Nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh

MT S GII PHP CI THIN CHT LNG M TURBO

NG DNG CHO WIMAX TRN KNH GAUSS
Nguyn Thanh H1*, inh Th Cng2, Phng Th Thu Phng1,
Nguyn Ngc Thi1
Tm tt: Bi bo xut p dng nguyn l iu ch m c hon v bit vi gii
m/gii iu ch lp (BICM-ID), s dng m Turbo thay cho m chp truyn thng
ng dng cho Wimax. Do cht lng ca cc h thng BICM-ID ph thuc rt nhiu
vo s phi hp gia quy lut nh x v cu trc t m, nn tc gi ngh s dng
nh x mi thay cho nh x c (Gray). Mt gii php khc c s dng ci
thin cht lng h thng l ngh s dng b hon v tng dng (in-line bit
interleaver) thay cho hon v tng th (overall bit interleaver). Cc kt qu m
phng c kim chng trn Matlab cho thy rng vic kt hp ny t c tng
ch m ha tt hn so vi h thng c.
T kha: Wimax, Gii m/gii iu ch lp, M Turbo, B xo trn

1. M U
M Turbo c cng b nm 1993 bi C.Berrou, A. Glavieux v
P.Thitimajshima [1]. V bn cht, chng l lin kt song song ca cc m chp.
Hu ht cc m Turbo l cc m c tc thp, tc l yu cu m rng bng thng
mt cch ng k, cho nn chng khng c chp nhn trong nhiu ng dng.
Cc kt qu m phng trn knh Gauss cho thy rng kh nng sa li ca m
Turbo kt hp iu ch nh phn (2-PSK hoc 4-PSK) khng cn ph hp vi yu
cu hin nay. ci thin hiu qu truyn dn, cn phi nghin cu kt hp m
Turbo vi mt s iu ch c hiu qu bng thng. Mt s th nghim gn y
thc hin thnh cng kt hp m ha Turbo vi iu ch nhiu mc trn knh
AWGN [2-4]. Vi cc h thng thng tin yu cu tng ch m ha ln, hiu qu
ph cao trn cc knh pha-inh, ngi ta thng quan tm n BER ca cc m
Turbo t l m ha cao khi kt hp vi iu ch QAM nhiu mc.
Trong Wimax th tc truyn dn v hiu qu bng thng cng c ch
hn. Cng ngh Wimax da trn cc chun IEEE 802.16-2004 v 802.16e-2005
cho truy cp c nh v di ng khng dy vo cc mng khu vc th
(Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN) [5], c th t tc thu pht d liu ln
n 75 Mbps, phm vi bao ph ngoi 30 dm v c th p ng cho vic thu pht
m bo v ni dung v h tr ngi dng di ng trn phng tin c tc cao
[6]. p ng c yu cu truyn dn tc cao, th mt trong cc gii php l
dng cc chm sao tn hiu iu ch bc cao. C th ty theo iu kin ca knh
la chn k thut iu ch QPSK hoc QAM i vi ng xung, trong c
Wimax c nh v di ng QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM l bt buc, nhng c th s
dng 64QAM nh l mt ty chn cho ng ln v cng xut s dng cc m
Turbo t c cht lng tt hn [5]. Ty thuc vo iu kin kt ni knh v
tuyn, Wimax s iu chnh s m ha v iu ch da vo t l tn trn tp
(SNR).

Tp ch Nghin cu KH&CN qun s, S c san Vin in t, 10 - 2015

K thut in t

Trong bi ny chng ti xut s dng kt hp mt b m Turbo tc R =

1/2 vi iu ch s dng cc chm sao tn hiu 16-QAM trn knh Gauss ng
dng cho Wimax. im khc bit y l c s trao i thng tin mm gia b
gii m v gii iu ch. Thm vo vic s dng nh x mi thay cho nh x c
(Gray), cng nh ti s dng cc im tn hiu v dng b hon v tng dng thay
cho hon v tng th s lm cho cht lng h thng c ci thin ng k.
2. M HNH H THNG
Hnh 1 m t h thng Turbo-Wimax vi cu trc gii iu ch/gii m lp ti
u thu.

