x
D = 8.686 x
.{}=8.686
V= I Zo Zo
= Zo-

Zo .
)y = (+j
, :
)=(R+jwL)(G+jwC
.
R ,G
L/C .R/G
Neber
= n/x
N=x
D = 8.686 x
1-
2-
D = , N
dB Decibel
Decibel, Neber
V, I
Vinput =100mv
Voutput =10mv
losses
Vout
Iout
20 log
20 log
Vin
Iin
or
losses =
10mv
20 log
= 20db
100mv
Ln
Vout
Iout
or Ln
Vin
Iin
losses =
10mv
Ln
= 2.3026Neber
100mv
-20 dB = -2.3026 Neber
Example:The input current in matched line is 50 mA and the load current is 1mA,
the line is 1km long calculate
the total attenuation
The attenuation coefficient.
Solution:
1
Ln ( ) = 3.9 Neber
50
=N
N
3.9
=
= 3.9mN / m
X
1000
=
Chapter - 2
12-
Losses in transmission line

Conductor losses.
Dielectric losses.
Radiation or losses.
123-
Conductor losses

I2R .
.I2R
I2R Skin effect DC

AC
.Self induction
100 MHz
Dielectric losses

Skin effect
Coaxial cable
. .
I2R
.
Radiation or losses
.

EMF .
Coaxial .
.Parallel wire
Losses Lines At Radio Frequency

.
=j
-:
Vi = VL ejL
Vi VL
) (L = 0 j e
) (L x x .

Vr = VR e-jL
VR exponential
-:
V = Vi +Vr
If L = 0
VL = VI + VR
Ii = Vi / Zo
Ir = Vr / Zo
L :
I = Ii + Ir
=Vi Vr / Zo
-:
IL = VI VR / Zo
VR , VI VR / VI
.
) (L
IL = VI VR / Zo
VL = VI + VR
-:
ZL = VL / I L
= VI +VR / VI - VR
L = ZL ZO / ZL + ZO
.
matching the load ZL = Zo
L = 0Short circuit
ZL = 0
L = -1
Open circuit
= ZL
L = 1
}L = {1 ZO / ZL}/{1 +ZO / ZL
Standing Waves
) (
a = RL
.
) (
) (

) (
) (b
) (a RL
) (c RL = Z
) (e ) ( )(a
VSWR
-:
RL > Z 0
RL / Z 0
RL < Z 0 Z 0 / R
:
V max RL
=
V min Z0
= VSWR / RL > Z0
V max Z0
=
V min
R
V max
= VSWR / RL = Z0
=1
V min
= VSWR / RL < Z0
-:
V max = V + + V
V min = V + + V

1+ V / V +
1 V / V +
V+ +V
V+ V
V
V+
1+ r
1 r
= S = VSWR
=r
=S
s r
r = 0

S =VSWR =1
Standing Wave Ratio
) (
Er Vr
=
Ei Vi
) (Er (Ei) .
=T
short circuit open circuit
)( =1
1- 0
ZL
ZL Z 0
ZL + Z 0
=T
VSWR:
E max
= VSWR
E min
E max Im ax
=
E min Im in
= SWR = VSWR
VSWR
1+ T
1 T
= VSWR
VSWR Emin 0
rms ) (.
Emax = Emin
VSWR=1
Voltage Standing- Wave Ratio VSWR
VSWR
V max
V min
= VSWR
Vmin ,Vmax -:
Vmax
Vmin
v Vmax Vmin

V max = Vi + VR
) = Vi (1 + TL
) V min = Vi (1 TL

1 + TL
1 TL
) Vi (1 + TL
) Vi (1 TL
= VSWR
VSWR 1
1 VSWR
VSWR
) ( ) (Rf VSWR
VSWR
VSWR
VSWR 1
VSWR + 1
= TL
-:
f = 27 MHz
P = 4w
Z0 =300
L =10m
T=
=
-:
ZL Z 0
ZL + Z 0
300 50
= 0.71
300 + 50
(Electrical length ) -
=
v
f
2.07 10 8 m / s
=
= 7.67 m
27 10 6 HZ
10 m
10 m
= 1.3
7.67 m / m
VSWR
VSWR =
RL 300
=
=6
Z0
50
5
12
1+ T 1+ 7
VSWR =
=
= 7 =6
2
1T 1+ 5
7
7
Chapter - 3
Transmission lines as circuit element

