1

1.1

Lewis et

al. 2009)

(Mooriori)

Maori mori

Ng Tngata Pkeh
Ng

Tngata Mori

Tngata Mori

(1840)

19
1800 1900

1Harlow(2007:57-59).

SIL

Threatened
Lewis et al. 2009)

1987 Maori Language Act Statutory language of

national identity2

(rivitalisation)

Te Khanga Reo4

Tku Reo
e-learning 5

.2

1200

2 1987, Maori Language Act, No.176, Article 3

3 The University of Auckland The University of Auckland

Te Whare Wnanga o Tmaki Makaurau

http://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/

4 Pnana Leo ()
5 http://www.tokureo.maori.nz/index.cfm/1,186,0,43,html

Harlow 2007:13-14

1.3

Mriori

1.4

(1840)

19
Kendall(1820), Maunsell(1842), Aubert(1885)

Bruce Biggs(1921-2000) Ray Harlow

Winifred Bauer

Bruce Biggs, Ray Harlow, Winifred Bauer

1.5
1.5.1
Harlow )
2

i
e

u
o
a

1 2

1.5.2

Bauer canonical syllable Harlow

(Bauer 1993:553)

()
(C V (V)
Harlow(2007:72)

() ()
(C)

VV 2
4

(V) (V)

1.5.3

h
r

/i//u//t/ [t]~[ts]

ex.) tuakana [tuakana]~[tsuakana]

1.5.4

2
Bruce Biggs
ex.) aa, ee, ii, oo, uu1987 Maori Language Act

ex.) , , , , .

1.6
1.6.1

(reduplication)9
13
2013
(1)

meke~meke
RED~punch
boxing (Harlow 2007)

(2)

pa<:>karu~karu
<VL>RED~broken
break in pieces (tr.) (ibid.)

(3)

ma<>ra<>ra~ra
<VL><VL>scattered~RED
rather scattered (ibid.)
5

whaka-, kai-

1.7
1.7.1
VSO

HM

1.7.2

1.7.3 TAM

TAM

i
(4)

I
te
Mane ka
at.PAST DEF.SG Monday TAM
I went to Taupo on Monday.

haere ahau ki Taup (Bauer1993:24)

go 1SG to Taupo

TAM i
(5)

I
whngai-a ng
ngeru e te
tangata (ibid.)
PAST feed-PASS. DEF.PL cat AG DEF.SG man
'The cat was fed by the man'

kei
(6)

Kei

roto

ng

tamariki i

te

whare kura

at.PRES inside DEF.PL children at.NEUT DEF.SG house school

The children are in the school building. (ibid.)
TAM kei te*te te
6

(7)

Kei te whngai te
tangata I
ng
ngeru (ibid.)
PROG feed
DEF.SG man ACC DEF.PL cat
The man is feeding the cats.

2.1
(RP)

pb

td

kg

t d
fv

n
s, z

r6

h
j

l
+ Co-articulated consonant (Continuant) : /w/

m
f

h
r

w
(Bauer 1993:529, Harlow :63)

6 IPA []/r/
7

/f/ wh , [](Bauer 1993:531532 )(Harlow 2007:22-23)

/r/Bauer(1993)(trill) (tap)

(Bauer 1993:533)/w/Bauer

(ibid.)

/b/, /d/, /g/,

/t/, /d/, /v/, //, //, /s/, /z/, //, //, /j/, /l/

2.2

Te aka (Moorfield 2011)

HarperCollins Collins English Dictionary (http://www.collin

sdictionary.com/dictionary/english 2013 5 1 ) English Worldwide

Collins English Dictionary

English Worldwide RP)

1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

(RP)

Aerana
Aerani
Airani
Ahitereiria
Amahona
Amerika
Ateria
Arpia
Arihi
arikeita
Erinipara
hhi
Hhi Perehipitiriana
Hhi Mmona
Hhi Weteriana
Haina
Haipria
Hana Parahiko
Hana Paraniko
Hamani
Hapani

1898
1898
1994
1899
1890
1878
1990
1898
1994
1904
1874
1878
1991
1991
1991
1908
1901
1849
1906
1882
1913

alnd
alnd
alnd
strel
mzn
mrk
str
reb
ls
let
dnbr
tt
przbtrn tt
mmn tt
wzln tt
tan
sabr
sn frnssk
sn frnssk
dmn
dpn

Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Australia
Amazon
America
Austria
Arabia
Alice
alligator
Edinburgh
church
Presbyterian Church
Mormon Church
Wesleyan Church
China
Siberia
San Francisco
San Francisco
Germany
Japan
8

1
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

(RP)

Aerana
Hapanihi
Hrinia
hnota
Hingapoa
Hongere Ingarihi
Hrana
hia
Ingarani
Ingarangi
Iut
katinara
Karaiti
Karapnia
Karepnia
Karewhnia
Kariki
knana
Kereiti Piritana
Kirihimete
Kirihi
Ktirana
Koroniti
naihi
Nepriana
Niu Ioka
Marika
Marikena
Merepana
Merika
pahi
Parani
Paranihi
Patakonia
Paratipotoka
priha
Prihi
Peina
ppe
ppi
popa
popi
Prana
pune
pnu
Rnana
Riwira
Ruiti

1898
2000
1900
1907
1899
1887
1878
1905
1882
1998
1991
1888
1904
1878
1904
1911
1898
1930
1901
1909
1906
1855
1878
1846
1900
1898
1898
1901
1878
1851
1991
1885
1878
1849
1904
1899
1878
1895
1908
1927
1878
1888
1887
1877
1926
1875
1887
1857

alnd
dpniz
sdn
snd
sp
l tnl
hlnd
aza
lnd
lnd
jut ; jut
kdnl
krast
klfn
klfn
klfn
rik
knn
ret brtn
krsms
ris
sktlnd
krn
naf
npln
nju jk
mrk
mrkn
mlbn
mrk
bs
frns
frns
ptn
vldvstk
pr
prs
spen
beb
beb
pp
pp
plnd
spun
spun
lndn
rvr
drud

Ireland
Japanese
Sardinia
synod
Singapore
English Channe
Holland
Isaiah
England
England
Utah
cardinal
Christ
California
California
California
Greek
canon
Great Britain
Christmas
Greece
Scotland
Corinth
knife
Napoleon
New York
America
American
Melbourne
America
bus
France
France
Patagonia
Vladivostok
parish
Paris
Spain
baby
baby
pope
pope
Poland
spoon
spoon
London
Riviera
Druid

1
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

(RP)

Aerana
t
Taina
Tke
Tantana
Tanupi
Tapurini
Tiaina
Tiamana
Tiamani
Tiapana
Tiapani
t
Wahingitana
Weira
Weiri
wteri
Wra
Wri
Werengitana
Werinia
Whinirana

1898
1901
1898
1878
1876
1878
1994
1898
2000
1998
1907
1996,
1899
1913
1929
1900
1996
1878
1906
1875
1887
1911

alnd
z ; ts
tan
tk
dnidn
dnjub
dbln
tan
dmn
dmn
dpn

Ireland
tsar
China
Turkey
Dunedin
Danube
Dublin
China
Germany
Germany
Japan
Japan
Utah
Washington
Wales
Wales
vestry
Wales
Wales
Wellington
Virginia
Finland

dpn
jut ; jut
wtn
welz
welz
vstr
welz
welz
wltn
vdn
fnlnd

2.3 /t/

/t//t/
/t/ : /t/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Ahitereiria
Tke
arikeita
Hhi Perehipitiriana
Kereiti Piritana
Patakonia
Wahingitana
Werengitana

1899
1878
1904
1991
1901
1849
1913
1875

Australia
Turkey
alligator
Presbyterian Church
Great Britain
Patagonia
Washington
Wellington

strel
tk
let
przbtrn tt
ret brtn
ptn
wtn
wltn

2.4 /d/

/d//t//r/
8/d/ : /t/
1
2
3
4

hnota
katinara
Paratipotoka
Tantana

1907
1888
1904
1876

synod
cardinal
Vladivostok
Dunedin
10

snd
kdnl
vldvstk
dnidn

5 Tanupi
6 Tapurini

1878 Danube
1994 Dublin

dnjub
dbln

9/d/ : /r/
1 Erinipara
2 Hrinia

1874 Edinburgh dnbr

1900 Sardinia
sdn

2.4 /k/

/k//k/
10: /k/ : /k/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Amerika
Hana Parahiko
Hana Paraniko
katinara
Karaiti
Karapnia
Karepnia
Karewhnia
Kariki
knana
Kirihimete
Koroniti
Niu Ioka
Marika
Marikena
Merika
Paratipotoka
Tke