Hnh 1: M hnh h thng

Ti u pht, chui bt m c (c1, c2 , K , cN ) t u ra b m ho c a qua

. Chiu di ca b xo trn bng N , l mt php hon v ch

s vi c (i ) c j , vi (i ) j , 1 i, j N . N c chn bng s nguyn ln
b hon v bt

s bt trong mt symbol iu ch. Xt iu ch M mc ( M 2m , m 2 ), ta nh

ngha c php nh x : (vt1 , vt 2 ,L , vtm ) st , vi st c chn ra t b tn
hiu iu ch S , t chy t 1 n N / m . B m ho knh l b m ho Turbo vi
t l m ha R , dy bt tin c chia thnh cc khi bit u = {ak , bk } , chiu di
khi l K RN . Khi bit u c m ho thnh dy bit m c , gm cc bit h
thng v cc bit chn l. Sau khi b xo trn thnh chui v , tng nhm m bit
c nh x ln tp tn hiu S to thnh vc-t tn hiu s ( s1 , s2 , L , sN / m ) v
truyn qua knh. Gi thit knh AWGN vi mt ph cng sut mt pha ca tp
m l N 0 , do tn hiu iu ch dng phc nn ph cng sut ca tp m theo mi
chiu l N 0 / 2 . Vc-t nhiu l n (n1 , n2 , L , nN / m ) , lc ny tn hiu thu c l:
r = s+n
(1)
B gii iu ch da trn quan trc u ra knh (tn hiu thu) r v thng tin
tin nghim (A priority information) LA1 i vi N bit m tnh gi tr thng tin
ngoi (Extrinsic information) L(X) (xem hnh 4). L(X) c gii hon v ri a
vo gii m 1 thnh thng tin tin nghim 1 ( X ) cho b gii m u vo mmu ra mm SISO. B gii m SISO s dng thut ton Log-MAP hoc Max-LogMAP tnh thng tin ngoi 2 ( X ) cho N bit m. Thng tin ny c hon v
4

N. T. H, . T. Cng, P. T . T. Phng,Mt s gii php ci thin cht lng m

Turbo ng dng cho Wimax trn knh Gauss.

Nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh

v a tr li b gii iu ch lm thng tin tin nghim cho vng gii m tip

theo. Sau mi vng lp, xc sut li bit (BER) gim i nh c s trao i v hon
thin thng tin v tin cy ca cc bit tin v bt m.
2.1. B m ha Turbo trong Wimax:
M Turbo c xc nh trong chun Wimax l b m ha chp nh phn-kp
qui h thng CRSC (Double-binary Circular Recursive Systematic
Convolutional) [5] v c chiu di bt buc l 4 nh trong hnh 2. Mt b m RSC
thao tc vi d liu vo l d liu gc, cn b kia thao tc vi d liu vo c
xo trn thng qua b interleaver. Cc cp bit d liu ak v bk a vo b m ha
l cc khi 2N bit ( y ak v bk l cp bit d liu ti thi im k ).

Hnh 2: B m ha Turbo.
a thc xc nh cc ng lin kt l 1 D D 3 cho nhnh phn hi,
1 D 2 D 3 cho bit chn l yk v 1 D 3 cho bit chn l wk (vi D l phn t tr
hoc ngn nh). Cp bit chn l {y1 , k , w1 , k } c to t chui d liu gc,
{ y2 , k , w2 , k } l cp bit chn l c to t chui d liu b xo trn. Hai bit lin
tip c s dng l cc u vo ng thi, do b m ha nh phn-kp s c 4
kh nng chuyn i trng thi tri ngc vi 2 kh nng chuyn i trng thi ca
b m ha nh phn. C 8 kh nng trng thi b m ha c th nhn, trong
trng thi hin thi c xc nh bi: S 4 s1 2 s2 s3 . Mi khung gm N cp
cc bit c m ha, d liu ti u ra b m ha gm 4 khi con:
N -1
N -1
- Cp bit h thng A {ak }k 0 v B {bk }k 0
N -1
N -1
- Cp bit chn l nguyn thy Y1 { y1, k }k 0 v w1 {w1, k }k 0 ca cc bit h
N -1
thng hoc cp bit chn l ca cc bit h thng b xo trn Y2 { y2, k }k 0 v

w2 {w2, k }kN - 10
Do mi khi con cha cng mt s bit, t l m ha nguyn thy ca b m
ha l 1/2, tc l 2 bit c to ra cho mi bit d liu vo b m ha. Sau khi m
ha, mi khi con c xo trn ring ri cc khi con cha cc bit chn l s
c loi b (puncture) s dng cc mu puncture t c t l m ha mong
mun R 1/ 2 . Vic loi b trong cc khi con n gin l b i mt s bit trong
cc khi ny sao cho s bit pht i l t hn. Cc khi con s c a n b iu