VR V max
=
Vi V min
short circuit ZL=0

=
Z
+ Z
ZL Z
ZL + Z
= L
= T L e j L
s.c
= ej L
Z s.c
1+ T
1T
Z = Z0
Z Inductive Reactance
T e j 2 BL
L
L
1 e j2
1 + e j2
Z = jZ 0 t a n L
Z = Z0
= phase shift
L= length
L = 2
Z0
Leq =
tan L
2f
Inductance Equation
Ceq =
Capacitance Equation
1
2fZ 0 tan L
0.1 50 short Circuited Line :
: 500 MHz
s.c
(inductive reactance ) Z (
(equivalent inductance ) Leq (
Solution :-
L = 2 0.1
2
=
= 36 0
Z = j 50 tan 36 0
= j 50 0 .7265
Z = 36 .33
36 .33
10 9 nH
6
2 500 10
= 11 .6 nH
Leq =
1GHz
L = 0 .2
= 72 0
Z = j 50 tan 72 0
Z = j153 . 9
153 .9
10 9 nH
6
2 1000 10
= 24 .5nH
= Leq
open circuit
= ZL
TL = +1
-:
ZL Z 0 Z 0
=
= =1
ZL + Z 0 + Z 0
= TL
1 + e j 2L
1 e j 2L
Z = jZ 0 tan L
Z = Z0
= z
=e
2
=
4 2
= L

1 + TLe
Z = Z0
1 TLe
1 + TL
= Z0
1 TL
Z
= Z0 0
ZL
j
j
Z
Z= 0
ZL
Example: -
4
'
(Z 0 ) 2
ZL =
ZL
'
Z 0 = ZL ZL'
= 73 600
Z 0 = 209
'
Z0=600
Example: Find Inductive for Open Circuit Reactance and Equivalent capacitive
L=
3
8
Frequency = 500 MHz,

L = 135 0
Z = j50 tan 135 0
= j 50 tan 45 0
Z = j50
Ceq =
1
2fZ 0 tan L
1012
=
2 500 10 6 50
Ceq = 6.4 Pf
Wave length

)
( :
Vc
)f (hertz
-:
:
: f
: vc
Where vc = velocity of light
= m / s
= ft / s
=. in / s
= . mi / s
: f = 100 MHz
.RG-8A\U
= v/f
= 3*108 m/s /1*108 Hz=3 m
= 2.07*108 m/s / 1*108Hz = 2.07 m
This is in air
This is in coaxial cable

f0
L
Vc
Electrical length
= 0

2 . /
/
.
) (

. /
Hz mi
Hz 10 cm 3 =
Example:
Find the line length in wavelength if :Vc = propagation speed = (984x106 ) ft /s

fo = operating frequency = 328 MHz
length of the line = 176.4 ft
dielectrine constant = 2.23
176.4(328 10 6 ) 2.23
0 =
984 10 6
0 = 87.8
1/6
1/6
or long is long line

or less is short line
-:
Quarter wavelength transfer:
) (match RL

RL Z0
Z0 -:
= Z RL
/4

.
) (quarter wave
.
)(.

