Trng i hc hng c Khoa khoa hc t nhin

Th.S Ng Xun Lng

Thanh Ha, nm 2008

Phn gii thiu: HO CNG NGH BAO GM: + Ho cng ngh I: 45t (Ho cng ngh v mi ttrng)

+ Ho cng ngh II: 45t (Ho nng nghip)

Ti liu tham kho 1, Trn Th Bch. Phng Tin t. Ho hc cng ngh v mi

ttrng. NXB gio dc 1999.

2, Phng Tin t. Trn Th Bch K thut ho hc. NXb gio dc 1996.

3, Trn Th Bch, Phng Tin t. Ho k thut i cng T1. Nh

xut bn gio dc.

Phn I:

Ha cng ngh v mI trng

Chng I

Cc nguyn tc c bn

Trong sn xut ha hc
<3 TIT>

C 5 nguyn tc c bn:
+ Tng tc ca cc qu trnh ho hc. + Thc hin cc qu trnh lin tc tun ho kin. + Lin hip gia cc x nghip. + C kh ho t ng ho cc QTSX. + Tn dng ph tha chng nhim mi trng. I/ TNG TC CC QU TRNH HO HC. - Sn xut ho hc l lm bin i thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu to ra cc sn phm thng qua phn ng ho hc. Vy tt ca QTSX thuc vop tt phn ng hin hnh.

- Lm tng tc ca cc phn ng s nh hng ln ti gi

thnh sn phm. - lm tng tc phn ng hin hnh, tc ph thuc yu t

no?
Gi s mt thit b sy ra phn ng sau: mA + nB = qD

Tc l bin thin ca mt cht trong 1 vtg

dc v dt

+ Nu h ng xy ra trong h ng th: V = k.CAm.CBn

(CA nng cu t A: CB nng cu t B, k hng s tc ch vo to) t C = CAm . CBn gi l ng lc qu trnh V = k. t. + Nu phn ng xy ra trong h ng th v thun nghch V= KT. CAm . CBn . CDq = KTCT.KNCN (CT v CN l ng lc phn ng thun v nghch)

+ Nu phn ng xy ra trng h dch th (Rn - Lng - Lng Kh , Kh - rng) th V cn vo din tch tip xc gia cc cht. V = KC.F (F din tch tp xc). Mt khc t cc phng trnh ttrn tng V cn tng K m. K = KO.C-E/RT E. Nng lng hot ho. T. Nhit R. Hng s kh. Vy tng tc Phh cn. + Tng ng lc. + Tng din tch tip xc.

+ Dng xc tc.
+ Nhit tng.

1- Tng ng lc qu trnh: ng lc qu trnh l hm s ca nng AC = CAm.CBm Vy mun tng ng lc QT cn: + Tng nng : Lm giu nguyn liu (loi b tp cht) lm giu qung apatit trc khi cho phn ng vi H2SO4 iu ch supepht phat, lm giu qung boxit trc khi p /c Al + Tng p xut cht kh: (N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 tng D ca hn hp N2 + 3H2 bng cch nn 300 atm) + Ly sn phm ra khi khu vc phn ng. + Cho cc cht tip xc nhau theo.

Chiu thch hp. trong sn xut H2SO4 tng tc t chy FeS2 ny ta cho FeS2 v kk i ngc chiu nhau trong l t. hp th SO3 vi Hcao ngi ta cho SO3 v H2O i ngc chiu, cho SO3 i vo y thp hp th, cn H2O (H2SO4L) di t nh thp xung. 2- Dng xc tc v nhit thch hp: Theo pt Aseniut K = Ko.e-E/RT k t l nghch vi E v t l thun vi T tng K gim E v tng T. + Trong SX h cc P thng xy ra t0 cao hn nhit thng N2 + H2 = 2NH3 (450 - 5000C) FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2 nhng nhit cao qu th tiu hao nhit liu v nhiu cht b phn hu n mn thit b nhanh c hi cho sn xut. V vy tng to cn ph hp via tnh hnh thc t.

+ i vi cc phn ng thun nghch vic tng t0 lm cho VT, VN u tng hoc cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch (P to nhit) khng c li cho sn xut v vy chn 1 t0 thch hp cho QT chung. VD: SO2 + O2 = SO3 + Q N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 + Q + Cht xc tc l cht lm tng V song khng b bin i trong QTSX. Nhiu phn ng kt hoc thiu XT th xy ra chm hoc khng xy ra (N2 + O2 ; SO2 + O2 nhng khi c cht xc tc ra t0 thch hp th x ra nhanh gp ngn triu ln c li cho sn xut. Xc tc lm E tng V vy vic lm xc tc thch hp l nhim v quan trng ca k thut ho. VD: SO2 + O2

3- Tng din tch tip xc (F) gia cc cht trong p - Cc phn ng xy ra trong h d th: rn - lng; rn - kh; lng lng - kh vic tng F -> tng QT khuych tn, tng kh nng hp ph cc cht -> V tng. - Tng F cn: + Cht rn p nh ti 1 kch thc nht nh ph hp vi thit b sn xut v k phn ng. + Phan cht lng hoc ti cht lng ln b mt m ri cho cht kh i qua ( phun H2SO4 sau cho kh SO3 i qua ) + Khuy trn.

II/ THC HIN QU TRNH LIN TC TUN HON

KN TRONG SN XUT HO HC C: + Qu trnh lin tc, gin on, tun hon: + Qu trnh gin on mang tnh cht chu k: np nguyn liu vo thit b, cho p xy ra cho ti khi kt thc, ly spra -> kp lun thay i, C theo (t) nh) + Qu trnh lin tc l QTSX khng mang tnh chu k nguyn liu c a vo thit b mt cch lin tc cn sp ly ra mt cch lin tc, cc kp trong thit b lun lun n nh. VD: Sx H2SO4, bia, ng. -> V do nng xut thp thit b nhanh hng khng c li cho sn xut (ch ph hp vi sn xut

u im:
- Khng c s ngng hot ng ca thit b. Nng mt lao ng cao, gim gi thnh sp. - Gi n nh k lm vic ca thit b -> to k iu khin t ng v c kh ho sn xut -> tit kim lao ng. - Gim din tch thit b, nh my -> chi ph xy dng trn mt vsp -> h gi thnh sn phm. - i vi cc QTSX c H thp ngi ta a cc cht ban u vo p ht quay tr li kp tn dng trit nguyn liu, h gi thnh sn phm, chng nhim mi trng. VD: QTSX NH3. ru etylic t C2H4

III/ LIN HIP GIA CC X NGHIP V NH MY:

Trong sn xut hin hnh cc nh my hoc cc x nghip ca cng mt nh my c lin quan hu c vi nhau. sn phm ca nh my ny l nguyn liu cho nh my (x nghip khc) V d: x nghip SX NH3 l nguyn liu sn xut HNO3, s pht trin s sn xut i hi c s lin hip cc nh my hoc x nghip s lm gim bt chi ph vn chuyn, bo m an ton sn xut gp phn chng nhim mi trng. + H gi thnh sn phm: Do vy nh my ho cht thng xy dng canh nhau to ra khu cng nghip rng ln gm nhiu ngnh sn xut.

 nc ta tuy CN cha pht trin nhng cng c nhng lin hip

ho cht. Lin hip ho cht Vit tr, lin hip ho cht phn m Bc Giang. lin hip cc nh my Bin Ho, ng Lam Sn. VD: Lin hip gia cc x nghip:

IV/ C KH HO, T NG HO SN XUT:

- Mun tng nng xut lao ng, tng hiu qu s dng cc ngun nguyn liu ngi ta khng ch thc hin qu trnh lin tc, ton hon kn m cn phi c kh ho, t ng ho QTSX. - Mt t trng nit bt trong CNHH l cc phn ng thng xy ra to v p cao cc k y i hi n nh v nghim ngt, con ngig kh c th iu khin trc tip mt cc th cng c. Mt kh nguyn liu (NH3, Cl2...) hoc sn phm H2SO4, HND3... u c th nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip ti sc kho con ngi, gy ti nn lao ng. V vy c kh ho, t ng ho l 1 yu cu khch quan khng ch v mc ch kinh t m cn v an ton lao ng i vi ngi sn xut.

- Ngi ta c th c kh ho hoc t ng ho tng khu

hoc ton b QTSX, ngy nay vi tin b ca KHKT "ngi my" tin hc to iu kin cho vic t ng ho iu khin t xa cc QTSX. Ngi ta ch to c cc h thng kim tra nguyn liu o cht lng sn phm ira ca xng hoc iu khin iu kin ph theo chng rnh lp sn nh h thng my VT lp sn - C kh ho, t ng ho -> tit kin lao ng, tng nng sut lao ng, to iu kin tng cht lng sn phm h gi thnh sn phm. VD: T ng ho, c kh ho QTSX, x a lm tiu th in xung 50%, t ng ho thit b trong sn xut NH3 gim tiu tn nguyn liu 15 tng nng sut lao ng 5%.

V.TN DNG PH THI CHNG NHIM MI

TRNG. - Trong 1 QTSX h2 no ngoi SP chnh cn c SP ph v cc cht ph thi. Cc SP ph hoc ph thi c ngay SP chnh hoc phi thiph hoc nguyn liu c ln tp cht.... VD: Trong SX H2S04 ph thi l Fr208, QT lm sch S02 to ra bi, x. - Trong SX HN03 to ra ph thi l N0, N02 - Sn phm vi: SP ph l C02 v x. - Ph thi lm nhim mi trng, phi hoi iu kin sng ca con ngi, ng thc vt, s nhim ny ti mc bo ng khng ch 1 nc m ton th gii.

V d: Lng CO2 c trong kh quyn vt qu mc cho php gy

"hiu ng nh knh" lm T0 tri t ln -> mc nc bin pht trin (CO2, CH4, H2O) khng cho bc x nhit ca tri t i qua -

> n bao quanh tri t nh nh knh.

- CO do t chy khong hon ton than -> ph hoi h moglobin trong mu -> mt kh nng vn chuyn oxi -> ngt th.

- SO2 gy au nhc mt, cm gic nng c hng do qu trnh

quang ho hc xt S02 -> S03 kt hp vi H20 - H2S04 cng vi ma ri xung mt t "ma axt" gy tn hi cho cy trng, n

mn cng trnh xy dng, dng c sinh hot hn ch tc hi ca

ph thi ta cn tn dng, s dng cc ph thi v tin hnh cc bin php bo v mi trng.

+ X l cc cht c hi ti sc kho con ngi Pb, C0, S02... N0.

+ Ch cc ph thi thnh sn phm c ch, c li v kinh t h gi thnh sn phm l 1 trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi

chng nhim mi trng 1 dy chuyn sn xut c hg trong thc

tin. Cng ngh km hon thin, k thut lc hu th ph thi b i cng nhiu. Cc ngnh th cng nghip gm, s, gch gy

nhim mi trng nhiu vng.

VD: Trong luyn kim mu thi kh c hm lng S02 thp, trc y khng s dng, thi vo kk -> nhim mi trng gy ma a

xt" ngy nay s dng SX H2S04.

- X l gang, thp sau khi ghin nh dng lm phn bn tt v cha lu vo nguyn t vi lng.

- X l cao, l nung vi dng lm b tng x, c gch trong XD. - Trong SX dng cht tc qu sau mt (t) lm vic mt hot tch ngi ta tm cc tc sinh li phc hi hot tnh s dng tip + Chng nhim mi trng khong ch bng cch x l cht c hi, s dng ph thi bin n thnh SP c ch m cn chuyn ho cht thi ca nh my thnh cht khng hoc t lm hi mi trng trc khi thi. VD: Kh thi SX NH03 c kh N0 c nh hng xu ti bu kh quyn nn phi nghn cu cht xc tc kh trit n trc khi thi vo MT.

- Kh thi l cao sn xut phn ln thu tch c HF, SiF4 rt c vi

cy trng -> x l n - km.

Vy chng nhm mi trng l ngha v ca mi con ngi v ton th gii bo v mi trng sng ca chnh mnh v ton TG. Cng nghip ho hc ngy nay cung cp cho con ngi nhiu cht mi song cng a vo mi trng 1 lng cht c ln u c s sng ca con ngi -> chng nhim mi trng l mt nguyn tc ca cng ngh HH.

Chng ii.

Sn xut axit SUNFURIC (4T)

I. VAI TR CA AXIT H2S04.

+ H2S04 bit t lu, vo TK X nh gi kim thut Gobe iu ch H2S04 trong PTN t Fs2(S04) gia th k XVIII ngi ta /c = PP

nitroza ho t lu hunh v mi nit rt -> h2 kh S02, N03, 02

S + NaN03 -> N02S + N02 + 02 + S02 hp th kh = H20 -> H2S04

S02 + 02 + h20 N02

nhiu tp cht)

H2S04

Nng H2S04 thu c 67% -> 75% ph hp SX phn bn (cn

Ngy nay dng PP tip xc.

