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HydraulicRam Hydro Power Lecture 2

Sergio Capareda BAEN, TAMU
Theenergystoredinwaterdescendingfroma comparativelylowelevationisutilizedtoraisepartof thesamewatertoamuchhigherlevelvaryingfrom 220timestheheightoftheoriginalfall. Inventedin1796byJosephMichaelMontgolfier Oneofthesimplest,mostdurable,efficientwater raisingmachinesforuseinlocationswherefavorable topographicalconditionsexist.

TypicalInstallationofaHydraulicRam

Other Ram Designs

A air chamber; B check valve; C Adjustment weight; D Drive pipe; E Gate valve; F Impulse valve; G Base; H Air feeder valve; I Delivery pipe; J Return spring; K Spring tension adjustment

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ComponentsofHydraulicRam

Efficiencies
DAubuissons Efficiency

DriveandDischargePipes
Typically,nominalsizeofdischargepipeisatleasthalfthe diameterofthedrivepipe Example: Use empirical SuggestionbyKrol,1977
6H< L< 12H
equation to calculate L if H = 10 meters; D = 4 or 0.1 m; and N = 40/min;

(Q q) H VolumetricEfficiency
Ev

E DA

qh

x 100%

qh x 100% (Q q) H

Empiricalrelations

= density of water q = volume of water delivered by ram Q = Volume of water source h = effective delivery head H = supply head

q x 100% (Q q )

Wateruseefficiency
Ew

qh energy of water delivered x 100% x 100% QH energy of water source

Where, N=numberofpulsationspermin H=supplyheadinmeters D=diameterofdrivepipeinmeters L=lengthofdrivepipeinmeters

900 H N 2D

Solution: 1. L = (900)*(10)/(40x40)(0.1) 2. L = 56 m

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PerformanceChartforRifeHydraulicRam (%waterdelivered)
Fall (ft) 8 4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 50 Vertical lift in ft including delivery pipe friction 16 25 50
3.6

RecommendedValuesofQ(L/s)
Diameter of drive pipe, D
1-2

75
1.6 6.4

100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500

4.8 7.2 9.6 3.5 5.7 7.7 2.7 4.8 6.4 8.0 2.0 3.3 4.8 6.0 2.4 3.8 4.8 6.0 7.2 2.0 2.9 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 2.0 2.5 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 2.0 2.5 3.3 4.2 4.8 6.0

Supply head, H in meters

2.01-5 5.01-10 10.01-20 20.01-30 30.01-40

22.5 12.5 8.0

22.5 16.0 9.6

21.5 13.2 9.6 16.0 11.7

75 mm (3) 100 mm (4) 150 mm (6) 200 mm (8) 250 mm (10)

2 3 8 15 25

2 4 10 20 35

3 6 15 30 50

5 8 20 40 60

6 10 25 50 70

7 12 30 60 80

18.0 14.7 12.0 9.6

22.5 16.7 13.8 12.0 10.0 7.5 18.0 15.0 13.2 12.0 9.0

21.0 17.5 15.2 14.0 10.5 8.4 18.0 16.0 14.7 12.0 9.6

22.5 18.0 16.7 13.8 12.0 10.0 7.5

Source: Rife Hydraulic Engine manufacturing Co., Nanticoke, PA

Source: Krol, J. 1976. The Automatic Hydraulic Ram: Its Theory and Design

EfficienciesofHydraulicRams
Ratio (h/H) 2 (%) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 44 16 40 18 37 20 34

1.

Example:Calculatethedrivepipesizeforaramthatwouldlift50 L/minofwater4.5(14.76ft)mabovethesource.Averticalfallof1.5 m(4.92ft)isavailable.UsetheRiferamdata. Solution: Determineh/Hfromtable

85 78 72 76 63 60 57 54 52 47

h 4.5 1.5 6 3 H 1.5 1.3

2. 3. Estimateefficiencytouse.Forh/H=3, =78% EstimateQ

Ram Discharge and Head Ratios

HR (h/H) QR (q/Q) 2 0.35 4 0.16 6 0.10 12 0.05 20 0.03

Q
4. 5. 6.

qh

x100%

50 x3 x100 192 L / min [3.2 L / s ] 78

TheIntakewatersupplymustbeatleastq+Q=242L/min Selectrecommendedpipesize.Fromtabled=4(100mm) Selectappropriatepipelengths

L
7.

Ramswithsizesof3ormorehave2545beats/min.

900 H 900 x 1.5 11 m N 2 D 352 (0.10)

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WorldwideManufacturers
BillabongRams Australia CecocoRams Japan BlakeRams UK LasGaviotas Columbia PremierRams India Rockfer Brazil Schlumf Switzerland Riferams US Sano Germany

ReferencesonHydraulicRams
1. Krol,J.1976.Theautomatichydraulicram:Its theoryanddesign.PaperpresentedattheDesign EngineeringConferenceandShow,Chicago,IL, April58,1976.PublishedbytheASME,United EnggCenter,345East47th St.,NewYork. 2. Orozco,J.C.1999.Hydraulicwaterrams: ConstructionandDesign.Agricultural MechanizationDevelopmentProgram(AMDP), CollegeofEngineeringandAgroIndustrial Technology(CEAT),UniversityofthePhilippinesat LosBaos,College,Laguna.