1878
1849
1906
1888
1904
1878
1904
1911
1898
1930
1909
1878
1898
1898
1901
1851
1904
1878

America
San Francisco
San Francisco
cardinal
Christ
California
California
California
Greek
canon
Christmas
Corinth
New York
America
American
America
Vladivostok
Turkey

mrk
sn frnssk
sn frnssk
kdnl
krast
klfn
klfn
klfn
rik
knn
krsms
krn
nju jk
mrk
mrkn
mrk
vldvstk
tk

2.6 /g/
11/g/ : /k/
1 arikeita

1904 alligator

2 Kariki

1898 Greek

let
rik

3 Kereiti Piritana 1901 Great Britain ret brtn

4 Kirihi

1906 Greece

ris

5 Patakonia

1849 Patagonia

ptn

11

2.7 /t /
/t//h//t//ti/
12 /t/ : /h/
1
2
3
4
5
6

hhi
Hhi Perehipitiriana
Hhi Mmona
Hhi Weteriana
Haina
Hongere Ingarihi

1878
1991
1991
1991
1908
1887

church
Presbyterian Church
Mormon Church
Wesleyan Church
China
English Channe

tt
przbtrn tt
mmn tt
wzln tt
tan
l tnl

13/t/ : /t/
1 Taina 1898 China tan
14: /t/ : /ti/
1 Tiaina 1898 China tan

2.8 /d /

/d//h//ti/
15: /d/ : /ti/
1 Tiamana 2000
2 Tiamani 1998
3 Tiapana 1907
4 Tiapani 1996,

Germany dmn
Germany dmn
dpn
Japan
Japan
dpn

16: /d / : /h/
1 Hamani 1882 Germany dmn
2 Hapani
1913 Japan
dpn
3 Hapanihi 2000 Japanese dpniz

2.9 /m/

/m//m/
17/m/ : /m/
1 Amahona
2 Amerika
3 Marika

1890 Amazon
1878 America
1898 America
12

mzn
mrk
mrk

4
5
6
7
8
9

Hhi Mmona
Hamani
Kirihimete
Marikena
Merepana
Merika

1991
1882
1909
1901
1878
1851

Mormon Church
Germany
Christmas
American
Melbourne
America

mmn tt
dmn
krsms
mrkn
mlbn
mrk

2.10 /n/

/n//n/
18:/n/ : /n/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Amahona
Erinipara
Hhi Perehipitiriana
Hhi Mmona
Hhi Weteriana
Haina
Hana Parahiko
Hana Paraniko
Hamani
Hapani
Hapanihi
Hrinia
hnota
knana
katinara
Karapnia
Karepnia
Karewhnia
Kereiti Piritana
Koroniti
naihi
Nepriana
Niu Ioka
Marikena
Merepana
Patakonia
Peina
pune
pnu
Rnana
Taina
Tantana
Tanupi
Tapurini
Tiaina
Tiamana
Tiamani

1890
1874
1991
1991
1991
1908
1849
1906
1882
1913
2000
1900
1907
1930
1888
1878
1904
1911
1901
1878
1846
1900
1898
1901
1878
1849
1895
1877
1926
1875
1898
1876
1878
1994
1898
2000
1998

Amazon
Edinburgh
Presbyterian Church
Mormon Church
Wesleyan Church
China
San Francisco
San Francisco
Germany
Japan
Japanese
Sardinia
synod
canon
cardinal
California
California
California
Great Britain
Corinth
knife
Napoleon
New York
American
Melbourne
Patagonia
Spain
spoon
spoon
London
China
Dunedin
Danube
Dublin
China
Germany
Germany
13

mzn
dnbr
przbtrn tt
mmn tt
wzln tt
tan
sn frnssk
sn frnssk
dmn
dpn
dpniz
sdn
snd
knn
kdnl
klfn
klfn
klfn
ret brtn
krn
naf
npln
nju jk
mrkn
mlbn
ptn
spen
spun
spun
lndn
tan
dnidn
dnjub
dbln
tan
dmn
dmn