S02 + 02 xS03yH20. S03 + H2S04 nng H2S04 thu c V205 l 98% cao hn v sch hn PP nitroza ho v thu c c oleum

+ L ho cht quan trng nht ca CNHH, ng dng rng ri nht

trong nn KTQD v th SX H2S04 ngy cng gia tng

H2S04 - SX phn bn: sufe pht phat n. G(H2P04)2CaS04 amoni pht pht (NH4)S04

- Ch cc nhin liu lng lm sch xng du, faraffis, Hidrocac

bon. - Dng trong tng hp hu c: xc tc - (CnH2n + H20 este ho) phm

nhun
- Dng trong ngnh luyn kim m in Nh my supeht pht Lm Thao H2S04 SX theo PPTX: XT V205

II. Nguyn liu sn xut H2S04

1. Nguyn liu phong ph: - Lu hunh

- Hp cht ca S: Sun phua, kim loi, sunpht, qung Firitst.

- Cc ph thi cha S v hp cht ca n (VD: luyn kim mu ph

thi cha S02).

1. Lu hunh Trong t nhin c nhiu m lu hunh n l nguyn liu tt nht

sn xut H2S04 v dy chuyn SX n gin hn i t nguyn liu

khc (T0 t chy thp, tinh ch S02 n gin). Cc nc c nhiu S: M, LX, Ba Lan, Canaa (Vit Nam cha t S) trc 1835 S l

nguyn liu sn xut H2S04.

2. Qung Firit Thnh phn chnh FeS2: Firt st nguyn cht cha 53,44%S, 46,56%

Fe c mu vng xm.
Thnh phn ph: - Cc kim loi mu Co, Ni, Cu... - Cc hp cht ca Cu, Ni, AS, Si, Selen.

- Cc oxit Al, Au, Ag, CaC03, Supat-> hm lng S trong Firit st = 50%

nc ta qung Firis st cha nhiu tp cht -> % S= 15% nn

khng s dng trc tip m phi nhp khu (CT sufe pht pht Lm Thao)

Mun s dng qung ngho SX th phi lm giu qung (loi bt

tp cht ) 3. Thch cao: CaC04.2H20 - Thnh phn chnh: CaS04.2H20 hoc CaS04 khan nung thch cao: CsS04 -> Ca0 + S02 + 02-> SP l Ca0, S02 -> dng thch cao va SX xi mng va SX H2S04, PP ny t s dng ch ph hp vi H20 cha t S, Firit st.

4. Cc ph thi cng nghip cha hp cht ca S.

+S04: ph thi l cao luyn gang, thp, kim loi mu.

+ H2S ph thi kh l cc, khi l t than cha nhiu S + dd thi ca k ngh gia cng KL cha H2S04 (pp thu hi)

III. CH TO HN HP KH S02.
1. Nguyn tc: + nc c nhiu S: Phun S trng thi lng vo l t, S1 + 02 ->

H < 0 phn ng to nhit, T0 12000C phn ng nhanh, hon ton

+ i t Firit st (qung thng dng) t FeS2 trong l t (trong KK)

6000C: 2FeS2 -> 2Fe + S2 (hi) H > 0 (thu)

t0 > 6000C S2 + 2002 -> 2S02 H < 0 (to)

Sau khi lu hunh tch ra th nguyn liu tr nn xp, th FeS2 + 02

8500 FS203 + S02= (3) Kt qu h2 kh gm: 7 - 9% S02; 10-11% 02 cn li l N2 v mt s tp cht cn loi b kh tch ch H20, S03, S203, Sr02 HF... v bi (trong khng kh C0S03 do mt s sunphat phn hu hoc 1 phn S02 Fe203 S03. - Tp xi: chuyn Fe203, Fe203 dng cho k ngh luyn gang hay SX xi mng. + Ngoi ra, t H2S trong khng kh H2S + 02 -> H20 + S02 H < 0

2. Cc iu kin nh hng ti qu trnh t qung nhit . - V FeS2 l nguyn liu vn -> T0 cng cao QT chy cng nhanh, v QT to nhit -> ch cung cp nhit cho phn ng lc u sau t xy ra phn ng cng mnh lit nhit to ra cng nhiu (> 8500) T0 qu cao nguyn liu nng chy kt khi -> V thm -> tc l, ngng SX vy khng th tng T0 1 cch tu m thc t SX t0 = 600 - 8500C. - Khi nhit tng tc QT phn hu FeS2 tng mnh hn QT t F2 -> QT t Fe xy ra chm nht -> n Q tc ton b QT t FeS2.

- T0 ca l t cn ph thuc vo cu to l t.
Din tch tip xuc ca nguyn liu v 02 (KK) Din tch tip xc ca nguyn liu v 02 (KK)

- QT t l QT xy ra trong h d th vn - kh - tc qu trnh ph thuc vo din tch tip xuc F. F cng ln - V cng ln (v phn ng xy ra trn b mt qung) v vy - Nghin qung ti 1 kch thc ph hp cho tng loi l t < 8mm. (l bi cho 6-8mm, tn si 2-5mm..) nhng kch thc khng qu nh v d kt khi ca0, kh i ra khi l cha nhiu bi kh tinh ch. - Tng cng khuy trn lm v lp oxit bao quanh b mt qung Tc thi oxi vo l.

- Tc QT ph thuc vo C02 -> tc thi 02 cng ln -> C02

cng ln - QT t chy cng nhanh -> to nhiu nhit -T0 trong l vt qu nhit cho php khng c li

- Tc thi cng ln - s mang theo nhiu N2 v 02 d -> gim hm lng S02 (< 700C%), ng thi gim T0 ca l do tiu tn vo vic t nng khng kh. - Thc t SX khng ch 02 vo l cho hh kh c 71, S02 11% 02 (lng 02 d dng oxi ho S02, C03) ngoi ra tc chy, Firt st cn ph thuc vo tch th ca n v cc tp cht trong qung. 3. L t. - Trong SX H2S04 ngi ta dng cc l t khc nhau t FeS2

kch thc khc nhau v tp thch hp,

a. L "bi cho" hay l nhiu tng + Cu to: hnh tr cao 8m, ng knh 6m, v bng thp, pha trong xay bng gch chu la, c 7 tng t qung, tng trn cng sy qung v c ca dn hh kh i ra, tng cui cng c cc ca cho kk i vo l. Cc tng nh s theo th t t trn xung, cc tng gia c cc ca sa cha v b sung kk. Gia l c 1 trc quay bng gang ng knh 0,9m v ko cho n chuyn ng tng T1 - T7. KHi trc quay n l 1 my khuy, pha di tng T7 c l tho x ra. + Hot ng: Qung t b qung vo tng sy cc nng vo o

qung v co n vo gn trc l ri ri xung cc tng t.

Tng t 1: 6500C

2F2 -> 2F + S2

1 phn S2 + 202 -> 2S02 Tng t 2: 650 - 7500C, S2 + 02 -> S02 (i b phn) 1 phn: FeS + 02 -> Fe203 + S02 Tng 3, 4: phn ng chy mnh nht FeS + 02 -> Fe203 + S02 (800 - 8500) T5 - T7: QT chy dn HH kh ly ra nh l, kk i ln t ca tng T7 ngc vi chiu c/ ca FeS2 Nh qut ht m Pl < Pkk -> S02 khng hay ra ngoi lm nhim mi trng. NL: Qung Firit st cha 50% S. 6 - 8mm

b. L tn si
Trong l tn si qung lun lun c/ ging hin tng si ca cht lng. to ht "si" pha di l t qung c 1 li thp, kk thi

t pha di l qua li thp - qung trn li thp lun c/ ging

nh si - trng thi l lng qung tip xc tt vi kk, b t chy nhanh -

> S02. X c kch thc nh b thi ln pha trn, v tho ra ngoi

(d b) hh kh ly ra pha trn l. H cao hn l "bi cho" t0 phn ng cao hn -> cao hn kch

thc qung 2-5mm

c. L phun:
t qung dng bi (kt b) c % S b khng th t trong cc l khc. Cao 10m, ng knh 4m cu to rng. Qung c kk phun vo l t di y l trng thi qung b t chy (phn ng xng ra ton b l) t ch l b sung khng kh vo l x ri xung y l. hh kh S02 = 12% Cng sut ln -> hh kh nhiu bi, khs tch ch do b. IV. TNH CH HH KH S02. HH kh ra khi l t cha 7% S02 v nhiu tp 11% 02 N2 Cht: bi, hi H20, oxit asen, selen v cc hp cht ca F (GF). Cc tp cht lm mt tc dng xc, tc (H) oxi ho S02 -> S03, lm cho a x H2S04 b nhim bn - phi loi b - PP tinh ch.

+ Tch bi: Cho h khi i qua h thng lng lc bi nh lc li tm, khi cc ht

bi ln va p vo cc xiclon v ri xung y
- Sau i qua thit b my lc in to ra in trng mnh cn ho cht kh, cc ion c/ v cc traid du gp cc ht bi nh, tch

in v cng d/ v in cc b gi li
+ Tch asen oxit - se len oxit. Cho hh khi i qua thp ra cc oxit ca asen, selen b gi li do t0 V

cc hi ca oxit ng vn, ri xung.

+ Tch "m" axit H2S04.

Do trong dng kh c S03, hi H20 - chng kt hp vi nhau to cc ht H2S04 dng sng m - > n mn thit b v hn xt. Tch m nh h thng lc in vt. + Tch hi H20 (lm kh) H20 lm xc tc b m, v vn -> tch H20 bng cch cho i qua cht ho H20 ( dd H2S04 98%). Ti H2S04 t trn nh thp xung, H2 khi i t di ln.

V. Oxi ho S02 thnh S03 bng xc tc V205

1. C s l thuyt - Phn ng oxh S02 bng 02 l 1 phn ng thun nghch, to nhit S02 + 1/2 02 S03 + Q nhit thng hoc cao nu khng c xc tc phn ng khng xy ra - Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi tng P va gim T0

 T0 thp cn bng chuyn dch v pha to S03 nhng nhit thp qu cht xc tc cha pht huy tc dng, 4000C phn ng bt u xy ra r rt, cn t0 cao qu CBCD theo chiu nghch v cht xc tc b ph v cu trc -> mt hot tch. - Trong thc t SX dng xc tc V205 t0 thch hp l 4500C - C 2 nhm xc tc: + PT c mang trn cht mang l aming, + Nhm 2: bao gm cc oxits KL: V205.. Thc t dng xt ph bin nht l V205 cng vi 1 s cht ph gia khc H20, Si02, K20, Ca0.. ph gia tng bn c hc, tng hoc tnh t ng c bi tp cht.

- Khi tng C02 khi V tng v CBCD theo chiu to S03 -> H tng.

Vy oxi ho S02 -> S03 vi xc tc V205 T0 4500C hm lng 02

kk l: 11% cn S02 7% th H = 98% (p = 1atm) Mt khc H cn ph thuc vo thi gian tip xc ca cht phn ngs

vi xc tc tng V chuyn ho.

2. Thit b oxi ho: Thp tip xc + Cu to; Hnh tr, cao 8 - 10m ng knh 3-4m v bc thp pha

trong xy = gch chu la chng n mn.

Cht xc tc chia thnh 4 - 5 lp t nm ngang trong thit b gi cc lp xc tc l cc ng hnh tr t song song thc hin trao

i nhit S02 - S03.

+ Hot ng:
Kh S02 t nng s b i vo y thp tip xc qua thit b trao i nhit song song xen gia cc lp xc tc (i ngoi ng ) nng T0 ti 4500C (do S03 truyn cho) sau i qua lp xc tc th nht ti y S02 + 02 -> S03 + Q -> dng kh c T0 > 4500C i vo trong ng c lm lnh nh S02 i ngoi ng, khi nh QT trao i nhit dng khi qua lp tip xc th 2 QT din ra lp XT th nht. Sau qua lp 3,4 -> H = 98%. y l 1 kiu thp thng p dng (CT sufepot pht Lm Thao)> VI. Hp th S03: S)3 + H2)( -> H2S04 + Q

Trong thc t khng dng H20 hp th S03 v khi to m axit

H2S04 l cc ht H204 nh khng ngng t thnh git ln to dd H2S04 lng theo khi bay ra ngoi -> tht thot SP, n mn thit b ONMT. V vy ngi ta dng H2S04 c (c P hi thp) hp th S03 to oleum XS03yH20 (yH2S04) (S03 tan trong H2S04 dd) khi pha oleum = H20 -> dd H2S04 c C tu . (hoc dng oleum). - QT hp th xy ra trong h di th (kk) G1: Vn chyun kh S03 ti b mt cht lng g2: Hp th xy ra trn b mt v trong lng cht lng, ng thi pha kh S03 + H204 -> H2S04 hi H2S04 bo ho ngng t thnh ht nh nh sng m C b axit hp th -> hp th S03 khng dng H20, H2S04 L m ngi ta dng kk ng ph.

