Chng 2: hnh thnh t

l mt t hp c quy lut ca cc khong vt, chim

phn ch yu trong cu to v tri t. cn l mt th a cht c lch s hnh thnh ring. Nhng loi nm lp v trn ngoi hoc l ln trn b mt tri t b phn hy bi tc dng phong ha bin thnh mu cht vt liu tham gia vo s hnh thnh t gi l m. Ty theo ngun gc hnh thnh ngi ta chia lm 3 loi chnh: macma, trm tch v bin cht

 Macma
macma (magma) c hnh

thnh t kt qu ngui lnh, ng cng ca dung dch silicat nng chy (dung dch macma)v c chia (theo ngun gc thnh to) lm hai loi macma chnh: macma xm nhp v macma phun tro - macma phn xut. Trn th gii hin c 700 loi macma, phn ln to ra b mt v tri t

Ngun gc macma
Qu trnh ng ngui c th to ra cc c cc

khong vt kt tinh r rng hoc khng kt tinh ty thuc vo mi trng m khi magma ng ngui, v da vo ngi ta phn ra: xm nhp v phn xut.

 phn xut
phn xut l kt qu ca cc hot ng phun tro ni

la v v th b lm cng v ng c trong iu kin phi ra ngoi kh quyn. Do ngui nhanh trong iu kin nhit v p sut thp, cc khong vt khng kp kt tinh, hoc ch l kt tinh mt phn nn c kch thc tinh th b, cha hon chnh, hoc tn ti dng v nh hnh. Mt khc, cc cht kh v hi nc khng kp thot ra, li nhiu l rng, lm cho nh, c loi ni trn mt nc.

Phn loi macma

Vic phn loi mcma c th cung cp cho con ngi thng tin quan trng v cc iu kin m chng hnh thnh. Ta c th phn loi macma

da vo cn c c bn l:
Th nm, Kin trc, T l SiO2 c trong macma.

Th nm
Thng thy 4 th:
Dng nn hay vm ph: chng cht ln nhau to

thnh cc ni ln kh dc. Dng lp ph: phn b theo a bn rng, tng i bng phng v to nn cc cao nguyn. Dng mch hay dng chy: lp vo cc khe nt ca v tri t, hay khe sui to thnh cc di di. Dng vch hay tng: xp theo dng thng ng

Kin trc
Ch hnh dng, trng thi, cu to ca khong vt

trn mt . Gm 4 dng kin trc:

Kin trc thu tinh: Nhn bng nh thu tinh khng

nhn thy ht. Kin trc vi tinh: L kin trc ht nh, mt thng kh phn bit, nhn v mn. Kin trc ht: Khong vt kt tinh trong thnh cc ht to nh khc nhau. Nu ng knh ht > 5mm l ht ln, t 1 - 5 mm l ht trung bnh v < 1 mm l ht nh. Kin trc poocfia: Trn nn thu tinh hay vi tinh ni ln nhng ht ln.

T l SiO2 c trong macma

L ch tiu quan trng nht phn loi macma: macma axit ( SiO2>65%). VD: granit, aplit v pecmatit macma trung tnh (SiO2 t 52%-65%). VD: Diorit, Sienit Baz (SiO2 <52%). VD: gabro, bazan siu Baz (SiO2<40%). VD: Dunit va Olivinit kim (c 5%-15%) cht kim. VD: Bazan kim, Gabro kim

 ngha a cht
mcma c ngha quan trng v mt a cht do:
Cc khong vt v tnh cht ha hc tng th ca chng

cung cp thng tin v thnh phn ca lp v tri t ti nhng mcma c hnh thnh cng nh cc iu kin v nhit v p sut hnh thnh nn v thng tin v cc loi trc b nng chy; Nin i tuyt i ca chng c th c xc nh bng cc phng php xc nh nin i bng phng x khc nhau v v th c th so snh vi cc a tng a cht cn k, cho php miu t li thi gian din ra cc s kin mt cch tng i chnh xc;

 Cc c im ca chng thng thng c c trng bi

cc iu kin ca mi trng kin to c th, cho php ti to li cc m hnh kin to; Trong mt s hon cnh c bit, chng l ngun gc ca mt s m khong sn quan trng: v d vonfram, thic v urani, thng thng hay i cng vi granit.

 trm tch
Qu trnh phong ha di tc ng

ca nc, nhit , gi, sinh vt lm cho cc loi t khc nhau b phong ho, v vn. Sau chng c gi v nc cun i ri lng ng li thnh tng lp. Di p lc v tri qua cc thi k a cht, chng c gn kt li bng cc cht keo thin nhin to thnh trm tch.

Ngun gc hnh thnh trm tch

trm tch c thnh to ch yu bi cc qu trnh sau: do phong ha cc gc v sau lng ng thnh trm tch c hc;
do nc, bng gi tch t v gn kt cc ht trm

tch; do s lng ng c hnh thnh bi c hot ng c ngun gc sinh vt do ma tuyt t cc dng dch hnh thnh nn.

