CIVE 140001

This question paper consists of 5 printed pages,

(including the formula sheet)
each of which is identified by the Code Number CIVE 140001 Formula Sheet attached

© UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
May/June 2005

Examination for the degree of

BEng/ MEng
Civil Engineering

FLUID MECHANICS

Time allowed: 2 hours

Attempt 4 questions

1 Turn over
 CIVE 140001

1. (a) Starting with the Bernoulli and Continuity equations, show that the following
expression gives the discharge measured by a venturimeter.
⎛ p − p2 ⎞
2 g ⎜⎜ 1 + z1 − z 2 ⎟⎟
Q = Cd A1 A2 ⎝ ρg ⎠
A1 − A2
2 2

[7 marks]
(b) A horizontal venturimeter is used to measure the flow of water in a 200mm diameter
pipe. The throat diameter of the venturimeter is 80mm and the discharge coefficient is
0.85. If the pressure difference between the two measurement points is 10cm of
mercury, calculate the average velocity in the pipe. Assume the relative density of
mercury is 13.6.
[8 marks]
(c) The velocity of the water flowing in the same pipe is also measured using a pitot-static
tube located centrally in the flow. If the height measured on the attached manometer is
60mm and the relative density of the manometer fluid is 1.45, determine the velocity of
the water.
[8 marks]
(d) Explain why the velocity measured by the pitot-static tube is higher than that measured
by the venturimeter.
[2 marks]
1.
(a) As per notes
π × 0 .2 2
(b) A1 = = 0.031416 m 2
4
π × 0.082
A2 = = 5.0265 × 10 − 3 m 2
4
P1 − P2 = 13.6 ×1000 × 9.81× 0.1 = 13341.6 Pa
z1 − z2 = 0
13341.6
2 × 9.81×
Q = 0.85 × 0.031416 × 0.0050265 × 1000 × 9.81 = 0.02238m3 / s
0.031416 − 0.00502652
2

v = Q / A1 = 0.02238 / 0.031416 = 0.712m / s

2 gh( ρ m − ρ )
(c) v =
ρ
2 × 9.81× 0.06 × (1450 − 1000)
v= = 7.m / s
1000
(d) Velocity measured by pitot-tube is velocity at centre of pipe, while venturi determines average velocity across
the whole pipe cross section. This value is lower due to the lower velocities at the walls of the pipe caused by
friction.

Pipe Ideal flow Real flow

Velocity profile across a pipe
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 CIVE 140001

2. (a) Derive the following expression for the discharge over a rectangular weir. Start with
Bernoulli’s equation and state all the assumptions that you make.
2
Q = Cd B 2 g H 3 / 2
3
[7 marks]
(b) Water is flowing over a sharp-crested rectangular weir of width 50cm into a tank with
cross-sectional area 0.6 m2. After a period of 30 s the depth of water in the tank is
1.4m. Assuming a discharge coefficient of 0.9, determine the height of the water
above the weir.
[9 marks]
(c) If the rectangular weir is replaced by a 90o notch weir with the same head and a
discharge coefficient of 0.8, calculate the depth increase of the water in the tank after
30s.
[9 marks]
2.
(a) As notes

0.6 ×1.4
(b) Q = = 0.028m3 / s
30
3 Q 3 1 0.028 3 1
H 2 = = × × = 0.021071
Cd 2 B 2 g 0.9 2 0.5 × 2 × 9.81
3
H = 0.0210712 = 0.0763m

(c)
8 ⎛θ ⎞ 5 8 5
Q = Cd 2 g tan⎜ ⎟ H 2 = 0.8 × × 2 × 9.81 × 1× 0.0763 2 = 0.00304
15 ⎝2⎠ 15
30 × 0.00304
height = = 0.152m
0.6

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 CIVE 140001

3. The discharge of water through a 320º bend, shown in Figure 1, is 30 litres/s. The bend is
lying in the horizontal plane and the diameters at the entrance and exit are 200mm and
100mm respectively. The pressure measured at the entrance is 100 kN/m2, what is the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend?
[22 marks]
100mm

2
p = 100 kN/m
200mm o
40

Figure 1

Comment on how frictional losses might be included in the above analysis.

[3 marks]

Solution
A1= πd1 / 4 = 0.0314 m2 A2= πd2 / 4 = 0.00785 m2 Q = 30 / 1000 = 0.03 m3/s
u1 = Q/A1 = 0.5/0.0314 = 0.955 m/s u2 = Q/A2 = 0.5/0.00785 = 3.82 m/s p1 = 100 kN/m2 = 100 000 N/m2
Calculate the total force

FT x = ρQ(u 2 x − u1 x ) = ρQ(u 2 cosθ − u1 )

In the x-direction: = 1000 × 0.03(3.82 cos 320 − 0.955)
= 59.1N
( )
FT y = ρQ u 2 y − u1 y = ρQu 2 sin θ
In the y-direction: = 1000 × 0.03 × 3.82 sin 50
= −73.7 N
Calculate the pressure force

p1 u12 p2 u22
Use Bernoulli to calculate force at exit, p2 + +z = + + z + hf
ρg 2 g 1 ρg 2 g 2
the friction loss hf can be ignored, hf=0
As the exit of the pipe is 0.4m higher than the entrance we can say z1 = 0.0, z2 = 0.4
By continuity, Q= u1A1 = u2A2

ρ
p 2 = p1 −
2
(u 2
2 )
− u12 + ( z1 − z 2 )