H2S04 98,3% H20 1,7% hp th S03 v khi pha kh gn S03,

hi H20 trong kk ny mn pha kh phn ng xy ra nhanh, cn hp th S03 = cht lng xy ra chm hn, tc y ph thuc tc khuych tn S03 ti b mt cht lng, ph thuc vo C%, H2S04. Khi C% H2S04max -> Vmax (98,3%) p sut hi eleum v hm lng S03 trong pha ph tng khi T0 tng -> khi T0 tng th P hi H2S04 tng -> tc QT gim. (phn ng to nhit) - T0 thch hp 600C. K thch hp: mc ch QT hp th l: S03 hp th hon ton, gim hm lng S03 theo kh thi v SX oleum t tiu chun 18,5

- 20% lnh kh S03 ti 300C dd H2S04 98,3% lm lnh sau cho

i ngc chiu trong thp hp th. + Thp hp th tr, cao 10m pha trong lt gch chu axits, phn khng gian thp xp y cc m rng hnh tr bng s hoc cht do tng F ca S03 vi cht lng. Phun H2S04 98,3% t nh thp xung chy qua tm m, S03 lm lnh v i ngc t y ln. u tr S03 lm ngui sau i qua T1 ti oleum, S02 d i qua T2 ti H2S04 H = 99%.

Chng iii.

TNG HP NH3 V SN XUT AXT HN03 (4 TIT)

I. TM QUAN TRNG CA CC HP CHT CHA NIT

V CC PHNG PHP TNGR HP CHNG T KHNG KH. Cc hp cht ca nit c vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng ng thc vt v con ngi. Ni t c trong TP cc cht prtt - Ni t l nguyn t ca s sng - NH3 v mui nit rt l hp cht ch yu tng hp prott (m) - NH3, NH03 lm phn bn v thc n cho gia sc Ngoi ra cn l SP trung gian iu ch cht do thuc tr su, thuc m (TNT).. v nhiu hng ho quan trng cho nn KTQD. - Cc hp cht ca nit c gi tr trong CN c sn trong t nhin rt t. V th ngi ta phi tm cc tng hp chng t nit khng kh.

+ Phng php h quang: N2 + 02 y l phn ng thun ngch, thu nhit phn ng ra theo chiu thun ngch th cn Cno.

QT ny xy ra trong thin nhin khi c sm st, ma ln -> gt cu tc ng "la chim lp l u b, nghe ba ting sm pht c m ln".

+ Phng php Xianamit. Khi cho: CaC2 + N210000C CaCN2 x C H = 301,5 KJ/nol. Can xi xianamit c dng trong CNHH v luyn kim mu n cha 18.20% Nit. PP ny tiu tn nhiu nng lc nn t s dng v khng c li v mt KT. + PP amoni ac. y l PP kinh t hn cc PP khc tiu tn in nng t hn -> c dng dng rng ri trong nn KTQD. N2 +3H2 4500C xt 2NH3 H < 0 trong chng trnh ny tnh by chi tit QT chuyn ho N2 (kk) thnh hp cht ca nit qua con ng amoniac.

II. TNG HP AMONIAC. 1. Nguyn liu: N2,H2 chng khng sn c trong t nhin vy ta phi iu ch chng t cc ngun c sn, trong t nhin H20 kk... a, N2... KK cha 78% N2, 21% 02, 0,94% Ar v 1 s kh khc C02, S02, H2, Ne, Xe. Ho lng khng kh nhit thp (-2000C) p sut cao. Sau chng ct phn on kk lng khi N2 c T0S = 195,80C bay hi trc, cn 02 c T0s = -1830C bay hi sau. Do ta thu c nguyn cht v 02 dng hn ct v trong bnh vin (T0sar = 185,70C) (Da vo T0 si khc nhau)

b. H2 in phn H20: H20 = H2 + 1/2 02 (tn in nng -> ch S/d cho cc nc c ngun in r tin) + Chuyn ho kh Ch4 hoc t ca n Cho CH4 phn ng vi H20, C0, C02 T0 cao t 800 - 11000C khng cc xc tc hoc 800 - 9000C v xt, ni mang trn Al203 hc Mg0. Ch4 + H20 Sau : C0 + H20 Fe203 C02 + H2 (2) (v sinh ra C0) T VD v (2) phn ng T4: Ch4 + C02 + 4H2 + Tch HH sinh ra t qu trnh ch to than cc.. Kh l cc: 60% H2, 25% CH4, C0, C02, NH3, N2 C6H6, C2H4, ho lng kh l cc cc kh chuyn sang TT lng cn H2 TTK (v T0 SH2 = - 252,20C b nht) hp th NH3 c trong kh = dd axits.

Ngoi ra cn p dd NaCl -> H2 catt. c. To hn hp N2, H2 NL: H20, kk, than. cho hn hp khng kh - H20 i qua than nng

- Loi b C0, C02, 02, Ch4, H2S v bi to ra hh kh ph hp

cho QT tng hp NH3 < pp ny a/d nh my phn m H Bc)

2. Lm sch hn hp kh:
Lm sch s dng cc pp: hp th, ngng t v hiro ho cc xc tc. + Tch bi (tp cht c hc: tro, du my); a/h ti xc tc, n m thit b, kh chg bng cch cho hh khi qua h thng lc in kh, t, h thng lng lc ly tm. + Tch H2S: Lm ng c xc tc ca giai on tch C0 v tng hp NH3 nn phi loi b trit h/c ca S bng cc dng cc cht hp th c H2S nh st hrxit ln Ca0 v mt ca hoc bag hu c: Phng php kh (dng st hiro xt)

+ Chuyn ho CO = CO2 Dng H2O chuyn ho ng thi to thm H2 cho phn ng

ho hc
+ Tch CO2:

CO + H2O CO2 + H2

H< O

Hp th hon ton ta dng dung dch kim, hoc hp th = H2O

lah P = 16,25 atm, hoc dng ba z hu mc: etanol min, hp

th 1 lng ln CO2, sau i qua tuabis RNH2 = P = 1atan H2O + CO2 th c CO2 ( RNNH3)2 CO3

RNH2 + H2O + CO2 RNH3 HCO3

un nng dung dch -> CO2 + Tch CO: v CO + H20 = C0 + H2 H < 0 l phn ng thun

nghch nn hh kh cn lu lng nh C02

C0 dng dd Cu (CH3C00)2 trong NH3 P = 12- 300 atn T0 = 250C hoc hidro ho vi xt: ni/0r203 1500C, P = 3 atm Cu(NH3)n00CCH3 + CO [Cu (NH3)n-1Co]00CCH3 Co + 3H2 = Cu4 + H20 3. C s l thuyt tng hp NH3 Phn ng: N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 tam gic H <0. d: ph ng thun nghch, to nhit theo chiu ng th, gim th tch (s mol kh) theo chiu thun v cn xc tc (v H thp )hay V chm.

Cc yu t a/h: Nng , T0 P c a/h ti

Chuyn dch cn bng, xc tc a/h ti tc phn ng

+ Nhit : y l phn ng to nhi theo chu thun -> khi tng T0 CBCD theo chiu nghch, thp T0 cn bng CD theo chu thun to NH3. Nhng T0 thp qua V chm -> phn ng coi nh khng xy ra T< 4000C phn ng bt u xy ra V b -> H b khng c li cho SX -. T0 thch hp: 4500C + p sut: Phn ng thun l QT thp s mol kh ca h -> P ca h thp -> tng P -> CBCD thun (c ) thp P - nghch. Thc t SX c th thc hin P: 100 - 150 atm.

250 - 600atm; 600 - 1000atm, nc ta cng thng phn m bc

gian tng hp NH3 300atm

+ Nng : tng CH2, CN2 thp CNH3 cn bng CD theo chiu thun -> H cao. -> Mun vy iu chnh nng sao cho HN2:NH2 = 1:3, ly dn NH3 ra khi hh phn ng v H2, N2 cha phn ng quay tr li thp tng hp (chu trnh tun hon kn) -> Hcao. + Xc tc: - Nu khng c xc tc th bt k T0 no, P no phn ng xy ra vi V rt b Co xy ra) tng V cn dng xc tc. XT l 1 s KL: Fe, Pt, Mn trng CN thpg dung Fe 2 dng: - oxit st: Fe0, Fe203,m Fe304 theo

- Fcrixianua Fe (CN)2 t s dng

Thng dng HH oxit st Fe0, Fe203 thm 1 s ph gia khc Al203, Ca0, Si02, K20... vi t l Fe2+/Fe3+ = 0,5 Fe304

C ch xc tc: - Oxit st khong c t/d xc tc m ch c Fe mi c hot tnh xc tc v th trc khi c hh N2, H2 i qua xc tc ta phi "hn nguyn" xc tc bng ccsh cho H2 i qua xt t0 cao Fe304 + H2 -> Fe + H20. Fe sinh ra bm trn cht mang l cc oxit Al203.. ng vai tr xc tc cho phn ng ho hp N2 + H2 -> NH3 Vai tr ph gia: - Tng b mt tip xc ca xt vi cht phn ng (K20) xc tc d thot ra. Thun li cho vic hp th N2, H2 trn b mt).

- Xc tc khng b ph v T0 cao (Al203 chu nhit cao)

- Khng b ng c bi cc tp cht c trong hh kh (cao, Si0c)

4. Thp tng hp NH3

Hnh tr trn, b dy 20cm, cao 12-20m hnh tr trn, b dy 20cm,

cao 12-20m, ng knh rut 1 1,4m. Thp t thng ng pha trn di c np y. Thp lm vic D = 300atm th phn trn t

xc tc, phn di l b phn trao i nhit kh NH3 nng i trong

ng nh, N2 , H2 i ngoi hp thu nhit trc khi qua xc tc. HH N2 + H2 a vo thp t trn xung di qua khng gian gia

hp ng xc tc v v thp ri i qua b phn trao i nhit i ngoi

cc ng dn NH3- ra khi thp, sau theo ng trung tm ln pha trn hp ng xc tc i vo cc ng t trong khi xc tc, ti

y N2 + H2 t nng ti 4500C nh Q phn ng. Tc ng ny cn

iu chnh nhit khi xc tc t nng qu cao. Sau khi t nhit i 4500C i qua cc lp xc tc > NH3. NH3 i qua cc h thng

ng dn xung y thp v ra ngoi ho lng.

5. Dy chuyn sn xut.

Hnh

Dy chuyn sn xut NH3 P = 300atm 1. Thp tng hp 3,6. Thit b tch NH3 2. Lm lnh NH3 = H2O 4. Bm nn tun hon

5. Thit b lc tch du, lm lnh: dd NH3

Hot ng: Sau khi lc sch HH N2 : H2 = 1: 3 v th tch c

nn P = 300atm c a vo thp I. ti thp I : N2 + 3H2 NH3 +Q Nhit to ra dng sy HH phn ng vo sau tit kim nhit lng h thp nhit xc tc (khng b phn hu) HH sau phn ng gm N2, H2, NH3 c dn vo thit b lm lnh 2 (bng H2O 310C) ho lng NH3 v c thu hi thit b 3. HH kh ra khi 3 cha N2, H2 v mt t NH3 c a vo thit b 4 tng P NH3 sinh ra lm lnh thit b 6, 7. thit b 6 H2, N2 cha phn ng c quay v thp 1 tng hp NH3. Hiu sut phn ng: 20 25% nhng nh chu trnh tun hon kn th cc kh phn ng chuyn ho hon ton thnh sn phm (H 100%) (p H Bc)

III. SN XUT XT HNO3

1. Cc phng php sn xut HNO3

v sau ngun nguyn liu qung nitrat trong thin nhin khng ph bin.

- u TK 20 dng phng php h quang in (N2 +02 KK nhit

cao).

Phng php ny tn nhiu in nng t khi tng hp c NH3 dng: - PP oxi ho NH3 (3g) Giai on 1: oxi ho NH3 thnh NO = PP tip xc NH3 + O2 NO + H2O Giai on 2: oxi ho NO thnh NO2 (NO = 1/2O2 NO2) Giai on 3: hp th NO2 bng H2O (NO2 + H2O = HNO3 + NO) 2. C s l thuyt.

a. oxi ho NH3 bng phng php tip xc

Tu iu kin v cht phn ng m xy ra theo cc phn ng

(1) (2) (3): mt chiu, ng th, to nhit TPSP ph thuc vo tc cc phn ng. Vy sn xut HNO3 ngi ta tm cch phn ng (1) xy ra vi tc nhanh nht v hn ch phn ng (2) (3) vi tc nh nht.

