FPSO

FLOATING PRODUCTION STORAGE & OFFLOADING

ESPADARTE OVERVIEW

Swivel Stack Overhead Structure Superstructure

Main Bearing Turret Riser I- tubes

Moonpool Lower Bearing Chain Hawse

Espadarte Elevation

Espadarte Turret System

Riser Tie-in Spools Riser Termination Deck Chain Support Arch

Riser I-tubes

Chain Jack

Chain Hawse Riser Bell Mouth

Turret Cut-Away

Espadarte Mooring System

Espadarte Riser System

ESPADARTE SUBSEA LAYOUT

KUITO OVERVIEW

KUITO FIELD LAYOUT

FPSO UTILITY
Proven floating concept ship
Can survive any non-ice sea environment

Large topside area for production

Allows for horizontal integration safety by distance

Large storage capacity for periodic export

Normal 1-2 week production storage capacity

Proven offloading capability in tandem or side-by-side

High tandem offload thresholds assure continuous production

HULL SIZE DRIVERS

Required storage capacity - Shuttling philosophy

dedicated tankers - parcel size tankers of opportunity

Topsides

required deck area stability

Environment

freeboard in fully loaded conditions (green water) minimum draft in ballasted conditions (slamming) size of the mooring system (anchor leg / turret)
Location of the accommodation Location & size of the turret

internal external

CONVERSION vs. NEW BUILD

Design field life
at the end of the life of the field, the FPSO should not be older than 30-35 years

Environment
the fatigue resistance of a tanker is suitable for a 25-year deployment in West Africa in harsh environment, ships rules do not provide adequate fatigue resistance for long term deployment

Project planning
conversion: 14 - 24 months (topsides & mooring on critical path) new construction: 24 to 30+ months (hull on critical path)

Costs
CAPEX in favor of conversion (but cost and schedule somewhat difficult to predict accurately) new construction costs (and schedule) can be reduced by accepting an early design freeze date on topsides

RULES & REGULATIONS

Shipbuilding vs. Offshore Standards piping selection of materials accommodations control & safety systems Safety IMO MODU as a reference SOLAS limited to specific items not covered by MODU MARPOL with unified interpretation for FPSOs

FPSO STATION KEEPING AND OFFLOADING

Multidirectional environment
Turret Norm Buoy / Yoke Old Tower/Yoke Shallow
Offloading Tandem or side-by-side

Single Point Mooring (SPM)

Significant wave Height (m) any < 8-10 < 5-6

Directional environment

spread mooring Multiple mooring lines tied directly to vessel

Significant wave Height (m) < 6-7 <4

Bow on waves Beam on waves

Offloading Through separate SPM, side-by-side* or tandem* *Safety issues

GLOBAL FORCES AND MOTIONS

Global forces and resultant mooring motion Wind (Steady) Wave (Variable) Current (Steady) Steady offset Variable offsets Steady offset

Global forces and resultant vessel motion Wind Wave Current surge, sway, yaw and roll (heel) surge, sway, yaw, heave, roll and pitch surge, sway and yaw

GLOBAL FORCES AND MOTIONS

Variable wave forces occur at: vessel natural period and at FPSO/Mooring natural period Wave inertial hydrodynamic forces at periods of 7 to 20 sec induce large loads on FPSOs but small mooring forces. Wave drift forces which result from random wave group sequences create mean and variable forces on the FPSO. The variable horizontal force is troublesome as it occurs at periods near to the FPSO/mooring natural period.

JONSWAP

PM

WAVE FORCES
1.0E7

First Order (WF)

0.0

1.2E5

Second Order (LF)

0.0

Pierson-Moskowitz Hs=6.7m Tp=15s WF=0.3m LF=9.3m

WAVE DRIFT
F X

FPSO with mooring is simply a single degree of freedom mass spring system with a natural period . When second order wave force excitation occurs at this period, large horizontal motions are experienced limited only by damping.

WIND
Wind load prediction OCIMF, wind tunnel or windage areas not from wave model basin tests. Windage areas can be very large owing to Topsides especially in ballasted condition. Wind can be designing in areas such as West Africa, when the vessel is spread moored. Plays a role in wave drift damping. How to best describe wind: a) uniform, b) speed and duration, c) wind spectrum, d) recorded time series. If we use wind spectrum or time series, combination of wind + wave both being random would have to be rationalized.

CURRENT
Current load prediction on hull OCIMF, current basin, analytical (future CFD). Current load prediction on riser and mooring current basin (scaling problems), analytical (many good programs). Knowledge of current down to the fully loaded draft is important for current forces on the FPSO hull (say first 25m). Interaction with wave important in wave drift force. Knowledge is important throughout the depth for mooring and riser system. Profile is important both in magnitude and direction. Plays a significant role in wave drift damping.

SOURCES and DERIVATION of DAMPING

Source Mooring line/riser Current Wind Wave drift Physics Drag Drag Drag Potential Quasi-static derivation N Y Y Y Fully coupled derivation Y Y Y Y

Radiation Potential Y Y Mooring and riser damping derivation is an iterative process (damping depending on amplitude, which itself depends on the damping). To solve this problem, fully coupled methods should be used.

COUPLED HULL, RISER AND MOORING ANALYSIS

Fully coupled analyses are required to capture all interactions influencing mooring loads. Computer time for fully coupled design prohibitive from a design point of view. Alternate method: Make a short coupled run. Derive proper behavior / damping from this run. Use this in an uncoupled quick analysis program. Do probabilistic analysis. Check result with fully coupled program.

NUMERICAL PREDICTIONS
Main limitations Mooring: Yaw and fish-tailing, 1st order motions: Roll prediction and damping
5 4 3 2

Radiation damping only Bilge keel damping

Roll motion RAO [/m]

10
7 5 4 3 2

1
7 5 4 3 2

0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

Wave frequency (Rad/s)

Risers: VIV

IMPACT on DESIGN & COST of METOCEAN UNCERTAINTIES

Anchor Anchor leg Leg tension Tension
Pretension Wind Current Mean wave Slow-drift Wave freq. + dynamic Total Mild Harsh Mild environment environment environment shallow shallow deep water water water 10% 30% 10% 25% 20% 5% 100% 50% 15% 10% 6% 11% 8% 100% 15% 20% 5% 13% 17% 30% 100%

IMPACT on DESIGN & COST of METOCEAN UNCERTAINTIES

Horizontal Horizontal Mooring mooring Force force
Wind Current Mean wave Slow-drift Wave freq. + dynamic Total Mild Mild environment environment shallow deep water water 34% 10% 27% 22% 7% 100% 50% 13% 12% 15% 10% 100% Harsh environment shallow water 24% 6% 15% 22% 33% 100%

CONCURRENT ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

Wave height and period
1e5

Surge drift force [N/m^2]

8e4

20

6e4

15

4e4

Drift force JONSWAP - Tp=13s JONSWAP -Tp=16s

10

2e4

0e00.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.20

Wave frequency [Rad/s]

CONCURRENT ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

Wave with current influence on wave drift force
2e5

Surge QTF [N/m^2]

2e5

No current 1m/s collinear current 1m/s opposite current

1e5

7e4

3e4

-1e40.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

Wave frequency [Rad/s]

METOCEAN IMPACT on OPERABILITY

Areas having persistent crossing wave, wind or current conditions can cause operational problems Cross current (or wind) vessel orientation to wave can lead to roll induced problems with: 1. Crew 2. Process