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Noise Analysis - AM, FM

The following assumptions are made: Channel model distortionless Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Receiver Model (see Figure 1) ideal bandpass lter ideal demodulator

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Modulated signal s(t)

x(t)

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Demodulator

BPF

w(t)

Figure 1: The Receiver Model BPF (Bandpass lter) - bandwidth is equal to the message bandwidth B midband frequency is c . Power Spectral Density of Noise and is dened for both positive and negative frequency (see Figure 2). %
N0 2 ,

N0 is the average power/(unit BW) at the front-end of the &

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receiver in AM and DSB-SC.

N 2

c 4 B

4 B

Figure 2: Bandlimited noise spectrum The ltered signal available for demodulation is given by:

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' x(t) = s(t) + n(t) n(t) = nI (t) cos c t nQ (t) sin c t nI (t) cos c t is the in-phase component and nQ (t) sin c t is the quadrature component. n(t) is the representation for narrowband noise. There are dierent measures that are used to dene the Figure of Merit of dierent modulators: Input SNR: Average power of modulated signal s(t) (SN R)I = Average power of noise

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Output SNR: Average power of demodulated signal s(t) (SN R)O = Average power of noise The Output SNR is measured at the receiver.

Channel SNR: Average power of modulated signal s(t) (SN R)C = Average power of noise in message bandwidth Figure of Merit (FoM) of Receiver: (SN R)O F oM = (SN R)C

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To compare across dierent modulators, we assume that (see Figure 3): The modulated signal s(t) of each system has the same average power Channel noise w(t) has the same average power in the message bandwidth B.
m(t) message with same power as modulated wave

Low Pass Filter (B)

Output

n(t)

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Figure 3: Basic Channel Model

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Figure of Merit (FoM) Analysis

DSB-SC (see Figure 4)

s(t) = CAc cos(c t)m(t) (SN R)C P x(t) = =

2B

A2 C 2 P c 2BN0
+2B

SM ()d

= s(t) + n(t) CAc cos(c t)m(t) +nI (t) cos c t + nQ (t) sin c t

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m(t) message with same power as modulated wave

Band Pass Filter (B)

Product Modulator

v(t)

Low Pass Filter (B)

y(t)

n(t)

Local Oscillator

Figure 4: Analysis of DSB-SC System in Noise The output of the product modulator is

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' v(t) = x(t) cos(c t) 1 1 Ac m(t) + nI (t) = 2 2 1 + [CAc m(t) + nI (t)] cos 2c t 2 1 nQ (t) sin 2c t 2

The Low pass lter output is: 1 1 Ac m(t) + nI (t) 2 2

= ONLY inphase component of noise nI (t) at the output = Quadrature component of noise nQ (t) is ltered at the output Band pass lter width = 2B & %

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(t) Receiver output is nI2 Average power of nI (t) same as that n(t)

Average noise power

(SN R)O,DSBSC

1 = ( )2 2BN0 2 1 BN0 = 2 C 2 A2 P/4 c = BN0 /2 = C 2 A2 P c 2BN0 (SN R)O (SN R)C

F oMDSBSC Amplitude Modulation

|DSBSC = 1

The receiver model is as shown in Figure 5 &

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m(t) message with same power as modulated wave

Band Pass Filter (B)

x(t)

Envelope Modulator

v(t)

n(t)

Figure 5: Analysis of AM System in Noise

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' s(t) = Ac [1 + ka m(t)] cos c t 2 A2 (1 + ka P ) c (SN R)C,AM = 2BN0 x(t) = s(t) + n(t) = [Ac + Ac ka m(t) + nI (t)] cos c t nQ (t) sin c t y(t) = envelope of x(t) = [Ac + Ac ka m(t) + nI (t)] +
2

n2 (t) Q

1 2

(SN R)O,AM F oMAM &

Ac + Ac ka m(t) + nI (t) 2 A2 k a P c 2BN0 2 (SN R)O ka P = |AM = 2 (SN R)C 1 + ka P %

Thus the F oMAM is always inferior to F oMDSBSC

' Frequency Modulation The analysis for FM is rather complex The receiver model is as shown in Figure 6
m(t) message with same power as modulated wave

Band Pass Filter (B)

x(t)

Limiter

Discriminator

y(t) n(t)

Bandpass low pass filter

Figure 6: Analysis of FM System in Noise

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(SN R)O,F M (SN R)C,F M F oMF M

= = =

2 3A2 kf P c 2N0 B 3 A2 c 2BN0

(SN R)O (SN R)C

|F M

2 3kf P = B2

The signicance of this is that when the carrier SNR is high, an increase in transmission bandwidth BT provides a corresponding quadratic increase in output SNR or F oMF M

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