CSE 501035 Data Communication 1

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TRUYN DN S

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
Bi ging mn hc
BM: TH & HT
KHOA: VT1
Ging vin: V Th Thy H
1
CSE 501035 Data Communication 2
Ni dung:
Chng4 : 04 l thuyt/ 01 bi tp/ 0 kim tra/ 0 tho lun

4.1. Tng quan v m truyn dn
4.2. Cc loi m truyn dn
4.2.1. M AMI
4.2.2. M CMI
4.2.3. M HDBn
4.2.4. M BnZS
4.3. Kt lun chng 4
Bi tp
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M ng truyn
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4.1 Tng quan M ng truyn
Cc tn hiu s nh phn khi ri khi mt cng on x l nht nh no u cn phi
phi hp vi c tnh ca knh truyn dn.
Vic truyn cc tn hiu nh phn trn c ly ln bng cc ng dn c th mang vo
nhng mo v suy hao qu ln dn n li thu (gim cht lng lin lc). Thm vo ,
trong cc tuyn x l tn hiu, nhm phi hp mch in, to phn cch l tng v in
v gim xuyn nhiu ngi ta thng s dng cc bin p. Cc bin p cho qua cc thnh
phn xoay chiu cao tn v gt i thnh phn mt chiu c trong tn hiu.
Cc tn hiu s nh phn n cc c dng NRZ li cha trong ph ca chng thnh phn
mt chiu v cc thnh phn tn thp vi nng lng kh cao, do khi truyn qua cc
bin p nh th s b mo ln.
Mt im quan trng khc na trong x l tn hiu bng gc l vn tch tn hiu nh
thi t chui tn hiu ti. Tn hiu nh thi thng c tch ra t cc chuyn i cc
tnh xung thnh phn. Trong trng hp s dng cc tn hiu NRZ, mt khi c nhiu xung
cng cc tnh lin tip th vic tch tn hiu nh thi s rt kh khn. Cui cng, cc li
pht sinh trn cc ng truyn tn hiu s bng gc cn phi c th gim st c.
Cc vn trn c th khc phc hoc h tr c nh m ho cc tn hiu nh phn n
cc trc khi truyn trc tip ra ng dy (c th l ng dy cp xon hay cp c mn
che vn thng dng truyn cc tn hiu analog, hoc on ni gia cc b phn x l
tn hiu). M ho tn hiu nh vy cn c tn gi l m ho ng dy (line encoding).
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(tt)
Trong rt nhiu ng dng, vic khng c hoc hu nh khng c thnh phn mt
chiu (DC: Direct Current) c ngha c bit. Cc h thng m khng c thnh
phn DC c c trng bi bin thin tng digit (DSV: Digital Sum
Variation), l chnh lch gia cc gi tr tng digit thp nht v cao nht ca mt
s tu cc k hiu phn t trong N v M l cc gii hn kho st tu . Hin
nhin, DSV cng nh mt chuyn i cc tnh xung ca chui tn hiu c
m (cng tt) v gi tr nh nht c th c ca DSV l 1.

min max
(

=

= =
M
N n
n
M
N n
n
a a DSV
CSE 501035 Data Communication 5
M ng truyn

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ADC
PCM signal
Sample
Quantize
Analog
Input
Signal
Encode
Line
Code
X
X
Q
X
k
x(t)

u ra ca ADC c th truyn qua bng tn c s baseband channel.
D liu s phi chuyn thnh tn hiu vt l physical signal.
Tn hiu physical signal c gi l m ng line code.Cc b m ng
thng biu din mc in p cao(+V) cho bt 1 gi l mark v bt 0 biu din
bi mc 0 gi l space .


Eeng 360 6
Line Coder
The input to the line encoder is a sequence of values a
k
that is
a function of a data bit or an ADC output bit.
The output of the line encoder is a waveform:


Where p(t) is the Pulse Shape and T
b

is the Bit Period
T
b
=T
s
/n for n bit quantizer (and no parity bits).
R
b
=1/T
b
=nf
s
for n bit quantizer (and no parity bits).
The operational details of this function are set by the particular
type of line code that is being used.
( ) ( )
k b
k
x t a p t kT

=
=

Line Coder
k
a
Digital
Data
Physical
Waveform
( ) ( )
k b
k
x t a p t kT

=
=

CSE 501035 Data Communication 7

Cc m ng dy (line codes) thng dng:
cch biu din tn hiu s 0, 1 bng dng sng tn hiu sao cho ph hp khi truyn
di nn.
Phn loi cc m ng dy:












