Thi gian thc v cc c tnh ca thi gian thc

Chng I

Gii thiu chung

Thi gian thc (Real-Time) l g?

Thi gian thc rt kh nh ngha. tng c bn ca thi gian thc th hin ch, mt h thng phi c nhng phn ng thch hp, ng thi im vi mi trng ca n. Nhiu ngi lun ngh rng, thi gian thc c ngh l thc s nhanh, cng nhanh cng tt, iu ny l sai lm. Thi gian thc c ngha nhanh (fast enough) trong mt ng cnh, mt mi trng m h thng ang hot ng. Khi chng ta cp n my tnh iu khin ng c t, chng ta cn n chy cng nhanh cng tt. Mt v d khc, khi chng ta cp n mt nh my lc du ho hc chng hn, nh my c iu khin bi mt hoc mt h thng my tnh. Cc my tnh ny c trch nhim iu khin qu trnh ho hc ng thi phi pht hin ra c cc s c c th xy ra. Tuy nhin, cc phn ng hay cc qu trnh ho hc thng c hng s thi gian kh ln t hng giy cho ti hng pht l t. Chnh v th my chng ta c th gi thit rng my tnh hon ton c kh nng phn ng li cc s c nghim trng. Tuy nhin, t vn l nu h thng my tnh ang trong qu trnh in mt bn bo co di v cc thng s sn lng ca tun trc th t nhin trc trc xy ra. Vy th n mt bao nhiu thi gian c th phn ng li cc s c nh th? Thc cht ca vic tnh ton thi gian thc khng ch vic phn ng nhanh m cn phi ng tin cy v chnh xc. My tnh iu khin ng c trong t ca bn phi c th iu chnh lung nhin liu v thi gian nh la mt cch hp l trong mi vng quay. Nu khng, ng c s khng lm vic theo mong mun. My tnh trong nh my lc du phi c th pht hin v phn ng li cc iu kin bt thng trong thi gian cho php c th trnh c cc thm ho c th xy ra. Nh vy, ngh thut ca lp trnh thi gian thc chnh l vic thit k h thng sao cho n c th tip nhn mt cch chnh xc cc rng buc v mt thi gian trong sut qu trnh cc s kin ngu nhin v khng ng b xy ra.

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Thi gian thc v cc c tnh ca thi gian thc

Thi gian thc v cc dng ca n

V c bn, chng trnh c tnh thi gian thc phi c kh nng phn ng li cc s kin trong mi trng m h thng lm vic trong khong thi gian nht nh cho trc. Nhng h thng nh vy c gi l h thng iu khin s kin (hay h thng li s kin event-driven) v c th c m t bng thi gian tr t khi m s kin xy ra cho ti khi h thng c hot ng phn ng li vi s kin . Thi gian thc, mt khc, i hi mt gii hn cao hn v thi gian tr, c gi l thi hn lp danh mc (scheduling deadline). Mt h thng thi gian thc c th c chia lm 2 loi. Thi gian thc cng v thi gian thc mm (hard real-time v soft realtime, ti xin gi theo ng t nguyn bn trong ting Anh v sau ny). Trong h thng hard real-time, h thng phi tip nhn v nm bt c scheduling deadline ca n ti mi v mi thi im. S sai st trong vic tip nhn deadline c th dn n hu qu nghim trng thm ch cht ngi. Ly v d, my h tr nhp tim cho bnh nhn khi phu thut. Thut ton iu khin ph thuc vo thi gian nhp tim ca ngi bnh, nu thi gian ny b tr, tnh mng ca ngi bnh s b nh hng. i vi khi nim soft real-time, scheduling deadline c d th hn cht t. Chng ta mong mun h thng phn ng li cc s kin trong thi gian cho php nhng khng c g thc s nghim trng xy ra nu h thng thnh thong b tr. Li v mt thi gian c th ch n gin l dn n hu qu gim tin cy ca i tng i vi h thng m khng c hu qu th thm no khc xy ra. Mng li thu ngn t ng ca ngn hng l v d r nht cho soft real-time. Mng rt tin t ng ATM l h thng thi gian thc? Chng ai dm t cc c. Khi bn a th ATM vo my, bn mong l my s phn ng li trong vng 1 hay 2 giy. Nhng nu n lu hn th, iu ti t nht c th xy ra l bn st rut v thy kh chu i vi ci my . Trn thc t c rt nhiu h thng phi hp c 2 loi trn, trong , mt phn no ca h thng lm vic da trn hard real-time, mt s phn khc li da trn soft real-time. Chng sau ca bi vit ny s ni v c tnh u tin v cng quan trng nht ca lp trnh thi gian thc. l Polling v Interrupt.
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