Adaptation to Environment

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.
.

.
:

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Adaptation
-:
1 Genetic Adaptation
.
2 Physiological Adaptation
.
-3 -Acclimatization


) (.
Acclimation
-4
( .Climatic chambers

.
-5 Habituation -

6 Learning
.
Adaptation








.

Ambient temperature

.


THI
.

. Homeostasis
: .
.
2



:
-1 External environment :
.
-2 Internal environment :

.


.

.

:
-1 Bi-level :

.
Economic level :

.
Genera

Species
Breed

) ( .



:
Climate Factors :
-1

:

) (

.

3


.


) ( . )
(
20 .



40
35
.

)(
.


) (
) (
.


.




.




{
}... :

. .
.
.

Feeding Factors
-2

.
Biotic Factors
-3

.



)( )(

.
:
1
)(
)(
).. (
.. ) (
.


.
5


1906 1930

4000 100000
1924
1924 60000 .
2

:
-1

) (

:






) (





.
-2

.
6



3


:

pH
.
:




Terrestitial Aquatic .





:

Thermoregulation

Thermal balance .

Heat balance

Homeothermy
= +
Heat Production = Heat loss + Heat storage

) (
) (
heat gain
heat lost
.

.

basal metabolic rate

Factors affecting heat production

8

1 ) BMR ) Basal metabolic rate Thermonuteral

zone ) Post absorptive stat 72-48
( ) (.
2 ( Specific dynamic action of food ( SDA

.
3.

Exercise

4 shivering .

Heat gain:
:
-1 Metabolism
-2
.
-3
-4
%80

.



.


.

.



.



.
Basal
heat
7363 5881 .



.
endocrine
neuroendocrine
)(


.

6-4
. Diurnal variation

Heat
increment

.

Gluconeogenesis



.


:
10

 + + + +=
:
=
=
=
=
=

=
Factors affecting heat loss

.

. :
( Sensible heat loss
.
(

Nonsensible heat loss :

-1 Physical H.L :
-1 ) : Conduction (

.

) .(Trapped air
-2 : Convection



.
-3 : Radiation


11


) (.
-4 : Evaporation
Laten heat
evaporization 1 K0.58
1



-5 : Respiration
Radiation




.
2 .Evaporative H.L
.




. :

: Temperature
-1
gradient
) (.


) (.

-2

.
Vasodilatation

12

 .
Vasoconstriction


.




%100
) (

) ).

)
( ( CO2 ( Washant of CO2
H2CO3
blood alkalosis
-3

H2CO3 H2O+ CO2

BW)) 0.75
:
core

) (
.

13

 :
-1 Cold blooded animal
) ( .
)Warm(hot
-2 blooded
animal
.




.

.
:
-1 Poikilothermic animal
-2 Homothermic animal .
-1 piokilotherms


.
-2 homeotherms



.

) (

.





. Heterotherms


14

 .


.







.
:

. :
-1 Exothermic animal :


.
.
-2 : Endothermic animal

.
.




.
:


:
-1
-2
-3
15


Geographical Zone

.
.:



Normal Temperature Zone

,

Critical Temperature
Leathal
. Temperature zone

Thermonuteral Zone Upper
& Lower critical temperatures
Thermoregulation
Comfort zone Thermonuteral zone
Upper and lower critical temperatures

) .( Metabolic rate
Upper critical temperature

16




.
) (



.
Lower critical temperature
) (
.
) T3 & T4
(



Thermonuteral zone

. Comfort zone


Death from heat

summit metabolism

.


. Death from cold
Comfort zone
Basal metabolic rate
Normal range 27 - 20
.
Thermonuteral zone
)

17

 (

) T3
( & T4 & Cortisol .

heat loss
- 18
30 .


Heat stress


Cold stress
) ( Heat storage

Stress


.

F50- 80 C102 -27
F30- 60
-C -116

:
) (
-1

.

-2

. %53
.100F

-3
) (.

18

-4
.

.
-5

-6
.
:


.


.
.:





.

:
Indices for livestock Reponses to climates
Climate

.

) (
) (.

) 508-254(
19

 .

.

.

.


.

.

.

.

.
.
.
-1 16
27 10

.
dairy cows

Calves
Pigs
Laying hens
Growing chicks
Sheep
Beef cow

) (TBW-H
TBW-HTI = 100 (TWBc TBWs) x100
TWBc
20

 :
TWB = total body water
HTI = Heat tolerance indices

30 )
%90 %15
.

.
:

A

B
.


.

Adaptation measurements

:
-1

) ( Core temperature
) - - - - (




)
( ) Vaso constriction
21

 ( ) (

) ( Minute ventilation gas volume
Tidal volume


Shallow rapid panting

Washout of
CO2 Blood alkalosis
Slower
deeper panting
:
:


) 40 -20 260 -120
2-1 80 -60 4 - 3 (

) ( .
) : (
.

Temperature Regulation
38-36

42-40
:

38.6)38/39.3

)36.7/39.1

(
(38.3
)37.3/38.2

)37.2/38.1

(38.6
(37.6
)38.3/39.3

)36.3/38.3

(39.1
(37.5
41.7)40.6/43

)38.3/40.7

(
(39.8

22






.

.
.

) (
.
.

.

:
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
-4 )(.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .

:

:

)(

- )(

23

) (

.


) (
.
2-1


.

