FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF FGM SANDWICH BEAM

RESTING ON THE WINKLER FOUNDATION USING

DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMATION METHOD (DTM)
Presented by:
Parimal Priyadarshi (09AE6001)
Guided BY:
Prof. S.C.Pradhan Department of Aerospace
Engineering, I.I.T Kharagpur

Contents
Introduction
Literature Survey
Formulation
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Understanding of soil-structure interaction.
The well known and widely used mechanical model is the one
devised by Winkler. According to the Winkler model, the
beam-supporting soil is modeled as a series of closely spaced,
mutually independent, linear elastic vertical springs which
provide resistance in direct proportion to the deflection of the
beam.
In this work we have taken FGM sandwich beam resting on
winkler foundation and Euler Bernoulli theory has been
applied for the governing equation.



FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

FGM may be characterized by the variation in
composition and structure gradually over volume,
resulting in corresponding changes in the properties
of the material.
The concept of FGM was originated in Japan in 1984
during a space plane project.
FGM material have the best of both materials.


Most of the FGMs are being used in high-temperature
environment and their material properties are
temperature dependent. A typical material
property P
i
can be expressed as a function of the
environment temperature T



where P
0
, P
1
, P
1
, P
2
and P
3
are temperature coefficients
and are constants for a specific FGM constituent
material.







Young's modulus of FGM beam made up of two different
materials are expressed as


and from temp. variation it can be shown as



LITERATURE SURVEY
Zhou [1] and Eisenberger [2] studied a general
solution to vibrations of beams on a variable
Winkler elastic foundation.
Eisenberger and Clastornik [3] examined the
vibrations and buckling of a beam on a variable
Winkler elastic foundation.
.
Also, some researchers [4-5] studied the analysis
of elastic foundations with Winkler-Pasternak
models. In addition to differential transform
method for structures on elastic foundation.


Zhou[6] was the first to use the DTM to
solve the initial boundary value problem. In
the electric circuit analysis.
Ozdemir and kaya [7] calculated natural
frequencies for the nonprismatic beams
whose crosssectional area and moment of
inertia vary.
Ozgumus and kaya [8] determined the first
Natural frequencies of a cantilevered double
tapered rotating Euler-Bernoulli beam.
Pradhan et al., [9] found out the nonlocal
critical buckling load of a beam embeded in
an elastic system using DTM.



Praveen and Reddy [10] carried out thermo-elastic
analysis of FG plates. They investigated the static and
dynamic response of the FGM plates by varying the
volume fraction of the ceramic and metallic
constituents using the simple power-law distribution.
Reddy and Cheng [11] studied the three-dimensional
distribution of displacement and stresses of smart FG
plates.
Librescu et al. [12] studied the behavior of thin-walled
beams made of FGM operating at high temperatures,
which included vibration and instability analysis with
effects of volume fraction, temperature gradients, etc.
Li et al. [13] reported free vibration response of FGSW
rectangular plates based on the three-dimensional
elasticity theory. Their work included sandwich
structures with FGM face sheet as well as with FGM
core.

Objective
To find out the natural frequencies of FGM
Sandwich Beam based on Euler Bernoulli
theory.
Applying different Boundary Conditions to
both ends and find out the changes in the
frequencies as we change the value of
Winklers Elasticity, Temperature and R
n
.
Formulation
The differential transform method (DTM) is a
transformation technique based on the Taylor series
expansion and is a useful tool to obtain analytical
solutions of the differential equations.
In this method, certain transformation rules are applied
and the governing differential equations and the
boundary conditions of the system are transformed into a
set of algebraic equations in terms of the differential
transforms of the original functions and the solution of
these algebraic equations gives the desired solution of
the problem.
DTM Theorems used for the equation
of motion and B.Cs *9+
Mathematical Formulation
Consider Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on Winkler
foundation. The equation of motion for this problem is
given as follows.


Where k is spring constant; w is deflection (m); is the
mass density (kg/m
3
); A is the cross sectional area (m
2
); E
is the Youngs Modulus (Pa) and I is the area moment of
inertia about the neutral axis (m
4
). Here x is the
horizontal space coordinate measured along the length of
the beam and t is any particular instant of time.




4 2
4 2
( ) ( ) 0
w w
EI k x A x
x t

| | c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .
Assuming the displacement function as follows,
where is the natural frequency;


So we can again write the eq of motion as


The elastic foundation is represented by a set of
linear springs in Winkler modelling. Winkler elastic
foundation can vary linearly or parabolically or even
constantly through the length of the beam. In this
study it is being taken as constant k.


( , ) ( )
i t
w x t w x e
e
=
4
2
4
( ) 0
w
EI A w k x w
x
e
c
+ =
c
Now we can nondimensionalize this eq using these
Non- dimesional parameters
Using these non-dimensional parameters again
the equation can be written as



Now using the DTM table it can be written as

Where

4
2
4
(1 ) 0
d W
W
d
e

+ =
( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4) ( 4) ( ) k k k k W k rW k + + + + + =
2
(1 ) r e =
| |
max
0,1, 2..... k N =
Application of Boundary Conditions
For C-C Beam
As we know