* Chn xc tc thch hp cho phn ng VDL

Thc tin sn xut s dng hp kim PT : 950, Rh 3%, Pd 2%

NH3 NO vi H = 98%. + Tng F ca xc tc vi HH kh, xc tc ko thnh si dt thnh

li cng theo tit din ca thp oxi ho. S li xc tc ph thuc

vo P (P thng 3 4 li 10at 16 19 li). + Khi dng xc tc pt, lm sch HH kh NH3 khng cha PH3

(ngc c xt), hp cht ca (SO2, H2Cl) lm gim hot tnh xc

tc ca pt. * Nhit : xi ho NH3 bt u xy ra 1450C: 300 4000C ch

yu to N2 (NO rt t). Khi nhit tng hm lng NO tng,

ch yu xy ra phn ng (1) th qu trnh xi ho xy ra nhit cao 7800C H = 97 97,5%

Thc t 800 9000C nu t > 9000C tht thot xc tc.

* Nng :

T (1) (3) nO2/nNH3 gim dn qu trnh oxi ho xy ra

Theo phn ng (1) th nO2/ nNH3 cao dng d O2 nO2/nNH3 > 1,7 hay O2 d 30% so vi ln phn ng, O2 d dng

cho giai on 2.
* Tc thi kh: Tc thi kh cao gim hiu sut to NO songtng cng sn xut c li nhng tng qu cao lng

xc tc mt i gim phi thi kh vi mt tc ph hp.

* p sut: V mt LT: p sut khng nh hng tc phn ng (1) nhng

oxi ho P cao > cng sut thit b cao c li cho sn xut.

Do trong sn xut CN oxi ho NH3 9atm th hiu sut gim 1 2% so vi P = 1atm song nng sut lao ng cao.

VD: 1kg PT oxi ho c 1,15 tn NH3 / 24h P = 1atm, 10 tn

/24h P = 10atm Mt khc P cao tng tc xi ho NO NO2 giai on 2 (v

phn ng thun nghch) gim th tch thp hp th)

Thc t sn xut P = 9 10atm hoc P = 1atm Tu PP ch to HNO3. b. Oxi ho NO NO2 NO + 1/2 NO2 NO2 chiu) Nhit > 1500C phn ng thun nghch, nhit > 8000C s oxi ho khng xy ra H < o Nhit < 1500C phn ng xy ra hon ton theo chiu thun (1

Nhit > 1500C phn ng ng th, thun nghch, to nhit v

gim th tch theo chiu thun tng P, gim nhit cn bng

chuyn dch theo chiu thun c li cho qu trnh sn xut vi Hcao.

Nu trong iu kin khng O2 HH kh ngoi NO2 cn c

N2O3, N2O4, NO (N2O4 to thnh nhit thp d O2, 2NO + O2 N2O4)

Qu trnh oxi ho: 2NO (NO)2 + Q

(NO)2 + O2 NO2 + Q Qa trnh to (NO)2 l qu trnh thun nghch to nhit khi tng

nhit gim C (NO)2 gim CNO2.

Vy TTSX.

P = 1atm H = 92%, NO d hp th = dd kim m khng tip

tc chuyn ho do mt (t) v VTB ln. t hiu sut NO2, N2O4 cao th P = 8 10atm, t < 2000C.

Giai on ny xy ra khp khng gian trong dy chuyn sn xut

thp hp thu ng dn. c. Hp th NO2 bng H2O

phn ng mt chiu, to nhit, d th (kh - lng) tng V

+ Tng F cht kh lng bng cch to ra cc thp c a nm ngang v cho kh i t di chui qua a i ln v H2O i t nh

thp xung (NLN dng)

V qu trnh to nhit h thp nhit tng p lm sch cht lng trong thp hp th n nhit 750C. 250C P = 1atm P = 8-10atm ddHNO3 : 48 50% HNO3 > 60 62%

(v qu trnh xy ra ng thi vi giai on 2) 3. Sn xut HNO3 long: S dng 3 h thng + H thng lm vic P = 1atm + H thng lm vic p sut cao (6 8atm) + H lin hp: NH3NO (P p sut thng) NO2+H2O: p sut cao

a. Thit b oxi ho NH3 P thng

Gm 2 phn: Phn di gm h thng phn phi v lc HH kh NH3 + O2. Phn trn cng cc li xc tc PT theo phng nm ngang ca thit b. C t 3-4 li PT di lp xc tc PT c mt lp xc tc khng phi l PT, n c t trn mt h thng ghi . Phn di ca thit b l khu vc trao i nhit tha sau phn ng vi H2O sn xut hi H2O. Hot ng: Khng kh v NH3 sau khi lm sch v c t nng ti 2002500C thit b (1) sau i qua thit b oxi ho (2) NH3 + O2 NO + H2O NO + O2 NO2

Sn phm thu c gm NO, NO2, N2O4, N2, O2 c lm ngui

thit b (3) thit b sinh hi H2O trao i nhit vi H2O 35 450C ti y to thnh HNO3 10 20%, NO +O2 NO2, NO2 + H2O HNO3+ NO HNO3 long tch ra thit b 4, kh NO c dn vo thp hp th (5) ti y NO NO2 HNO3. HNO3 thnh phm ly ra u tin y. C th dng 3,4 thp hp th dd HNO3 50% em c c ti nng cao hn 68%, 5%. Kh NO d c dn vo thp xi ho (6) sau dn v thp hp th 7 (bng dd kim) NO + O2 NO2; NO2 + NaCO3 NaNO3+ NaNO2 + CO2 sau kh thi thot ra ngoi khng kh

+ Sn xut HNO3 L P = 6-8atm, hh NH3 + O2 nn ti P = 6-8atm,

nhit = 120 1800C ddHNO3 thnh phm : 58-60% v 9798% NO HNO3 4. Sn xut HNO3 c: C 2 phng php: + C c HNO3 + Tng hp trc tip t nitxit a. C c dd HNO3 - Khng th lm bay hi H2O ca dd HNO3 v H2O v HNO3 to ra hh ng ph nng HNO3 68,5% si 1200C. - Mun lm mt H2O cht ho nc tho mn 3 iu kin: ht H2O tt, khng phn ng vi HNO3, tch HNO3 thc t chn H2SO4, Mg(NO3)2

b. Ch to HNO3 c t N2O4 lng

2H2O4 + 2 H2O + O2 4HNO3 + 59,5KJ Hp th trong ni hp 50atm, 750C + /c N2O4 lng c 2 cch: cch 1: ngng t trc tip t kh NO v lm lnh P thp. Qa trnh ny i hi NO phi xi ho hon ton NO2 v hm lng NO ban u cao, nhit lm lnh khng b hn 800C v N2O4 kt tinh. 2NO2 = N2O4 cch 2: hp th kh NO = dd HNO3 nhit thp do NO2 to thnh tan tt trong dd HNO3 HNO3nNO2. (97 98%) gi l niterobum

NO + 2HNO3 => 3NO2 + H2O

nNO2 + HNO3 => HNO3 n NO2 hp th NO = dd HNO3 dd cha 30% NO2 un nng dd ti 800C NO2 tch ra khi dd TT kh sau lm lnh v ngng t 80C N2O4 : 2NO2 => N2O4 Do /c N2O4 phc tp, kh khn cch 2 t s dng

Chng iv.

IN PHN DUNG DCH NATRICLORUA

I. NHN XT CHUNG - in phn dung dch NaCl /c 2 ho cht c bn NaOH, Cl2. Cl2 /c dd HCL hp cht cha clo, PVC t Clorua, dung mi clo rofooc CHCl3, C6H6Cl6, thuc ty (nc clo, nc gia ven). NaOH sn xut x phng, CN giy, si nhn to - Cc pp in phn: + PP catt vn : (pp mng) + pp lng: - Ca tt lm bng Fe - Ant than ch, ti tan - Ca tt Hg - Ant than ch + pp mng trao i ion, pp tin tin nht sn xut NaOH, Cl2 c cht lng cao.

VN: in phn dd NaCL vi ca tt vn, ant bng Ti (thay cho than ch) nh my ho cht Vit Tr v Giy bi bng sn xut tng chi ph sn xut gim. Pp in phn vi ca tt lng u tin c s dng x nghip Thin Hng thu c C cao. - Nguyn liu l mui n (NaCl) - Cc giai on in phn + Ho tan mui n + Tinh ch dd mui + in phn dd, NaCl + Ch bin thnh phm: Lm kh kh H2, Cl2 v c c dd NaCl

II. HO TAN MUI

Mc ch: Thu c dd NaCl bo ho (Cmax) hm lng NaCl

310g/lt Thc hin: Ho tan mui = H2O v dng hi H2O nng sc qua b

ho tan cung cp nhit cho qu trnh ho tan v khuy trn tng

V ho tan. III. TINH CH DD MUI

Mui khai thc t nc bin, h hoc m mui dd mui c

nhiu tp cht. + Cn b c hc: rm, rc, si

tch bng cch lng, lc, li tm

+ Cc ion: Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42- c nh hng ti qu trnh in phn

SO42- n mn ant grafit, Ca2+, Mg2+ kt hp vi ion OH- (to ra trong qu trnh in phn) gim Hiroxit bt kn mng ngn Ion khng c/ c -> H gim Nguyn tc: Chuyn Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42- vo thnh phn cht gim = dd kim hoc BaCl2, Na2CO3. a. Phng php x a kim Dng Na2CO3 NaOH (xoa kim) v BaCl2 gim cc tp cht

Thng dng Na2CO3 + NaOH d gim hon ton sau trung ho = dd HCl. Khi tinh ch tin hnh nhit cao CaCO3 gim tinh th ln, ho tan gim d dng cho qu trnh lc. b. Phng php sa vi x a a/d khi hng lng Mg2+ nhiu . Kt ta tp cht = HH vi sa xo a. Phn ng.

Cc kt ta c lng lc cng vi cc tp cht c hc khc -> dd NaCl trong, trung ho kim d = dd HCl.

 Vit Nam yu cu dd mui sau tinh th t NaCl :

IV. IN PHN DD NaCl 1. PP catt rn, c mng ngn a. Cc qu trnh in cc Khi cha c dng in trong dd c

Vn l ion no phng in trc cc in cc ?

a1. S phng in ant dd trung tnh (PH = 7, H2O) Eo2/2OH- = +0,83V, Eo2/2Cl = +1,33V. OH- phng in. Trc Cl-, sn phm thu c l O2 ch khng phi Cl2. Vy thu c Cl2 chn in cc c qu th i vi Clo nh v O2 ln v bn trong mi trng Cl2. Nh vy ngi ta chn in cc l Ti hoc Grafit (than ch) hoc Pt. Nhng gi Pt t khng s dng. Hin nay s dng Ti hoc Ti ph Pt. + i vi a nt l than ch th

Mt khc vi mi trng in phn th Grafit bn nhng khng

bn bng Pt hoc Ti m Pt, song r tin hn. Vt vi ant bng than ch th 2Cl- - 2e Cl2.

a2. S phng in catt rn

= -0,41 0,76 = -1,17 V > 229 th H+ vn phng in trc Mun cho Na+ phng in phi dng in cc c qu th vi vi H2 rt ln (in cc thu ngn)

b. Cc phn ng ph + Ca tt ch c H2 thot ra v to ra NaOH trong dd vi H= 100% khng c phn ng ph.

Vy tng nng NaCl (Cl-) v tng nhit ho tan Cl2

gim, hn ch 2 phn ng trn dng dd NaCl bo ho.

- OH- ca tt do khuych tn hoc in li c/ v a nt : Cl2+ 2OH- ClO- + Cl- + H2O

Hoc nhit cao Cl2+ OH- ClO3- + Cl- + H2O

Vy trnh s khuch tn mt sp v trn ln sp in phn

c mng ngn gia ca tt v ant ( chng s khuych tn OH- t ca tt sang a nt)

ngn nga kh nng in di ca OH- (OH- vn chuyn v ant)

ngi ta phi in phn vi dd chuyn ng lc t a nt n ca tt lun lun cho dd NaCl vo bnh in phn. E. S THNG IN PHN V DY CHUYN SN XUT XUT CLO THEO PHNG PHP CA TT RN + a nt: Bn trong mi trng a xt, bn c hc cao, dn in tt, c QT vi Cl2 nh v O2 ln, r tin d gia cng a nt grafit. Nhng b m mn ho hc v c hc chy ra tng phn, cn mt s b vi rng thnh cc mu nh. n mn hh do

4OH- - 2e O2 + 4H+ O2 + C CO2 Theo (t) a nt b tan ra n mn c hc l ch yu hng nm phi b sung than ch vo a nt. + A nt Ti m Pt cho php gim in th in phn gim E. Mng nng: bn c hc cao (yu cu c bn) dn in ln v r tin. Mng c chun b t vt liu khng dn in, v dng in qua mng sau khi cc l lp y dd. Mng s dng u tin l aming. Hin nay cn loi aming Krizotet (3MgO. 2SiO2. 2H2O) c th dng ba (vi, si) aming tu theo ct in phn (Vit Tr - si aming).

