Prepared by Professor Cecilia Campoverde FAU 297-3247

A FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY ANALYSIS DEFINITION: AN INVESTIGATION THAT GENERATES INFORMATION THAT HELPS POLICY MAKERS EXERCISE THEIR JUDGEMENT. IT PRODUCES POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION. GOES BEYOND THE GETTING OF FACTS. IT SEEKS TO PRODUCE INFO. ABUT VALUES. IT RECOMMENDS ACTION. THEREFORE: IT INCLUDES EVALUATION AS WELL AS RECOMMENDATION. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF QUESTIONS MADE AND ON THE TIME WHEN THE QUESTIONS ARE MADE PREDICTION AND PRESCRIPTION PROCEDURES PREDICTION AND PRESCRIPTION TYPE OF INFORMATION ARE DONE BEFORE ACTION IS ADOPTED EX ANTE. DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION TYPE OF INFORMATION ARE DONE AFTER AN ACCION HAS OCCURRED - EX POST FACTO. MONITORING PROCEDURE: LOOKS AT PAST AND PRESENT ACTIONS. PRODUCES DESCRIPTIVE POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION. FORECASTING PROCEDURE LOOKS AT PAST AND PRESENT ACTIONS. IT EVALUATES THE POSSIBILITY OF FUTURE CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES. PRODUCES DESCRIPTIVE TYPE OF POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION EVALUATION PROCEDURE

LOOKS AT THE VALUE OR WORTH OF PAST AND PRESENT POLICIES. PRODUCES VALUATIVE TYPE OF POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION. RECOMMENDATION PROCEDURE LOOKS AT THE PAST AND PRESENT ACTIONS. IT EVALUATES THE WORTH AND VALUE OF THE IMPACT OF THOSE ACTIONS. IT SUGGESTS FUTURE ACTIONS. IT PRODUCES PRESCRIPTIVE TYPE OF POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION. PROBLEM STRUCTURING PROCEDURE LOOKS AT EVERY STEP OF THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF ANALYSIS AND REDEFINES AND RESTRUCTURES THE ORIGINAL POLICY PROBLEM. IT PERMEATES ALL OTHER PROCEDURES. BASED ON THE CREATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF INFORMATION, WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP? THE ANALYSIS AND CREATION OF POLICY ARGUMENTS. SIX BASIC STEPS: SELECTING POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION. MAKING A POLICY CLAIM. PREPARING WARRANTS ABOUT THE CLAIM. GIVING BACKING TO THE WARRANTS. SUGGESTING REBUTTALS THE WARRANT. PROVIDING BACKING FOR THE REBUTTAL. IF NECESSARY, QUALIFYING THE CLAIM. TYPES OF POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION HAVE WE IDENTIFIED THE SOCIAL PROBLEM? HAVE WE IDENTIFIED THE SOCIAL VALUES? HAVE WE SELECTED THE APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE? APPROPRITE KNOWLEDGE PRODUCE THE FOLLOWING:

POLICY PROBLEM POLICY FUTURE POLICY ACTION POLICY OUTCOME POLICY PERFORMANCE.

THAT IS, IF WE CAREFULLY DO OUR ANALYSIS, WE CAN PRODUCE APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE THAT WILL ALLOW US TO PROVIDE POLICY MAKERS INFORMATION ABOUT ALL THE ABOVE. OUTLINES THE VALUES THAT WE WANT TO REALIZE. IT LOOKS AT FACTORS THAT PROBABLY CAUSE THE PROBLEM. THE POLICY PROBLEM IS CLEARLY MOST CRITICAL STEP OF THE POLICY ANALYSIS PROCESS. POLICY FUTURE IT LOOKS AT THE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROPOSED ACTIONS. IT LOOKS AT THE POSSIBILITY OF THOSE ACTIONS ACHIEVING THE VALUE THAT IT IS BEING SOUGHT; THAT IS, TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM. POLICY ACTION IN AS MUCH AS IT IS POSSIBLE, IT LOOKS AT THE POSSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROPOSED ACTION. IT LOOKS AT THE POSSIBILITY OF THE ACTION ACHIEVING THE SOUGHT OUT VALUE, THAT IS, SOLVING THE POLICY PROBLEM. POLICY OUTCOME IT IS AN OBSERVED CONSEQUENCE OF A POLICY ACTION. THE EX POST FACTO ANALYSIS OF POLICY OUTCOMES MAY BE EASIER TO MAKE THAN THE ANTE FACTO ANALYSIS. POLICY PERFORNMANCE IT PROVIDES THE EVALUATION OF A POLICY OUTCOME.