 Bn giai on trong qu trnh hnh thnh nn

trm tch c hc bao gm:

phong ha hay bo mn do tc ng ca sng nc hay gi, vn chuyn cc vt liu trm tch theo dng nc hay gi, lng ng, hay trm tch v nn p hay thnh khi cc vt liu trm tch c tch t li v b p cht vo nhau to nn trm tch.

c im
Do c hnh thnh trong cc iu kin nh trn nn

trm tch c cc c im chung l:

C tnh phn lp r rt, chiu dy, mu sc, thnh phn,

ln ca ht, cng... ca cc lp cng khc nhau. Cng nn theo phng vung gc vi cc lp lun lun cao hn cng nn theo phng song song vi th. trm tch khng c, chc bng mcma (do cc cht keo kt thin nhin khng chn y gia cc ht hoc do bn thn cc cht keo kt co li). V th cng ca trm tch thp hn, ht nc cao hn. Mt s loi trm tch khi b ht nc, cng gim i r rt, c khi b tan r trong nc. trm tch rt ph bin, d gia cng nn c s dng kh rng ri.

Phn loi
Cn c vo iu kin to thnh, trm tch

c chia lm 3 loi:
trm tch c hc

trm tch ho hc
trm tch hu c

 trm tch c hc
Gm cc ht st, phn (bt), ct sn ri rc ct si, t st

hoc gn kt li vi nhau nh sa thch, cui kt. Ty theo kch thc ht chia ra: vn th, ct, phn sa, st, hn hp:
Cc loi ht th da trn mi trn v kiu gn kt c

chia thnh loi trn cnh (tng, cui, si kt) v loi sc cnh (dm kt). Cc loi c ht va l ct nu ri rc hay ct kt (sa thch)nu gn kt. Loi ht mn c gi l bt hay bt kt ( phn sa). Loi nh nht l st. Ring i vi st, vic phn loi v nh tn da trn thnh phn cc khong vt st hn hp: cha y cc thnh phn ht: si, sn ct, phn v st

 trm tch ho hc v sinh ha

Loi ny c to thnh do cc cht ho tan

trong nc lng ng xung ri kt li. c im l ht rt nh, thnh phn khong vt tng i n gin v u hn trm tch c hc. Loi ny ph bin nht l vi, tp vi, laterit v mui m.

 trm tch hu c
c to thnh do s tch t xc v c ca cc loi

ng vt v thc vt sng trong nc bin, nc ngt. Loi ch yu l: than bn, than

 bin cht
Di tc ng ca cc yu t ni lc v ngoi lc lm cho cc loi (Macma, trm tch) b bin cht mnh m

c v kin trc, cu to, thnh phn ha hc v khong vt do cc qu trnh bin cht xy ra trong v tri t hnh thnh bin cht.

Phn loi bin cht

Tu theo cc yu t tc ng ch yu trong qu

trnh hnh thnh m ngi ta phn bit cc dng bin cht nh sau:
Bin cht do tip xc: n gn lin vi s hot

ng ca khi macma nng chy trong v tri t, khi macma nng chy ny lm cho cc lp xung quanh n bincht. Nhit cao lm cho phn ln cc khong vt b ti kt tinh lm bin cht gi l khng gian rng ln, quanh cc mchmacma xm nhp.

 Bin cht p lc: gn lin vi cc vn

ng to sn, p li lm thay i cu trc v phn no cc thnh phn khong vt. Bin cht p lc thng xy ra phn ngoi ca v tri t. Bin cht khu vc: xy ra trong c vng rng ln v nng su khc nhau. Tc ng gy bin cht l do tng hp c nhit v p lc.

 gnai(gneiss)
Do granit ( hoa cng) ti kt

tinh v bin cht di tc dng ca p lc cao thuc loi bin cht khu vc, thnh phn c nhng khong vt nh thch anh mu nht, fenspat v cc khong vt mu sm, mica xp lp xen k nhau trng rt p. Do cu to dng lp nn cng theo cc phng khc cng khc nhau, d b phong ho v tch lp. gnai dng ch yu lm tm p lng b knh, lt va h.

 hoa (cm thch)

L loi bin cht tip xc hoc

bin cht khu vc, do ti kt tinh t vi v lmit di tc dng ca nhit v p sut cao. Cng chu nn 1.200 kg/cm, i khi n 3.000 kg/cm, d gia cng c hc, d mi nhn v nh bng. hoa c dng lm tm p trang tr mt chnh, lm bc cu thang, lt sn nh, lm ct liu cho b tng, granito.

 quartzit (quczit)
Do sa thch hoc ct kt

thch anh ti kt tinh to thnh. mu trng hay tm, chu phong ho tt, cng chu nn kh cao (4.000 kg/cm), cng ln. Quartzit c s dng xy tr cu, ch to tm p, lm dm, hc cho cu ng, lm nguyn liu sn xut vt liu chu la.