).( smith chart
-:
50 300 = RL 0
= Z RL
= 122
= 1500
) (match
50 300
50
flat ) generator(
.180
0
Half wavelength transfer:
) (matching

) (

.
)(
).(Half wavelength
.
) (
) ( half wave length .
-:
.
s.c
. Band Stop Filter
Tx line
.
Effect of mismatch:

Z0 VSWR

) (

. VSWR
)(.
.
.
.
) (.
Chapter - 4
Smith chart
ZL+JZ0 tan BS
Z0+JZL tan BS
ZS = Z0
.:

= ZS
= ZL
= Z0
= BS
180
(270 electrical degrees)(3/4) 7

7/4.
.:
ZL+JZ0 tan BS
Z0+JZL tan BS
ZS = Z0
1938
.
) (4-1
.
.
.:
admittance
Normalizing . Z0
) (100+j50 50
)2+j1 = (100/50)+(j50/50
Normalized
Impedance Zn = Z/Z0
Zn Normalized Impedance
Admittance
Y =Y/Y0
Yn Normalized admittance Y0 line admittance
A )(4-1 ) Z =(1+j1 )Y =(1+j1

)( .
B ) (0.5+j1 C ) ( 0.45-j0.55
.
" D " ). (0-j1.3
D
.
E ) Z = (0+ j0 .
F Z =
) (4-1
50 ZL = (65-J0.55)
ZL = ZLZ0
)= (65/50) (j0.55/50
)= (1.3 j1.1
) ZL = (1.3-j1.1 G
180
CW
Generator ) (CW
.Load
G Generator H
Z = 0.4
) (4-1
(0.5 -0.319) = 0.1817
0.181
Z = 0.4 .
Z = z * Z0 = 0.4 * 50 = 20
) (H ) (4-1
, I I
Z = 2.6 ) (VSWR . ZL
)(VSWR
). (VSWR
Impedance
Admittance
Admittance
Impedance
Impedance ) ) (1.3-j1.1 ( G
(y) Admittance J ) (0.45+j0.58
Y =1/Z :
)(0.45+j0.38) = (1.3-j1.1
Z Y
Y Z
.
-:
:
impedance VSWR 4.3 :
Zo =100
)ZL = (200-j150
:
.:Load impedance

ZL = ZL/ Zo
)= (200/100) (j150/100
)= (2 - j1.5
) (4-2
3.3
3.3 = VSWR input Impedance

generator 4.3
, .
0.3 . Zin
ZL
0.292 0.5 0.208
) (0.3 -0.208 )=(0.092 Generators

Zin ) (4.3 ) (0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8 ---
Zin .:
)Zin = (0.4+j0.57
)Zin = (Zin * Zo
=
= (0.4+j0.57) * 100
= (40 +J57)
:
) y = (0.004-j0.002
Admittance
freq =150 MHZ
.:
yo =0.00335

Y=yL/yo
Z=ZL/Zo
Y= (0.004-j0.002)/(0.0033) = 1.21-j0.61
= (0.250+0.087) = 0.337
VC =f
= vc/f = 300 x 10 = 2m
= 0.337
= 0.337 x 200 = 67.4 cm
.:
) ZL = (100-j50) (4-3 Zo=75

.
.
Zo . .
load Impedance
)(100-j50)/75 = (1.33-j0.67
A
1.0 A
VSWR 1.9 Generator

)0.184 = (0.500-0.316
B r = 0.53
Actual Zo
R= 0.53 x 75 = 39.8
39.8 4 75
= Z RL
= 7 5 * 3 9.8
= ,
:
ZL =(250+j450) , Zo =300
=o = 656 , 0.080
-:
Stub
Stub
input admittance
Admittance Stub
.
Stub
Stub
stub
.
.:
Matching Procedure
. load line
.
load Admittance Stub
Admittance .Stub
. " " Admittance
Normalized Admittance 1jb
r = 1
Stub jb
. Stub
. Stub S.cct
Admittance .
jb Stub
.stub
:1
)(4-3
f =10MHZ
ZL =(450-j600)
Zo =300 Stub S.cct

.
:
Zn = ZL/Z0
= (450 j600)/300
)= (1.5-j2
VSWR = 4.6

)Yn = (0.24+j0.32
) (4-3 Q
y = 1jb Y =1+j1.7
R Q

stub
(0.181- 0.051) = 0.13
Stub 0.13 b = +1.7

Stub 1.7

j1.7 S ) (7-15
Admittance point = Stub
(0.335-0.250) = 0.085
:
Effect of frequency Variation:
Stub

