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Chng 1. TNG QUAN V MY TNH PC

BI 1: TNG QUAN PHN CNG MY TNH

Cc khi nim c bn Cc h m v n v o K thut thao tc an ton Bi tp thc hnh Tng kt Bi tp kim tra

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MC TIU BI HC
Nhng khi nim c bn Hiu bit cc h m v n v o Gii thch cc thut ng my tnh Hiu bit cc k thut thao tc an ton

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NHNG KHI NIM C BN

Gip hiu r hn v bn cht my tnh v nhng c trng ca h thng my tnh, s a dng v chc nng c bn ca my tnh. My tnh l mt thit b in t dng tnh ton, x l d liu theo chng trnh lp trnh trc. S a dng th hin kch thc, hnh dng, kh nng lm vic, ng dng thc t My tnh c cc chc nng c bn sau: X l d liu Lu tr d liu Di chuyn d liu Nhp/ xut d liu Qun l, iu khin cc thit b, my mc

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

Cc giai on pht trin ca my tnh
Giai on 1 (1945-1958): s dng cng ngh n chn khng. Giai on 2 (1959-1964): s dng cng ngh cht bn dn. Giai on 3 (1965-1974): s dng cng ngh mch tch hp. Giai on 4 (1975-n nay): cng ngh mch tch hp vi mt cao v siu cao.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th nht (1945-1958)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer): do M ch to phc v trong qun i vi 18.000 bng n chn khng, nng hn 30 tn, chim din tch khong 1393 m2, c kh nng thc hin c 5.000 php tnh/giy.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th nht (1945-1958)
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer): do John von Neumann (1903-1957) thit k vo gia nm 1940. Nng 7850Kg, bao gm 6000 bng chn khng, 12000 diode, ngun in tiu th khong 56kw/h. C th thc hin t ng cc php ton nh cng, tr, nhn v lp trnh c php chia.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th nht (1945-1958)
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer): to bi Remington Rand vo nm 1951. S dng 5200 n chn khng, nng 13 tn, tiu th 125kw/gi, chim din tch khong 35,5m2. C kh nng nh 1000 t (mi t gm 12 s) v tnh ton c 1905 php ton mi giy.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th hai (1959-1964)
S pht trin trong lnh vc in t thay th c bng n chn khng bng n bn dn, n bn dn r hn, nh hn, ta nhit t hn. i din tiu biu l my tnh PDP-1 ca cng ty DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) v IBM 7094.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th ba (1965-1974)
System/360: l h my tnh u tin ca IBM c sn xut theo quy trnh cng nghip nm 1964. Khi nim h my tnh bao gm cc my tnh tng thch nhau v: tp ch th v h iu hnh ng nht/ tng t. Gia tng tc , s cng nhp/ xut v kch thc b nh.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th ba (1965-1974)
DEC PDP-8: trong lc IBM gii thiu v my System/360 th DEC cho ra i my tnh c trung PDP-8. C th thc hin mi cng vic ca mt chic my tnh ln nhng gi ch khong 16.000 USD, trong khi System/360 ln n hng trm ngn USD.

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

My tnh th h th t (1975-n nay)
1971: Intel cho ra i chip 4004 nh du s bt u ca cng ngh vi x l. 1972: Intel a ra b vi x l 8 bit 8008. Cui nhng nm 70 b vi x l 16 bit tr nn ph bin. 1981: Bell Lab v Hewlett-Packard pht trin b nh n 32 bit. 1985: Intel gii thiu my tnh 80386 s dng b nh 32 bit.

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Mt s thut ng my tnh
PC (Personal Computer): my tnh c nhn Monitor: mn hnh Keyboard: bn phm, mouse: chut Case: thng my Mainboard (Motherboard): bo mch ch CPU (Central Processing Unit): n v x l trung tm RAM (Random Access Memory): b nh truy xut ngu nhin ROM (Read Only Memory): b nh ch c HDD (Hard Disk Drive): a cng FDD (Floppy Disk Drive): a mm PSU (Power Supply Unit): b cp ngun Bus, cache, chip, BIOS (Basic Input-Output System): h thng nhp xut c bn Chipset, FSB, BSB, socket, slot, expansion card
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CC H M V N V O
thc hin vic tnh ton v x l s liu, my tnh s dng nhng h thng s v cc n v o khc nhau.