NRZ: Non Return to Zore
RZ: Return to Zero HDB3: High Density Bipolar 3
CMI: Coded Mark Inversion AMI: Alternate Mark Inversion
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Cc loi m ng dy
n cc
(Unipolar)
Cc
(Polar)
Lng cc
(Bipolar)
CMI RZ HDB3 Manchester RZ NRZ NRZ
(AMI)
NRZ RZ
CSE 501035 Data Communication 8
Thut ng
Unipolar-
Tt c cc phn t tn hiu c cng du
Polar
Mt trng thi logic c biu din bng mc in p dng, trng
thi logic khc c biu din bng mc in p m
Tc d liu (data rate)
Tc truyn dn d liu theo bps (bit per second)
rng (chiu di 1 bit)
Thi gian (thit b pht) dng truyn 1 bit
Tc iu ch
Tc mc tn hiu thay i
n v l baud = s phn t tn hiu trong 1 giy
Mark v Space
Tng ng vi 1 v 0 nh phn

CSE 501035 Data Communication 9
Cc yu cu ca mt m ng dy:



Thnh phn DC: cng gn zero cng tt
Di thng yu cu: cng nh cng tt
Kh nng d dng khi phc ng b: cng cao cng tt
Kh nng t sa li: cng cao cng tt
phc tp m ha/ gii m: cng nh cng tt
C kh nng nh dng ph ph hp vi knh truyn

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Cc yu cu ca mt m ng dy:
EEE 360 11
(a) Punched Tape
A
-A
0
(c) Polar NRZ
A
0
(d) Unipolar RZ
A
-A
0 (e) Bipolar RZ
BINARY DATA
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Mark
(hole)
Mark
(hole)
Mark
(hole)
Mark
(hole)
space space space
A
-A
0 (f) Manchester NRZ
Binary Signaling Formats
Volts
A
Time

0
(b) Unipolar NRZ
T
b
Line codes
Eeng 360 12
Mc ch ca m ng
M ng c thit k phi t c cc mc tiu :

Self-synchronization.
The ability to recover timing from the signal itself.
Long series of ones and zeros could cause a problem.

Low probability of bit error.
The receiver needs to be able to distinguish the waveform associated
with a mark from the waveform associated with a space, even if there
is a considerable amount of noise and distortion in the channel.

Spectrum that is suitable for the channel.
In some cases DC components should be avoided if the channel has a
DC blocking capacitance.
The transmission bandwidth should be minimized.

Eeng 360 13
4.2 Cc kiu m ng
Each line code is described by a symbol mapping function a
k

and a pulse shape p(t):



c im m ng
Symbol mapping functions (a
k
).
Unipolar -n cc
Polar- Cc
Bipolar Lng cc (a.k.a. alternate mark inversion, pseudoternary)

Pulse shapes p(t).
NRZ (Nonreturn-to-zero)
RZ (Return to Zero)
Manchester (split phase)
( ) ( )
k b
k
x t a p t kT

=
=

Eeng 360 14
4.2.1. M n cc- NRZ Line Code
The unipolar nonreturn-to-zero line code is defined by the
unipolar mapping:


where X
k
is the k
th
data bit.
In addition, the pulse shape for unipolar NRZ is:


Where T
b
is the bit period.

=
= +
=
0 when
1 when
0

k
k
k
X
X A
a
( ) NRZ pulse shape
b
t
p t
T
| |
= H
|
\ .
1 1 1 1
0
0
b
T
b
T 2
b
T 3
b
T 4
0
b
T 5
A
Note the DC component
This means wasted power!
Hard to recover symbol timing
when long string of 0s or 1s.
Eeng 360 15
M n cc- RZ Line Code
The unipolar return-to-zero line code has the same symbol
mapping but a different pulse shape than unipolar NRZ:

=
= +
=
0 when
1 when
0

k
k
k
X
X A
a
( ) RZ pulse shape
/ 2
b
t
p t
T
| |
= H
|
\ .
1 1 1 1
0
0
b
T
b
T 2
b
T 3
b
T 4
0
b
T 5
A
Long strings of 1s no longer a problem.
However strings of 0s still problem.
Pulse of half the duration of NRZ
requires twice the bandwidth!
4.2.2.M cc-Polar Encoding
a. M cc- Polar Line Codes
Polar line codes use the antipodal mapping:


Polar NRZ uses NRZ pulse shape.
Polar RZ uses RZ pulse shape.