+ Ca tt:

- bn c hc ln - Bn trong mi trng in phn (OH-) thp - QT vi H2 thp - dn in ln - R tin, d gia cng

thp cng b n mn (Cl2) 3 5 nm thay. Ngoi ra cng c th dng ca tt Cu, Ca tt thp chu n mn hn Cu (do mi trng in phn Cl2). Tng b mt lm vic v lm cho H2 d thot ra ca tt c th c li hoc lm thnh dng li.

Hot ng bnh in phn: Mui t kho chuyn vo b ho tan ta dng H2O v hi nc nng ho tan NaCl dd bo ho NaCl , lc s b tch t rc. Sau gia cng nhit trong b b tng sau dng NaOH, Na2CO3, BaCl2 tc Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- v HCO3-. iu chnh mi trng bng dd HCl v lc dd. Dd nc mui sch c un nng v a vo bnh in phn 2NaCl + 2H2O NaOH + Cl2 + H2 SP: NaOH, Cl2, H2 c a i x l

Hnh

2. Phng php ca tt Hg:

Gm 2 giai on:Giai on 1: Giai on in phn Giai on 2: Phn gii, hn Na-Hg c ti sinh trong thng in phn ch c Cl2 sinh ra khng dng mng ngn. A. QU TRNH IN PHN: + Ant thng in phn (Grafit) ging ant thng in phn vi catt rn : 2Cl2- - 2e Cl2 + Ca tt: Do in cc Hg c qu th vi hiro ln (ENa/Hg = - 2,7V) EH2/dd PH = 7 = - 0,41V

+ Na+ phng in: Na+ + 1e Na

Na tch ra trn in cc Hg c hiu ng phn cc ln. Hiu ng ny xc tin to h/c bn NaHgn v xc ti s ho tan n

 mi trng H+ st ant c th khuych tn sang a nt b mt

khi PH = 3 4 H+ b in phn ch khng phi l Na+ PH ca tt tng. nH2 rt nhy cm vi ca tt bn nhng tp cht to ca tt gi nH2 2H+ + 2e H2 H2 + Cl2 HCl (n do thng in phn khng c mng nng) v H in phn gim. b. Qa trnh phn gii NaHgn ra khi thng in phn i vo thng phn gii 2NaHgn + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 + 2nHg Hg qua tr li thng in phn Nhit = 80 1000C

V. CH BIN THNH PHM

1. Sn xut NaOH thnh phm: - Sau khi in phn vi ca tt rn dd NaOH cha 100 140g/l

NaOH, 160-180g/l NaCl (CNaOH b, CNaCl ln) bc hi dd

kim (mt H2O) CNaOH 42%, CNaCl 4% hay c NaOH rn %mNaOH 92 94% khi tng nhit ho tan NaCl gim

NaCl kt tinh tch ra qua tr li b ho tan NaOH rn bc hi

5000C. 2. Sn xut Cl2, H2 thnh phm

Cl2 cha H2O (hi) n mn thit b khng vn chuyn v s

dng c

H2 in phn H2O, kh than t, kh thin nhin, l cc (t s

dng) dng H2 t in phn NaCl dd.

A. TNG HP HCL (THP TNG HP) H2, Cl2 t trong thit b c y np trn bng aming ( phng nt) v phn di lt gch chu la v t mt ng c cu to c bit lm n t H2 v Cl2. ng trong dn Clo, ng ngoi dn H2. H2, Cl2 i xen k trn u vi nhau v trnh Cl2 d gy nhim mi trng. hh: H2, Cl2, HCl (80 90%) dd HCl 31%

b. Hp th HCl = H2O HCl + H2O HClnH2O + Q (to nhiu nhit) nu khng ly bt Q trong thp hp th nhit tng CHCl gim (khng cao hn 20,246 do HCl bc khi). Nu dng thit b ly bt Q bit b cng knh hp th trong iu kin on nhit, dng Q ha tan hay nhanh hi H2O P hi bo ho HCL tng CHCl tng - H d th tng F trong thp xp cc vt bng s hoc cht do v cho HCl v H2O i ngc dng. Cu hi kim tra hc trnh 1 Cu 1: Trong qu trnh sn xut NH3 t hn hp N2 v H2, ngi ta vn dng nhng nguyn tc no nng cao hiu sut, h gi thnh sn phm ?

Cu 2: Ngi ta dng ht 112m3 kh NH3 iu kin tiu chun iu ch dd HNO3. Tnh mdd HNO3 40% thu c bit hiu sut qu trnh chuyn ho l 92%. Cu 3: axits H2SO4 hp th SO3 theo phng trnh H2SO4 + nSO3 H2SO4.nSO3 Ho tan 6,67g olemum vo H2O 200ml dd H2SO4 10m dd ny trung ho va ht 16ml dd NaOH0,5M. Tnh n v hm lng % SO3 trong olemum .

Chng v.

SN XUT PHN BN

Trng i hc hng c Khoa khoa hc t nhin

Th.S Ng Xun Lng

Thanh Ha, nm 2008

Chng v.

SN XUT PHN BN

I. KHI NIM CHUNG

Trong sn xut nng nghip ngi ta s dng ch yu 3 dng phn bn ho hc: m ln ka li * Phn m: Hp cht cha Nit Cung cp m cho cy trng dng NH4+, NO3-. Hm lng m c nh gi qua %mN c trong phn bn Bao gm: Urre (NH2)2CO, m mt l: (NaNO3,(NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2CO3), m 2 l NH4NO3 * Phn ln: Hp cht cha P Cung cp P cho cy trng dng HPO42- H2PO4-

Hm lng ln c nh gi qua %mP2O5 tng ng vi mp c

trong thnh phn ca n Bao gm: Supephotphat n: Ca(H2PO4), CaSO42H2O

Supephotphat kp: Ca(H2PO4)

Phn ln nung chy, phn ln thu tinh Ca3(PO4)2 * Phn kali:

L hp cht cha K. Cung cp K+ cho cy trng KCl, KNO3,

K2SO4. Hm lng K c nh gi qua % mK2O tng ng vi mK c trong thnh phn ca n.

Ngoi ra phn hn hp N, P, K
Phn phc hp: amofot (NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4) Cu, Zn phn vi sinh (vi lng) Co.

II. SN XUT PHN LN

1. Sn xut Supephotphat n theo phng php axit\ + c im, tnh cht

- Bt (ht) mu xm
- Thnh phn: Chnh Ca(H2PO4)2, CaSO4 khan Ph H3PO4, H2SiO3,Al2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3

- Nguyn liu: qung apatit Ca5F(PO4)3, H2SO4

- Suphephotphat n sn xut ho cht Lm Thao cha 18-20 % P2O5 hiu qu.

- D tan trong mi trng PH = 7

+ C s l thuyt:

Cc yu t nh hng: Giai on 1: Xy ra trn b mt qung, d H2SO4, giai on 1 xy ra trong h d th v tc ln hn nhiu giai on 2 giai on 2 tc phn ng. Giai on 1 kt thc sau 20-40 pht khi trn apatit vi H2SO4.

+ Nng H2SO4 ph hp l 62-63%. Nu C b lng H2O

ko theo ln khng thu c sn phm rn (CaSO4) m l bn nho.

Nu C cao hn th pha lng nhanh chng bo ho CaSO4, CaSO4

to thnh .. bm ln b mt ht qung phn ng b km hm v

sn phm thu c khng ti xp v kt dnh C < 63% pha lng b qu bo ho thp CaSO4 kt tinh ln to thnh lp v

xp ln b mt qung ngn H2SO4 tip xc vi qung. Tng C

gim m sn phm hm lng P2O5 tng C cao qu khng c li. Vy thit b gin on C = 62.63%,

thit b lin tc C = 66%.

+ Nhit sn xut ph thuc theo ma v CH2SO4 VD: C = 62 63% nhit = 62 750C

C = 64 68%

nhit = 50 600C

Nhit ma h < ma ng 50C + Din tch tip xc: qung nghin nh tng V

Giai on 2 bt u xy ra khi tiu hao ht H2SO4 Ca(H2SO4)2 to thnh lc u trong dd v kt tinh sau khi dd qu bo ho V gim vy phn hu hon ton qung sn phm trong khi 16-25 ngy tu vo loi nguyn liu. Tng cng dd H2SO4 tng H3PO4 V tng v nhit kho V tng (nhit ph hp 35-40%)

Giai on 3: Trung ho H3PO4 t do

Trn sn phm vi cht trung ho phn hu: NH3(K)CaCO3, bt xng (Ca(PO4)2 + CO2 + H2O).

+ Qu trnh sn xut H2SO4 68%, apatits chuyn vo (3) ti y xy ra phn ng giai on (1) CaSO4 + H3PO4

Cc cht phn ng khuy trn lin tc v thi gian dng li l 2 4 pht. Nu thi gian di HH ng rn sn xut ngng tr, HH cht lng t (3) chuyn xung (4) ni to thnh sn phm. Thng ho thnh lun quay vi V chm Ti (4) Ca(H2PO4)2 do Ca5(PO4)2 + H3PO4 (giai on 2) vi V chm phn ng dng y nhiu gi. Sn phm c ct gn qua b phn lm ti v ri vo kho sn phm 21 ngy qung + H3PO4 xy ra hon ton v trng ho bi H3PO4 d = NH3 hoc bt xng Ca3(PO4)2. 2. Supephotphat kp: Trn qung vi H3PO4 FCa5(PO4)3 +7H3PO4 5Ca(H2PO4)2 + HE Hm lng P2O5 > supephotphat n

3. Phn ln thu tinh (nung chy): - Thnh phn ch yu P, Ca, Mg ln CaSiO3, Mg2(PO4)3, Ca2(PO4)3 - Nguyn liu: qung apatit v khong vt cha MgO, CaO, SiO2 nh o l mt (CaCO3, MgCO3) theo mt t l xc nh. - C tn phn ln thu tinh v bn sn phm l cc ht rn c b ngoi ging thu tinh v vn v gi l phn ln nung chy v c tp thnh = pp nung chy phi liu gm apatit v mt s cha MgO, CaO, SiO2 ri lm lnh t ngt = H2O P cao bn sn phm. Bn sn phm kh em sy v nghin nh ta thu c sn phm c hm lng 19,5 22%, P2O5 23%SiO2, 7,5% Al2O3 9 14%MgO, 30% CaO,

- C s l thuyt: Phi liu c nung chy 1450-15000C = than cc trong cc l tng t l luyn gng khi CaCO3 CaO + CO2, MgCO3 CO2 + MgO CaSiO3 CaO + SiO2 4Ca5(PO4)3 + 3SiO2 6Ca3(PO4)2 + 2CaSiO3 + SiF4. Khi ton b sn phm chy lng sau dng tia nc lnh c P cao lm lnh t ngt Ca3(PO4)2 c cu to c bit tan trong t chua. Sn xut: PL vn in, PL Nnh Bnh, Bc Giang

III. SN XUT PHN M

1. Sn xut NH4NO3 NH4NO3 cha 35% N l loi phn m thng dng trong sn xut NN. Sn xut theo 2 phng php: phng php bc hi v khng bc hi Ngy nay ngi ta s dng phng php bc hi: C s phng php bc hi: Phn ng: NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 +Q dd NH4NO3 ch to sn phm th ta phi bc hi dd NH4NO3. Phn ng trong h d th, to nhit, nhit dng bc hi nc trong dd NH4NO3.

HNO3, NH3 nn P = 4,3 atm v un nng = hi ti 1550C. Sau i ngc chiu phn ng nhanh NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 (6364%) NH4NO3 lu li thit b trung ho ngn khng b phn hu: NH4NO3 sang b phn phn ly h P H2O bay hi dd NH4NO3 98% ang kt tinh v to ht. Sau sy ti m 0,9 1% em ng bao. 2. Sn xut (NH4)2SO4 - Cha 21% Nit, t ht m v kt khi nu bn nhiu nm t chua (v vy hp th NH4+ li SO42- gy chua ) - Sn xut t NH3 v H2SO4 = pp trung ho NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + Q NH3 ly t pp tng hp N2 v H2, kh l cc. Cng gm 4 giai on. Trung ho, c c, kt tinh v to ht, sy sn phm.