38 Tiapana
39 Tiapani
40 Wahingitana

dpn

1907 Japan
1996, Japan
1913 Washington

dpn
wtn

18/n/// (ng)
1 Hongere Ingarihi 1887 English Channel l tnl

2.11 /

/
19:/ /// (ng)
1 Hingapoa
1899 Singapore sp
2 Werengitana 1875 Wellington wltn

2.12 /f/

/f//h/ /f /(wh)/p/

20:/ f //p/
1
2
3
4
5
6

Hana Parahiko
Hana Paraniko
Karapnia
Karepnia
Parani
Paranihi

1849
1906
1878
1904
1885
1878

San Francisco
San Francisco
California
California
France
France

sn frnssk
sn frnssk
klfn
klfn
frns
frns

22: / f //h/
1 naihi 1846 knife naf

23: / f //f/ (wh)

1 Karewhnia 1911 California klfn
2 Whinirana
1911 Finland
fnlnd

2.13 /v/
24:/v//p/
1 Paratipotoka 1904 Vladivostok vldvstk
14

 25 /v//w/
1 Riwira 1887 Riviera rvr
2 wteri
1996 vestry
vstr
3 Werinia 1887 Virginia vdn

2.14 / /
26///h/
1 Koroniti 1878 Corinth krn

2.15

2.16 /s/
27/s//h/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Arihi
Haipria
Hana Parahiko
Hana Paraniko
Hrinia
hnota
Hingapoa
Kirihimete
pahi
Prihi

1994
1901
1849
1906
1900
1907
1899
1909
1991
1878

Alice
Siberia
San Francisco
San Francisco
Sardinia
synod
Singapore
Christmas
bus
Paris

ls
sabr
sn frnssk
sn frnssk
sdn
snd
sp
krsms
bs
prs

28/s//t/
1 Kirihimete 1909 Christmas krsms

2.17 /z/
29/z//h/
1
2
3
4

Amahona
Hhi Perehipitiriana
Hapanihi
hia

1890
1991
2000
1905

Amazon
Presbyterian Church
Japanese
Isaiah

15

mzn
przbtrn tt
dpniz
aza

 30/z//t/
1 Hhi Weteriana 1991 Wesleyan Church

wzln tt

31/z/
1
2
3
4

Weira
Weiri
Wra
Wri

1929
1900
1878
1906

Wales
Wales
Wales
Wales

welz
welz
welz
welz

2.18 / /
32 ///h/
1 Hongere Ingarihi 1887 English Channel l tnl
2 priha
1899 parish
pr
3 Wahingitana
1913 Washington
wtn

2.19 / /

2.20 /h/
33 /h//h/
1 Hrana 1878 Holland hlnd

2.21 /r/[ ]
34 /r//r/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Ahitereiria
Amerika
Ateria
Arpia
Erinipara
Hhi Perehipitiriana
Haipria
Hana Parahiko
Hana Paraniko
Karaiti
Kariki
Kereiti Piritana
Kirihimete
Kirihi

1899
1878
1990
1898
1874
1991
1901
1849
1906
1904
1898
1901
1909
1906

Australia
America
Austria
Arabia
Edinburgh
Presbyterian Church
Siberia
San Francisco
San Francisco
Christ
Greek
Great Britain
Christmas
Greece
16

strel
mrk
str
reb
dnbr
przbtrn tt
sabr
sn frnssk
sn frnssk
krast
rik
ret brtn
krsms
ris

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Koroniti
Marika
Marikena
Merika
Parani
Paranihi
priha
Prihi
Riwira
wteri

1878
1898
1901
1851
1885
1878
1899
1878
1887
1996

Corinth
America
American
America
France
France
parish
Paris
Riviera
vestry

krn
mrk
mrkn
mrk
frns
frns
pr
prs
rvr
vstr

2.22 /j/
35/j//i/
1 Iut
1991 Utah
jut ; jut
2 Niu Ioka 1898 New York nju jk
36 /j/
1 Tanupi 1878 Danube dnjub
2 t
1899 Utah
jut ; jut