=
=

+
=
0 when
1 when
k
k
k
X
X
A
A
a
1 1 1 1
0
0
A
A
A
Polar NRZ
Polar RZ
No DC component,
so more energy efficient.
Now we can handle
long strings of 0s, too.
b. Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
2 mc in p khc nhau cho bit 1 v bit 0
in p khng thay i (khng c transition) khi khng c s thay i tn hiu
in p thay i (c transition) khi c s thay i tn hiu (t 01 hoc t 10)
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
NRZI cho cc bit 1
D liu c m ha cn c vo vic c hay khng s thay i tn hiu u thi khong bit.
Bit 1: c m ha bng s thay i in p (c transition)
Bit 0: c m ha bng s khng thay i in p (khng c transition)
c. Biphase
Manchester
Thay i gia thi khong bit
Thay i c dng nh tn hiu ng b d liu
LH biu din 1
HL biu din 0
Dng trong IEEE 802.3
Eeng 360 20
Manchester Line Codes
Manchester line codes use the antipodal mapping and
the following split-phase pulse shape:
/ 4 / 4
( )
/ 2 / 2
b b
b b
t T t T
p t
T T
| | | |
+
= H H
| |
\ . \ .
) (t p
1
1 1 1
0
A
0
Easy synchronization and better spectral characteristics than polar RZ.
Biphase
Differential Manchester
Thay i gia thi khong bit ch dng cho ng b
Thay i u thi khong biu din 0
Khng c thay i u thi khong biu din 1
Dng trong IEEE 802.5
Biphase
u v nhc im
Nhc im
Ti thiu c 1 thay i
trong thi khong 1 bit v
c th c 2
Tc iu ch ti a
bng 2 ln NRZ
Cn bng thng rng hn
u im
ng b da vo s thay
i gia thi khong bit
(self clocking)
Khng c thnh phn mt
chiu
Pht hin li
Khi thiu s thay i mong
i

Biphase
Polar Encoding
Bi tp
Bi tp
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Bi tp
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
NRZ-L
NRZ-I
AMI
Pseudo-Ternary
Manchester
Differential
Manchester
Eeng 360 31
4.2.3. M lng cc- Bipolar Line Codes
With bipolar line codes a space is mapped to zero and a mark
is alternately mapped to -A and +A:



Also called pseudoternary signalling and alternate mark
inversion (AMI ).
Either RZ or NRZ pulse shape can be used.
A
Bipolar (RZ)
1
1 1 1
0
0
A
0 when 0
when 1 and last mark A
when 1 and last mark A
k
k k
k
X
a A X
A X
=

= = +

+ =

a. Multilevel Binary
Dng nhiu hn 2 mc
Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark
Inversion)
Bit-0 c biu din bng khng c
tn hiu
Bit-1 c biu din bng xung
dng hay xung m
Cc xung 1 thay i cc tnh xen k
Khng mt ng b khi d liu l
mt dy 1 di (dy 0 vn b vn
ng b)
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu
Bng thng thp
Pht hin li d dng
Pseudoternary
1 c biu din bng khng c tn
hiu
0 c biu din bng xung dng
m xen k nhau
Khng c u im v nhc im so
vi bipolar-AMI
The 0s are positive and negative alternately
Amplitude
Time
0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1
Trade Off
Khng hiu qu bng NRZ
Mi phn t t/h ch biu din 1 bit
H thng 3 mc c th biu din log
2
3 = 1.58 bit
B thu phi c kh nng phn bit 3 mc (+A, -A, 0)
Cn thm khong 3dB cng sut t c cng xc
sut bit li

Multilevel Binary
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
b. M B8ZS
B8ZS (Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution)
Da trn bipolar-AMI
Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui cng trc l dng, m
thnh 000+0+
Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui cng trc l m, m thnh
000+0+
Gy ra 2 vi phm m AMI
C th lm ln vi tc ng gy ra bi nhiu
B thu pht hin v din gii chng thnh 8 s 0 lin tip

B8ZS
c.M HDB3
HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros)
Da trn bipolar-AMI
Chui 4 s 0 lin tip c thay th theo quy lut nh sau