3. Sn xut Ur (NH2)2CO
- Tinh th hot dng ht, cha hm lng m cao nht 46,6%. Dng ln phn bn, thc n cho tru, b, nguyn liu sn xut h/c cao phn t.

4. Sn xut NH4Cl
Ch yu dng trong cng nghip (cht in gii trong ph kh, ty oxits KL trc khi hn KL

t dng trong nng nghip v Cl- hi cy trng v gy chua cho t.

Phng php 1: phng php NH3 ho (sn xut t nc lc ca qu trnh sn xut Na2CO3).

(cho dd NaCl bo ho vo dd NH3 20% sau dn kh CO2 vo dd kk NaHCO3 t tan, lc tch NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O, CO2 to thnh quay li phn ng (1), dd sau (1) nc t gm : NH4Cl, NH4HCO3 (NH4)2CO3, NaCl

Pha kh, to nhit v NH4Cl to thnh ht nh (khi trng) hp thu = H2O (kh thc hin) Dn kh NH3 vo dd HCl bo ho NH3Cl khng tan trong dd hh HCl kt tinh huyn ph lng gn v li tm.

IV. SN XUT PHN KALI

- KCl, K2SO4 /C: KCl qung Sunvinit KCl, NaCl

= phng php tch da vo tan

qung nghin nh vo dd NaCl bo ho un si gn ly dd, lm i lm li nhiu ln KCl ngui KCl gim

K2SO4 : KCl + MgSO4 . MgSO4 + MgCl2

K2SO4 kt tnh MgCl2 dd.

Chng vi.

Cng ngh silicat

A. SN XUT THU TINH

I. NGUYN LIU
1. Nguyn liu chnh + Ct (SiO2) thnh phn ch yu a s thu tinh cng nghip. Ngoi

ra ct cha Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Pe2O3. (Fe2O3 tp cht c hi v to

mu khng cn thit) SiO2 tng bn ho, c, nhit ca thu tinh + B2O3 (hn the Na2B4O7.10H2O) gim h s gin n.

+ Na2O tng bn c ho nhit, h thp nhit mu, h thp

nht, tng tc kh bt. + H2O c tc dng tng t Na2O lm thu tinh c nh - thu tinh

cao cp. Thng a vo dng Na2CO3, H2CO3, NaSO4.

+ BaO, PbO lm cho thu tinh c trng lng ring ln, chit sut cao.

2. Nguyn liu ph
+ Cht kh bt: Nitorat, sunphat, asenoxit (AS2O3), NaCl

+ Cht nhum mu:

Hp cht cban (xanh) H/c Mn (tm) CuO () AlF3 mu s (trng sa)

II. QU TRNH NU THU TINH (5 GIAI ON) 1. Giai on to mui silicat (800-9000C) - Khi nhit tng H2O trong nguyn liu tch ra

Giai on ny cc phn ng xy ra TT rn, phi liu khng cn cc

cu t ring bit.

2. Giai on to thu tinh (900-12000C)

Cc mui silicat cht lng thnh mt khi trong sut nhng trong
cn nhiu bt kh v thnh phn thu tinh cha ng nht. 3. Giai on kh bt (1400-15000C)

Cc bt kh thot ra ht do nhit tng t nht ca cht lng

gim v cht kh bt pht huy tc dng. 4. Giai on ng nht

Xy ra ng thi vi giai on kh bt b nhit = 1400-15000C

nht ca TT thp to iu kin khuych tn tp ca thu tinh ng u cc hng, sau giai on 3, vn TT nhit cao

5. Giai on lm lnh
Sau giai on 4 h thp nhit ca TT ti 1100-13000C c nht m bo cho qu trnh to hnh sn phm nh ko chai l, ct

knh

III. L NU THU TINH (SGK) B. SN XUT VI XY DNG vi (CaCO3 CaO (vi sng) Vi ti Ca(OH)2) I. NGUYN LIU: vi:

II. NGUYN TC
Phn ng CaCO3 CaO +CO2 ng th thun nghch, thu nhit theo chiu thun

yu t nh hng

1. Nhit : Nhit cao, CBCD theo chiu thun > 1000C CaCO3 bt u phn hu Nhit > 12000C cc axits khc trong CaCO3 nh SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3 tc dng vi CaO cht khng th ti thnh vi c (vi gi), canxi silicat 2CaO, SiO2, canxi aluminat (CaO.2Al2O3), canxi ferit (2CaO, Fe2O3). 2. p sut Gim P cn bng CD theo chiu thun ly CO2 ra khi HH sau phn ng cho l thng kh ra ngoi. 3. Kch thc nguyn liu Nguyn liu c kch thc khng u hin tng vi sng hoc vi gi

Kch thc b nhit nung gim tit kim nhin liu song gy tc l, vi v vn ln vo x tht thot sn phm. Kch thc cn ph thuc cu to l nung, thng thng c 60200mm, khng qu 300mm, iu quan trng ng u, khng to khng nh (40-60mm) 4. Thnh phn ho hc Vi t tp cht d nung, d ti sn phm t ln tp cht loi tt > 95% CaCO3 < 2,5% MgCO3,. III. NG DNG CA VI Xy dng, sn xut xi mng Sn xut gch silicat Ty vi, kh chua, chng m

IV. L NUNG VI C. SN XUT XI MNG FOOCLNG: I. KHI NIM CHUNG Xi mng Fooclng l loi cht kt dnh, chu nc, sn xut t vi v t st nung ti 145000C, sau lm lnh v nghin min ch to xi mng dng trong xy dng. Thnh phn hh: 4 loi oxit

II. NGUYN LIU

+ Chnh : vi 75 80% m nguyn liu, t st 20-25% Al2O3,

2SiO3, 2H2O + Ph : xipirit, xilcao, than hoa t.tnh (iu chnh tc ng rn) CaSO4, CaCl2, NaCl chm V ng rn. Cht n: ct, gch non, vi h gi sn phm Cc nguyn liu nghin mn v trn ln ti kch thc ht 0,060,07mm ri a vo l nung.

III. NUNG LUYN KLINKE XI MNG FOOCLNG

+ Phng php kh: ng vin nguyn liu ri a vo l nung

+ Phng php t: nghin nguyn liu vi nc hh dng bn ri a vo l nung.

Nung : xy ra qu trnh ho l phc tp

nhit 800-12500C hu ht cc khong quan trng c to

thnh ring C3S (3CaO.SiO2) c to thnh chm do khng phn ng C2S + CaO C3S phn ng xy ra vi tc nhanh khi c mt pha lng. Pha lng do C5A3 v C4AF 14500C b chy lng to thnh. Khi c mt pha lng C2S v CaO khuyn tch vo pha lng phn ng tp chike xi mng. C3S l thnh phn quan trng q tnh cht ca xi mng. C3S ch to thnh nhit cao nhit nung chike c nh hng ln ti cht lng xi mng. IV. L NUNG CHIKE (SGK)

Chng vii.

Cng ngh gang thp

A. KHI NIM CHUNG V GANG THP 1. Vai tr gang thp trong cng nghip - Gang thp l hai loi hp kim pt ca Fe vi C, Si, Mn, P, S nhng ch khc nhau v t l cc nguyn t (thp 98-99% Fe gang 93-94% Fe) thnh phn chnh l Fe gang thp gi l kim loi en - Phn bit gang thp qua thnh phn % m ca C Do hm lng khc nhau thuc tnh khc nhau VD: thp : bn, dai, n hi, bin dng, do, d gia cng v r tin Gang: khng dai, khng do, song cng, bn, r tin C nhiu tnh cht ng dng thc t kim loi en chim 95% tng s kim loi dng ch to dng c, my mc v xy dng.

2. Cc loi gang Gang l hp kim ca Fe vi C trog mt s nguyn t khc C : 2-6% Gang xm : gang xm c mu xm cha nhiu C, Si, C = 3,5-6%, Si = 1,5-4,25%, S <= 0,04%. C trong gang dng Grafit b gy gang c vy en lng lnh trn nn. Nhit n/c: 1200-13000C d c, t co, d gia cng c kh. Gang trng: cha C, Si C= 3-4%. Trong gang cha nhiu tinh th Fe3C c mu trng, cng, gin, bn kh c, kh gia cng c kh dng luyn thp Gang hp kim nh: Gang cha 5-14% Si chu nhit tt, c ng cho l nung gi thi vo l cao Gang cha 2-5% Ni chu tc dng baz c ni nu xt

Gang cha 30%Cr chu nhit cao 110-1150 trong 500h Gang cha 14% Ni, 6% Cu, 2%Cr v 1% Ni chu nhit, axit, baz ch tp chi tit my lm vic nhit cao trong mi trng axit, baz. 3. Cc loi thp L hp kim ca Fe C v mt s nguyn t khc trong C chim 0,01-2% Thp C (thp thng) ch t C, S, Mn, rt t A, P so vi gang cng ph thuc vo hm lng , thp cng 0,9%C, thp mm < 0,1%C Thp hp kim (thp c bit) l thp cha thm mt s nguyn t khc Si, Mn, Ni, Mo, W, Cr mt s T/c qu.

Thp Ni Cr cng, t gin ch vng bi, v xe. Thp W Mo Cr cng nhit cao -> dng c gt ct kim loi Thp Si: do, n hi tt l so Thp Mn bn, chu va p mnh thanh ray my nghin . 4. Nhim v qu trnh luyn gang thp (luyn kim) Luyn ra cc hp kim c thnh phn x v t/c theo yu cu s dng Phng php thc hin Hon nguyn kim loi t oxit ca n (luyn gang ) Oxit ho bt cc nguyn t tp cht trong hp kim m s c mt ca n gim, cht lng hp kim thu c ng thi cho thm vo cc nguyn t kt hp tng cht lng ca hp kin nhn c (luyn thp)

B. LUYN GANG I. NGUYN LIU

Qung dng sn xut gang (giu Fe) qung Hematit hoc Manhetit (TP Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnO, Mn2O3, bn qung Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, P, S sau khi luyn bn qung gim cht lng gang) Ngoi ra cc ph thi: vn st, st ht,..

2. Than cc: c iu ch t than (v khng c trong t nhin)

Than than cc, kh than (H2 60%), 25% CH4, NH3 nha
than H - C thm (fenol) Nhim v: Cung cp CO lm cht kh oxit kim loi

Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO Fe

Cung cp nhit cho qu trnh luyn gang 3. Cht tr dng (cht chy)

Gim nhit n/ chy ca cc bn qung (loi bn qung

Al2O3: 20500C, CaO : 23700C, SiO2: 16250C) Tc dng vi bn qung x

VD :

Nu nguyn liu cha SiO2 cht tr dung CaCO3

Nu nguyn liu cha CaO, CaCO3 cht tr dung SiO2 Khi cht chy + bn qung silicat d n/c c d b ni ln trn

ni gang

II. CC QU TRNH HO HC XY RA TRONG L CAO

1. S phn hu cc mui cc bonat

2. Qa trnh hon nguyn st

Phn ng cht kh CO

 nhit cao cht tr dung t/d vi oxit bn qung hoc to ra trong qu trnh luyn gang h/c silicat chy lng c d < d st ni ln trn tch ra khi gang lng.

4. Qa trnh kh S
S nm : Qung tr dung CaSO4 (sunphat) Kh l SO2, SiS, H2S Nu nhit l cao SO2, SiS, H2S bc ra khi gang cng vi kh l FeS + CaO FeO + CaS (ni l) FeO tan vo gang, CaS tan vo x tch ra ngoi Kh S ngoi l cao Khi gang ra khi l nhit thp FeS + Mn MnS + Fe MnS ho tan km trong gang x FeS2, BaSO4 Than cc: Cht hu c hoc sun fua (FeS, ZnS, PbS), BaSO4,

Hoc Na2O3 + FeS FeO + Na2S + CO2

Na2S chuyn vo x, FeO kh oxi bi Mn, Si

FeO MnO + Fe, FeO + Si Fe + S2O2 III. L CAO LUYN GANG

C. LUYN THP
I. NGUYN LIU Gang trng xm

KK, O2
Nhin liu, du ma dt, kh t Cht tr dung: CaCO3, SiO2

II. NGUYN TC
H thp hm lng cc nguyn t C, S, P, Mn c trong gang ti mc cn thit ph hp vi yu cu tiu dng bng cch oxi ho chng

thnh cc h/c chuyn vo x.