2.23 /w/
37 /w//w/
1
2
3
4
5
6

Wahingitana
Weira
Weiri
Wra
Wri
Werengitana

1913
1929
1900
1878
1906
1875

Washington
Wales
Wales
Wales
Wales
Wellington

wtn
welz
welz
welz
welz
wltn

2.24 /l/
38/l//r/
1
2
3
4
5
6

Aerana
Aerani
Airani
Ahitereiria
Arihi
arikeita

1898
1898
1994
1899
1994
1904

Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Australia
Alice
alligator
17

alnd
alnd
alnd
strel
ls
let

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Hhi Weteriana
Hongere Ingarihi
Hrana
Ingarani
Ingarangi
katinara
Karapnia
Karepnia
Karewhnia
Ktirana
Nepriana
Merepana
Paratipotoka
Prana
Rnana
Tapurini
Weira
Weiri
Wra
Wri
Werengitana
Whinirana

1991
1887
1878
1882
1998
1888
1878
1904
1911
1855
1900
1878
1904
1887
1875
1994
1929
1900
1878
1906
1875
1911

Wesleyan Church
English Channel
Holland
England
England
cardinal
California
California
California
Scotland
Napoleon
Melbourne
Vladivostok
Poland
London
Dublin
Wales
Wales
Wales
Wales
Wellington
Finland

wzln tt
l tnl
hlnd
lnd
lnd
kdnl
klfn
klfn
klfn
sktlnd
npln
mlbn
vldvstk
plnd
lndn
dbln
welz
welz
welz
welz
wltn
fnlnd

2.25

2.25.1 /ns/
39 /ns//h/
1 Hana Parahiko

1849 San Francisco sn frnssk

40/ns//n/
1 Hana Paraniko
2 Parani

1906 San Francisco sn frnssk

1885 France
frns

41/ns//nVhV/
1 Paranihi 1878 France frns

18

2.25.2 /st/
42 /st//t/
1
2
3
4

Ateria
Karaiti
Paratipotoka
wteri

1990
1904
1904
1996

Austria
Christ
Vradivostok
vestry

str
krast
vldvstk
vstr

43/st//hVtV/
1 Ahitereiria

1899 Australia

strel

2.25.3 /nd/
44 /nd//n/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Aerana
Aerani
Airani
Hrana
Ingarani
Ktirana
Prana
Rnana
Whinirana

1898
1898
1994
1878
1882
1855
1887
1875
1911

Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Holland
England
Scotland
Poland
London
Finland

alnd
alnd
alnd
hlnd
lnd
sktlnd
plnd
lndn
fnlnd

45 /nd///(ng)
1 Ingarangi 1998 England

lnd

2.25.4 /st/
46 /sk//k/
1 Ktirana 1855 Scotland

sktlnd

2.25.5 /sp/
47 /sp//p/
1 Peina 1895 Spain spen
2 pune 1877 spoon spun
3 pnu 1926 spoon spun

19

2.25.6 /dr/
48 /dr//r/
1 Ruiti 1857 Druid

drud

2.25.7 / /
49////(ng)
1 Hongere Ingarihi 1887 English Channe
2 Ingarani
1882 England
3 Ingarangi
1998 England

l tnl
lnd
lnd

2.26
50/z//ts//t/
1 T 1901 tsar z / ts

51

input: /t/

output:/t/

input: /d/

output: /t/ or /r/

input: /k/

output: /k/

input: /g/

output: /k/

input: /t/

output: /h/ or /t/ or /ti/

input: /d/

output: /ti/ or /h/

input: /m/

output: /m/

input: /n/

output: /n/ or //

input: //

ouput: //

input: /f/

output: /p/ or /h/ or /f/

20

input: /v/

output: /p/ or /w/

input: //

output: /h/

input: /s/

output: /h/ or /t/

input: /z/

output: /h/ or /t/ or

input: //

output: /h/

input: /h/

output: /h/

input: /r/

output: /r/

input: /j/

output: /i/ or

input: /w/

output: /w/

input: /l/

output: /r/

IDENT

52
input: /p/

output: /p/

input: /t/

output:/t/

input: /k/

output: /k/

input: /m/

outpu: /m/

input: /n/

output: /n/ (or //)

input: //

ouput: //

input: /h/

output: /h/

input: /r/

output: /r/

input: /w/

output: /w/

53

input: /d/

output: /t/ or /r/

input: /g/

output: /k/

input: /t/

output: /h/ or /t/ or /ti/

input: /d/

output: /ti/ or /h/

input: /n/

output: /n/ or //

input: /z/

output: /h/ or /t/ (or )