Cc h m
H nh phn Binary system: l h thng s c s 2 c dng trong my tnh v in t, gm c gi tr 0 hoc 1 (tt hoc m). H thp phn Decimal system: c s dng ph bin nht, vi c s 10, bao gm cc k t t 0 n 9. H thp lc phn Hexadecimal system: s thp phn t 0-15 c biu din bng cc k t 0 - 9 v A - F. V d: 0d > 0000 0000b >0000h; 1d > 0000 0001b > 0001h;

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CC H M V N V O
n v o
Bit: l n v nh nht ca d liu c lu trong my tnh, tt c cc d liu u phi c m ha thnh tng bit my tnh c th hiu c. Mt ch s nh phn c 2 trng thi 0 hoc 1. Byte: 1 byte gm c 8 bit, dng th hin dung lng b nh, dung lng lu tr d liu trong my tnh. Hz: n v dng o tn s (s ln lp li ca mt s xut hin u n trong mt giy). Tc ng h trong my tnh thng c o bng Megahertz (Mhz). bps (bit per second): l n v o tc chuyn d liu trong mi giy.

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Mi quan h gia cc n v o
Tn gi
1 Bit 1 Byte 1 KiloByte 1b 1B 1 KB

K hiu

H thp phn
0 hoc 1 Gm 8 bit 103 B

H nh phn
0 hoc 1 xxxx xxxx 210 B

1 MegaByte
1 GigaByte

1 MB
1 GB

103 KB
103 MB

210 KB
210 MB

1 TetraByte
1 PetaByte

1 TB
1 PB

103 GB
103 TB

210 GB
210 TB

1 ExaByte
1 ZettaByte 1 YottaByte

1 EB
1 ZB 1 YB

103 PB
103 EB 103 ZB

210 PB
210 EB 210 ZB
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K THUT THAO TC AN TON

c th bo tr, sa cha, lp rp hoc nng cp my tnh ta cn tun th mt s yu cu k thut trong khi thao tc.

Chng tnh in
m bo an ton tuyt i v in S dng vng chng tnh in ngn nga cc hin tng phng tnh in d gy h hng cc thit b bn trong my tnh

Dng c thao tc an ton

Tua vt a nng (multi purpose swrewdriver) Km mi nhn (long nose plier) Km ct dy (wire cutter)

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Mt s vn cn lu
Chn ni lm vic ph hp.

Ngt in trc khi tin hnh sa cha hoc thay th.

Tho lp thit b phi nh nhng, cn thn. Trnh cc trng hp nh ri, gn nhm >> c th lm h hng thit b. Khi my ang hot ng th khng dng tay, hay vt kim loi chm vo cc chip trn mch, khng di chuyn my. Nu khng c vng tnh in th c th i chn t. Tuyt i khng i chn t khi sa mn hnh do in th trong mn hnh rt cao. Kim tra tht cn thn trc khi cp ngun cho my.

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BI TP THC HNH
Chuyn i cc h s m
1001 0110b >> ?d >> ?h 154d >> ?b >> ?h 37Fh >> ?b >> ?d

Kho st cc thnh phn ca my tnh

Monitor Keyboard, mouse Bn trong Case h thng H iu hnh

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TNG KT BI HC
My tnh pht trin qua nhiu giai on v ngy cng tinh vi vi nhiu chc nng hn.
Cc th h my tnh c phn chia theo cng ngh ch to. C nhiu h thng s c dng trong my tnh nh: h nh phn, h bt phn, h thp phn, h thp lc phn. Khi bo tr, sa cha, nng cp my cn chun b y cc dng c v tun th theo cc yu cu k thut chung.

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