Stub .
1 Stub
0.13 10 MHZ 30 m
Stub 3.9 m 12MHZ
= 25m 3.9m Stub 0.13
0.085 Stub Stub

.
BW
VSWR f
f Stub
s.cct .
) (4-5VSWR : 12 MHZ
:
Stub
f VSWR f
.
12MHZ
)ZL = (450 j600)*(10/12) = (450 - j500
)ZL = (450/300) (j500/300
)= (1.5 - j1.67

Stub
. p Q

Admittance
)Q = (0.3+j0.33
. Stub

stub
0.13 * (12/10) = 0.15
. (Q) load Admittance
VSWR 0.156 Yn R
) Yin = (2.1+j1.7 Admittance Y .
. Stub 0.085*12/10=0.102
= 0.102
) (4-5 . Stub = -j1.34
. two Admittance

Admittance y

Y = Stub +Yline
y = -j1.34+2.1+j1.7
y = 2.1+j0.36
. y T ) (4-5
VSWR VSWR f
line load stub f 2.2 = VSWR
VSWR 3.9
12MHZ 10MHZ
.
:
)(4-6
(a Stub s.cct
200
.300
(b VSWR 10
.
P 1.5 = VSWR Admittance Q
= r 1 R .
Q-R Load Admittance 0.11

Stub R
) y = (1 - j0.41 bstub S
S . 0.311 = Stub
f =110 f =/1.1 Stub
0.11x1.1 = 0.121 = 0.342 ,x, Stub
Q 0.121 R
Stub y
Yin = 0.94-j0.39 :
0.342
Stub Admittance ) (7-17
Ystub = +j0.65 y Stub
Y=Ystub +Yin
= j0.65+0.94-j0.39 = 0.94+j0.26
T ) (4-6 T
1.3 = VSWR
Time Domain Reflectrometry: TDR:

Monitoring And Oscilloscope

TDR
10 m
.
TDR

) (4-7-a )(4-7-b
T + 2
T/2 , VP
) (4-7-C
ZL Zo )(4-7-d
ZL . Zo
ZL T
)T = (ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo
=Ef
)=Ei (1+T) = Ei (1+ZL Zo
ZL +Zo
T =Er/Ei
Ef =Ei+ Er
Chapter - 5
Transmission line components:

stup stup
stup wave
1-100GHZ Centimeter Range
30-0.3cm Coaxial line
parallel line stup
Double stup stup

stup Co-axial wave lines 3/8
0.375
Triple-stup .0.125
Directional couplers:
load. antenna
Baluns:
The slotted line:

1- Load Impedance.
2- SWR.
3- Freq.Gen being used.
over head line
Telephone lines and cables:

The two-wire
cadmium
(p v c) polyvinyl chloride
60HZ Two-wire line
high-grade paper lead-alloy sheath

.
multi-carrier telephony Co-axial cable
Radio frequency lines:

Low Power Application
Co-axial cable kilo watt Solid
Dielectric :
micro strip transmission lines:
-:
1- Micro Strip Line

2- Strip Line
Micro Strip
) (
9 Strip Line
wave
1-Woven fiberglass.
2- Polyolefin
Polyolefin 2.32
1 or2 0Z
0.0014 or 0.0028 in
5 To 110
Chapter - 6
Waveguide
Rectangular And Circular
Tx , Rx

). (walls

inch
.3-100 GHZ
3*1.5
Tx Rx Co-axial line

.smith chart
Advantages:
Co-axial line
inner

10 .Co-axial
Reflection Of Waves:
zig zag
Transverse-Electromagnatic or TEM

.

Traverse-Electric. TE

Traverse-Magnetic-TM

TE - H
TM - E

Rectangular Wave Guide

. .
Modes:

-:
Or TMm,n Or TEm,n
n,m
m - x a
n - y b
:
where:
0 = Characteristics Wave impedance Of wave guide.

