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p
E
11 = - o
0
p
E
12 = o
0
From the above two equations we can obtain the following relation
E
11
= E
12
= E
1
p
E
11
+E
21
=
1
p
E
12
+E
21
=
1
Following relation is deduced from the above equations
E
21
=
1
+E
11
p
After applying Kirchoffs second law for short circuit
v = u
E
11
S
11
+E
12
S
12
+E
21
S
21
= u
Let S be total thickness then
S
11
+S
12
= S
1
S = S
11
+S
12
+S
21
= 2S
1
+S
2
Using above three equations the result obtained is
E
21
=
2E
1
S
1
S
2
E
21
=
2S
1
(2S
1
+
P
S
2
)
E
1
=
1
S
2
(2S
1
+
P
S
2
)
Thickness of the foam changes as a pressure p is applied to the foam, the thickness change is
due to compression in the air layers, the variation of the electrode charge is controlled by
0o
0
5
2
Therefore,
S
2
=
p
E
1
S
2
=
p
_
(2S
1
+
p
S
2
)
1
1
S
2
p
(
(2S
1
+
p
S
2
))
2
_ =
2
p
S
1
1
(2S
1
+
p
S
2
)
2
The stress relation is
S
2
S
=
p
Y
S
2
p
=
s
Y
The piezoelectric coefficient is obtained
u
33
=
p
=
S
2
S
2
p
=
2S
1
S
(2S
1
+
P
S
2
)
2
Y
Solid PP
E
11
p
S
11
Air
E
21
S
21
Solid PP
E
12
p
S
12
Fig 8. Three Layer Simplified Model
Properties & Crucial Factors for piezoelectricity of ferroelectrets
If we compare the different traditional piezoelectric materials with ferroelectrets we will come to know
that among the favorable properties of ferroelectrets are their large piezoelectric d
33
coefficients, as
listed in table 2. Optimized PP ferroelectrets can show d
33
up to 600 pC/N.
Table 2. Comparison of piezoelectric coefficients of several piezoelectric materials
Ferroelectrets can display a large piezoelectric d
33
coefficient and this is an advantage in applications
depend on thickness change. However, they have a small value for d
31
, which relates the voltage
across a sample to the length change in the transverse direction. Usually d
33
is the only coefficient used
to evaluate the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectrets.
Bottom Electrode
-o
o
1
-o
1
o
2
Top Electrode
Actually, piezoelectric activity strongly depends on the cellular structures, elastic stiffness and some
other factors. Research showed that there is an inversely-U-shaped relation between the piezoelectric
activity and the sample density, as shown in figure 4.
Samples with small voids are relatively stiff and therefore have low piezoelectric activity. A controlled
increase of the void height can decrease the elastic stiffness and enhance the piezoelectric activity. Too
large a void height, i.e. more spherical voids, however, causes a large elastic stiffness, and lowers the
piezoelectric activity.
Dependency of d
33
Coefficient as a function of charging voltage
Dynamic measurement system was used to measure the piezoelectric d
33
coefficient of the samples.
First we took the value of the top surface and then the bottom surface. Average was taken of both the
above values. Sinusoidal force of 2 Hz frequency was applied on the samples to get the required
piezoelectric d
33
coefficient value.
The table below gives the values of d
33
coefficient for both the inflated & non inflated samples.
Table 3. Relation between charging voltage and d33 coefficient
Sample Inflated
Non-inflated
Voltage / kV
2.5 3.0 3.5 4 5 7 7
d33 /
[pCN-
1]
Side 1
13.10 15.76 45.25 79.27 122.65 190.14 12.93
Side 2
13.02 22.77 42.86 79.66 139.47 221.94 12.33
Average
13.06 19.265 44.055 79.465 131.06 206.04 12.63
By having a glance we can conclude from the table that as we increase the value of voltage there is an
increase in d
33
coefficient.
From Paschens law, it is known that there is a mediate gap distance at which a minimum is reached in
the curve of breakdown voltage with gap distance. Therefore, for small charging voltages, there is less
charge induced due to micro-plasma discharges. However, beyond this threshold value, the ionization is
more probable, and this leads to a more linear relation between the d
33
coefficient and the charging
voltage.
Figure 9. Graph between charging voltage and d33 coefficient
As it can be seen from the above graph , there is threshold voltage around 3 kV which means that
charging voltage below this value is not enough to produce high piezoelectric property in the material.
By increasing the charging voltage piezoelectric coefficient increases. The higher charging voltage
gives us a higher charge density on the internal void surface and thus in a higher internal electric field
and as a result higher piezoelectric coefficient.
DRS
Least square fit of complex capacitance was done and values for
r
, f
p
, c
33
, d
33
were obtained from
fitted function. After obtaining the above values we calculated the value for k
t
complex
electromechanical coupling factor from the below equation.
k
t
2
=
u
33
2
c
33
r
Effective polarization n
eII
was calculated from the following equations
u
33
=
p
=
s
p
c
33
s
cII
(s
1
+
p
s
2
)
2
For inflated polymer foam
u
33
=
p
c
33
[1 +
s
2
s
1
cII
[1 +
p
s
2
s
1
2
For non-inflated polymer foam
u
33
=
cII
c
33
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y = 45.461x - 107.26
R = 0.9867
Threshold Voltage
d
3
3
/
[
p
C
N
-
1
]
Voltage / kV
Table 4. Density of samples
Polypropylene
Film density (kg/m3) (Foam density kg/m3)
900 550
Table 5. Effective polarization n
eII
of samples
Sample
Effective polarization n
eII
non-inflated polymer 5.37 x 10
- 5
inflated polymer foam 2.7 x 10
- 4
Table 6. Parameters of samples
Parameter Inflated Non-inflated
C
0
(=0) / pF 23.193 36.1
r
1.62 1.80
c
33
/ [Nm-2] 1242400.91 4271667.94
d
33
/ [CN-1] 1.399 x 10
-10
2.27 x 10
-11
f
p
/ Hz 403974.14 888120.56
k
t
0.041 0.012
In the table above we can see that inflation decreases relative permittivity and also the capacitance of
polymer since the permittivity of pure polymer is larger than that of air.
As the density decreases by introducing controlled voids, the elastic stiffness is lowered c
33
while the
piezoelectricity activity d
33
is increased, which coincides with the inversely V-shaped behavior of the
two. More charges are separated and trapped on the surfaces of internal voids to yield higher
piezoelectricity.
36.13
36.14
36.15
36.16
36.17
36.18
36.19
1e+06
1e+36
1e+37
C
'
/
p
F
Freq/Hz
Sample Non-inflated 7kV (thickness 50um)
C' (measured, corr.)
C' (measured, raw)
C' (fit)
23.06
23.08
23.1
23.12
23.14
23.16
23.18
23.2
23.22
23.24
23.26
23.28
1e+23
1e+24
C
'
/
p
F
Freq/Hz
Sample inflated 7kV (thickness 70um)
C' (measured, corr.)
C' (measured, raw)
C' (fit)
REFERENCES
PZT Application Manual
Influence of gas pressure in the voids during charging on the piezoelectricity of ferroelectrets
Xunlin Qiu, Axel Mellinger, and Reimund Gerhard
Spectroscopic study of dielectric barrier discharges in cellular polypropylene ferroelectrets
Xunlin Qiu, Axel Mellinger, Werner Wirges, and Reimund Gerhard
Preparation and Investigation of Polymer-Foam Films and Polymer-Layer Systems for
Ferroelectrets
Peng Fang
Lab Manual