.
300 -200/ /2 %75
%25 . Transudation



:
.

24


.

. )(
.

Control of temperature regulation

Hypothalamus

.
.

.

-1
.

heat receptors internal receptors




TSH ACTH T3 & T4
and Cortisol

.


.

25



.



80 /
.




.
-1 :

Thermoreceptor
. Heat
receptors

.
Set Point


Hypothalamic temperature

:
-1 :
.
-2
T.S.H

.



.

26





.


.


.



.
-


ADH
:
Temperature regulation in endothermic animal
36 38
42-40
.

.

.

:
-1 Adaptations for hot environment :

:

27



:
-1

.
41

.
-2

-3


.
-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8
.
** :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 ) (
)(
.
: Adaptation for cold environment

-1
-2

28

 .
) (
. %50




.
Counter
current
.




.

30
.

.

5-
50-.

.
-3 :

Shivering
18 .

.Non-shivering thermogenesis

:



.
*

29



.
*


Daily torpor

.
*

Hibernation
.


.
200

4 5 150 5
. -:
-1 .
-2 . .
:

:
-1 Behavioral adjustments :






.

.

39 -36 44 -29
30

-2 Metabolic adjustments :



Temperature
compensation

.



.

.

. Coat

.

31


.

.
:
-

.

.
.


Forced convection Radiation

Heat load
) Wool surface temperature (

)
3.5 ( 15

.
.
Heat loss
44
. :



.

32

 .
/ 2
-
-
-
- 40
) (

.
.

.
.
-

.
Long wave emission

.
: .
- . .

.
Evaporative cooling (sweating / respiratory ) ratio -
sweating respiratory respiratory sweating
.


.
33


+ +
:
-1
.
.
-2
.

Adaptation of sheep and goat to seasonal variation
Heat tolerance

Heat tolerance index

.

39
Evaporation

.
Respiratory evaporation Respiration rate
Gas volume
.
.
External receptors

.
Internal receptors

34

) % 40
(.

Effect of heat stress on sheep and goat

-1 ) ( .
.
.
-2 . Basal metabolic rate .

.
-3 Heat
stress
.
.
Heat load

.





.
2 1.5 .
.

.

:

35

 .
.

.

.

Thermonuteral zone
.
.
.



12 39
25 13
30 18

.
.



.

.

.
. .

36

 .

.

.

6

.
Reflectance Insulation


. .
Evaporative cooling


. Respiratory
) ( Sweating
Respiratory Sweating .
% 50
Sweating . Respiratory
) (
_
.
. Maximum air T.C 35 Heat stress
.
Water turnover .


.

40 .

37

 / .

% 12 % 20
.
.
.
40 .
.
% / .
.
% .

.
.
.
.
.
. .
.

.

.
. .

:

.

38



.

Medulla

.

ADH .

Adaptation in the camel

.



40 -35


.
:

.
39



50

) ( Browsing :
.1
.2
.3

.
.
.

.




.
:
-:
) (1
34
41

.

.


.
) (2 :

40

 /
.
/
)11-6( )30-1.5(


.

.

..
)(3 -:
-:
-1 .
-2 .
.



.








.


.
) (4 :
%16
) (%1.6 ) (%23

41


.

) ( %30-25

) (%2
) (%2 ) (%5-3 )( %7
. ) (%40
,

.
.

)
(12.5 3
.


/3 .
)(
.


.
.


.
) (%36 ) (%54 )(%65 .

Morphological and Anatomical characteristics



.


42

:

/

:
:

:

) (

:
)(

43

:

.
.

45-15 %40 -20

35 -27
. -32
38
.


21 -7 .

:


ACTH
.


44




27
.
:
48 / 400 -30
1:1

.

.
:

.



.




.
21 70

21-15
7
3
25-5
.
24

5 )(

.
.
:
45



.
33.5
18.2

21.4
19.5
/
12.5
17
/
39.6
38.3
/
6.2
9.4
/
34.6
29
//
) 40(

32.2 ) 40( 72 .
21.01 38.5
72 .%48

-

%61 %45 1
12 .


12 %33.4

5 32
21.3.


29

.

11.2 / 4.7 / .
:

46



.
40 4
%38
. 32 3
%12.7 %84
%120 4




.


.



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.




.
) (L.H
.
:

-12
-4

18.2

2.23
23.30
47

33.5

1.52
26.73

0
+4
+12

61.29
25.38
2.03

44.26
19.81
1.52

.

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .

.
:



.

.

.

.


.




48


.
:


...
:

-1

.

-2
.....
:
-1
.
-2

.

49

 Skin

%15 .
.


27
29 9

.

:
.1 Epidermis
.2 Dermis
:

)(




.

) ( .
:

.






:
50


. .


.




.
Sweet gland:

. :
Ecrine gland -1
%0.4-0.1
.
.
Epocrine gland -2

. .
Apocrine

.
/600 2
/1600 2

.
:

.

. Sebum

.
.
51


.
:
.1:
.
:
.
-2 : .
: .
-3 : .
: .
-4:
.
: 6-2
.
-5 :

pH
) ( .
:
.
-6 : )
( %95 .
: .
-7 : .
:
:

:
-1 : Protection

) (
-2 :Sensation

)
............(.

52





.
-3 : Storage

. Oedema
-4 : Absorption


.
-5 : Body thermal regulation
) (
) (


.


.
:

) (







.

.

.

53

 .


.

54