HDB3
Bi tp
Bi tp
4.2.4 So snh cc phng php m ha
Ph tn hiu
Vic thiu thnh phn tn s cao lm gim yu cu v bng thng
Tp trung cng sut gia bng thng
ng b
ng b b thu v b pht
Tn hiu ng b ngoi vi
C ch ng b da trn tn hiu
Kh nng pht hin li
C th c tch hp trong c ch m ha
Nhiu v kh nng min nhim
Vi m tt hn cc m khc
phc tp v chi ph
Tc tn hiu cao hn (v do tc d liu cao hn) dn ti chi ph
cao
Vi m i hi tc tn hiu cao hn tc d liu
Eeng 360 43
Comparison of Line Codes
Self-synchronization:
Manchester codes have built in timing information because
they always have a zero crossing in the center of the pulse.
Polar RZ codes tend to be good because the signal level
always goes to zero for the second half of the pulse.
NRZ signals are not good for self-synchronization.

Error probability:
Polar codes perform better (are more energy efficient) than
Unipolar or Bipolar codes.

Channel characteristics:
We need to find the PSD of the line codes to answer this ...
Eeng 360 44
Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes

2
2
1
( )
( ) ( ) Where { ( )} ( )
( ) ( ) The autocorrelation function of
and are levels of the data pulses at the ' th and ( )'th symbol positions
Pro
data
ba
s
j kfT
s
k
s
I
n n k
k
i i
i
n n
i
F f
P f R k e f t F f
T
R k a a P
a a n n k
P
t

=
+
=
+
= =
=
+

bility of having the th product

n n k
a a i
+
PSD can be calculated using the autocorrelation function:
A digital signal is represented by

f(t) - Symbol Pulse shape; T
s
- Duration of one symbol;
Binary signaling : T
s
= T
b
, Multilevel signaling: T
s
= lT
b
PSD depends on:
(1) The pulse shape used
(2) Statistical properties of data expressed by the autocorrelation function
The PSD of a digital signal is given by:
( ) ( ) ; ( ) for unipolar NRZ
n s
n
s
t
s t a f t nT f t
T

=
| |
= = = H
|
\ .

Eeng 360 45
PSD for Polar NRZ Signaling
Possible levels for the as : +A and -A
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1
4
2 2
1
2
2
s
2
1 1
(0) ( ) ( )
2 2
For 0, ( ) ( ) 1/ 4 ( )( )1/ 4 ( )( )1/ 4 ( ) 1/ 4 0
, 0
( )
0, 0
sin
( ) ( / ) ( ) P

n n i i
i
n n k i
i
polar
b
b b
k
b s
kfT
s
R a a P A A A
k R k a a P A A A A A A
A k
R k
k
F f
fT
f t t T F f T f R k e
fT T
t t
t
=
+
=

=
= = + =
= = = + + + =
=
=

=

= H = =

2
2
Polar NRZ
sin
( )
b
b
b
fT
P f A T
fT
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
1
and are the level of the pulses at the th and ( )th ( ) ( sy ) mbols
I
n n k i i n n k
i
n n R k a a P a k a
+ +
=
+ =

Eeng 360 46
PSD for line codes
Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ
2
2
Uni. NRZ
sin 1
( ) 1 ( )
4
b b
b b
A T fT
P f f
fT T
t
o
t
| | (
= +
| (
\ .
2
2
Polar NRZ
sin
( )
b
b
b
fT
P f A T
fT
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
Bit rate: R=1/T
b
Eeng 360 47
PSD for line codes
Unipolar RZ
Bipolar RZ
Manchester
NRZ
Uni. R
2
Z
2
sin / 2 1
( ) 1 ( )
16 / 2
b b
n
b b b
A T fT n
P f f
fT T T
t
o
t

=
| | (
= +
| (
\ .

( )
Bipolar
2
RZ
2
2
sin
( ) sin
4
b b
b
b
A T fT
P f fT
fT
t
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
Manch. NR
2
Z
2 2
sin / 2
( ) sin / 2
/ 2
b
b b
b
fT
P f A T fT
fT
t
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
Bit rate: R=1/T
b
CSE 501035 Data Communication 48
Din gii tn hiu
Cn bit
nh thi ca cc bit (khi no chng bt u v kt thc)
Mc tn hiu
Yu t nh hng n vic din gii tn hiu
T s SNR
Tc d liu
Bng thng