S oxi ho cc nguyn t c trong gang tun theo mt quy lut

chung v mt trt t ngha l tu iu kin m nguyn t no b oxi ho trc. Bc 1: Cung cp cho gang lng mt lng O2 hoc KK giu O2 oxi ho 2Fe + O2 2FeO FeO tan vo gang lng tip xc vi cc nguyn t khc c trong gang thc hin qu trnh oxi ho chng x h thp hm lng chnh gang thp. FeO + Mn FeO + Si FeO + C FeO + P

 c phn ng trn th oxi ho tan trong x v gang ln

cc oxits trn to x do phn ng vi cht tr dung CaO + SiO2 CaO + P2O5 silicat, phot phat c d < d thp ni ln trn. Bc 2: Khi S trong gang dng FeS a thm vo l CaO CaO + FeS CaS + Fe2O CaS khng ho tan trong KL i vo x Sau khi oxi ho ht cc nguyn t tp cht c trong gang to thp th FeO d s i u ? Tch mt phn vo x Phn ln tch trong thp nh hng xu ti cht lng thp. Vy kh FeO a vo thp mt lng va gang giu Mn hon nguyn Fe FeO + Mn Fe + MnO

Gia tng mt lng nht nh C trong Fe n/c thp c hm lng

C nh mun Vic duy tr nng O2 trong thp mt cch thch hp l rt quan trng mun c thp c bit pha thm vo thp nhng nguyn t sau : Ni, Mo, Cr, W III. CC PHNG PHP LUYN THP 1. Phng php l chuyn Nguyn liu: Gang lng, nhit cung cp cho qu trnh luyn thp l nhit ca phn ng HH v nhit ca gang lng ban u.

a. L Betxme PP axit L k s ngi Anh 1858 ch to l luyn thp kiu c/ ngc

gi l l Betxme,.
Cu to: mt thng quay hnh qu l gm ba b phn chnh (mi l, thn l v y l) v ngoi l lm bng thp tm, pha trong xy

bng gch chu la silicat c tnh axit (thnh phn ch yu SiO2 9397%). Cht tr dung a vo to x c tnh axit (trnh phn ng vi v l). y l xy bng gch c l gi. C 2 trc ton b

trong lng ca l. Mt bn c h thng dn kh vo l.

Hot ng: (3 giai on) Giai on 1: Xy ra ch yu phn ng oxi ho Si v Mn =FeO (34) 2Fe + O2 2FeO + Q FeO + Mn Fe + MnO FeO + Si Fe + SiO FeO v MnO phn ng SiO2 x ni ln trn mt KL lng. Trong giai on ny ming l phun c ngn la sng v rt ngn. Cc phn ng to nhit nhit ca gang khng ngng tng. Giai on 2: Ch yu phn ng oxi ho C bi FeO FeO + C Fe + CO CO chy 2CO + O2 CO2 + Q ming l phun xut hin ngn la di v sng chi mt (9-16)

Giai on 3: Ch yu oxi ho FeO Fe2O3 bc chy thnh hi

khi l c mu nu. Du hiu ny cho bit s nguyn t khc khng cn hoc cn rt t trong gang. trnh tn tht Fe cho

vo l Fermangan hon nguyn Fe:

FeO + Mn MnO + Fe (1) Thi gian sn xut: 30

u im: Vn u t t, H cao, qu trnh luyn thp n gin

khng phi tiu tn nhin liu v Q ca phn ng ly t nhit ca gang lng v nhit ca phn ng oxi ho tp cht c bit l Si (1250-13500C).

Nhc im: Ch luyn mt s loi thp, cht lng thp v cha nhiu tp cht N, P, S, hao ph KL nhiu khng s dng thp vn lm nguyn liu v NL l gang lng. u cn kht khe v thnh phn gang em luyn cht l P, S v phng php ny khng loi tr c P, S C: 3,8-4,2%, S>= 1,75% P: 0,05-0,07%, S : 0,025-0,04%. Nhit gang: 1250-13500C 3. L Tomt Phng php baz MN:1%

Cu to tng t l betxme nhng v ngoi l l gch olomit

c tnh baz. L tomat khc phc c nhc im l Betxme luyn c gang cha nhiu P, S.

Giai on 1: Vi lng Si, Mn thp giai on 1 c nhit < l

Betxme ngn la phun ra khng di v sng bng. Nhit KL nh Giai on 2: Nhit thp hn ngn la khng sng trng bng l Betxme v hi c mu vng Giai on 3: Kh P, S (80%) bng FeO to x P + FeO P2O5 + Fe S + FeO SO2 + Fe Nhit 16000C x l c P2O5 phn bn u cu gang: Hm lng Si thp v Si SO2 c hi ph hu tng l MgO CaO (bz) khng thun li. Hm lng P ln do nguyn t pht in ch yu l P (1,8% - 2,2%). C kh c S (80%) nhng khng thunh li lm do SO2 (oxit baz).

Thnh phn C : 2,19-3,8%, Si: 0,3-0,5%, Mn : 0,7-1,5%, P: 1,82,2%, S: 0,03-0,07% Nhit gang 1200-12500C u im ging phng php axits, c u cu gang cht ch cha P cao km tng. Phng php l chuyn c u im: Vn xy dng thp, thi gian nu thp nhanh. Nhc im: Nhit luyn khng cao khng kp iu chnh t l cc cu t trong thp cht lng thp khng cao. 2. Phng php Mac tanh L bung (l b) Nhit a t ngoi vo, luyn thp tin hnh trong mt bun. C 2 loi l: L axit v l baz nhng l axit t s dng v u cu kht khe khi dng nguyn liu.

Gii thiu l mc tanh baz

Cu to (SGK) Hot ng: KK l kh t c dn vo l v t chy trn mt nguyn liu, to nhit cho nguyn liu ton b vt liu chy lng xy ra cc phn ng oxi ho tp cht trong gang nh phn trn. Mt lp x to thnh trn b mt thp. Thnh phn + tnh cht ca lp x c nh hng ti cht lng thp do oxi thng qua lp x oxiho tp cht trong gang. Thi gian nu di (nhiu gi) thi gian phn tch, iu chnh thnh phn theo mun. H ln nhit cao cht lng thp cao nhng vn u t ln.

3. Phng php h quang

C s: Nhit t ra ca ngn la h quang nu chy gang v thp c Nguyn liu: gang rn + thp c Cu to (sgk) Hot ng: Nguyn liu c nhp vo l theo mt th t v t l nht nh. H in cc xung gn KL, v ng mch in, h quang c to thnh di tc dng nhit h quang nguyn liu b nu chy FeO trong KL oxi ho tp cht C, Si, Mn, P nh trong l mc tanh. kh S tuyt i gn cui cho v hunh thch, bt than cc hay in cc lng vo l nhit cao nh CaO, C S b kh. FeS + CaO + C Fe + CaS + Co

V nhit cao: CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO

CaC2 kh oxi rt mnh nn c tc dng tt vi vic kh oxit nh hng tt ti cht lng thp.

Giai on cui nhit cao ngi ta cho thm cc KL khc to

thp hp kim Nguyn liu: Thp vn 90%, gang 10% (c thnh phn ging l

mc tanh) luyn thp tt.,

u im: thp c thnh phn chnh xc, t tp cht, cht lng tt, thp hp kim

Nhc im: sn lng nh, gi thp cao nu gi in cao.

Vit Nam: NM c kh H Ni sn xut thp bng l in vi sn lng 0,5- 1 tn thp 1 m.

Chng viii.

K thut nhin liu

Nhin liu l tn gi ca cc cht chy dng rng, lng kh c

trong thin nhin hay nhn to c dng lm ngun cung cp nhit hoc lm nguyn liu trong cng nghip ho cht. Bao gm. Nhin liu thin nhin: than, g, du m, kh TN Nhn to: than cc, than g, xng, du ho, kh than, kh cc ch yu c iu ch t nhin liu thin nhin. A. K THUT SN XUT KH THAN I. NGHA KINH T CA KH THAN Sn xut than l qu trnh chuyn ho than dng rn thnh dng kh Thnh phn chnh CO, H2 dng lm cht t hoc tng hp hu c CO + 2H2 CH3OH

Dng kh than c nhiu u im hn than (nhit chy cao

d iu chnh ngn la, khi chy khng tro bi d vn chuyn) Kh than dng trong l luyn thp mc tanh, l c nu thu tinh, dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong H2+ O2 H2O T/H hu c : sn xut ru metylic, etylic, hircacbon, HCHO CO + O2 CO2 Qu trnh ho kh than ra i u th k XIX (nga) Vit Nam: Thu tinh Hi Phng, s Hi Dng, phn m Bc Giang, bng n phch nc Rng ng.

II. C S L THUYT

1. Nguyn tc chung
oxi ho khng hon ton ca C ca than nh cht oxi ho cha oxi: KK, H2O, CO2, O2 v sn phm ch yu gm H2, CO2, CH4, N2,

H2S nhit phn ng 12000C . Qa trnh bin i ho hc t

C ca than kh gi l qu trnh ho kh than. 2. Cc phn ng trong qu trnh ho kh than

Cc phn ng chnh

III. CC PHNG PHP SN XUT

C s phn loi: Da vo chiu chuyn ng ca gi (KK v hi nc) a vo l

(than lun t trn xung) 4 phng php.

a. Phng php ho kh thun: gi a vo t y l, xuyn qua lp than, to thnh kh ri thot ln trn, sn phn ly ra pha trn l. b. Phng php ho kh nghch: gi a vo t nh l cng chiu vi than, sn phm ly ra y l c. Phng php ho kh ngang: gi a vo ngang l gia l thng gc vi chuyn ng ca than d. Phng php ho kh lin hp: gi a vo theo 2 chiu ngc nhau (trn di) sn phm ly ra gia thn l Da vo thnh phn kh thi vo l c 3 phng php a. Phng php khi than kh:

Kh thi vo l l KK sn phm ch yu l CO (34,7%),

N2 (64,5%), Ar (0,8%), Ni N2 cn li tn nng sut to nhit ln 4300KJ/m3

Sn phm dng cho l cao cung cp C, CO cho qu trnh luyn

gang nhit ln ti 18000C.

b. Phng php kh than t (m) Kh thi vo l l HH (H2O, KK) sn phm CO (27%), H2

(13,5%), N2 (52,6%), CH4 (0,5%)

NH2/N2 > 3 t t l cho tng hp NH3. H = 80% thay KK = O2 v tng nhit > 12000C tng sn phm

CO, H2 v CH4 tng nng sut t nhit ca kh t v tng hiu

sut ca qu trnh ho kh than. c. Phng php kh hi nc

Phng php gin on (t/c chu k): 2 giai on chnh

Giai on 1: thi KK C + O2 CO2 2C + O2 CO2

Phn ng c H < O nhit tng.

Giai on 1 quyt nh ti cht lng sn phm v phn ng to kh

hi nc i hi Q ln, b mt phn ng ln, tc thi kh ln CO2 khng b kh thnh CO h thp nhit l. Song chn tc thch hp tn tht nhit. Giai on 2: Th hi H2O C + H2O = CO + H2 C + H2O CO2 + 2H2 Nhit phn ng gim V gim cht lng kh gim PP lin tc + PP lin tc: phng php ny dng hi nc qu nhit, hi nc trc khi cho vo l qua bung thu hi nhit nng nhit ti 1100-12000C

sn phm H2: 35-45%, CO : 20-21%, CO2 : 25-30%

N2: 0,8%, CH4 : 8-10%, VH2 : VCO2 = 2:1 ph hp vi sn xut CH3OH, nng sut to nhit 10.3500KJ/m3. IV. THIT B HO KH (SGK) B. K THUT LUYN THAN CC I. NGHA KINH T CA QU TRNH CC HO Sn phm gm: rn than cc, nguyn liu giu C nht (96,5-97,5%) Kh cc: ch yu H2, CH4 cn li CO, CO2, NH3, N2, C2H4 C6H6 cha ngng t. Lng < nha than : Nhiu hiro cac bon thm v fenol. Than cc l nguyn liu cn thit cho luyn kim (gang cn 0,7-0,8 tn cc v % Cmax Q nhit n) trong gi thnh gang, than cc chim 40%. Cc sn xut phn ln nung chy, kh than.

Kh cc, nha than l bn sn phm dng sn xut NH3,

CH3OH, C2H5OH, benzen, toluen, thuc tr su, cht do. VD: Kh cc + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 Pht trin k ngh luyn cc l mt yu cu cn thit vi nn kinh t quc dn. Vit Nam k ngh ny pht Hn Hai, Lng Gm (Thi Nguyn) v Cng ty gang thp Thi Nguyn.