F = 120 or 377 is Characteristics impedance of free space.
. Z0
TEm, n modes:

n = 0
2
0
m
0 n = 0 m = 1
2
0
m
b
2
m
m
a
2a
m
TMm,n modes:

a b
TMm,0 .Tm1,1
Z0
Z0 377 TM
TM 1,1 TM1,1 , TE2,0 , TE1.0
TM9.5
TE3.7
0
.
Circular wave guide:

Modes .

Cut off wave length
)0=2 0/(kr

Where:
r = radius of wave-guide (internal).
Kr = solution of Bessel function equation.
Always Bessel function is given.

Kr .
Dominant mode TE 1.1 Circular wave guide

Cut off
1.7 d
= 3.41 r
2 r
0
) ( kr
Where d is diameter.
m,n :
M = Number Of Full - Wave Intensity Variations Around The
Circumference.
N = Number Of Half-Wave Intensity Changes Radially
Out from the center to the wall.
Cylindrical Coordinates

Disadvantages:

Dominant mode -:
=
2.17
2
2
1.45 r
Ac
Ar

Polarization
Advantages:

TM0.1 TE1.1 0
Attenuation Rectangular
TE1.1 dominant for electric
TM0.1 magnetic
Circular to rectangular wave guide:

Ridged waveguide:
Double OR Single Ridges
Cut of wave length 0

dominant mode Band width
rectangular attenuation
.
Flexible wave guide:
-:
) Bending( ) Twisting( ) Stretch( ) vibration(
Elliptical

Rectangular wave guide Mode TE1.1
.TE1.0 Mode
Chapter -
:
Fiber optics:
) (Fiber Optics N.S Kapny
" ) (

Joh Tyndall

- - .
) .(Photophone
.
1973
40kg 1.7Kg
.fiber Optics
AT&T
. ,
1MHZ
40GHZ
.

Voice Channel 1500 .
Repeaters 35 T0 100Km
Repeaters 1 T0 1.5 Km
.
-:
Light:.

.400 nm T0 700 nm

Reflection, Dispersion, Diftnaction, Scattering, Absorption
: X
.
750 nm 350 nm :
1nm = 0,000001 m =4* 10-8 inch

10nm .
700nm
.1mm

) ( )
( .
.
.
.
. %
- -
Tellurium .

.
""-:
.

.
-:
.
.
Fiber cables:
Quartz
(Tetrachloride +Posphorusoxychloride +Silicon +Tetrachloride
)+Germanium Tetrachloride
4ft 1in
1600F
2100F
13mm
2200F Vertical Drowing Tower
125m
6.25Km Core 8m
Quartz Quartz cladding

.125 - 8 = 117m cladding
1- core- quartz.
2- cladding- silica.
3- jacket-acrylic.
4- butter jacket.
5- strength members.
6- outer jacket ((Polyure thane)).
core
5-10m 125m cladding
50 to 100 GHz/KM
2000 Mbytes/s
100.000
fiber optic
.
.
Fiber losses:
1- Light scattering
2- Absorption

3- Micro bend:
.
4- Macro bend:

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Two-wire ribbon type line (

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Rigid Co-axial Dielectric

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From 40 to 150 for coaxial cable

Zo= 276 log 10 2D/d

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Zo = 138/ log10 D/d

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: Phase shift coefficient

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)N = -ln ( |I| /Is

neber Decibel D = 8.686 N

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Losses in transmission line

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I2R Skin effect DC

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Losses Lines At Radio Frequency

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Standing Wave Ratio

short circuit open circuit

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Voltage Standing- Wave Ratio VSWR

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short circuit ZL=0

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0.1 50 short Circuited Line :

(equivalent inductance ) Leq (

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Frequency = 500 MHz,

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Where vc = velocity of light

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Find the line length in wavelength if :Vc = propagation speed = (984x106 ) ft /s

or long is long line

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Quarter wavelength transfer:

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Half wavelength transfer:

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) ( half wave length .

. Band Stop Filter

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(270 electrical degrees)(3/4) 7

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Yn Normalized admittance Y0 line admittance

A )(4-1 ) Z =(1+j1 )Y =(1+j1