CHAPTER 1: FUNCTION Functions are the tool for describing the real world in mathematical terms.

A function can be represented by an equation, a graph, a numerical table or a verbal description. 1.1 DEFINITION A function f from a set D to set Y is a rule that assigns a unique (single) element xD . Te set D is called domain of the function. The set Y is called the range of the function.

The independent variable is the variable associated with the domain and the dependent variable belongs to the range. 1.1.1 Vertical Line Test Not every curve in the coordinate plane can be the graph of a function. A graph represents a function if and only if passes the vertical line test with every vertical line intersects the graph at most once. A graph that fails this test does not represent a function.

Example 1: Which of the equations below define y as a function of x. (a)

x+ y = 1

(b)

x2 + y 2 = 1

2 1 (c) x + y =

1 (d) x + y 2 =

Solution:

y Example 2: Find the domain and range of the function = that represented the function.

4 x . Sketch the graph

Example 3: Find the domain and range of the functions Function

y=x y = 1/ x
2

Domain

Range

y= x = y 4 x

= y

1 x2

1.2 GRAPH OF FUNCTIONS 1.2.1 Polynomials A function P is a polynomial degree n if

= an x n + an1 x n1 + an2 x n2 + .... + a1x + a0 , P( x) n 0, an , an1 , an2 ,..., a0

x) a1 x + a0 , a linear function. Example, let = y 2 x + 1. n = 1: Let P (=

2 = 2 x2 + x + 1 n = 2 : Let P ( x) = a2 x + a1 x + a0 , a quadratic function. Example, let y

3 2 n = 3 : Let P ( x) = a3 x + a2 x + a1x + a0 , a qubic function. Example, let

= y

2 3 x + x +1. 5

1.2.2 Power Functions Power functions are a special case of polynomials, they have the form
f ( x) = x n , where n is a positive integer.

1.2.3 Algebraic Functions Any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic operations (addition, multiplication, division and taking roots) is called algebraic functions Example:
= y (i) x ( x 4) ,

= y (ii)

3 x ( x 1) 2/3 , 4

= y x 2 (1 x) 2/3 , (iii)

1.2.4 Rational Functions A rational function is a ratio f ( x) =

p( x) , where p and q are polynomials. q( x)

1.2.5 Trigonometric Functions Six basic trigonometric functions are sin x, cos x, tan x, cosinx, cosecx, cotanx.

1.2.6 Exponential Functions

f ( x) = a x , where the base a > 0 and a 1.

1.2.7 Logarithms Functions f ( x) = log a x , where the base a > 0 and a 1. They are the inverses of the exponential function

1.2.8 Piecewise Defined Functions Sometimes a function is described by using different formulas on different parts of its domain. One example is the absolute value function.

x, f ( x= ) x = x,
Example: Sketch the graph of

x0 x<0

x, f ( x= ) x = x2 , x,

x>0 0 x 1 x<0

1.3 Symmetrical of function: Even and Odd 1.3.1 Definition: A function y = f ( x) is an

f ( x) Even function of x if f ( x) = f ( x) Odd function of x if f ( x) =

for every x in the functions domain.