SourceofTidalEnergy TidalandWaveEnergy
Attractiveforcesbetweenearthandsunandmoon Semidiurnaltides theriseandfallofwaterlevelas aresultofgravitationalattractionofmoon/sunand centerofearth Duration:12hrs25minutes Springtides fullmoonandnewmoonlinesjoining centersofearth,sunandmoonarelinear,tides higherthannormal Neaptides earthmoonandearthsunlinesareat rightangles,gravitationalforcesaresubtractive causingsubduedtides

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Average force

Mean sea level

Actual force

Two humps occur twice every 24 hrs 50 minutes the time of the moons apparent rotation of the earth. Similar tides are produced by the sun.

Variations in tides of sea. The peak occurs every 12 hrs and 25 min.

BestPlacetoSeeHighestTides (12 16meters)

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HowitWorks

SchemesofPowerGeneration
SingleBasinEbbCycleGeneration
Basinfilledduringhightide,powergenerated duringlowtide

SingleBasinTideCycleGeneration
Powerisgeneratedandbasinfilledduringhigh tide

SingleBasinTwowayGeneration
Powerisgeneratedbothduringhighandlowtides

DoubleBasinSystems
Powerisgeneratedcontinuously

Single Basin Options

Single Basin Arrangement

A.Single Basin Tide Cycle System B.Single Basin Double Cycle System

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TidalTurbines
Multiple Basin Systems a. Double Basin System b.Operating regime

Potential
2 3TWenergyisdissipatedthroughtides Thisamountis1/3rd oftodaysworld consumption Onlyasmallfractioncouldbederiveddueto limitednumberoflocations 240MWplantinLaRance,France 800kWexperimentalunitinKislogubsk, Russia

Cost
LaRance,France=$500/kWofinstalled capacityandcostofelectricityof0.0026/kWh (Built1966) BayofFundy =$0.180.30/kWh Sunderbans,India=$0.60 0.90/kWh

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EnvironmentalConcerns
Beneficial
Useofroadacrossthebarrage/damstructure Landreclamation Tourism

WaveEnergy
Waveenergyisderivedfromwindenergywhich derivesinturnfromsolarenergy Energyisavailableonlyinoceans Extractionequipmentmustoperateinmarine environment Implications:maintenance,constructioncost, lifetimeandreliability Energyconvertersmustbecapableofwithstanding veryseverepeakstressesinstorms

Nonbeneficial
Landdrainageproblems Affectwildlifeandfisheries Floodinginsomeareas

Worlds Wave Power Resource

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WaveEnergyExtractors
RusselRectifier MasudaBouy IsaacsSeymourSystem WaveContouringrafts(CockerellRafts) SalterDucks

Russel Rectifier Highandlow level reservoir withnon returnflaps withlow head turbines

IsaacWave Energy Converter Airpressure, P,combined with hydrostatic headforces waterinto turbine

SalterDucks( Scotland) fourdouble actingpumps withnon returnvalves inwallsof ridgesof cylinder

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CockerellWave Contouring Raft hydraulic pumps betweeneach raft(double actingpiston)

Masudas Pneumatic Wave Energy Conversion Device

BasicPrinciples:MasudaBouy

PelamisWaveEnergyConverter (SeaSnake)
Seriesofcylindricalsegmentsconnectedbyhingedjoints Aswavesrundownthelengthofthedeviceandactuatethe joints,hydrauliccylindersincorporatedinthejointspumpoil todriveahydraulicmotorviaanenergysmoothingsystem. Electricitygeneratedineachjointistransmittedtoshorebya commonsubseacable. Theslackmooreddevicewillbearound130mlongand3.5m indiameter. Thepelamisisintendedforgeneraldeploymentoffshoreand isdesignedtousetechnologyalreadyavailableintheoffshore industry. Thefullscaleversionhasacontinuouslyratedpoweroutputof 0.75MW. Currentlyaoneseventhscaleprototypeisbeingpreparedfor deployment

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PelamisWaveEnergyConverter

CommercialScalePelamis

Picturesfromlefttoright:PicoPowerPlant,Azores;Pelamis; WaveDragon;Artist'simpressionAWSArray.

WaveDragon

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EnvironmentalAspects
Advantages
Workswellwithwindenergyextractors Supplyismoreinwinter

Disadvantages
Highinitialcost Drasticallyalterlittoralprocessesalongcoasts(e.g. energyextractioninashoalingregion,i.e.wherethe wavefeelsthebottomsurface) Erosionandaccretion(buildup)ofsand Formationofdeltaifplacednearmouthofriver

Possible Coastal Alterations

EconomicAspects
Alittlemoreexpensivethannuclear technologies Capitalcost~$1,000/kW

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CountrieswithWaveEnergyStudies
Australia 300500kWwaveenergygenerator China 100kWandseveralsmallunits Denmark Greece India 150kWpilot(Kerala) Indonesia 1.1MWwedgegrooveplant Ireland Japan 200kWandsomesmallunits(30,40,60,110kW) Maldives Norway 350 500kW Portugal 400kW Sweden 15kWand150kW UnitedKingdom 500kW

REFERENCES
EnergiesfromtheSea Towards2020, MarineForesightPanel,DTI/Pub 4064/2k/3/99/NP,April1999 Thorpe,TW.1998.AnOverviewofWave EnergyTechnologies,ETSU. WaveEnergyCenter

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