Tp ch Nghin cu KH&CN qun s, S c san Vin in t, 10 - 2015

K thut in t

ch 16-QAM, chui bit nh phn s c nh x thnh cc symbol bi cc

constellation c la chn.
2.2. iu ch QAM:
Cc symbol c m ha ck , k 1, 2,..., N c iu ch bi b iu ch
QAM, tng ng vi n l symbol c iu ch sk nh sau:
skI (c2s k 1 , c2s k )
sk Q
, k 1, 2,..., N / 2 (2)
p
p
sk (c2 k 1 , c2 k )
I
Q
vi sk v sk l cc thnh phn ng pha v vung gc vi nhau ca symbol
c iu ch sk . Trong hnh 3, trng hp a 3 tng ng vi chm sao tn hiu
ca 16-QAM, nng lng c gn cho mi symbol m trong mt symbol iu
ch l khc nhau tng ng vi gi tr ca a.

Hnh 3: Chm sao tn hiu 16QAM

2.3. Gii m Turbo nh phn kp:

Hnh 4: B gii m Turbo

B gii m Turbo gm 2 b gii m thnh phn, u vo mm-u ra mm
SISO (soft input-soft output) lin kt ni tip thng qua mt b interleaver [1]. i
vi Wimax, cc b gii m thnh phn c s dng nh trong hnh 4. Cc u
vo ca b gii m Turbo c ly t b gii iu ch, c gi s dng bit log-

N. T. H, . T. Cng, P. T . T. Phng,Mt s gii php ci thin cht lng m

Turbo ng dng cho Wimax trn knh Gauss.

Nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh

likelihood ratio (LLR), trong LLR ca bit th k ( uk ) l:

P (uk 1)
(3)

P (uk 0)
Cc gi tr bit LLR l cc i lng o xc sut ca bit nhn gi tr 0 hoc 1
sau khi c truyn qua knh AWGN. Sau khi de-punture v de-interleaving cc
khi con, cc bit LLR c chuyn thnh cc symbol nh phn kp LLR v nh
ngha cho symbol th k nh sau:
P (U k z )
Lk (U k ) ln
(4)
, z {01, 10, 11}
P (U k 00)
Lk (uk ) ln

Mi symbol U k , s c 3 gi tr LLR kt hp. L do cho vic chuyn i ny l

do vic gii m c thc hin cho cc symbol nh phn kp ch khng phi cho
cc bit n. C 3 tp ring ca LLR n b gii m: cc LLR h thng L( X ) , cc
LLR chn l s dng cho gii m CRSC1 L( Z1 ) , cc LLR chn l s dng cho
gii m CRSC2 L( Z 2 ) . Khi gii m, mi b gii m CRSC nhn cc thng tin
ngoi lai LLR h thng e ( X ) t cc b gii m CRSC khc v tnh:
e ( X ) ( X ) V ( X )
(5)
Do , mi b gii m CRSC s nhn c symbol h thng LLR ( V ( X ) ) nh
sau:
V ( X ) ( X ) e ( X )
(6)
tng ng vi cc bit LLR chn l L( Z ) . u ra ca mi b gii m CRSC l mt
xc sut hu nghim ca cc symbol h thng di dng LLR ( ( X ) ). B gii m
thc hin mt s ln lp nht nh trc khi ra quyt nh cng cho bit, sau mi ln
lp s ci thin thm cht lng BER ca b gii m. Mi ln gii m lp c 2 na
qu trnh lp, trong ch c mt khi SISO thc hin chc nng gii m. Thng
thng, cc b gii m Turbo thc hin t 4 10 ln lp. Cc mu ca interleaver
c to ra theo 2 bc c lp vi kch thc ca khung, iu ch v t l m ha
[5]. Cc mu ny c s dng khi cc symbol LLR trao i gia cc b gii m,
V2I ( X ) to bi V2 ( X ) s dng cho b gii m CRSC2 to ra 2I ( X ) a n
b de-interleaver c 2 ( X ) s dng cho b gii m CRSC1.
3. P DNG NGUYN L BICM-ID VO S TURBO + 16QAM
TRONG WIMAX
3.1. p dng nguyn l BICM-ID cho m Turbo-Wimax:
Trong phn ny chng ta xut p dng nguyn l iu ch m c hon v bit
vi gii m/gii iu ch lp (BICM-ID), s dng m Turbo thay cho m chp
truyn thng ng dng cho Wimax da trn mt s lun im sau: Trong gii m
Turbo, c s dng gii m lp, do p dng nguyn l BICM-ID y rt thun
li, ch vic ly thng tin t b gii m phn hi tr li h tr vic gii iu ch.
Khi , v mt h thng s n gin hn rt nhiu. Mt khc, cng vic m/gii m
Turbo c thc hin bng phn cng nn tr l khng ng k so vi h thng s