21

input: //

output: /h/

input: /j/

output: /i/ (or )

input: /l/

output: /r/

input: /v/

output: /p/ or /w/

input: //

output: /h/

/t/ : /ti/ , /d/ : /ti/, /j/ : /i//i/(glide) /j/

54
input: /f/

output: /p/ or /h/ or /f/

/f/[](Harlow 2007:22-23)

(Bauer 1993:531-532, Harlow 2007:22-23)

3.2 2

CC

(epenthesis)(A)CC --> CVC

(B) CC C *CC

(A)(B)

(B)

55: CCC

input: /nd/

output: /n/ or //

input: /sk/

output: /k/

input: /sp/

output: /p/

input: /dr/

output: /r/

input: /g/

ouput: //

(B)
56/nj//n/

22

Tuna

1878

Danube

dnjub

Niu Ioka

1898

New York

nju jk

57/lz//r/
1

Weira

1929

Wales

welz

Weiri

1900

Wales

welz

Wra

1878

Wales

welz

Wri

1906

Wales

welz

58: CC--> C

input: /nj/

output: /n/

input: /lz/

output: /r/

(B)
(A) (B)
59: CC C or CVC

input: /ns/

output: /h/ or /n/ or /nVhV/

input: /st/

output: /t/ or /hVtV/

input: /nd/

output: /n/ or //

(A)
60/zb//hVp/
1 Hhi Perehipitiriana

1991 Presbyterian Church

61/zl//tVr/
23

przbtrn tt

Hhi Weteriana 1991 Wesleyan Church

wzln tt

62/fr//pVr/
1

Hana Parahiko

1849 San Francisco sn frnssk

Hana Paraniko

1906 San Francisco sn frnssk

Parani

1885 France

frns

Paranihi

1878 France

frns

63/gr//kVr/
1

Kereiti Piritana

1901 Great Britain

ret brtn

Kariki

1898 Greek

rik

Kirihi

1906 Greece

ris

64/br//pVr/
1

Kereiti Piritana

1901 Great Britain

ret brtn

65/kr//kVr/
1

Karaiti

1904 Christ

krast

Kirihimete 1909 Christmas krsms

66/tl//tVr/
1

Ktirana 1855 Scotland

sktlnd

67/lb//rVp/
1

Merepana 1878 Melbourne mlbn

68/vl//pVr/
1

Paratipotoka 1904 Vladivostok vldvstk

24

 69/t//Vt/
1

Wahingitana 1913 Washington wtn

Werengitana 1875 Wellington

wltn

C CVC
70C CVC

input: /zb/

output: /hVp/

input: /zl/

output: /tVr/

input: /lb/

output: /rVp/

input: /fr/

output: /pVr/

input: /gr/

ouput: /kVr/

input: /br/

output: /pVr/

input: /kr/

output: /kVr/

input: /tl/

output: /tVr/

input: /lb/

output: /rVp/

input: /vl/

output: /pVr/

input: /t/

ouput: /nVt/

Aubert, Mother Mary. (1885) New and complete Mannual of Maori conversation. Wellington: Lyon
and Blair.
Bauer, Winifred. (1993) Maori, Deskriptive grammars. London & New York: Routledge.
Bauer, Winifred. (1997) The Reed reference grammar of Mori. Auckland: Reed Publishing.
Bauer, Winifred. (2004) Actor-emphatic sentences in Mori. In: Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway
King (Eds.) Proceeding of the LFG04 conference. Christchurch: University of Canterbury.
Biggs, Bruce. (1961) The structure of New Zealand Maaori. Anthropological Linguistics 3.3:
1-54.
Giegerich, J. Heinz (1992) English phonology: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Kendall, Thomas. (1820) A grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand. London:
25

Church Missonary Society.

Harlow, Ray. (1991) Consonant Dissimilation in Maori. In: Robert Blust (ed.) Currents in
Pacific linguistics: Papers on Austronesian languages and ethnolinguistics in honour of
George W. Grace, Pacific Linguistics Series C-117, 117-128. Canberra: The Australian
National University.
Harlow, Ray. (2007) Mori: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.) (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of
the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://
www.ethnologue.com. [Viewed 21 April 2013]
Maunsell, Robert. (1842) A grammar of the New Zealand language. Auckland: J. Moore.
Moorfield, John C. (2011) Te aka Mori-English: English-Mori dictionary and index, 3rd edition.
Auckland: Pearson.
Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky. (2004) Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative
grammar. New York: Blackwell Publishers.

26