II. C S L HO
1. Khi nim chung C s: l s kh cu to nhit ca than Qa trnh cc ho l qu trnh chng kh than khng c khng kh nhit > 10000C. Than than cc Qu trnh phc tp + phn ng ho hc km theo hin tng l ho khc nhau nh bin i trng thi lin hp khi chc ca bn cc cc cc ring bit. ng thi mi giai on km theo NN qu trnh l ho nh hp th v kh hp th hn v kh 2. Nhng qu trnh l ho xy ra trong qu trnh to cc Giai on 1: T < = 1000C qu trnh sy than hi m v kh hp ph thot Ra (N2, O2, CO2, CH4)

Giai on 2: qu trnh bn cc ho (100-6000C)

Than bt u phn hu cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (sn phm nhit phn s cp), phn rn cn li l bn cc, vn cn cha nhiu cht bay hi. Giai on 3: 1000>= t > 600, qu trnh to cc t > 6000C cc cht bay hi tip tc thot ra n 8000C bay hi ht, bn cc cc. Qa trnh kt thc 1000-9000C (qu trnh nhit phn th cp l qu trnh thm ho hp cht bay hi). 3. Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra khi to cc Qa trnh phn s cp: Cu to HH ca than gm h ngng t nhn thm v nhm d vng, hirocacbon thm, hp cht cha nhm nh chc oxi.

Bc 1: t mch cc hp cht di dng, t mch nhm COOH,

OH-> N2, O2, CO, CO2, H2S, CH4, C2H4 Phn ng phn hu nhn thm, phn hu hp cht c nhm cha andehit xetn C2H5COOH CO +H2O + C2H4 C2H5NH CH3CH = NH +H2 III. K THUT LUYN CC (SGK) C. K THUT CH BIN DU M I. NGUN GC THNH PHN V NGHA CA QU TRNH CH BIN DU M Ngun gc : ng thc vt Xc sinh vt bin, xc ng thc vt trn mt t bin bin i hng triu nm du m

Thnh phn HH: ch yu H C: 50-98%, C1 C60, C1 C4 Kh

C5 C60 Du n=prrapis Isoparafin, xiclo parafin hay naphtalen H-C 2-50% h/c d nguyn t cha O, N, S u m khc nhua v thnh phn ho hc song thnh phn ch yu l cc nguyn t C, H gn nhau: 83-87%, H : 11-14%. ngha: Cung cp nhin liu v nguyn liu cho cng nghip ngy nay (ng vai tr chnh) Cung cp xng cho cc loi ng c, cung cp nguyn liu cho cng nghip to ra cc sn phm phc v cng nghip, nng nghip v tiu dng nh cc loi si tng hp, cht do, cao su nhn to, cht ty ra tng hp, thuc tr su

II. CH BIN DU M 1. Chun b du th trc khi a vo ch bin Tch kh v n nh du: Du di mt t chu mt p sut ln mt phn kh v xng nh ho tan vo du. trnh mt mt mt lng kh v xng nh trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn, cn tch bng un nng nh hoc gim P. Tch nc ln trong du bng cch un nng du th Tch cc mui khong, t, ct bng cch lng lc nhiu ln v chit tch 2. Ch bin gi nguyn cu to l qu trnh chng ct di P thng hoc trong chn khng da vo nhit si khc nhau cu cc phn on

3. Ch bin kh cu to L qu trnh chuyn ho ho hc du m t cc cht c phn t lng cao, cu to phc tp thnh cc sn phmn c phn t lng thp, cu to n gin hn nh vo nhit (Crc kinh nhit) v xc tc (Crc kinh xc tc). Gi l qu trnh Crc kinh. Gn y cn tin hnh Refoocming xc tc v hiro crc kinh du m sn xut ra nhiu xng hn v cht lng xng cao hn. a. Crc kinh nhit Phn ng c bn l phn ng phn hu Phn ng ph: phn ng ng vng, phn ng ng phn ho, phn ng ngng t th cp.

Sn phm

Kh hirocacbon (C1-C4) Sn phm lng l xng Sn phm cn crc kinh

Cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo nguyn liu, iu kin nhit , P crc kinh . Cc phng php crc kinh: p sut cao (12-70atm) nhit = 5400C (nhit thp) p sut thp (2-5atm) nhit < 6000C p sut thng, nhit cao 670-7200C Vi nguyn liu l hirocacbon nng th iu kin nhit P< hn.

b. crc kinh xc tc phn ng chnh: phn hu mnh cc bon phn ng in phn ho hirocacbon nhnh tng ch s octan ca xng CH3(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)2CH CH2 CH3 Phn ng hir ho C2H2 + H2 C2H4 , C2H4 + H2 C2H6 Phn ng ankyl ho phn ng gim hiu sut kh (nhit thp) Phn ng ankyl xy ra nhit cao to nhiu kh CH3(CH2)4CH3 C6H6 + 4H2 C6H12 C6H6 + 3H2 Phn ng trng hp nhit thp, p sut cao i vi H C khng no

Phn ng ngng t xy ra vi H C a vng phn ng ny to cc

bm trn b mt xc tc gim hot tnh. Phn ng ph: Tc ankyl xc tc > crc kinh nhit (hng trm ngn ln) v nh chn lc xc rc cho php qu trnh xy ra theo xu hng to sn phm mong mun. Xc tc crc kinh. Aluminosilicat tng hp: 89,5% SiO2 + 10%Al2O3 Aluminosilicat t nhin: 73,8% SiO2 + 17%Al2O3 + 2/3Fe2O3 Cao lanh : 53% SiO2 + 45%Al2O3 + 0,3Fe2O3 Zeolit :

c. Qa trnh Rifoocming xc tc MoO2/Al2O3 hoc PT/Al2O3

Nguyn liu: xng chng ct trc tip, xng ca qu trnh cc ho, xng crc kinh nhit sn phm c cht lng cao, nhiu H C thm v farafin, hirocacbon olepis < 3%, hirocacbon napyitaten < 10%. Hircacbon thm l C6H6, C6H5CH3 l nguyn liu tng hp. d. Qa trnh hiro crc kinh Xc tc l hp cht cha Ni, Co, Pt, Mo cht mang Al2O3, SiO2 VD: Nguyn liu : xng nh, xng kh, cn du nng Nguyn tc: No ho sn phm = hir, lm bo ho olepis + H- C thm sn xut nhiu xng cht lng cao. (CH3)2 C6H4

Chng ix.

Tng hp
mt s hp cht hu c c bn

I. SN XUT ETANOL
1. Tnh cht v ng dng Dng lm dung mi, dng trong y hc v trong cng nghip, /c este clorofom, ietylete, CH3CHO, CH3COO, cao su buna Lng nhit to vi KK HH ng ph 95,6%, ru nhit S = 78,10C 2. Cc phng php sn xut a. Ln men ng, tinh bt (C6H10O5)n + xH2O C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2 Nhit : 25 300c, thi gian = 50h. 1 tn ng cc 280kg etanol + 260kg CO2 HH phn ng cha 8 12% etanol

Ru c C cao

CO2 sn xut nc kh,

Ru vang: men t nc hoa qu 10-12% ru Ru cn: khng chng ct Bia: 3,5-5% ru, ln men t mm i mch b.Phng php phn g (50% xenlul) g C6H12O6 C2H5OH 3. Phng php tng hp a. i t CH3CHO CH3CHO + H2 C2H5OH Xc tc: Ni/ cht mang Cu (Cu Co, W) Nhit : 180-2200C H: 100% - N: ru c C cao song gi thnh t

b. C2H6
2 C2H6+ O2 2C2H5OH P< 1atm Nhit : 2700C H: 37% Sn phm ph: CH3OH, HCHO, HCOOH, CH3CHO, CH3COOH H thp v etan r tin c. Etylen C2H4 + H2O = C2H5OH TH1: Phng php gin tip dng xc tc H2SO4 Giai on 1: To este C2H4 + H2SO4 C2H5OS2OH 2C2H4 + H2SO4 (C2H5O)2SO2

P ring phn C2H4 = 15atm, nhit = 70-800C

CH2SO4 = 97-98%, Khi C b H thp, Ccao sn phm ph ln Giai on 2: Thu phn este este + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4 sn phm ph (C2H5)2O gim sn phm ph tch C2H5OH khi phn ng Nhit = 90-1000C Khng dng d nhiu H2O CH2SO4 gim. Cn tnh ton sao cho sau phn ng CH2SO4 = 50-60% TH2: Phng php trc tip C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH Nhit = 280-3000C P = 70atm Xc tc: H3PO4, WO3 xc tc lm vic 400-500h sau gim hot tnh thay xc tc

Pha hi, thun nghch

Chu trnh tun hon H = 95%, C2H4 d to ete, 2% to polime, to andehit C2H5OH CH3CHO C2H4 PE C2H5OH (C2H5)2O 4. Dy truyn tng hp (sgk) II. SN XUT CH3CHO 1. Tnh cht v ng dng: - Cht lng, d bay hi, - L bn sn phm trong cng nghip tng hp hu c, sn xut CH3CHO

2. Sn xut t C2H2
a. Sn xut t C2H2 b. Sn xut CH3CHO C2H2 + H2O CH3CHO + 170KJ/mol Nhit 75-950C, xc tc : HgSO4 (H9O 0,5-1% trong HgSO4 1020%) Nu nhit tng v CH2SO4 V tng, song tng sn phm ph l andehit crotonic. gim sn phm ph cn a CH3CHO ra khi vng phn ng

III. SN XUT CH3COOH

1. Tnh cht: L ho cht c bn trong ngnh tng hp hu c. Nhit nung chy = 16,60C, nhit S 1180C, tan v hn trong

nc
Sn xut thuc tr c di (CH2ClCOOH) este, axetat (dm) PVA, (CH3CO)2O dng sn xut xenlubaz, axitat.

2. Cc phng php sn xut:

i t CH3CHO 3. Phng php sn xut CH3COOH t CH3CHO

Phn ng
Hoc 2CH3CHO +O2 (CH3CO)2O + H2O (CH3CO)2O + H2O 2CH3COOH

iu kin phn ng: nhit = 50-800C

Xc tc : Mn(OOCCH3)2 0,05-0,1% theo KL andehit, P = 3-4atm Sn phm ph: etylaxetat, HCOOH

sn phm (CH3CO)2O to thnh nhiu cn dng xc tc l HH

(CH3COOH)2 Mn vi Ni, Mn v Cu, Co v Cu dng li giai on to (CH3CO)2O cn ly nc ra khi HH phn ng .

Chng x.

Sn xut

mt s hp cht cao phn t

I. KHI NIM V HP CHT CAO PHN T

L danh t dng ch cc hp cht c phn t lng cao (> 5000vC) trong thin nhin v tng hp (tinh bt, xenlul, cao su buna ) C 4 phng php tng hp: 1. Trng hp dy chuyn (TH mch) C ch phn ng dy chuyn (gc t do, cation, amion) Khng to sn phm ph n phn no Thnh phn mt xch ging monome ban u NM (M)n PE, PVC

Khi c 2 loi monome tr ln ng TH

2. TH phn bc: VD: Mt xch ging monome Phn ng xy ra tng bc h/c trung gian to thnh bn vng c th tch ra c. 3. Trng ngng: 2 nhm chc tr ln VD: Ru a chc, amin a chc, axt a chc, oxit axit, omino axit. 4. Chuyn ho ho hc ca polime: Polime A Polime B c tnh cht thay i c nhiu u im hn so vi A (lu ho cao su) p ng yu cu s dng.

II. SN XUT PVC:

1. Tnh cht v u im Nha nhit do bn vi a xt long, kim c C <= 20% ng dn, thng ng . C tnh do ko thnh mng bc gi, ko si c 2. Phn ng to PVC Nguyn liu l VC Phn ng trng hp theo c ch gc vi cht khi mo l: Peroxit benzoyl: (C6H5COO)2 2C6H5COO 2C6H5 + 2CO2. Phng php : Phng php nh tng Phng php huyn ph trong H2O

Trng hp trong dung mi

Trng hp khi III. NHA PHENOL FOOCMAN EHIT 1. Tch cht v ng dng: - L loi vt liu kt cu dng: + Sn xut t, my bay + Sn xut keo dn Ur Foocman dehit + Lm sn tm, sn xut di dng bt p, vt liu si p + Sn phm di dng phao lt, l sn phm ca nha zezol vi ph gia ct sng, xi mng, grafit. Dng ch to chi tit trong ng ng trong chng nghip ho cht.

2. Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu chnh : ph nol c t 2 C hot ng tr ln v andehit. Ngoi ra cn c Urotrpin (CH2)6N4 c vai tr ng rn nha. CH2 N = CH2 /c t HCHO v NH3 phenol: phenol v h phenol : 0,m perezol xilennol (CH3)2 C6H3OH andehit (HCHO, CH3CHO) 3. Phn ng nha ph nol foocmandehit = phn ng TN Nha nov lc (mch thng, nhit do) Nha rezol (mch khng gian, nhit rn)