Tp ch Nghin cu KH&CN qun s, S c san Vin in t, 10 - 2015

K thut in t

dng m chp. Thm vo , trong s Wimax c s dng b hon v bt, cho

nn p dng BICM-ID y l hon ton hp l.
Vi h thng BICM ngi ta chng minh c s dng nh x Gray l tt
nht, cn vi h thng BICM-ID th nh x Gray li khng phi l ti u. V vy,
vic la chn nh x l rt quan trng trong BICM-ID.
Wimax da vo t s tn/tp iu chnh s iu ch v m ha, tuy nhin
c mt khong rt ln khi iu chnh. Vic ngh ti s dng cc im tn hiu s
lm cho bc nhy c mn hn, lng ph ti nguyn, n gin trong k thut.
Vi h thng BICM-ID khi t s tn/tp ln, (phn hi t b gii m ti gii
iu ch l hon ho) s tng ng vi vic truyn trn m knh BPSK song
song. Mt khc, c nhng bt quan trng cn c bo v nhiu hn cc bit khc,
v vy xut s dng hon v tng dng thay cho hon v tng th s gii quyt
c vn ny.
3.2. Kt qu m phng:
Cc tham s s dng trong khi m phng: knh AWGN, iu ch 16-QAM,
kch thc ca khung l 384 bit, t l m ha 1/2 v gii m s dng thut ton
Log-MAP vi s ln lp bng 8. iu ch 16-QAM s dng nh x Gray phn
hoch tp nh hnh 3. nh s th t t 1 n 16 cho cc im tn hiu t tri qua
phi, t hng trn xung hng di, php nh x s dng m phng c k hiu
l: [7,3,8, 4,11,15,12,16, 6, 2,5,1,10,14,9,13] . S 1 k 16 trong vc-t trn l
s hiu ca im tn hiu sk c gn nhn nh phn c biu din thp phn l
(k 1) . Kt qu m phng hnh 5 cho thy rng h thng Wimax s dng gii
m/gii iu ch lp cho cht lng tt hn so vi h thng khi khng c s trao
i thng tin mm gia gii m v gii iu ch. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh trong
h thng BICM-ID, vic chn nh x t khi m bit ln tp tn hiu M 2m , m 2
im c ngha ht sc quan trng. Trong khi nh x Gray l ti u khi khng c
phn hi thng tin mm, th cc nh x phn hoch tp SP (Set Partitioning), cho
cht lng tt hn khi c phn hi thng tin mm nh trong BICM-ID.

Hnh 5: H thng s dng hon v tng th Hnh 6: H thng s dng hon v tng th
v hon v tng dng dng nh x Gray c vi ti s dng im tn hiu c phn hi v
v khng c phn hi.
khng c phn hi.

N. T. H, . T. Cng, P. T . T. Phng,Mt s gii php ci thin cht lng m

Turbo ng dng cho Wimax trn knh Gauss.

Nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh

Nh trong hnh 6, cc trng hp ti s dng im tn hiu khc nh Es=6

(ti s dng 6, 7, 10, 11 thay cho 1, 4, 13, 16), Es=8 (ti s dng 2, 3, 14, 15 thay
cho 1, 4, 13, 16), Es=12 (ti s dng 1, 4, 13, 16 thay cho 5, 8, 9, 12), Es=14 (ti
s dng 1, 4, 13, 16 thay cho 6, 7, 10, 11), u c xu hng sn li thp hn so vi
trng hp dng b tn hiu 16QAM tiu chun, khng ti s dng im tn hiu.
u im ca vic s dng hon v tng dng c th thy trc tip trn hnh 7.