TO WHAT DEGREE DID A POLICY OUTCOME ACHIEVED THE SOUGHT OUT VALUE; THAT IS, TO WHAT DEGREE DID THE POLICY PROBLEM GET RESOLVED. POLICY SYSTEM: WHO IS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF ANALYSING POLICIES? STAKEHOLDERS:POLICY ANALYSTS, CITIZEN GROUPS, LABOR UNIONS, AGENCIE

POLICY ENVIRONMENT:CRIME, INFLATION,

UNEMPLOYMENT, DISCRIMINATION, URBAN SQUALOR.

PUBLIC POLICIES: LAW ENFORCEMENT, ECONOMIC,

WELFARE, PERSONNEL, URBAN. INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK OF POLICY ANALYSIS IT USES FIVE ANALYTICIAL PROCEDURES: PROBLEM STRUCTURING, FORECASTING, MONITORING, EVALUATION, RECOMMENDATION THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THESE PROCEDURES ARE TRANSFORMED IN A DYNAMIC PROCESS INTO: POLICY PROBLEMS, POLICY FUTURES, POLICY ACTIONS, POLICY OUTCOMES, AND POLICY PERFORNMANCE.

FORMS OF POLICY ANALYSIS PROSPECTIVE RETROSPECTIVE INTEGRATIVE PROSPECTIVE FORM OF POLICY ANALYSIS IT LOOKS AT AS MUCH DATA AS POSSIBLE. IT DOES NOT COLLECT DATA.

 IT PROVIDES QUANTITATIVE AND VALUATIVE INFORMATION ON WHICH TO MAKE FUTURE DECISIONS. PLACES EMPHASIS ON OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF POLICIES.

RETROSPECTIVE FORM OF POLICY ANALYSIS STUDIES THE DATA FROM POLICIES THAT ALREADY HAVE BEEN PUT IN EFFECT. IT IS USUALLY KNOWN AS RESEARCH. IT PROVIDES MACRONEGATIVE INFORMATION: IT SHOWS WHAT DOES NOT WORK AT THE MACRO LEVEL. THE RESULTS ARE USUALLY OFUSCATED AND DO NOT ADDRESS THE SOCIAL PROBLEM. MOST SOCIAL PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN VAGUELY STATED TO SATISFY POLITICAL INSTEREST. PLACES PRIMARY EMPHASIS ON THE RESULT OF ACTIONS IT DOES NOT OFFER FUTURE ACTIONS INTEGRATIVE FORM OF POLICY ANALYSIS CONCERNED WITH GETTING INFORMATION BEFORE AND AFTER POLICY ACTION. IT BENEFITS FROM BOTH: PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE METHODOLOGIES. IT PROPOSES POLICY ACTIONS. IT IS CONTINUOUS AN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINE THE ANALYST ANSWERS TO THREE TYPES OF QUESTIONS: QUESTIONS OF VALUE: DOES THE POLICY RESOLVE THE IDENTIFIED PROBLEM ACCORDING TO OUR VALUES? QUESTIONS OF FACTS: WHICH FACTS PREVENT OR PROMOTE THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE VALUES? QUESTIONS OF ACTION: WILL THE PROPOSED OR EXISTING ACTION ACCOMPLISH THE VALUE?

APPROACHES TO POLICY ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL: THIS METHOD LOOKS AT THE FACTS THAT EXIST OR WILL EXIST . AS A RESULT, THE ANALYST PRODUCES DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION OR PREDICTIVE INFORMATION.

VALUATIVE APPROACH: THIS METHOD LOOKS AT THE FACTS PAST AND OR FUTURE AND ASK IF THEY ARE WORTH IT, IF THEY ARE OF ANY VALUE. AS A RESULT, THE ANALYST PRODUCES VALUATIVE INFORMATION.

NORMATIVE APPROACH: THIS METHOD LOOKS AT PAST FACTS AND DECIDES WHAT SHOULD ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN. AS A RESULT, THE ANALYST PRODUCES PRESCRIPTIVE TYPE OF INFORMATION. IT RECOMMENDS FUTURE ACTION.