Using DTM Table We can write above boundary
Condition as
W(0)=0, w(1)=0 and





0 0, 0 0, 0, 0 w( )= w'( )= w(L)= w'(L)=
0
0
k=
W(k)=

0
0
k=
k W(k)=

For S-S Beam

Now again using DTM we can write these B.Cs
as

W(0)=0 and w(2)=0
And

0 0, '' 0 0, 0, '' 0 w( )= w ( )= w(L)= w (L)=
0
0
k=
W(k)=

0
1 0
k=
k (k )W(k)=

For C-F Beam

Now again using DTM we can write these B.Cs
as


W(0)=0 and w(1)=o
And

0 0, ' 0 0, 0, '' 0 w( )= w ( )= w(L)= w (L)=
0
0
k=
W(k)=

0
1 0
k=
k (k )W(k)=

Validation(For L=1,EI=1,K=1,=1)


Results
Fig1: Natural Frequency Vs R
N
for Different Boundary Conditions (At k=0, T= -300 k)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(

r
a
d
.
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

R
N

C-C
S-S
C-H
C-F
Fig 2: : Natural Frequency Vs R
N
for Different Boundary Conditions (At k=500, T= -300 k)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
.

/
s
e
c
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

R
N

C-C
S-S
C-H
C-F
Fig3: Natural Frequency Vs R
N
for Different Boundary Conditions (At k=1000, T= -300 k)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
.
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

R
N

C-C
S-S
C-H
C-F
Fig4: Natural Frequency Vs R
N
for Different Boundary Conditions (At k=2000, T= -300 k)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
.
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

R
N

C-C
S-S
C-H
C-F
Fig5: Natural Frequency Vs R
N
At different T and k=0 for the Clamped-clamped Boundary
Condition

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

R
N

T= -300
T= -100
T= 27
T= 100
T=300
Fig6: Natural Frequency Vs K for the Clamped-Free Boundary Condition at different R
N

(For T= 300 k)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
.
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

K ( N/m )
C-C
S-S
C-F
C-H
Fig7: Natural Frequency Vs K for the Different Boundary Conditions (For T= 300 k, R
n
= 0)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
.
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

K ( N/m )
C-H
C-F
S-S
C-C
Fig8: Natural Frequency Vs K for the Different Boundary Conditions (For T= 300 k, R
n
= 10)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(

r
a
d
.
/
s
)

T
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

K ( N/m )
C-H
C-F
S-S
C-C
Fig9: E Vs Rn for Alumina And stainless steel FGM Beam


200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
E
F
G
M

(

G
P
a
)

R
N

Alumina and Steel
Alumina and Steel
Fig10: E Vs Rn for alumina and steel FGM beam fir the different temperature variations

150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
E
F
G
M

(

G
P
a
)

R
N

T=-300
T=-100
T=27
T=100
T=300
C-C Beam At T=300
0
c, k=0
C-C Beam at T=300
0
c, k=1000
C-C Beam at T=300
0
c, k=2000


Conclusion
DTM gave the accurate result up to four
decimal places.
Natural Frequency decreases as Temperature
and Rn increases.
Natural frequency doesnt much change with
the value of Winkler elasticity.
References
1. D. Zhou, A General solution to vibrations of beams on variable Winkler elastic
foundation. Computers & Structures 47 (1993), 83-90.
2. M. Eisenberger, Vibration frequencies for beams on variable one- and two-
paramter elastic foundations. Journal of Sound and Vibrations 176(5) (1994),
577-584.
3. M. Eisenberger, J. Clastornik, Vibrations and buckling of a beam on a variable
Winkler elastic foundation. Journal of Sound and Vibration 115 (1987), 233-241.
4. X. Ma, J.W. Butterworth, G.C. Clifton, Static analysis of an infinite beam resting on
a tensionless Pasternak foundation. European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 28
(2009), 697-703.
5. O. Civalek, Nonlinear analysis of thin rectangular plates on Winkler-Pasternak
elastic foundations by DSC-HDQ methods. Applied Mathematical Modeling 31
(2007), 606-624.
6. Zhou, J.K., Differential transformation and its application for electrical circuits.
Huazhong University Press, Wuhan, China, 1986.





Continued.
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cantilever BernoulliEuler beam by differential transform method. Journal of
Sound and Vibration 289 (2006), 413420.
8. . zdemir, M.O. Kaya, Flapwise bending vibration analysis of double tapered
rotating EulerBernoulli beam by using the differential transform method.
Meccanica 41(6) (2006), 661670.
9. S.C.Pradhan, G.K.Reddy, Buckling analysis of single walled carbon nanotube on
Winkler foundation using nonlocal elasticity theory and DTM. Computational
material sciences 50(5)(2011), 1052-1056.
10. G.N. Praveen and J.N. Reddy, Nonlinear transient thermo-elastic analysis of
functionally graded ceramicmetal plates, International Journal of Solids and
Structures 35 (1998), pp. 44574476.
11. J.N. Reddy and Z.Q. Cheng, Three-dimensional solutions of smart functionally
graded plates, Journal of Applied Mechanics 68 (2) (2001), pp. 234241.





Continued..
12. L. Librescu, S.Y. Oh and O. Song, Thin-walled beams made of functionally
graded materials and operating in a high temperature environment:
vibration and stability, Journal of Thermal Stresses 28 (2005), pp. 649712.
13. Q. Li, V.P. Iu and K.P. Kou, Three-dimensional vibration analysis of
functionally graded material sandwich plates, Journal of Sound and
Vibration 311 (12) (2008), pp. 498515.
14. Chen CN. Vibration of prismatic beam on an elastic foundation by the
differential quadrature element method. Computers and Structures 2000;
77:19.


Thank You