Hnh 7: H thng s dng hon v tng th v hon v tng dng khi c phn hi.
Mt trong nhng yu im ca vic s dng hon v tng th l mi symbol
bin ngu nhin c th c to thnh t 4 bin ngu nhin nh phn t v tr bit
c ni dung thng tin thp. Do , b gii m SISO u ra s thng xuyn phi
lm vic vi cc symbol c lng thng tin thp, iu ny s dn n kh khn cho
b gii m SISO u ra. Bng cch s dng hon v tng dng chng ta s gii
quyt c vn ny. Mi symbol bin ngu nhin s c to thnh t mt bin
ngu nhin vi mi v tr bit u vo b gii hon v (deinterleaver), do vy khng
ch trnh c cc symbol mang ni dung thng tin thp m cn gim c bt
nh v cc v tr bit bn trong t m, nh vy khng ch lm tng xc sut hu
nghim cc i, m cn cung cp thng tin phn hi tt cho b gii m SISO u
vo. Cc kt qu m phng nh hnh 7, cho thy rng vi Es=10, ta thy khi h
thng s dng nh x mi (phn hoch tp) vi hon v tng dng cho cht lng
tt hn khi s dng nh x Gray (t c tng ch m ha gn 0.5dB BER=10 -5
khi so vi nh x Gray s dng hon v tng th v t c tng ch m ha xp
x 0.3dB ti BER=10-6 khi so vi nh x Gray s dng nh x tng dng). Tng
t vi Es = 6, 8, 12, 14, h thng s dng hon v tng dng u cho kt qu tt
hn.
4. KT LUN
Trong bi vit ny, tc gi xut s kt hp iu ch v m ha cho h
thng Wimax s dng b m ha Turbo v iu ch 16-QAM nh mt s iu
ch v m ha knh c s trao i thng tin gia b gii m v gii iu ch. Cc
kt qu m phng, cho thy rng: vic kt hp s iu ch v m ha theo cch
ny, khng ch t c tng ch m ha tt hn m cn thun li trong vic gii
iu ch nh c s trao i v hon thin thng tin gia cc bit tin v bit m. Thm
vo , vic s dng cc b nh x mi, hay ti s dng cc im tn hiu cng
nh s dng b hon v tng dng l mt trong cc gii php kh thi tng cng
cht lng cho h thng Wimax.

Tp ch Nghin cu KH&CN qun s, S c san Vin in t, 10 - 2015

K thut in t

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, Near Shannon limit errorcorrecting
coding and decoding: Turbo-codes, in Proc. ICC93, (1993),
pp. 1064-1070.
[2]. S. Le Goff, A. Glavieux, and C. Berrou, Turbo-codes and high spectral
efficiency modulation, in Proc. ICC94, (1994), pp.645-649.
[3]. S. Benedetto, D. Divsalar, G. Montorsi, and F. Pollara,Bandwidth-efficient
parallel concatenated coding schemes,Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, (1995),
pp. 2067-2069.
[4]. P. Robertson and T. Wrz, Bandwidth-efficient turbotrellis-coded modulation
using punctured component codes,IEEE JSAC, Vol.16, N2, (1998), pp. 206218.
[5]. IEEE, Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Part 16: Air
Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Std.802.16-2004,
(2004).
[6]. A. Mikki, EL-Harazin, Mohammed Dawood, Installation of WiMAX, GIFPE,
(2007).
ABSTRACT
A METHOD TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF TURBO CODE APPLICATION FOR
WIMAX
This paper proposes applying principles of modulation code with bit
permutation decoding / demodulation loop (BICM-ID), using Turbo code instead
of the traditional convolution code for WiMAX applications. Due to the quality of
the BICM-ID system depends heavily on the cooperation between the mapping
rules and the structure of the wordcode, we suggest using a new map instead of the
old map (Gray). Another solution is used to improve the quality of the system is
proposed to use the permutations of each line (in-line bit interleaver) instead of
permutations overall (overall bit interleaver). The simulation results are verified
on Matlab show that this combination to achieve better coding gain compared with
the old system.
Keywords: Wimax, BICM-ID, M Turbo, Interleaver

Nhn bi ngy
Hon thin ngy
Chp nhn ng ngy

thng nm 2015
thng nm 2015
thng nm 2015

a ch: 1Vin in t -Vin KH-CNQS;

*

Email: thanhhavdt@yahoo.com.vn;

Cc Cng ngh thng tin.

10

N. T. H, . T. Cng, P. T . T. Phng,Mt s gii php ci thin cht lng m

Turbo ng dng cho Wimax trn knh Gauss.