= 100000 −
1000
2
(
3.82 2 − 0.955 2 + 0 )
= 93160.0 N

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 CIVE 140001

FP = pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2

FP x = p1 A1 cos 0 − p 2 A2 cos θ = p1 A1 − p 2 A2 cos θ

= 2581N
FP y = p1 A1 sin 0 − p 2 A2 sin θ = − p 2 A2 sin θ
= 470 N
Calculate the body force (In horizontal plane so no body forces need be considered)

FBx = 0 FBy = 0
Calculate the resultant force

FT x = FR x + FP x + FB x
FT y = FR y + FP y + FB y

FR x = FT x − FP x − FB x = −2522 N

FR y = FT y − FP y − FB y = −544 N
And the resultant force on the fluid is given by
FRy
FResultant

FRx

FR = FR2 x − FR2 y = 2580 N

And the direction of application is

⎛ FR y ⎞
φ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = −12.2 o
⎟
F
⎝ Rx ⎠

the force on the bend is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
R = − FR

u2
b) The frictional force would be taken into account with a head loss term of the form hf = k in the Bernoulli
2g
equation. i.e.
p1 u1 p u
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + h f
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

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 CIVE 140001

4. (a) What is the absolute pressure in the sea at a depth of 10m? Assume the density of
seawater is constant at 1025 kg/m3 and that atmospheric pressure is 101325 Pa.
[3 marks]

(b) If a mercury manometer is attached to a tank of oil or relative density 0.8 and the
readings were as shown in Figure 2, what would be the level of water (h) above the
point where the manometer was attached?

1.0m
0.1m

Figure 2
[7 marks]

(c) A storage tank has vertical sides and is filled with water to a depth of 1.5m and this is
covered with a 0.5 m depth of oil (of relative density 0.8).
Calculate:
(i) the resultant force on the wall of the tank due to the fluids
(ii) the moment caused by the fluids along wall at the base of the tank.
[9 marks]

(d) In an experiment a jet of water of diameter 10mm is fired vertically upwards at a

horizontal sprung target. If a 500g mass placed on the target balances the force of the
jet, was is the discharge of the jet in litres/s?
[6 marks]

Solution

a)
p = ρ sea gh + p atmospheric
p = 1025 × 9.81× 10 + 101325
p = 201877.5 Pa (or N / m )
2

b)

ρgh + ρg 0.1 = ρ Hg g1.0

0.8(h + 0.1) = 13.6
h = 16.9m

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 CIVE 140001
c)

d1
d2
d3
f1
F
f2
f3

1
f1 = ρ o gho2 = 0.5 × 800 × 9.81 × 0.5 2 = 981 N
2
f 2 = ρ o gho hw = 800 × 9.81 × 0.5 × 1.5 = 5886 N
1
f3 = ρ w ghw2 = 0.5 × 1000 × 9.81 × 1.5 2 = 11036.25 N
2

2
d1 = ho = 0.333
3
1
d 2 = ho + hw = 1.25
2
2
d 3 = ho + hw = 1.5
3

Total force = F = f 1 + f 2 + f 3 = 17903.25 N

Moments about top of surface = M = f 1 d 1 + f 2 d 2 + f 3 d 3 = 24238.88 Nm

M
Depth to force = D= 1.354 m
F
Distance from base = 2.0 – 1.354 = 0.646 m

Moment from base = 0.646 * 17903.25 = 11565.5 Nm

d)
Mg = ρQ(v1 − v2 cos 90 )
Mg = ρQv1
Q
Mg = ρQ
A jet
MgA1
Q2 =
ρ
0.5 × 9.81 × π × 0.1 2
Q = 2
= 3.85 × 10 − 7
4 × 1000
Q = 0.00062 m 3 / s
Q = 0.62 litres / s

7 Turn over
 CIVE 140001

5. Describe with the aid of diagrams the following:

(i) Newton’s Law of Viscosity

[5 marks]
(ii) The laminar boundary layer
[5 marks]
(iii) The turbulent boundary layer
[5 marks]
(iv) Boundary layer separation
[5 marks]
(v) Methods to prevent boundary layer separation
[5 marks]

(The answer to each part requires at least a half page description of the phenomenon plus
diagrams).

8 Turn over
 CIVE 140001

6. (a)
Resultant force

π 42
R = pressure at centroid × area, R = ρg (2 + 2) = 493104 N
4

I GG
Depth to centre of pressure, the point where the resultant force acts Sc = +x
Ax
12.566 π 4 4
Sc = + = 4.25 m
π 44 4
4
4
Moment of R about pivot M R = 493104(4.25 − 4.0 ) = 123276 Nm

Moment required from F applied at base is MF is equal to MR

MF = MR
F × 2 = 123276
F = 61638 N
b)
Force Down = weight of water above gate (volume A) + weight of gate

Force Up = F + Weight of water in volume B

A
2.6m 2.6m

0.6m
0.6m 0.6m

⎛ π 0.6 2 ⎞
FD = ⎜⎜ 2.6 × 0.6 − ⎟⎟0.9 ×1000 × 9.81 + 1000 × 9.81 = 21087 N
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ π 0.6 2 ⎞
⎜
FU = ⎜ 2.6 × 0.6 + ⎟⎟0.9 × 1000 × 9.81 = F + 16270
⎝ 4 ⎠
FD = FU
21087 = F + 16270
F = 21087 − 16270 = 4817 N

9 End of Paper